taxonID	type	description	language	source
65A26A8E0CA255B583EA01E1C8EC1C71.taxon	description	Figs 6 – 8, 32 – 39, 40, 41	en	van Nieukerken, Erik J., Robrecht, Dieter (2025): Stigmella species on the Wild Service Tree, Torminalis glaberrima, confused, overlooked and found again (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae). Nota Lepidopterologica 48: 29-67, DOI: 10.3897/nl.48.141094
65A26A8E0CA255B583EA01E1C8EC1C71.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 41). Austria * (Zimmermann 1944; Huemer 2013), Bosnia * (new record) (Fig. 37), Croatia (Laštůvka and Laštůvka 1997), Czechia (Laštůvka 1994; Laštůvka and Marek 2002; Šumpich 2011), France * (new record) (Figs 36, 38), Georgia (new record) (Fig. 39), Germany (Wörz 1937; Buhr 1940; Huber 1969; Robrecht et al. 2024), Hungary (Szőcs 1965, 1977 b; Pastoralis and Szeőke 2011), Italy (Huemer 2002), Russia * (Wörz 1937), Slovakia (Povolný and Gregor 1952; Patočka and Kulfan 2009), Slovenia * (Lesar and Govedic 2010), Ukraine: Crimea (Navickaitė et al. 2014). Records based on mines only are annotated with an asterisk. Several records were doubted in the past, such as those from Germany: Schwaben (Bavaria) (Huber 1969) and Austria (Zimmermann 1944), leading to removal of the species resp. from the Bavarian and Austrian lists (Huemer and Tarmann 1993; Haslberger and Segerer 2016). The Austrian record was later confirmed (Huemer 2013), and we think that Huber’s record is rather likely, considering the current knowledge of its distribution. The old records from Pfalz and Thüringen by Wörz (1937) also could well be correct as also the new records show. An old record from Neubrandenburg in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Buhr 1940) has been completely overlooked until now, and on first sight might seem unlikely, so far north. However, Torminalis does occur in this region, but probably as rather isolated trees (Welk et al. 2016). Confirmation of this record is therefore needed as it is not impossible that Stigmella oxyacanthella (Stainton, 1854) could occasionally occur on this host and make rather similar mines. The renewed search for Stigmella torminalis also led to the rediscovery of leafmines of S. hahniella in Germany in 2023, now in Rheinland-Pfalz, and independently by Maurizio König in Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria. In 2024 it was found in Hessen (Figs 33, 34, 40) and Thüringen (Fig. 32) and the species was discovered in North East France (Figs 36, 38). The record from Russia, Sochi by Wörz (1937) was overlooked in the Russian checklist (van Nieukerken and Sinev 2019), but the new record from Georgia, confirmed by DNA barcodes, supports its occurrence in the Caucasus region. Records from Denmark (Jøker 1944) on Crataegus and various Sorbus species are certainly incorrect and were also not repeated in the catalogue of Danish leafmines (Sønderup 1949).	en	van Nieukerken, Erik J., Robrecht, Dieter (2025): Stigmella species on the Wild Service Tree, Torminalis glaberrima, confused, overlooked and found again (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae). Nota Lepidopterologica 48: 29-67, DOI: 10.3897/nl.48.141094
BDEEE863877451EAAF2B7A560E6D2E49.taxon	description	Figs 9, 10, 28, 29, 31, 42, 43, 46, 47 – 51, 52	en	van Nieukerken, Erik J., Robrecht, Dieter (2025): Stigmella species on the Wild Service Tree, Torminalis glaberrima, confused, overlooked and found again (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae). Nota Lepidopterologica 48: 29-67, DOI: 10.3897/nl.48.141094
BDEEE863877451EAAF2B7A560E6D2E49.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 52). Albania (new record, https: // observation. org / observation / 291620627 /), Austria, Belgium (Wullaert 2017), Bosnia (new record), Bulgaria (new record), Croatia, Czechia, France (van Nieukerken et al. 2006) (new for departments 05, 06, 21, 31, 53, 55, 72), Germany (new for Niedersachsen, https: // observation. org / observation / 296867262 /), Hungary, Italy, Luxemburg (new record, https: // observation. org / observation / 325644295 /), Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia (Maček 1999), Spain (van Nieukerken et al. 2004), Switzerland, Turkey (Klimesch 1978) and United Kingdom (England) (Emmet 1988; Agassiz 1992) (general references for distribution (Johansson and Nielsen 1990; Laštůvka and Laštůvka 1997; van Nieukerken 2018).	en	van Nieukerken, Erik J., Robrecht, Dieter (2025): Stigmella species on the Wild Service Tree, Torminalis glaberrima, confused, overlooked and found again (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae). Nota Lepidopterologica 48: 29-67, DOI: 10.3897/nl.48.141094
4B7E6705F669558F8E76B6F1F21C5FDA.taxon	description	Figs 1 – 2, 3 – 5, 11 – 14, 15 – 17, 18 – 25, 26, 27, 30	en	van Nieukerken, Erik J., Robrecht, Dieter (2025): Stigmella species on the Wild Service Tree, Torminalis glaberrima, confused, overlooked and found again (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae). Nota Lepidopterologica 48: 29-67, DOI: 10.3897/nl.48.141094
4B7E6705F669558F8E76B6F1F21C5FDA.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 27). So far known from one locality in England (type locality, where apparently extinct), Germany: few records in Rheinland-Pfalz, Hessen and probably Thüringen, Belgium (Namur), Hungary (Budapest region), North Macedonia, the Crimea and possibly Georgia (Adjara). See below for detailed discussion.	en	van Nieukerken, Erik J., Robrecht, Dieter (2025): Stigmella species on the Wild Service Tree, Torminalis glaberrima, confused, overlooked and found again (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae). Nota Lepidopterologica 48: 29-67, DOI: 10.3897/nl.48.141094
4B7E6705F669558F8E76B6F1F21C5FDA.taxon	discussion	Discussion of literature records. Germany. The oldest record maybe that by Martini (1917: 179), who recorded Nepticula mespilicola from Sachsenburg (Thüringen, 51.29, 11.16), from caterpillars on Sorbus torminalis in July, and reared moths in the following April. This would indicate a univoltine species, and is thus more likely S. torminalis than S. mespilicola. After M. Hering’s (1932) first record of the adult, that was repeated by Eckstein (1933: 199) in his handbook for Microlepidoptera, Hering described also the leafmines and compared them with those of S. mespilicola in his first leafmine key work (M. Hering 1937), then still under a large genus Pyrus L., then including Malus Mill. and Sorbus L. This key has probably been a major source for the later confusion with S. mespilicola, as he separated the mines only by the width of the frass line (page 377). He also listed both “ P. aria ” and “ P. torminalis ” as hosts. In his later keys for Europe (M. Hering 1957), he maintained that key character, and even included Sorbus aucuparia (page 1012) and Amelanchier Medik. (page 77) as hosts. He did, however, mention only the month July for the occurrence of the mines, whereas he recorded those of S. mespilicola (as S. ariella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1860 )) from July, September and October. Many of the subsequent records can easily be dismissed on the basis of their occurrence in the autumn, on the wrong hosts or because adults were reared in summer. As none of the other published German records have been provided with more detail or illustrations of either the adult, genitalia or leafmine, we consider them all as incorrect or at least unverified, until proof can be obtained from collection material. The next record was from Württemberg by Wörz (1937: 290), when he described the new species Nepticula hahniella. He also gave a key with some more characters, such as the egg position, and larval colour, but both are confusing as the egg position is variable in S. mespilicola and the larva of that species is not green, but yellow. The senior author examined the leafmines (Figs 28, 29) and adults in Wörz’s collection in Stuttgart, and concluded that all mines and adults identified as S. torminalis are misidentified S. mespilicola (the adults had earlier also been re-identified by A. Laštůvka). The incorrect Württemberg records were repeated several times (Skala 1939; Wörz 1958). Ludwig (1952: 33) recorded S. torminalis from Nordrhein-Westfalen, Siegen from leafmines on Sorbus aucuparia, which must be regarded as certainly wrong. Such mines most likely belong to S. magdalenae (Klimesch, 1950). In Bavaria (Bayern) the species was recorded from leafmines on Torminalis by Huber (1969: 98) from two localities in Schwaben. As no details are given, this cannot be proven. This record was repeated in some checklists (Pröse 1987; Pröse and Segerer 1999), but finally deleted from the fauna (Haslberger and Segerer 2016). Steuer (1984: 97) reported mines from Thüringen, Bad Blankenburg, in September both on Torminalis and Aria edulis (Willd.) M. Roem. A reared female was examined by EvN and belongs to S. mespilicola. The record was later corrected (Steuer 1991). However, as shown above, the species probably does or did occur in Thüringen. The latest published record, also from Hessen (Hannover 2019: 39) was a vacated leafmine on Sorbus aucuparia, and also from September, thus certainly incorrect. Such mines could belong either to S. magdalenae or S. nylandriella (Tengström, 1848). The record by Biesenbaum (2006: 49) from the Eifel was not a misidentification, but a corruption for S. tormentillella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1860), see Biesenbaum (2007) [where the incorrect spelling S. “ tormetillella ” was used]. This was repeated by Gaedike (2008: 13) and corrected later (Gaedike 2009). Switzerland. Weber (1945: 401) recorded S. torminalis from Altberg near Weiningen, mines with larvae in August and October both on Aria edulis and Torminalis. The timing already makes this S. mespilicola and a photo of the reared specimen in the ETZ collection (courtesy Andreas Kopp, see under material of mespilicola) confirms that. The inclusion in the Swiss checklist is therefore incorrect (SwissLepTeam 2010) and it was recently deleted (Bryner and Kopp 2023). Austria. Klimesch and Skala (1936: 95) recorded leaf mines from Maria Winkling, already including some doubts, and this was later corrected to S. mespilicola (see Klimesch 1990: 33), but still with a note that the identification was not certain. Skala (1937: 10) recorded one mine from Wien-Schönbrunn on 30 September 1935 and later (Skala 1944 b: 393) on 11 September on Aria edulis. Both clearly belong to S. mespilicola, which also was suggested by Skala in his last paper. He then also noted: “ Die Mine der torminalis Wood scheint unbekannt zu sein ”. Also Zimmermann (1944) recorded it from the Vienna region: Schönbrunn and Wien-Bèlvedere, mines on Torminalis and? Aria. Huemer and Tarmann (1993) did not accept these records and deleted the species from the Austrian list. Czechia. Skala (1944 a: 115) reported “ Nepticula torminalis Wood im Sinne Herings ” from Eisgrub (= Lednice) in October and Tischnowitz (= Tišnov) in August. He added that he considered it as a form of S. mespilicola and that is most likely the correct identification of these records. Zimmermann (1944) repeated the Eisgrub record. Laštůvka et al. (1993) excluded these records and thus the species from the Moravian and the Czech fauna. Hungary. The species was repeatedly recorded from Hungary, from Nadap, Budakeszi, several localities near Budapest (Szőcs 1956, 1965, 1977 a, 1981 b), the Mecsek mountains (Balogh 1978) and Badacsony, Uzsa (Szabóky 1982). Probably many of these records are incorrect, several have the wrong timing or hostplant. Already in 1981, EvN studied a borrowed pair of moths of S. torminalis from the Szőcs collection (from Budapest, Normafa, see below), which turned out to be S. mespilicola (genitalia slides VU 1755 and VU 1756). These were collected in June as larva and emerged already in July. On this basis EvN considered at the time all records of S. torminalis in Hungary as incorrect or unproven. In the draft of the European list (van Nieukerken 1996) he did not enter Hungary in the country list, but this was added later by a country recorder without EvN’s knowledge. Also Fazekas (2007: 17) concluded that Balogh’s record was unconfirmed on the advice of EvN. Finally Pastoralis (2010) removed the species from the Hungarian list, based on advise of Zdenko Tokár who had the opportunity to check one specimen. However, the situation is clearly more complicated, as Szőcs (1981 b) collected larvae only in June and July, and reared adults from some of those in the early months of the next year. This would point to the univoltine Stigmella torminalis. As Z. Tokár (pers. comm.) had identified the above cited specimen as S. regiella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855) (based on externals), not the more obvious alternative S. mespilicola, we wondered if this could be a S. torminalis with red head rather than brown or black, as otherwise the externals of S. regiella and S. torminalis are very similar. On EvN’s request, Z. Bálint (Budapest) sent a couple of photos of adults and leafmines. He also arranged photograps of the genitalia prepared by Tokár after remounting it on slide. After carefully studying the photos of the leafmines (e. g. Fig. 30) and the adults (Fig. 5), we conclude that a few specimens that were reared in spring from larvae collected in the previous June or July belong to S. torminalis, even though some specimens have an orange head, whereas the majority of leafmines and adults belong to S. mespilicola. The mines from the sample with orange heads (Hármashatárhegy, 22. vii. 1964, Zucht 36 / 74, see Fig. 30) clearly show the characters of S. torminalis, not S. regiella, and one adult from that sample has a dark head. Finally the photo of the genitalia showed a round accessory sac, typical for S. torminalis. The S. torminalis specimens were from two localities, Budapest, Hármashatárhegy and Budapest, Normafa. Italy. There are two potentially wrong records: Klimesch (1940: 189) recorded it from Trieste on the basis of two vacated mines on Torminalis in October and later he found a single mine in Sopra Sasso in late September (Klimesch 1951: 58). The dates speak for identification as S. mespilicola and it was therefore not included in the Italian checklist (Karsholt et al. 1995). Slovenia. Jože Maček recorded S. torminalis three times (Maček 1970, 1979, 1993), summarised again by Maček (1999). Two records are wrong on the basis of the hostplants Amelanchier ovalis Medik. and Aria edulis, the one recorded from Torminalis was found in September, the wrong period for the mines (although it might be possible to find old mines). All these should be regarded most likely as S. mespilicola. Maček based his identifications and taxonomy largely on Hering, inclusion of S. torminalis in the Slovenian checklists is therefore incorrect (Lesar and Habeler 2005; Lesar and Govedic 2010). Serbia. Jakšić (2016) listed S. torminalis on the basis of four papers by Nenad Dimić. Three of these papers were examined by us (Dimić 1994; Dimić et al. 1999, 2000) and show no detail about collection dates or hostplants and are based on leafmines alone, identified with Hering’s keys. Also the used nomenclature is completely out of date, providing little trust that these records are reliable. For now S. torminalis should be deleted from the Serbian fauna. Romania. Drăghia (1976: 180) reported it from Torminalis in the northern Dobrogea area in 1973 and 1974, without further details. Although it is possible that some of these were correct, considering the occurrence of Stigmella torminalis on the Crimea, without voucher material the record cannot be accepted. It was also entered in the checklist by Popescu-Gorj (1984), but Rákosy et al. (2003) stated that the record requires confirmation. Ukraine, Crimea. Navickaitė et al. (2014) recorded S. torminalis as new from the Crimea, as very common in a few localities, from adults reared from larvae that were collected in July-August 2011. This record is amply annotated with photos of larvae, leafmines and genitalia, and definitely correct.	en	van Nieukerken, Erik J., Robrecht, Dieter (2025): Stigmella species on the Wild Service Tree, Torminalis glaberrima, confused, overlooked and found again (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae). Nota Lepidopterologica 48: 29-67, DOI: 10.3897/nl.48.141094
