taxonID	type	description	language	source
826C8796977F9A5DFCC6F9B8798CD7B7.taxon	description	Shrubs or small trees. Leaves opposite, (1 –) 3 – 5 (– 7) - foliolate; leaflets: venation pinnate, glabrous above or with only hairs on the veins, velutinous below; hairs whitish, occasionally purple in V. trifolia and V. hybrida, appressed, with a powdery exudate on apical cell, sessile glands absent; petiolules round in cross-section, with minutely curled hairs. Inflorescence an indeterminate thyrse consisting of lateral cymes in lax or dense clusters, terminal or axillary; axis square in cross-section, appressed pubescent; bracts usually 1 - foliolate; bracteoles ovate to linear, appressed or patent, persistent or caducous, velutinous. Calyx erect in flower, patent to erect in fruit, 5 - lobed, zygomorphic; calyx tube 5 - ribbed; lobes clearly developed, ac- crescent, persistent, velutinous; glands absent to many. Corolla 5 - lobed, lobes basally fused up to 10 % of length, margin entire, covered outside with appressed hairs; anterior lip orbicular to ovate or spathulate, apex round to acute, reflexed, two clear ridges and a semi-circular area of hairs at the corolla mouth (except in V. agnus-castus); lateral lobes erect or patent, apex rounded; posterior lip 2 - lobed, erect or reflexed, apex acute or rounded. Stamens: filaments slightly didynamous, with anterior pair longer to equal than posterior pair, with a tuft of erect simple multicellular hairs at base, otherwise glabrous except in some V. pseudonegundo in which occasional hairs along the filament, inserted half to 1 / 3 of the way on the corolla tube, clearly exceeding the corolla tube; anthers beige to purple, thecae mostly parallel, occasionally divergent. Ovary globose, glabrous (except in V. pseudonegundo), glands few to many; style glabrous; stigma 2 - lobed. Fruit drupaceous, 4 - seeded, broadly obovoid to globose or ellipsoid, glabrous except in V. pseudonegundo, smooth, glaucous. Distribution — The species of the complex are distributed from the Mediterranean, east to Japan and Hawaii and south to northern Australia and the Pacific. Notes — 1. The V. trifolia complex was first defined by De Kok (2007) based on the species’ unique hair type. It then only included the species V. agnus-castus, V. benthamiana, V. negundo s. lat., V. pseudonegundo and V. trifolia s. lat. This is expanded here to nine species, to include V. bicolor, V. collium, V. hybrida and V. rotundifolia. However, at this point in time, it would not be appropriate to formally recognise the V. trifolia complex as a section within Vitex. This is because it would require the complex being defined against other groups within the genus; however, not enough is known about the rest of the genus to do so. 2. Within the genus Vitex, section Euagnus was illegitimately described by Schauer (1847: 683) as having an erect corolla upper lip and a calyx that is bell-shaped with a short tube and with five lobes. Within this section, the species of the V. trifolia complex were part of a subsection Paniculatae Schauer. This subsection was based on the character of an inflorescence consisting of panicles with terminal cymes. The type of this group was V. agnus-castus and the rest of the species included were V. alata B. Heyne, V. altissima L. f., V. bahiensis Schauer, V. bicolor, V. heterophylla Roxb., V. incisa Lam., V. loureirii Wight ex C. B. Clarke, V. negundo, V. peduncularis Wall. ex Schauer, V. pubescens Vahl, V. punctata Schauer, V. timoriensis Walp., V. trifolia and V. umbrosa Sw. 3. Carrière (1870 – 1871) described a genus (Agnus - castus Carrière) based on a series of species, which are now con- sidered to be synonyms of V. agnus-castus, V. collium and V. negundo. In 1895, Briquet (1895: 172) changed it to section Agnus - castus. He also changed the name of Schauer’s subsection Paniculatae to Terminales Briq., a superfluous name. He kept the type species V. agnus-castus, but included a smaller number of species, namely, V. alata, V. altissima, V. bahiensis, V. limonifolia Wall. and V. trifolia.	en	Sengun, S., Ingrouille, M., Paton, A., de Kok, R. P. J. (2024): Taxonomic revision of the Vitex trifolia complex (Lamiaceae). Blumea 69 (2): 93-121, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.01
826C8796977B9A56FCC6FB177ADED0F5.taxon	description	Shrub or small tree, 1.6 – 4 m high. Bark smooth to slightly fissured, grey. Leaves (1 - or) 3 - foliolate; petioles 0.4 – 5.5 cm long. Leaflets: blades narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, apex acuminate, rarely acute, base attenuate when trifoliate, rounded or cuneate when unifoliate, margin entire, upper surface green, lower surface whitish; aromatic when bruised; secondary veins 9 – 14 per side, slightly prominent, visible on both surfaces; terminal leaflets 2.2 – 10.1 by 0.7 – 3.1 cm; terminal petiolules (0 –) 0.1 – 0.9 (– 1.9) cm long; lateral leaflets 1.4 – 9.3 by 0.3 – 2.6 cm, sessile. Inflorescence terminal, consisting of lateral cymes in dense clusters with persistent flowers; axis 5.4 – 18 cm long, smooth; bracteoles ovate to linear, up to 2 (– 3.8) mm long, patent, usually persistent, drying the same colour as inflorescence. Calyx glands many; tube 1.7 – 2.5 mm long; lobes 2 – 7 by 1 – 9 mm, lobe apex acute; flowering calyx 2 – 3 mm diam; fruiting calyx 5 – 6 mm diam, patent to erect, covering most of the mature fruit. Corolla light or pale mauve to lilac; glands few; tube 1.7 – 7 mm long; anterior lip spathulate, 2 – 5.5 by 2.5 – 5 mm, apex round to acute, anterior corolla lip with a semi-circular area of hairs at the corolla mouth; lateral lobes 2 – 3 by 2 – 2.5 mm, apex round, erect; posterior lip lobes 1.2 – 2.2 by 1 – 2 mm, apex acute, erect. Stamens: filaments 3 – 5.8 mm long, slightly didynamous to equal, glabrous, inserted at half to lower 1 / 3 of the corolla tube; anthers c. 1 mm long. Ovary 1 – 1.5 mm diam, glabrous, glands many, covering the apex; style 3.6 – 7 mm long; stigma lobes 0.2 – 0.7 mm long. Fruit dried broadly obovoid to globose, 2.2 – 6 by 2.2 – 6.2 mm, glabrous. Distribution — Australia (Queensland: from Cloncurry and Mt Isa along several rivers to Burketown on the Gulf of Carpentaria). Habitat & Ecology — Along seasonally dry or permanently flowing rivers and creeks, in Eucalyptus woodland with an understory of Acacia hemsleyi Maiden (Fabaceae), Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. (Myrtaceae), E. microtheca F. Muell., Melaleuca argentea W. Fitzg. (Myrtaceae), M. trichostachya Lindl. and Pandanus aquaticus F. Muell. (Pandanaceae). Soil: sandy or alluvial black soils or brown clay, at 125 – 300 m altitude. Flowering: April to August, fruiting: April to August. Conservation status — Least concern (LC) as it is common throughout its range and there are no known threats (Sengun 2017). Notes — 1. This Queensland endemic species has the most restricted range of all species in the complex, but where it occurs it is reported to be common. Its leaves are mostly trifoliolate like V. trifolia, but it differs from V. trifolia by its narrow lanceolate leaflets and cymes in dense clusters. 2. It has not been possible to see the type or an image of V. benthamiana, which is housed at PRA. However, Munir (1987) reports to have seen it when he selected it as a lectotype.	en	Sengun, S., Ingrouille, M., Paton, A., de Kok, R. P. J. (2024): Taxonomic revision of the Vitex trifolia complex (Lamiaceae). Blumea 69 (2): 93-121, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.01
826C879697779A55FF89FE077AF5D65E.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Sri Lanka; South China (Hainan); Japan (Okinawa); throughout Malesia; Australia (Queensland); W Pacific (Tonga, Samoa and Marianas). Habitat & Ecology — Beaches and low hills, growing in sand, at 0 – 20 (– 300) m altitude. Flowering: August to May; fruiting: September to May. Vernacular names — Andami (Bajawa language, Indonesia), Lagundi (Brunei-Malay). Conservation status — Least concern (LC) as it is common throughout its range and there are no known threats (Sengun 2017). Notes — 1. It was not possible to see the types of V. petiolaris or V. neocaledonica; however, the descriptions in the original publications clearly belong to V. bicolor. 2. The name V. leucoxylon Blanco (1837) may refer to this species. The illustrative specimen for V. leucoxylon selected by Merrill (1918) in his Species Blancoanae series is V. bicolor. The name is already occupied by V. leucoxylon L. f (1782); therefore, Blanco’s name is illegitimate. 3. Vitex bicolor can be confused with V. trifolia if there are no 5 - foliolate leaves in the herbarium specimen (Fig. 6 b). However, it can be distinguished by its ovate to ovate-lanceolate terminal leaflet with a cuneate base and a distinct petiolule as opposed to V. trifolia that has an obovate or oblanceolate terminal leaflet with an attenuate base, sessile or very shortly petiolulate.	en	Sengun, S., Ingrouille, M., Paton, A., de Kok, R. P. J. (2024): Taxonomic revision of the Vitex trifolia complex (Lamiaceae). Blumea 69 (2): 93-121, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.01
826C879697749A52FF89F8E079DBD412.taxon	description	This taxon differs from V. negundo L. in having lobed leaflet margins in which the tertiary venation continues to the apex of the lobe and the apex is often aristate and, very rarely and only its basal leaflets entire; as opposed to V. negundo that has a dentate margin with tertiary venation arching back before reaching the apex of the dentation and the apex acuminate and, frequently and any of the leaflets can be entire. In addition, it differs in its specific distribution that is in the frost prone regions of Central and Northern China as opposed to V. negundo occurring in Southern China as well as North India and Nepal. — Type: Sengun 53 a (holo PE; iso K), China, Beijing.	en	Sengun, S., Ingrouille, M., Paton, A., de Kok, R. P. J. (2024): Taxonomic revision of the Vitex trifolia complex (Lamiaceae). Blumea 69 (2): 93-121, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.01
826C879697749A52FF89F8E079DBD412.taxon	distribution	Distribution — North China (Beijing Municipality, the provinces of Hebei and Shanxi, an isolated population in Luding County in Sichuan Province). Habitat & Ecology — Pine forests and mixed thickets on mountain slopes in frost prone regions at 160 – 1800 m altitude. Flowering and fruiting: August. Vernacular name — Jing tiao (Chinese). Conservation status — IUCN assessment gives the ex- tent of occurrence (EOO) as greater than the threshold for a threatened category, thus the status would be least concern (LC) but the area of occurrence (AOO), meets the threshold for the Endangered (E) category. Unfortunately, we have found no data on the threats facing the localities or on the status of the populations. Therefore, we have categorised this species as Data Deficient (DD). Note — This taxon has never been recognised at species level before. It has been named here V. collium Sengun for it translates to English as the ‘ Vitex of the hills’ in recognition of its native habitat in the hills of China.	en	Sengun, S., Ingrouille, M., Paton, A., de Kok, R. P. J. (2024): Taxonomic revision of the Vitex trifolia complex (Lamiaceae). Blumea 69 (2): 93-121, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.01
826C879697739A4FFF8EFA2D7910D263.taxon	description	Shrub, 1 – 6 m high. Leaves 3 – 5 - foliolate; petiole 1 – 6.7 cm long. Leaflets: blades lanceolate, apex acuminate, base cuneate, margin entire, upper surface dark green, lower surface light green to grey or purple; secondary veins 13 – 16 per side, slightly prominent, visible on both surfaces; terminal leaflets 4.7 – 13.3 by 1 – 2.9 cm; terminal petiolules 0.5 – 2 cm long; lateral leaflets 3.2 – 11.6 by 0.6 – 2.5 cm; lateral petiolules 0 – 2.1 cm long; basal leaflets 0.9 – 8.1 by 0.5 – 2.1 cm; basal petiolules 0 – 0.5 cm long. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, consisting of lateral cymes in dense clusters, lower flowers caducous; axis 8 – 27.4 cm long, often pitted due to aborted flowers, sometimes mauve tinged or purple; bracteoles ovate, up to 2 mm long, patent, caducous, drying the same colour as inflorescence. Calyx glands absent to few; tube 1.1 – 2.4 mm long; lobes 0.3 – 1 by 0.5 – 1 mm, apex acute to acuminate; flowering calyx 3 – 3.5 mm diam; fruiting calyx 1.4 – 2.4 mm diam, erect, covering most of the fruit. Corolla dull or pinkish purple to violet or white; glands few or absent; tube 3 – 6.1 mm long; anterior lip orbicular, 1.5 – 4 by 1.6 – 3.7 mm, apex round, semi-circular area of hairs at the corolla mouth; lateral lobes 2 – 2.4 by 1.8 – 2 mm, apex round, patent; posterior lobes 1.2 – 1.7 by 1.7 – 1.9 mm, apex round, reflected to erect. Stamens: filaments 3 – 4.5 mm long, slightly to strongly didynamous, inserted at half to lower 1 / 3 of the corolla tube; anther c. 0.8 mm long, pale brown to violet. Ovary c. 1 mm diam, glabrous, glands sometimes present; style 5.1 – 8.6 mm long; stigma lobes 0.3 – 0.6 mm long. Fruit ellipsoid, when dried 3 – 4 by 3 – 3.8 mm, apex truncate, glabrous, black when mature. Distribution — Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh. It is also known to be grown for horticultural purposes in Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Vietnam. Habitat & Ecology — Growing in secondary (dry) forest, mixed thickets and along roadsides, streams and in wastelands, often cultivated. Soil: Laterite, from sea-level up to 1200 m altitude. Flowering: June to February; fruiting: July to December. Uses — Used medicinally for many ailments throughout the Indian subcontinent. Vernacular names — Mărwăn (Punjabi); Nalla vavili (Telugu); Nika (Sinhala); Nirgudi (Hindi); Nishinda, Samalu (Bengali); Nochi (Tamil); Pushto (Urdu); Senduar (Nagpur). Conservation status — Least concern (LC) as it is common throughout its range and there are no known threats (Sengun 2017). Notes — 1. This species has never been recognised as a distinct species before. Even Moldenke (1941), who published the oldest name at species level for this taxon, thought that he was dealing with a hybrid between V. negundo and V. pseudonegundo. According to the nomenclature rules (Turland et al. 2018) even though it is misleading and never been used, the name V. hybrida has to be adopted for this species. 2. It is the common species from the V. trifolia complex in India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka but known and studied as V. negundo. Vitex hybrida can easily be distinguished from the latter taxa by its purely entire leaflets, long, pitted cyme axes due to the scarring caused by aborted flowers, short (up to 2 mm), ovate bracteoles, often caducous, drying the same colour as the rest of the inflorescence and acute to acuminate calyx lobe apices as opposed to V. negundo that has dentate leaflets (all or some), short, smooth cyme axes with flowers regularly disposed, long (3 – 7 mm) linear bracteoles, persistent, drying black and acuminate to often aristate calyx lobe apices. 3. Some specimens are known to have purple undersides of the leaves and twigs as a result of purple hairs. However, this is not visible in herbarium specimens. 4. The name described by Kuntze (1891) V. negundodes, does not seem to be a typographical error for negundoides as he uses it consistently throughout his publication. The species V. negundodes has never been validly published and therefore the form albiflora is also invalid. From the description and local- ity, it is clear that V. negundodes f. albiflora sensu Kuntze must be V. hybrida. 5. Vitex hybrida can be confused with V. bicolor. However, it can be distinguished by its dense cymes on a pitted axis (due to aborted flowers) as opposed to V. bicolor having lax cymes on a smooth axis.	en	Sengun, S., Ingrouille, M., Paton, A., de Kok, R. P. J. (2024): Taxonomic revision of the Vitex trifolia complex (Lamiaceae). Blumea 69 (2): 93-121, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.01
826C8796976E9A4DFF89FCFE7C6CD788.taxon	description	Vitex gracilis Salisb. (1796) 107, nom. illeg., in synonymy. Vitex cannabifolia Siebold & Zucc. (1846) 152. — Vitex negundo L. var. cannabifolia (Siebold & Zucc.) Hand. - Mazz. (1934) 67. — Lectotype (designated here): Siebold s. n. (W [W 0022974]; isolecto: M [M 0111716, M 0111717] *, W [W 0022975, W 0285058]), Japan. Syn. nov.	en	Sengun, S., Ingrouille, M., Paton, A., de Kok, R. P. J. (2024): Taxonomic revision of the Vitex trifolia complex (Lamiaceae). Blumea 69 (2): 93-121, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.01
826C8796976E9A4DFF89FCFE7C6CD788.taxon	description	Vitex negundo L. f. laxipaniculata C. Pei (1932) 104. — Lectotype (designated here): Henry 13210 (NY [NY 00138480]; isolecto K), (China,) Yunnan. Syn. nov.	en	Sengun, S., Ingrouille, M., Paton, A., de Kok, R. P. J. (2024): Taxonomic revision of the Vitex trifolia complex (Lamiaceae). Blumea 69 (2): 93-121, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.01
826C8796976E9A4DFF89FCFE7C6CD788.taxon	description	Vitex negundo L. var. macrophylla Moldenke [(1939) 40, nom. nud.;] (1940) 753. — Walther 174 (holo BH [BH 000 046 022, BH 000 046 023]), USA, California, Los Angeles, Huntington Botanic Garden. Vitex negundo L. var. sessilis Moldenke [(1939) 40, nom. nud.;] (1940) 754. — Heuer [F. P. I. 63649] (holo BH [BH 000 046 021]), USA, Florida, Dade County.	en	Sengun, S., Ingrouille, M., Paton, A., de Kok, R. P. J. (2024): Taxonomic revision of the Vitex trifolia complex (Lamiaceae). Blumea 69 (2): 93-121, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.01
826C8796976E9A4DFF89FCFE7C6CD788.taxon	description	Shrub or small tree, up to 4 m high. Leaves 3 – 5 (– 7) - foliolate; petioles 1.8 – 5.5 cm long. Leaflets: blades oblong-elliptic to narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, apex acuminate, base cuneate, margin entire to dentate (always some leaflets dentate), dentations with the tertiary venation arching back before reaching the apex of the tooth, upper surface dark green, lower surface light green, aromatic when crushed; secondary veins 4 – 7 (– 9) per side, slightly prominent, visible on both surfaces; terminal leaflets 3.7 – 11.8 by 0.7 – 3.3 cm; terminal petiolules (0.2 –) 0.8 – 1.4 (– 2.4) cm long; lateral leaflets 2.9 – 9 by 0.3 – 3.1 cm; lateral petiolules (0 –) 0.2 – 1 (– 1.8) cm long; basal leaflets absent (trifoliolate) or 1.3 – 5 by 0.3 – 1.4 cm; basal petiolules 0 – 0.5 cm long. Inflorescences terminal, consisting of lateral cymes in dense clusters with persistent flowers; axis 6 – 20 cm long, smooth; bracteoles linear, up to (0.6 –) 2.5 – 5 mm long, patent, persistent, drying black. Calyx glands absent to few; tube 0.9 – 2.1 mm long; lobes 5 – 10 by 4 – 10 mm, lobe apex sometimes acuminate but often aristate; flowering calyx 1 – 1.5 mm diam; fruiting calyx 2 – 2.5 mm diam, erect, covering most of the mature fruit. Corolla white or light purple to blue-violet; glands few or absent; tube 2.6 – 3.6 mm long; anterior lip orbicular, 1.5 – 3 by 1.3 – 2.7 mm, apex rounded, anterior corolla lip with semi-circular area of hairs at the corolla mouth; lateral lobes 1.2 – 1.5 by 1 – 2 mm, apex rounded, patent; posterior lip: lobes 1.2 – 1.5 by 1 – 1.2 mm, apex rounded, reflected to erect. Stamens: filaments 2 – 3.8 mm long, slightly to strongly didynamous, inserted halfway to lower 1 / 3 of the corolla tube; anther c. 0.8 mm long. Ovary 0.6 – 0.8 by 0.5 – 0.7 mm, glabrous; style 1.9 – 5.6 mm long; stigma lobes 0.4 – 0.7 mm long. Fruit ellipsoid, when dried 1.5 – 2.7 by 1.1 – 2.2 mm, apex truncate, glabrous, black when mature. Distribution — Nepal, Bhutan, China and Vietnam. Reported to be introduced and cultivated in at least Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, the Philippines and possibly in the whole of the Flora Malesiana area. Habitat & Ecology — Growing in secondary forest (rarely in primary), mixed thickets and along roads and in wastelands, from sea-level up to 3200 m altitude. Flowering: June to April; fruiting: July to November in more temperate regions; reported to be flowering and fruiting throughout the year in the tropics. Uses — The species is grown for ornamental purposes and in China as a source of fibre. It is used medicinally throughout the region. 3 mm mm 3 mm 3 Vernacular names — Five-leaved chaste tree (English); Huang jing, Mu jing, Ni huang jing, Xiao ye jing (China); Lagundi (Philippines); Merbok (Malaysia); Talaun mohou (Malaysia, Sabah). Conservation status — Least concern (LC) as it is common throughout its range and there are no known threats (Sengun 2017). Notes — 1. Although some specimens on herbarium sheets have entire leaflets, in situ, all plants have some dentate leaflets. 2. The name V. latifolia Mill. with as the type the illustration De l’Obel (1591: t. 161) (rather than t. 139 as was mentioned in Miller 1768), is clearly V. negundo. The information given in Miller agrees with the De l’Obel t. 161 plate including the text: ‘ Vitex folio latiore ferrato ’. Plate 139 clearly shows a monocoty- ledonous herb. 3. The type of V. spicata Lour. may not even be extant as many of De Loureiro’s specimens did not survive. However, Merrill (1918) states that the ‘ excellent description applies unmistakably to V. negundo ’.	en	Sengun, S., Ingrouille, M., Paton, A., de Kok, R. P. J. (2024): Taxonomic revision of the Vitex trifolia complex (Lamiaceae). Blumea 69 (2): 93-121, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.01
826C8796976C9A4BFCC6F8AD7927D585.taxon	description	Vitex pseudonegundo (Hausskn. ex Bornm.) Hand. - Mazz. (1913) 408; C. C. Towns. (1972) 148. — Vitex agnus-castus L. var. pseudonegundo Hausskn. ex Bornm. (1907) 117. — Lectotype (designated by Townsend 1972): Strauss s. n. (JE [JE 00000041] *), Iran, Burujird. Vitex hausknechtii Bornm. (1907) 118. — Type: Haussknecht s. n. (holo JE (not found); iso B [B 10 0365967]), Syria, Marasch, prope Dschilan-Köprü.	en	Sengun, S., Ingrouille, M., Paton, A., de Kok, R. P. J. (2024): Taxonomic revision of the Vitex trifolia complex (Lamiaceae). Blumea 69 (2): 93-121, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.01
826C8796976C9A4BFCC6F8AD7927D585.taxon	description	Shrub or small tree, 1 – 3 m high, deciduous. Bark smooth, grey. Leaves 5 – 7 - foliolate; petioles 1 – 6.1 cm long. Leaflets: blades lanceolate, apex acuminate, base cuneate, margin entire, upper surface dull green, lower surface whitish; side veins 11 – 15 per side, slightly prominent, visible on both surfaces; terminal leaflets 4 – 12.5 by 0.5 – 2.7 cm; terminal petiolules 0 – 1.2 cm long; lateral leaflets 2.5 – 10.4 by 0.5 – 2.1 cm; lateral petiolules 0 (– 0.9) cm long; basal leaflets 1.2 – 7 by 0.1 – 2.2 cm; basal petiolules 0 – 0.3 cm long. Inflorescences terminal, consisting of lateral cymes in dense clusters with persistent flowers; axis 15 – 25 cm long, smooth; bracteoles ovate to linear, up to 2 mm long, appressed, caducous, drying the same colour as inflorescence. Calyx glands many; tube 1.3 – 2.4 mm long; lobes 0.5 – 0.7 by 0.5 – 1 mm, apex acute; flowering calyx 2.8 – 3.2 mm diam; fruiting calyx 2.7 – 4.2 mm diam, patent to erect, covering half to most of the mature fruit. Corolla pale lilac to blue; glands 3 mm few; tube 3.3 – 4.9 mm long; anterior lip spathulate, 2 – 4.3 by 2.1 – 4 mm, apex rounded to acute, anterior corolla lip with semi-circular area of hairs at the corolla mouth; lateral lobes 1.3 – 1.5 by 1.2 – 1.5 mm, apex rounded, erect; posterior lip lobes 1.3 – 1.6 by 1.7 – 1.8 mm, apex acute, erect. Stamens: filaments 2.2 – 5 mm long, slightly didynamous to equal, glabrous to hairy, inserted halfway to lower 1 / 3 of the corolla tube; anthers c. 1 mm long. Ovary c. 1 mm diam, hairy, glands absent to many covering the apex; style 2.7 – 6.9 mm long; stigma lobes 0.1 – 0.7 mm long. Fruit broadly obovoid to globose, when fresh 3 – 4 mm diam, dried 2.5 – 3.1 by 2.3 – 3 mm, glabrous to few hairs on top, black to reddish when mature. Distribution — Southeast Turkey, Syria, Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan. Habitat & Ecology — Along rivers and creeks, in open vegetations. Soil: clay, sandy or gravel, at 5 – 750 m altitude. Flowering and fruiting: March to September. Conservation status — Least concern (LC) as it is common throughout its range and there are no known threats (Sengun 2017). Note — Often confused with V. agnus-castus, see notes under this taxon.	en	Sengun, S., Ingrouille, M., Paton, A., de Kok, R. P. J. (2024): Taxonomic revision of the Vitex trifolia complex (Lamiaceae). Blumea 69 (2): 93-121, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.01
826C8796976A9A49FF89FA977B86D693.taxon	description	Vitex rotundifolia L. f. f. albiflora Y. N. Lee in Y. N. Lee & Y. S. Kim (2005) 26. — Type: Kim You Sung s. n. (holo Korean Plant Research Institution Seoul n. v.), Korea, Daebudo, Gyeonggi-do. Prostrate to small erect shrub, 10 – 60 cm high, sometimes forming dense mats of several meters diam, rooting at stem nodes. Leaves 1 - foliolate; petioles 3 – 12 mm long. Leaflets: blades round to obovate or obovate-spathulate, apex mostly rounded, sometimes subacute, base cuneate, margin entire, upper surface green, lower surface pale green to grey-green or silvery, aromatic when crushed; secondary veins 4 – 7 (– 9) per side, slightly prominent, visible on both surfaces; terminal leaflets 1.4 – 5.3 by 0.8 – 3.3 cm. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, consisting of lateral cymes in dense clusters with persistent flowers; axis 4 – 12 cm long, smooth; bracteoles ovate to linear, up to 2 mm long, appressed, usually caducous, drying the same colour as inflorescence. Calyx glands few; tube 2.3 – 4.4 mm long; lobes 2 – 6 by 3 – 11 mm, apex acute, rarely acute to acuminate; flowering calyx 3 – 4 mm diam; fruiting calyx 3.5 – 4.5 mm diam, erect, covering most of the mature fruit. Corolla purplish blue to white; glands many; tube 5.3 – 8.3 mm long; anterior lip spathulate, 3.9 – 7 by 3.3 – 7.4 mm, apex round to truncated, anterior corolla lip with semi-circular area of hairs at the corolla mouth; lateral lobes 3 – 4.2 by 2 – 3 mm, apex rounded, reflexed; posterior lip lobes 3 – 3.5 by 3 – 3.5 mm, apex acute, reflexed to erect. Stamens: filaments 5.2 – 8.2 mm long, slightly to strongly didynamous, inserted halfway to lower 1 / 3 of the corolla tube; anthers 1.5 – 2 mm long. Ovary 1 – 1.5 mm diam, glabrous, glands many, covering the apex; style 9.8 – 14.6 mm long; stigma lobes 6 – 13 mm long. Fruit globose, when dried 4.4 – 5.3 by 4.3 – 5 mm, glabrous, turning first purplish, then black when mature. Distribution — Widespread from Japan, Korea and China to Australia (from the north of Western Australia to Southern Queensland) and into the Pacific to Samoa and Fiji. The species is apparently absent from most of the central Pacific, but an isolated population occurs in Hawaii. Habitat & Ecology — Growing on sandy seashores, coastal dunes and on sandbars along rivers up to 10 km from the coast. Growing just above the high-water mark to 200 m altitude. Flowering and fruiting: June to January. Uses — Medicinal uses, particularly in Chinese and Japanese medicine systems. Vernacular names — Beach Vitex (English); Dĕmunla, Gu- nong pantai, Lagundi, Lagundi Laud (Malay); Hamago (Japanese); Wora tach (local language in Western Flores, Indonesia). Conservation status — Least concern (LC) as it is common throughout its range and there are no known threats (Sengun 2017). Notes — 1. The whole plant has a pungent smell despite the flowers being reported to smell as lavender. 2. It can be confused with V. trifolia, see notes under this taxon. 3. From Blanco’s original description it is clear that V. repens is indeed V. rotundifolia. However, what Merrill suggested as the example specimen for V. repens (Merrill Species Blancoanae 814, Philippines, Luzon, Batangas Province, Bauang Is.), is V. trifolia. Therefore, a different specimen, which exhibits all the characteristics of the species, is designated here as the neotype. 4. The type materials of V. rotundifolia L. f. f. albescens and V. rotundifolia L. f. f. rosea Satomi were not seen, but from the original descriptions it is clear that they are a flower colour variation within this species and, therefore, they were placed in synonymy.	en	Sengun, S., Ingrouille, M., Paton, A., de Kok, R. P. J. (2024): Taxonomic revision of the Vitex trifolia complex (Lamiaceae). Blumea 69 (2): 93-121, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.01
826C879697699A46FF89FF107D5ED52A.taxon	description	Vitex trifolia L. var. acutifolia Benth. (1870) 67. — Lectotype (designated here): Brown s. n. (Bennett 2321) (lecto K; isolecto BM), (Australia,) Queensland, along the coast from Cape York to Moreton Bay.	en	Sengun, S., Ingrouille, M., Paton, A., de Kok, R. P. J. (2024): Taxonomic revision of the Vitex trifolia complex (Lamiaceae). Blumea 69 (2): 93-121, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.01
826C879697699A46FF89FF107D5ED52A.taxon	distribution	Distribution — The species is widespread from India and Sri Lanka to Southern Japan, southeast to the north coast of Australia and into the Pacific to Tahiti. Because of its uses as an ornamental and a medicinal plant, it is also widely cultivated outside its natural distribution area. Habitat & Ecology — Beaches, inland edge of mangrove swamps, grasslands, littoral forests and in secondary vegetations. Soil: sand or more rarely in clay, often over limestone, coral, volcanic soils or shale, at 0 – 150 (– 1500) m altitude. In humid areas the species is usually common at low altitudes, becoming rare higher up. In dryer areas the species can also be common at high elevation. Often a solitary tree but sometimes occurring in thickets. Flowering and fruiting: all year round. Uses — Various medicinal and horticultural uses. Vernacular names — Epaskè (local language, South Sumatra), Kajo kemérū (local language, Flores), Kámaling bata (local language, Lesser Sunda Islands), Lamentang, memeongan (Sundanese), O soi (local language, Moluccas, Halmahera Island), Salagundih (Karo language, Sumatra), Tasi (Dawan language, Timor, Indonesia); Kyaung-ban (Burmese); Namulega (local language, Samoa); Nirnochi (Tamil); Mitsuba-hamago, Tachihamago, Yaeyama-hamago (Japanese); Panisamalu (Bengali); Surasa (Sanskrit). Conservation status — Least concern (LC) as it is common throughout its range and there are no known threats (Sengun 2017). Notes — 1. Vitex trifolia can have a prostrate form on beaches. Then, it can occur together with and look like V. rotundifolia, and therefore, the two species can be confused. However, they can be distinguished from each other as V. rotundifolia has only one leaflet and roots at the nodes. Vitex trifolia can also be confused with V. bicolor or, possibly, V. benthamiana; see notes under those species. 2. Vitex trifolia L. var. taihangensis (L. B. Guo & A. Q. Zhou) S. L. Chen describes a specimen with ‘ presence of simple in- stead of trifoliate leaves’. However, in situ there are no V. trifolia plants with only unifoliate leaves. Therefore, this is an ordinary V. trifolia specimen, but likely to be cut from a specific part of the plant. Another example of this is shown in Fig. 11 b.	en	Sengun, S., Ingrouille, M., Paton, A., de Kok, R. P. J. (2024): Taxonomic revision of the Vitex trifolia complex (Lamiaceae). Blumea 69 (2): 93-121, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.01
