identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
7A7D566DFFEC5749FD0BFB87C9984329.text	7A7D566DFFEC5749FD0BFB87C9984329.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gammarus locusta (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>1. Gammarus locusta (Linnaeus, 1758)</p><p>Descriptions and illustrations: Sexton 1942, pl. 3 figs 19-24; Spooner 1947, p. 7, figs 1, 2 A-B, 3; Kinne 1954, p. 409, figs 1-2pp, 4-6; Stock 1967, p. 11, fig. 1.</p><p>Ecology and habitat: A marine, mainly sublittoral species of the algal belt, tolerates some lowering of the salinity, but not much, unless it is stable, as in the Baltic. Not often found in the intertidal during ebb. A useful review is Costa &amp; Costa (2000)</p><p>A very special case was the situation in Rauneforden near Bergen, where large amounts of kelp (mainly Laminaria) washed down to the bottom at 240 m. In this biotope Gammarus locusta was surprisingly common, and the animals grew very large (Vader, unpubl. obs.).</p><p>Distribution in Norway: Not really well known because of earlier confusion, mainly with G. oceanicus, and the fact that this species mainly lives on the outer coast and largely sublittorally. Occurs quite commonly along the entire South and West coast, much more sparingly east of the North Cape. It does not penetrate into the fjords much, and in the North it is restricted to the outer coast. Surprisingly, recent studies have found the species present in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard (Berge &amp; Shunatova, pers. comm.)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A7D566DFFEC5749FD0BFB87C9984329	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Vader, Wim;Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg	Vader, Wim, Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg (2019): Gammarid amphipods (Crustacea) in Norway, with a key to the species. Fauna norvegica 39: 12-25, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873
7A7D566DFFE9574CFF8CFFC7CBF6460A.text	7A7D566DFFE9574CFF8CFFC7CBF6460A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gammarus crinicornis Stock 1966	<div><p>2. Gammarus crinicornis Stock, 1966</p><p>Synonyms: Gammarus plumicornis s. Pirlot (1939) and den Hartog (1964); non G. plumicornis Costa, 1853</p><p>Description and illustrations: Pirlot 1939, p. 54, figs 4-7 (as G. plumicornis); Stock 1967, p. 32, figs 14-16; Lincoln 1979, p. 263, fig 121.</p><p>Ecology and habitat: A marine, mainly sublittoral species, often from sandy bottoms with many loose algae. In the Netherlands often in the surf zone off sandy beaches (Vader, unpubl. obs.). Not found in brackish water.</p><p>Distribution: Not well known, not yet found in Norway. Occurs from W. Africa along the coasts to S. England and the Netherlands, also in the Mediterranean.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A7D566DFFE9574CFF8CFFC7CBF6460A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Vader, Wim;Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg	Vader, Wim, Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg (2019): Gammarid amphipods (Crustacea) in Norway, with a key to the species. Fauna norvegica 39: 12-25, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873
7A7D566DFFE9574CFF8CFDC7C85E422A.text	7A7D566DFFE9574CFF8CFDC7C85E422A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gammarus inaequicauda Stock 1966	<div><p>3. Gammarus inaequicauda Stock, 1966</p><p>Synonyms: Gamnmarus campylops s. Sars (1890 -95); non G. campylops Leach, 1815 . This species is very close to G. insensibilis Stock, 1966</p><p>Descriptions and illustrations: Sars 1890 -95, p. 500, pl. 176-2 (as G. campylops); Stock &amp; Kant 1966, pp 9-11, figs 1-2.; Stock 1967, p. 22, figs 7-8.</p><p>Ecology and habitat: In Norway, this is a species of the shallow subtidal in protected, often densely vegetated areas of somewhat varying salinity. The intertidal in these areas is generally occupied by other Gammarus species, often G. salinus .</p><p>Distribution in Norway: This species was originally described from Moss in the Oslo fjord. Its distribution is not yet fully known, but it seems to be quite widespread in the right biotopes along the south coast (Vader et al. 1984). Outside Norway, the only records still seem to be from Poland (Jazdzewski 1970)</p><p>B. Gammarus oceanicus group.</p><p>This is a group of quite large, unicoloured, basically marine Gammarus species, with a northerly and amphi-atlantic distribution. They are basically sublittoral, but are found more often intertidally than the species in group A, especially in the far north. Along the Norwegian coast they live primarily among algae, but in Arctic areas they are often found in Marinogammarus -like biotopes, intertidally below stones.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A7D566DFFE9574CFF8CFDC7C85E422A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Vader, Wim;Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg	Vader, Wim, Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg (2019): Gammarid amphipods (Crustacea) in Norway, with a key to the species. Fauna norvegica 39: 12-25, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873
7A7D566DFFE9574CFF8CF9E7CEB1464D.text	7A7D566DFFE9574CFF8CF9E7CEB1464D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gammarus oceanicus Segerstrale 1947	<div><p>4. Gammarus oceanicus Segerstråle, 1947</p><p>Synonyms: Gammarus zaddachi oceanicus auct.; Lagunogammarus oceanicus auct.</p><p>Descriptions and illustrations: Segerstråle 1947, p. 226, fig. 3 a-g; Spooner 1951, p. 130; Dunbar 1954, p. 765, fig. 31; Kinne 1954, p. 414, figs1-2, 4pp; Lincoln 1979, pp 243, 253, figs</p><p>100e, 111c, 119.</p><p>Biology: Along the south and west coast and in the large fjords of western Norway this is a species of the low intertidal and shallow subtidal, where it is primarily found in the algal belt of Fucaceae and is generally very common. In Northern Norway, and still more characteristically in Svalbard, this species is also very often found under stones in the lower intertidal, even on mudflats with occasional algae-covered large stones (Weslawski 1994).</p><p>Distribution in Norway: This is probably the most numerous Gammarus species on the Norwegian coast, where it also penetrates far into the fjords (Brattegard 1966, Vader 1977a). G. oceanicus is also common in Svalbard waters, but it is absent from the southern North Sea. It has recently been found further north than earlier in Svalbard waters, probably as a result of global warming (Węsławski et al. 2018)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A7D566DFFE9574CFF8CF9E7CEB1464D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Vader, Wim;Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg	Vader, Wim, Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg (2019): Gammarid amphipods (Crustacea) in Norway, with a key to the species. Fauna norvegica 39: 12-25, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873
7A7D566DFFE9574CFD15FD1BCEEF416D.text	7A7D566DFFE9574CFD15FD1BCEEF416D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gammarus setosus Dementieva 1931	<div><p>5. Gammarus setosus Dementieva, 1931</p><p>Synonym: Lagunogammarus setosus auct.</p><p>Description and illustrations: Stephensen 1935 -42, p. 321, fig. 41; Segerstråle 1947, p. 241, fig. 7; Christiansen 1965, fig. 3; Bousfield 1973, p. 50, pl. 1-2.</p><p>Biology: A mostly arctic marine, largely intertidal species. In the Arctic (Weslawski 1994), and also in Iceland (Ingolfsson 1977), this species is often found intertidally under stones, generally above the zone populated by G. oceanicus . In Newfoundland G. setosus is only found in the outlets of cool fresh-water streams in summer (V. Steele &amp; Steele 1970), and this is precisely the biotope in which we have found this species in Finnmark, where it is found in the larger rivers, usually below the waterline.</p><p>Distribution in Norway: This is basically an Arctic species, and it has been reported from only a few places in Northern Norway (Malangen, Hammerfest, Tana) (Vader 1977b); a record from the Oslofjord (Stephensen 1935 -42, p. 323) we consider doubtful. The species has an amphi-atlantic, high northern distribution, and is common on Svalbard.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A7D566DFFE9574CFD15FD1BCEEF416D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Vader, Wim;Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg	Vader, Wim, Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg (2019): Gammarid amphipods (Crustacea) in Norway, with a key to the species. Fauna norvegica 39: 12-25, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873
7A7D566DFFE9574CFD15FA3BCE6C42CD.text	7A7D566DFFE9574CFD15FA3BCE6C42CD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gammarus zaddachi Sexton 1912	<div><p>C. The Gammarus zaddachi group</p><p>The three species G. zaddachi, G. salinus and G. wilkitzkii appear to be closely related morphologically, zoogeographically and ecologically; however, the ‘under-ice high-arctic’ G. wilkitzkii seems quite different from the other two, that are confined to a quite restricted area in northwestern Europe: south to western France (Bretagne). All three are basically brackish water species. G. zaddachi and G. salinus are easily recognized compared to the species in groups A and B because of their colour pattern; they have a clear pattern of transverse dark stripes on a light brown background.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A7D566DFFE9574CFD15FA3BCE6C42CD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Vader, Wim;Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg	Vader, Wim, Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg (2019): Gammarid amphipods (Crustacea) in Norway, with a key to the species. Fauna norvegica 39: 12-25, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873
7A7D566DFFE8574DFFA1FA87C9DA462D.text	7A7D566DFFE8574DFFA1FA87C9DA462D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gammarus salinus Spooner 1947	<div><p>7. Gammarus salinus Spooner, 1947</p><p>Synonyms: Gammarus zaddachi salinus auct.; Lagunogammarus salinus auct.</p><p>Descriptions and illustrations: Sexton 1942, pl. 1, figs 8, 9, pl. 2, figs 15-18 (as G. zaddachi, saline form); Spooner 1947, p. 20. figs 4C, 5D-E; Kinne 1954, p. 416, figs 1-4pp; Dennert et al. 1969, p. 23; Lincoln 1979, pp 243, 251, figs 111f, 115.</p><p>Ecology and habitat: Elsewhere in Europe Gammarus salinus is known as the species concentrated in the areas with the largest oscillations in salinity (den Hartog 1964, Movaghar 1964, Meurs &amp; Zauke 1988); this is in agreement with the situation in the inner Oslofjord (Skadsheim 1983). Here G. salinus lives in the lower intertidal, while the records from the south coast and the Bergen area mostly concern the shallow subtidal, as in the estuaries of Western Europe (Spooner 1947, den Hartog 1964), although also there the species may occur intertidally under special circumstances, usually involving lowered salinity (Vader 1965).</p><p>Distribution in Norway: Not well known. The species is common in the inner part of the Oslofjord (Skadsheim 1983, 1984), and it has also been found along the south coast (Dennert 1973, Vader et al. 1984). In the Hardangerfjord Brattegard (1966) found G. salinus only in the side fjords, while the northernmost records hitherto are from the Bergen area (Vader 1972). Vader (1977a) did not find G. salinus at all in the Sognefjord. G. salinus is a southern species, occurring along European coasts south to N. Spain (van Maren 1975); it is absent from Iceland (Ingolfsson 1977).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A7D566DFFE8574DFFA1FA87C9DA462D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Vader, Wim;Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg	Vader, Wim, Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg (2019): Gammarid amphipods (Crustacea) in Norway, with a key to the species. Fauna norvegica 39: 12-25, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873
7A7D566DFFE8574DFD0BFDFBC992400D.text	7A7D566DFFE8574DFD0BFDFBC992400D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gammarus wilkitzkii Birula 1897	<div><p>8. Gammarus wilkitzkii Birula, 1897</p><p>Synonym: Lagunogammarus wilkitzkii auct.</p><p>Descriptions and illustrations: Sexton 1942, p. 601; Gurjanova 1951, p. 764, fig. 551; Barnard 1959, p. 120, pls 10-13.</p><p>Ecology and habitat: This large and slow-growing species occurs primarily in the pack ice (Weslawski 1994), where it is omnivorous (Arndt 2002). In areas with seasonal ice cover the animals may live benthically in the ice free periods (Arndt et al. 2005).</p><p>Distribution: This is a high-arctic species, occurring along the coasts of Siberia and northern Canada, as well as in the pack ice of the Polar Sea. It has never yet been found in Norwegian waters outside Svalbard. Svalbard distribution is mapped by Węsławski et al. (2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A7D566DFFE8574DFD0BFDFBC992400D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Vader, Wim;Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg	Vader, Wim, Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg (2019): Gammarid amphipods (Crustacea) in Norway, with a key to the species. Fauna norvegica 39: 12-25, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873
7A7D566DFFE8574DFFA0FFC7CAE540C9.text	7A7D566DFFE8574DFFA0FFC7CAE540C9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gammarus zaddachi Sexton 1912	<div><p>6. Gammarus zaddachi Sexton, 1912 (s. Spooner, 1947)</p><p>Synonyms: Gammarus zaddachi zaddachi auct.; G. setosus balticus Dementieva, 1931; G. sarsi Reid, 1939; G. ochlos Reid, 1945; Lagunogammarus zaddachi auct.</p><p>Descriptions and illustrations: Sexton 1942, p. 593, pl. 1, figs 1-7, pl. 2, figs 10-14 (as G. zaddachi, freshwater form); Segerstråle 1947, p. 231, figs 3h-j, 5; Spooner 1947, p. 20, figs</p><p>4A-B, 5A-C; Kinne 1954, p. 417, figs 1- 4pp; Dennert et al. 1969, p. 23; Lincoln 1979, pp 239, 243, 249, figs 110a, 111a-b, 114.</p><p>Ecology and habitat: Gammarus zaddachi is a brackish water amphipod, living subtidally or in the lower intertidal. It is quite common in the lower intertidal in the inner fjords (where G. duebeniioccupies the upper intertidal), but on the outer coast it is generally confined to river mouths (Vader 1977a-b). Also there it lives mainly in the lower intertidal or shallow subtidal, while G. duebenii occupies the higher intertidal. Compared to areas further south (den Hartog 1964, Spooner 1947) G. zaddachi in Norway seems to occupy somewhat less saline waters. Migratory movements, quite conspicuous in French estuaries (Dennert et al. 1969, Stock 1966, Girisch et al. 1974), have not yet been studied in Norway.</p><p>Distribution in Norway: Gammarus zaddachi occurs all along the Norwegian coast, in the right biotopes (Brattegard 1966, Dennert 1973, Vader 1977a-b). On the open coast it is restricted to the outlet of minor streamlets, where it may penetrate quite far inland (Vader 1977b). In the inner parts of the large fjords, often meso- or even oligohaline, G. zaddachi becomes the dominant amphipod in the lower intertidal, often together with G. oceanicus (Brattegard 1966, Vader 1977a). The species is absent from Svalbard.</p><p>A very aberrant biotope was discovered by the Økland family (Økland et al. 2011): a population of G. zaddachi lives at 150 m depth in the freshwater lake Eikeren in inland southern Norway.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A7D566DFFE8574DFFA0FFC7CAE540C9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Vader, Wim;Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg	Vader, Wim, Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg (2019): Gammarid amphipods (Crustacea) in Norway, with a key to the species. Fauna norvegica 39: 12-25, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873
7A7D566DFFE85742FD0BFB1BCB884629.text	7A7D566DFFE85742FD0BFB1BCB884629.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gammarus tigrinus Sexton 1939	<div><p>9. Gammarus tigrinus Sexton, 1939</p><p>Description and illustrations: Sexton 1939, pp 545-548, pls IV-VI; Bousfield 1973, pp 51- 52p. 50, pl. IV-14; Lincoln 1979, p. 254, fig. 117.</p><p>This species belongs to a group of primarily American brackish- and fresh-water Gammarus species, which in many ways parallel the G. zaddachi group in Europe, i.a. by their conspicuous ‘tiger stripes’ (cf e.g. Bousfield 1969). G. tigrinus has no doubt been imported to Europe by man, but when and where is unknown. It was first discovered in Britain in the 1930’s and described as a new species by Sexton (1939). It was later recognized as identical to certain populations of the American freshwater species G. fasciatus Say, 1818 but this species was split by Bousfield (1958), with the brackish water populations retaining the name G. tigrinus . Later it was imported by fisheries people to both the Netherlands and Germany, in the hope that this would increase the food basis for freshwater fish; instead the species quickly developed into a problem (see i.e. Ruoff 1968). Its dispersal in the Netherlands has been followed in detail over the years, and it is clear that G. tigrinus is completely dominant to the indigenous Gammarus species in many habitats; it is i.e. less sensitive to pollution (see e.g. Nijssen &amp; Stock 1966, Gras 1971).</p><p>Ecology and habitat: In the USA Gammarus tigrinus is a species of oligohaline and mesohaline habitats in estuaries. In Europe it is found in similar biotopes, e.g. in the Baltic Sea, but also in stagnant oligohaline brackish and even in fresh water, where it often has ousted the local indigenous Gammarus species.</p><p>Distribution: In Europe hitherto found in Ireland, Britain, Holland, Germany and the Baltic Sea. Gammarus tigrinus has not yet been recorded from Norway.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A7D566DFFE85742FD0BFB1BCB884629	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Vader, Wim;Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg	Vader, Wim, Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg (2019): Gammarid amphipods (Crustacea) in Norway, with a key to the species. Fauna norvegica 39: 12-25, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873
7A7D566DFFE75742FD15FD7BCF2841CE.text	7A7D566DFFE75742FD15FD7BCF2841CE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gammarus duebenii Liljeborg 1852	<div><p>12. Gammarus duebenii Liljeborg, 1852</p><p>Synonyms: Rivulogammarus duebenii auct. (NB. The specific epithet is often written duebeni, and the author’s name Lilljeborg; both are incorrect.).</p><p>Description and illustrations: Sars 1890 -95, p. 507, pl. 177-1; Kinne 1954, p. 419, figs 1-4pp; Lincoln 1979, pp 243, 245, figs 111e, 112.</p><p>Ecology and habitat: Gammarus duebenii is a very euryoecious species, and generally one can say that it occurs everywhere where other Gammarus and Marinogammarus species do not thrive (see e.g. Forsman 1951, Kinne 1953, den Hartog 1964). In Norway the main biotope is supralittoral rockpools, the mouth of small and medium large streamlets (here they can ascend quite a bit upstream and live at least temporarily in pure freshwater), and intertidally, under stones and among algae in meso- and oligohaline brackish waters, as in the inner part of fjords (Brattegard 1966, Vader 1977a).</p><p>Gammarus duebenii has also several times been found in ‘freshwater’ lakes and pools in Norway (see Økland 1970, Kjaerstad et al. 2016). As ‘marflo’ samples are often transported by fishermen between lakes and even from the shore to lakes, some of these occurrences may be not quite natural.</p><p>Distribution. Common along the whole coast of Norway, but absent from Svalbard waters. A few freshwater occurrences.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A7D566DFFE75742FD15FD7BCF2841CE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Vader, Wim;Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg	Vader, Wim, Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg (2019): Gammarid amphipods (Crustacea) in Norway, with a key to the species. Fauna norvegica 39: 12-25, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873
7A7D566DFFE75742FD15FEFBCEED46AD.text	7A7D566DFFE75742FD15FEFBCEED46AD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gammarus duebenii Liljeborg 1852	<div><p>F. The Gammarus duebenii group</p><p>Here we have combined G. duebenii and Marinogammarus finmarchicus, both somewhat odd man out in their genus, both morphologically and ecologically. Both are largely intertidal species, although duebenii has a much wider ecological tolerance, and both have an amphi-atlantic distribution. (Pinkster et al. (1970) split off the freshwater populations in Ireland and Brittany as G. d. celticus; this taxon is not considered here). In contradistinction to the species in the zaddachi and tigrinus groups, these species are not patterned, but unicoloured.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A7D566DFFE75742FD15FEFBCEED46AD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Vader, Wim;Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg	Vader, Wim, Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg (2019): Gammarid amphipods (Crustacea) in Norway, with a key to the species. Fauna norvegica 39: 12-25, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873
7A7D566DFFE75742FF8CFDE7C87F476A.text	7A7D566DFFE75742FF8CFDE7C87F476A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gammarus lacustris G. O. Sars 1863	<div><p>E. The Gammarus lacustris group.</p><p>This group contains the pure freshwater species. Morphologically the group is characterized by short oval eyes, and a short inner ramus of uropod 3. The two Nordic species are probably not especially closely related. G. lacustris has a holarctic distribution, while G. pulex is exclusively palaearctic.</p><p>NB. The genus name Rivulogammarus S. Karaman, 1931, often used for this group, is unavailable (Stock, 1969a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A7D566DFFE75742FF8CFDE7C87F476A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Vader, Wim;Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg	Vader, Wim, Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg (2019): Gammarid amphipods (Crustacea) in Norway, with a key to the species. Fauna norvegica 39: 12-25, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873
7A7D566DFFE75742FF8CFC27CB2841EA.text	7A7D566DFFE75742FF8CFC27CB2841EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gammarus lacustris G. O. Sars 1863	<div><p>10. Gammarus lacustris Sars, 1863</p><p>Synonyms: Rivulogammarus lacustris auct.; Gammarus pulex sensu Sars (1890 -95); non Cancer pulex Linnaeus, 1758; Rivulogammarus scandinavicus S. Karaman, 1931 .</p><p>Description and illustrations: Sars 1890 -95, p. 503, pl. 177-2 (as G. pulex); Økland 1969, p. 132, figs 16-23.</p><p>Ecology and habitat: Dealt with in detail by Økland (1969). G. lacustris lives in lakes, ponds and slow moving rivers at places where the water is not too acidic and too deficient in calcium.</p><p>Distribution: See Segerstråle (1954) and Økland (1969, fig.2). This species occurs in most of Norway, but has not been reported from Østfold and Agder, while there are no reports from Lofoten-Vesterålen either. Around Bergen G. lacustris has been recently discovered by Bjerknes (pers. comm.). Outside Norway, G. lacustris has a very wide holarctic distribution at northerly latitudes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A7D566DFFE75742FF8CFC27CB2841EA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Vader, Wim;Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg	Vader, Wim, Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg (2019): Gammarid amphipods (Crustacea) in Norway, with a key to the species. Fauna norvegica 39: 12-25, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873
7A7D566DFFE75742FF8CF9A7CE36452D.text	7A7D566DFFE75742FF8CF9A7CE36452D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gammarus pulex (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>11. Gammarus pulex (Linnaeus, 1758)</p><p>Synonyms: Rivulogammarus pulex auct.; Gammarus pulex pulex auct.</p><p>Description and illustrations: Schellenberg 1942, pp 24- 26, figs 6b, 7, 8 (as G. p. pulex); Pinkster 1970, pp 181, 183, 185, figs 1 p. 179, figs 1-4.</p><p>Ecology and habitat: Character species of rivers with not too strong currents, but it can also live in stagnant ditches and</p><p>pools, and even in oligohaline brackish water.</p><p>Distribution: The Scandinavian distribution has been mapped by Segerstråle (1954). Gammarus pulex has in Sweden been found close to the border of Østfold in SE Norway, but as yet there are no Norwegian records.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A7D566DFFE75742FF8CF9A7CE36452D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Vader, Wim;Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg	Vader, Wim, Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg (2019): Gammarid amphipods (Crustacea) in Norway, with a key to the species. Fauna norvegica 39: 12-25, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873
7A7D566DFFE75743FD15F99BCB2A45AE.text	7A7D566DFFE75743FD15F99BCB2A45AE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marinogammarus finmarchicus (Dahl 1938)	<div><p>13. Marinogammarus finmarchicus (Dahl, 1938)</p><p>Synonyms: Gammarus finmarchicus auct.; Chaetogammarus finmarchicus auct; Gammarus greenfieldi Shoemaker, 1938; Echinogammarus finmarchicus auct.</p><p>Description and illustrations: Dahl 1938, p. 125, figs 1-10 ( Gammarus f.); Stephensen 1935 -42, p. 344, figs 45- 46 p. p.; Sexton &amp; Spooner 1940, p. 656, figs 6,7; Bousfield 1973, p. 58, pl. 7; Lincoln 1979, pp 238, 243, 247, figs 110d, 111g, 113 ( Gammarus f.)</p><p>Ecology and habitat: Under stones in the lower intertidal, preferably where some water remains at low tide. Penetrates to a certain distance in fjords: in Hardanger to indre Samlafjorden (Brattegard 1966), in the Sognefjord to Helle (Vader 1977a).</p><p>Distribution: Common along most of the Norwegian coast (not in Svalbard), but there are few records as yet from the Skagerrak coast.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A7D566DFFE75743FD15F99BCB2A45AE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Vader, Wim;Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg	Vader, Wim, Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg (2019): Gammarid amphipods (Crustacea) in Norway, with a key to the species. Fauna norvegica 39: 12-25, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873
7A7D566DFFE65743FFA1FBFBCBD142CD.text	7A7D566DFFE65743FFA1FBFBCBD142CD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marinogammarus marinus (Leach 1815)	<div><p>14. Marinogammarus marinus (Leach, 1815)</p><p>Synonyms: Gammarus marinus auct; Chaetogammarus marinus auct; Echinogammarus marinus auct.</p><p>Description and illustrations: Stephensen 1935 -42, p. 340, figs 45-46pp; Sexton &amp; Spooner 1940, p. 638, figs 1-2; Lincoln 1979, pp 265, 267, figs 122a, 123 ( Chaetogammarus m.).</p><p>Ecology and habitat: This is the most euryoecious of the Marinogammarus species. Usually it is to be found under stones in the upper half of the intertidal. In places with some freshwater flow, or where M. obtusatus and/or? M. finmarchicus for some reason are absent, it may occur lower down. M. marinus tolerates more sediment in the substrate than the other species, and it also occurs in brackish waters. In estuaries it occurs far into the mesohalinicum (den Hartog 1964). In the fjords in W. Norway it penetrates very far: in Hardanger until Osafjorden (Brattegard 1966), in the Sognefjord far into the Lusterfjord (Vader 1977a).</p><p>Distribution in Norway: Very common everywhere in southern Norway. Its distribution is insufficiently known in northern Norway: it is not rare around Tromsø, but we know of no reliable records east of the North Cape.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A7D566DFFE65743FFA1FBFBCBD142CD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Vader, Wim;Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg	Vader, Wim, Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg (2019): Gammarid amphipods (Crustacea) in Norway, with a key to the species. Fauna norvegica 39: 12-25, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873
7A7D566DFFE65743FD0BFFC7CE7446AA.text	7A7D566DFFE65743FD0BFFC7CE7446AA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marinogammarus obtusatus (Dahl 1938)	<div><p>15. Marinogammarus obtusatus (Dahl, 1938)</p><p>Synonyms: Chaetogammarus obtusatus auct.; Eulimnogammarus obtusatus auct.; Echinogammarus obtusatus auct.</p><p>Description and illustrations: Dahl 1938, p. 127 (as Gammarus o.), figs 11-21; Stephensen 1935 -42, figs 45-46pp; Sexton &amp; Spooner 1940, p. 650, fig.5; Pinkster &amp; Stock 1970, p. 207, figs 2 a-g ( Eulimnogammarus o.); Lincoln 1979, p. 273, fig. 126 ( Eulimnogammarus o.).</p><p>Ecology and habitat: Under stones in the lower intertidal, preferably on a substrate of sand, gravel, or shells; occurs also on intertidal pebble beaches. Tolerates some freshwater flow, but not much fine sediment. Penetrates less far into fjords than? M finmarchicus: in Hardanger to Samlafjorden (Brattegard 1966), in the Sognefjord to Lavik (Vader 1977a)</p><p>Distribution in Norway: Probably occurs along the entire Norwegian coast, but absent in Svalbard.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A7D566DFFE65743FD0BFFC7CE7446AA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Vader, Wim;Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg	Vader, Wim, Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg (2019): Gammarid amphipods (Crustacea) in Norway, with a key to the species. Fauna norvegica 39: 12-25, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873
7A7D566DFFE65743FD0BFD67CEAC410A.text	7A7D566DFFE65743FD0BFD67CEAC410A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marinogammarus pirloti Sexton & Spooner 1940	<div><p>16. Marinogammarus pirloti Sexton &amp; Spooner, 1940</p><p>Synonyms: Chaetogammarus pirloti auct.; Echinogammarus pirloti auct.</p><p>Description and illustrations: Sexton &amp; Spooner 1940, p. 667, figs 9-10, pl. 4; Lincoln 1979, pp 265-269, figs 122b, 124 ( Chaetogammarus p.).</p><p>Ecology and habitat: Intertidally, under stones and among algae ( Ascophyllum, Enteromorpha) at places where freshwater flows out. Distribution very patchy, but may be numerous where occurring. Apparently confined to the outer coast.</p><p>Distribution in Norway: Not well known. Discovered in Norway by Tulkki (1963) in the outermost Hardangerfjord. Later once found in the Oslofjord (C. Christophersen, pers. comm.) and a few places between Hardanger and the outer Trondheimsford (Vader 1969), in all cases close to the open coast, as is also the case in Britain (Spooner 1957). Not yet found further north than the Trondheimsfjord, but may well occur there.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A7D566DFFE65743FD0BFD67CEAC410A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Vader, Wim;Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg	Vader, Wim, Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg (2019): Gammarid amphipods (Crustacea) in Norway, with a key to the species. Fauna norvegica 39: 12-25, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873
7A7D566DFFE65743FFA1FE7BCBA8402D.text	7A7D566DFFE65743FFA1FE7BCBA8402D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marinogammarus Sexton & Spooner 1940	<div><p>G. The Marinogammarus group</p><p>All Marinogammarus species are marine and occur mostly intertidally, usually more under stones or in gravel than among algae.Even though one may find several species closely together, the species nevertheless differ in their specific demands. This may lead to a microsegregation, even when present below the same boulder. An example is shown by a study in the Netherlands (Vader 1965) from a sandy beach with scattered large stones and some freshwater flow. Here Gammarus salinus kept to the free water puddles, Marinogammarus obtusatus lived in clumps of Mytilus above the water, and Relictogammarus stoerensis in the gravel and sand; three species below the same boulder, but still in different habitats!</p><p>There are no Marinogammarus species on Svalbard. Their role in the intertidal is there taken over by Gammarus setosus and to a certain degree G. oceanicus . In mesohaline and oligohaline areas, and high in the intertidal, G. duebenii takes over the ‘under stones’ habitat.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A7D566DFFE65743FFA1FE7BCBA8402D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Vader, Wim;Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg	Vader, Wim, Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg (2019): Gammarid amphipods (Crustacea) in Norway, with a key to the species. Fauna norvegica 39: 12-25, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873
7A7D566DFFE65743FD0BFAC7CE9A41CA.text	7A7D566DFFE65743FD0BFAC7CE9A41CA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Relictogammarus Hou & Sket 2016	<div><p>H. The Relictogammarus group</p><p>This consists of only the small species R. stoerensis, which according to the studies of Hou &amp; Sket (2016) should be considered the sister group to all other Gammaridae .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A7D566DFFE65743FD0BFAC7CE9A41CA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Vader, Wim;Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg	Vader, Wim, Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg (2019): Gammarid amphipods (Crustacea) in Norway, with a key to the species. Fauna norvegica 39: 12-25, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873
7A7D566DFFE65740FD0BF987C87D46AD.text	7A7D566DFFE65740FD0BF987C87D46AD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Relictogammarus stoerensis (Reid 1938)	<div><p>17. Relictogammarus stoerensis (Reid, 1938)</p><p>Synonyms: Gammarus stoerensis Reid, 1938; Marinogammarus stoerensis auct.; Chaetogammarus stoerensis auct.; Echinogammarus stoerensis auct.</p><p>Description and illustrations: Stephensen 1935 -42, p.</p><p>346. fig. 49 ( Marinogammarus st.); Sexton &amp; Spooner 1940, p. 662, fig. 8 ( Marinogammarus st.); Lincoln 1979, p. 271, fig. 125 ( Chaetogammarus st.).</p><p>Ecology and habitat: Intertidal, under stones and in gravel, coarse mud-intermixed sand or other mixed fine substrate, at places where lesser amounts of freshwater flow out. The vertical distribution covers almost the entire intertidal, down from MHWN; higher up it is often replaced by Gammarus duebenii . R. stoerensis tolerates much brackish water; in the Sognefjord the first author (Vader 1977a) found them at Dale in the Lusterfjord, where the fjord is ice-covered several months each winter. In the inner fjords R. stoerensis may be almost dominant some places (cf Skadsheim 1983) and it is there, where the salinity is very variable during the year, much less confined to freshwater trickles.</p><p>Distribution in Norway: Probably common along the entire Norwegian coast, but absent from Svalbard. There are as yet few records from N. Finnmark (Vader 1971), but the species also occurs in the Murmansk region (Segerstråle 1948).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A7D566DFFE65740FD0BF987C87D46AD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Vader, Wim;Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg	Vader, Wim, Tandberg, Anne Helene Solberg (2019): Gammarid amphipods (Crustacea) in Norway, with a key to the species. Fauna norvegica 39: 12-25, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873
