taxonID	type	description	language	source
793487BFFFF4FFD4981147758FE107DB.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering starts in October, peaks in December, and is followed by fruiting until February. Habitat & distribution: Grows in rock crevices and along the edges of vertical cliffs of basalt rocky plateaus fully exposed to the sun; also found in rocky terrain on hilly slopes; between 700 and 1200 m above sea level. Kalanchoe olivacea is endemic to the Western Ghats: Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The collections from Kerala: Palakad and Idukki districts (Sasidharan, 1999, 2002) and Tamil Nadu: Anamalai, Attakatti Hills and Coimbatore (Gamble, 1919; Singh et al., 2011), and Dindigul (Soosairaj et al., 2016) represent the southern most distribution of K. olivacea. However, its occurrence in Tirunelveli district (Manickam et al., 2008 a, 2008 b) is doubtful — the illustration shows a glabrous inflorescence and flowers and the plant is therefore more likely to be referred to Kalanchoe floribunda var. glabra C. B. Clarke or K. bhidei. Conservation status: The species might possibly occur elsewhere in Peninsular India, but on the data presently available, with a calculated area of occupancy of 20,000 km 2, and extent of occurrence of 34,645.170 km 2 in GEOCAT (Bachman et al., 2011), we evaluate the conservation status of K. olivacea as Least Concern (LC). No particular threats have been observed in the present studies. Specimens examined: INDIA, Karnataka, Belgaum district, North of the Toorquary stage bungalow, s. d., Ritchie 330 [cited under K. brasiliensis by C. B. Clarke] (E!); Biligirirangan hills, Mysore district, 01.02.1971, R. Raghvendra Rao 1256 (JCB digital image!); Chikkaballpui, 08.01.1958, B. S. Parishwad 31100 (CAL!); Devagiribetta top, 14.07.1962, A. S. Rao 80021 (CAL!). Maharashtra district, Satara, Panchgani (along the cliff above the Bazar), s. d., s. coll. s. n. (BSI!) has an apparently recent, and certainly erroneous, anonymous pencil annotation ‘ used by Dalzell to describe K. olivacea ’, it is probably one of the R. K. Bhide collections from Panchgani and is certainly not Dalzell’s; Ibid., s. d., L. D. Garade s. n. (BSI!); Pune district, Sinhagad (as ‘ Singhar’), 29.11.1905, annotated and cited by Cooke (1903) probably collected by Nairne (BSI!); Panchgani, W. Ghats, on Table Land, 11.1918, 1310 m, L. J. Sedgwick & T. R. D. Bell 792 / 4694 (CAL!); Ibid., 12.1920, L. J. Sedgwick 7768 (K!); Panchgani, 20.11.2017, M. D. Nandikar 1760 (BSI!, CAL!, NGCPR!); Junnar, 24.07.2015, M. D. Nandikar s. n. (NGCPR!). Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore district, Top to Konnamalai, 15.01.1963, C. P. Sreemadhavan 392 (MH!); Dindigul district, Thonimalai, Kannivadi, 1370 m, 26.01.2015, S. Soosairaj & P. Raja 2030 (RHT digital image!). Notes: Kalanchoe olivacea can be recognized by its olive-coloured leaves, few-flowered, glandular-hairy, compound cymes, distinctly obpyriform to pandurate buds, larger, lanceolate corolla lobes with acuminate to caudate apex. Besides its similarity to K. bhidei (Table 1), it also shares some characters, including glandular hairs, with K. laciniata, but that species can be differentiated by its pinnately dissected leaves and yellow flowers.	en	Nandikar, Mayur D., Shinde, Rohini A., Noltie Abstract, Henry J., India, Peninsular (2019): Taxonomy and typification of Kalanchoe olivacea and K. bhidei (Crassulaceae). Rheedea 29 (3): 197-208, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.3.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.3.02
793487BFFFFDFFDB9B98476D8926031A.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: As for K. olivacea. Habitat & distribution: Grows fully exposed to sun in open places, in loose, rocky ‘ moorum’ (a soil type, comprised of small pieces of disintegrated rock or shale); on hilly slopes among grasses between 500 and 1200 m above sea level. Endemic to peninsular India: Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu (Gamble, 1919), and Andhra Pradesh (Chorghe et al., 2017). Conservation status: Anthropogenic activities, especially road widening, have already led to the destruction of populations in a few of the localities where authors have previously observed K. bhidei. The other major threat comes from the native butterfly Talicada nyseus (Red Perriot), which completes its lifecycle entirely on members of the genus Kalanchoe (Singh, 2005) and has been observed feeding on K. bhidei. As K. bhidei is slow growing and its propagation, both sexual and vegetative, is limited, an infestation by Red Perriot is apparently causing damage to the sparse populations of this plant in their natural habitat. These observations point to a greater need for efforts towards the conservation of this species. With a calculated area of occupancy of 16,000 km 2, and extent of occurrence of 122,100.774 km 2 in GEOCAT (Bachman et al., 2011), its current conservation status is evaluated as Least Concern (LC). Specimens examined: INDIA, Karnataka, Hassan district, Belavathalli state forest, 19.12.1968, C. J. Saldanha 11999 (JCB, digital image!); before Arsikere Town, 21.01.1970, C. J. Saldhana 16047 (E); Bourdalboore, 06.01.1970, C. J. Saldanha 15947 (K!); Chamarajanagar district, Billigirirangan Hills, 12.1938, Edward Batneo 2078 (K). Maharashtra, Satara district, Pasarani Ghat, Wai to Panchgani, 03.02.2017, M. D. Nandikar 1384 (NGCPR); Nandgiri, Satara Road, 12.11.2017, M. D. Nandikar & Rohini Shinde 1797 (NGCPR!). Tamil Nadu, Kodaikanal Ghat, Pulney Hills, 06.12.1898, Bourne 921? (MH 00234653!); Vadakumalai, Vettakarankoil, Coimbatore, 1075 m, 08.01.1970, M. V. Viswanathan 352 (MH!). Note: Only a handful of collections have been seen by the authors in various herbaria, and most of these are in poor condition with the exception of collections at K from Karnataka. The collection from the type locality, S. D. Deshpande 166455 (Deshpande & Sharma, 1984), could not be found at BSI. Characters K. olivacea K. bhidei Habit 15 – 60 cm tall 30 – 100 cm tall Stem Many from the base, olive to tawny Solitary or branched, peach-tawny Leaves Proximal sub-sessile, distal sessile; lamina All sub-sessile; lamina ovate to ellipticovate to lanceolate or oblanceolate, 1 – 10 lanceolate, 2 – 12 × 2 – 5 cm, acute to rounded × 0.5 – 4 cm, acute to obtuse at apex, olive at apex in distal leaves, obtuse in proximal to khaki or peach to terracotta leaves, green to peach-tawny Inflorescence Erect to patent, terminal and supra- Spreading, terminal and axillary, many axillary, 3 – 6 compound cymes, each cyme compound cymes, each cyme with 3 – 6 with 2 – 4 flowers, glandular hairy flowers, glabrous Peduncle 0.2 – 1.5 cm long, glandular hairy, olive to 2 – 7 cm long, glabrous, stramineous vinaceous Flower buds Obpyriform to pandurate, terete convolute Obclavate, angular-fluted, convolute, acute and caudate to acuminate, glandular hairy to acuminate, lustrous-glabrous Calyx lobes Lanceolate, glandular hairy, pink to fawn Narrowly ovate to trigonus, glabrous, or olive citrine to terracotta Corolla 1.7 – 2 cm long, tube obpyriform; lobes 1.5 – 1.8 cm long, tube obclavate; lobes lanceolate, acuminate to caudate, densely narrowly ovate to lanceolate, acute to to sparsely glandular without, sparsely acuminate, glaborus hairy within Stamens Subequal, all included in corolla tube Unequal, the longer four exerted from corolla tube Ovary Narrowly ovoid, green Narrowly ovoid, lemon sprinkled with brick red Style Conspicuous Inconspicuous Hybridization is a common phenomenon between species of Kalanchoe as these may frequently be sympatric in the wild and hence numerous hybrid taxa have been described based on intermediate morphology (Descoings, 2003). K. cherukondensis Subba Rao & Kumari (1978) is an apparently intermediate species between K. olivacea and K. bhidei, described based on a glabrous calyx and glandular corolla lobes. Kalanchoe (including Bryophyllum) is a relatively large genus, most diverse in Tropical Africa and Madagascar with 144 species currently recognized (Mabberley, 2017). The Indian subcontinent has nine species (Singh et al., 2011) of which six are introduced and naturalized, while three are endemic and poorly documented. As no recent, complete monograph is available for the genus Kalanchoe, reliable species determination in the genus is confused and greatly in need of a revision (Descoings, 2003).	en	Nandikar, Mayur D., Shinde, Rohini A., Noltie Abstract, Henry J., India, Peninsular (2019): Taxonomy and typification of Kalanchoe olivacea and K. bhidei (Crassulaceae). Rheedea 29 (3): 197-208, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.3.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.3.02
