identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
863787C34349787C48D9FA4103AB51E9.text	863787C34349787C48D9FA4103AB51E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pentastirini Emeljanov 1971	<div><p>Tribe  Pentastirini Emeljanov, 1971</p><p>Identification key to genus-groups of American  Pentastirini (males)</p><p>1 More than 7 (often 10+) teeth on the apex of the basitarsus of the hind leg....................  Pentastiridius Kirschbaum</p><p>- Seven teeth on the apex of the basitarsus of the hind leg (Fig. 4)................................................ 2</p><p>2(1) Endosoma, in ventral view, forming a loop by curving left (Fig. 6A), then right to disappear behind the dorsal surface of the aedeagus............................................................................................ 3</p><p>- Endosoma in ventral view not completing a full loop to disappear behind the dorsal surface of aedeagus................ 7</p><p>3(2) Aedeagal complex not dorsoventrally compressed, aedeagal processes directed dorsad and ventrad, wings marked irregularly in fuscous, veins dappled with pale and dark markings; Neotropical.............................  Pictoliarus gen. nov.</p><p>- Aedeagal complex dorsoventrally compressed, without processes directed dorsad and ventrad, wings generally unmarked.. 4</p><p>4(3) Moderately-sized to larger species (~ 4–7 mm); brick-red to dark brown, frons with pale lateral maculae usually present, eyes mottled with red speckling; U.S. and Mexico ............................................................... 5</p><p>- Larger species (&gt; 7 mm); yellow, face uniform in color or with dark central maculation, eyes without red speckling; Neotropical.......................................................................................... 6</p><p>5(4) Costal cell of forewing sclerotized and densely setaceous, forewing with approximately 20 apical cells (RA 4-branched, RP 4-branched, MP 1 3-branched); southwestern U.S. .................................................  Oliaronus Ball</p><p>- Costal cell of forewing not sclerotized or densely setaceous, forewings with approximately 13 apical cells or less (RP 3+4 forked); U.S. and Mexico .......................................................  Melanoliarus s.l. (in part): aridus -group</p><p>6(4) Face with central dark maculation (lateral margins pale), apex of endosoma greatly broadened, anal tube (dorsal view) rounded, apex rounded, weakly emarginate or with apical projection (e.g., Fennah 1971, fig. 104); Belize to Brazil ..................................................................................................  Cyclopoliarus Fennah</p><p>- Face pale without dark maculation, apex of endosoma not broadened, anal tube elongated with medially emarginate apex (Fennah 1944a, fig. 7); Panama .............................................................  Oliarissa Fennah</p><p>7(2) Apex of anal tube developed into a recurved spine, directed ventrocephalad; small (~ 3–5 mm), dark taxa; mainly Antillean and adjacent, also SW USA and Mesoamerica.....................................  Melanoliarus (Melanoliarus) Fennah</p><p>- Apex of anal tube lacking recurved spine.................................................................. 8</p><p>8(7) Medioventral process of pygofer elongate ovoid (apex blunt, length about equal to that of lateral projections) with preapical ventral transverse keel (e.g., Mead &amp; Kramer 1982, fig. 320); anal tube (dorsal view) with apex deeply incised medially (e.g., Mead &amp; Kramer 1982, fig. 316), forming broad truncate process in caudal view; second tarsomere of hind leg with platellae; western (mostly northwestern) Nearctic............................................  Reptalus (Pererepa) Emeljanov</p><p>- Medioventral process of pygofer much shorter than lateral projections (usually half or less); anal tube (dorsal view) with apex rounded, blunt, or weakly incised; second tarsomere of hind leg lacking platellae; widespread......................... 9</p><p>9(8) Antillean; base of ventral periandrium with three prominent processes (Hendrix &amp; Bartlett 2024a, fig. 2), endosoma bulbous and relatively compact bearing one apical process; medioventral process higher than wide (half to ¾ length of lateral margins), apex narrowed to obtuse or elongate apex (lateral margins serrate); size ~4.0– 5.5 mm ................  Nivcentia Holzinger</p><p>- Continental (except slossoni -group) and widespread; slossoni -group with periandrium lacking sinistral process (Mead &amp; Kramer 1982, fig. 67), endosoma elongated with apex enlarged (bearing one or more apical processes), medioventral process small and elongated (much shorter than lateral margins of pygofer), size 6+ mm................  Melanoliarus s.l. (in part)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/863787C34349787C48D9FA4103AB51E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hendrix, Solomon V.;Bartlett, Charles R.	Hendrix, Solomon V., Bartlett, Charles R. (2025): A new genus and species of cixiid planthopper (Hemiptera: Delphacoidea: Cixiidae) from Belize, including a key to the American Pentastirini and a checklist of Belizean Fulgoromorpha. Zootaxa 5588 (4): 551-572, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.4.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.4.3
863787C3434A787D48D9FCFE0267500B.text	863787C3434A787D48D9FCFE0267500B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pictoliarus Hendrix & Bartlett 2025	<div><p>Genus  Pictoliarus Hendrix &amp; Bartlett,  gen. nov.</p><p>Type species.  Pictoliarus zoetropeus sp. nov.; by present designation.</p><p>Diagnosis. Large, pale pentastirine cixiids with patterned wings. Vertex relatively broad, bearing conspicuous foliate subapical carinae joined at anterior margin of head (from dorsal view). Male terminalia weakly bilaterally asymmetrical, pygofer with small, triangular medioventral process. Gonostyli spatulate in lateral view, connected by tether at base. Periandrium broad, bearing two strongly twisted processes (in ventral view). Endosoma distinctly twisted behind the periandrium in ventral view. Anal tube (in dorsal view) elongated and hood-like, bilaterally asymmetrical.</p><p>Description. Relatively large cixiid planthoppers (~ 11mm) pale in coloration. Head narrower than pronotum, angularly emarginate posteriorly, truncate or weakly concave anteriorly. Vertex projecting past eyes, about as wide as long, widest at posterior margin; subapical portion of vertex with prominently angulate subapical transverse carinae; apex of head transversely carinate, bearing apical areolet between head apex and subapical transverse carina. Frons and clypeus collectively elongate rhomboid (dorsal margin truncate). Frons with distinct median ocellus just above frontoclypeal suture, median carina distinct (forked near dorsal margin to form conspicuous areolet), frontoclypeal suture strongly angled into an inverse u-shape that circumscribes a quadrate portion of the clypeus. Eyes bearing diffuse dark spots. Lateral ocelli distinct at anterioventral margin of eyes. Antennae short, scape ring-like, pedicel ovoid bearing many sensory pits, flagellum long and bristle-like with bulbous base. Rostrum exceeding hind coxae.</p><p>Pronotum short (less than half vertex length at midline) and broad with hind margin angulate, bearing a median carina, dorsal lateral carinae (extending from anterior margin of pronotum near midline, strongly arched laterally into paradiscal region), and usually lateral carinae extending transversely between eye and tegula. Mesonotum bearing five carinae (intermediate carinae weakly indicated); lateral margins of mesonotum fuscous to pale. Legs generally uniformly pale yellow (with tarsi often somewhat darker), apical spines of hind tibiae and tarsi blackened. Hind tibiae with lateral teeth, apical spinulation 6(5+1)-7-7 (platellae absent) (Fig. 4). Tegulae prominent. Wings transparent with faint to dark diffuse maculations; veins pale and pigmented with many dark spots or streaks bearing inconspicuous setal bases; crossveins apparently lacking setae; CuP with setae present (Fig. 2).</p><p>Abdomen somewhat dorsoventrally flattened, dorsum and venter pale yellow.</p><p>Male terminalia with somewhat slender and elongated pygofer bearing (in ventral view) a very small medioventral process and two elongated lateral processes. Gonostyli large, surpassing length of pygofer; expanded distally; proximally gonostyli joined by a slender tether bearing a median T-shaped apophysis (directed ventrad in situ) (Figs. 7C–D). Periandrium broad, bearing two strongly twisted processes (sinistral and dextral processes of Mead and Kramer, 1982). Endosoma (in left lateral view) strongly arched left then right; bearing few processes (Fig. 6C). Anal tube (in dorsal view) bilaterally asymmetrical, elongated, and hood-like (Fig. 6F).</p><p>Distribution. Belize.</p><p>Etymology. The genus name is derived from the Latin word “ picta” (“decorated”), referring to the greatly patterned forewings, combined with the genus name “  Oliarus . ” The name is masculine in gender.</p><p>Remarks.  Pictoliarus gen. nov. is distinctive among the American  Pentastirini . It is larger and more strikingly patterned than most other members of the tribe. It is similar to  Cyclopoliarus Fennah in its large size but differs in coloration and head shape.  Cyclopoliarus is often dark in coloration (bearing distinct pale markings) with clear unpatterned forewings (although the wing apex may have a fuscous wash) with uniformly dark veins and a narrow vertex, readily separating the genus from  Pictoliarus gen. nov. The male terminalia differ greatly between the two genera, but perhaps most clearly in the anal tube where in  Cyclopoliarus it usually terminates in a pointed lobe (visible from both lateral and dorsal view), whereas in  Pictoliarus gen. nov. the anal tube (lateral view) is slender and is apically downcurved.</p><p>The gonostyli in  Pictoliarus gen. nov. are proximally attached by a slender connection (Figs. 7C–D), here referred to as a “tether.” While initially, to our knowledge, there were no other American  Pentastirini reported with the gonostyli proximally attached in this manner, examination of the terminalia of  Cyclopoliarus omani (Metcalf) revealed a similar (but inconspicuous) tether joining the gonostyli. A tether was not found in any other  Pentastirini we have examined. In  Mnemosyne Stål (Mnemosynini) the gonostyli are fused at the base and bear a small median projection (e.g., Van Stalle 1987, fig. 8), a reminiscent situation that might be homologous. It is unclear whether this arrangement is particular to the new species described here, as opposed to being common to the genus (when other species are described). We anticipate that the tethered gonostyli are  a generic feature.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/863787C3434A787D48D9FCFE0267500B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hendrix, Solomon V.;Bartlett, Charles R.	Hendrix, Solomon V., Bartlett, Charles R. (2025): A new genus and species of cixiid planthopper (Hemiptera: Delphacoidea: Cixiidae) from Belize, including a key to the American Pentastirini and a checklist of Belizean Fulgoromorpha. Zootaxa 5588 (4): 551-572, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.4.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.4.3
863787C3434B787848D9FC5104B25568.text	863787C3434B787848D9FC5104B25568.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pictoliarus zoetropeus Hendrix & Bartlett 2025	<div><p>Pictoliarus zoetropeus Hendrix &amp; Bartlett,  sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 1–7</p><p>Diagnosis. Large (10+mm) pentastirine cixiids. Vertex narrowing anteriorly, wider at posterior margin than at midline, disc concave, median carina absent; subapical transverse carinae foliate, converging from anterior apex of eyes to meet near head apex. Antennae very short, within concavity. Veins of forewings pale with extensive dark maculations.</p><p>Description. Coloration. Pale yellow-brown in coloration (in dry specimens). Face (frons+clypeus) and head uniformly yellow-brown with greenish cast (Fig. 1C). Pronotum yellow with lateral margins (in dorsal view) paler than center. Mesonotum yellow-brown; either uniformly so or much darker at lateral margins (outside of lateral carinae) than medially (within the lateral carinae) (Fig. 1D). Legs pale yellow-brown with tarsi slightly darker (Fig. 4). Forewings with weak banding, extensive dark markings present on otherwise pale veins; pterostigma pale yellow (Fig. 2). Dorsum and venter of abdomen pale yellow.</p><p>Structure. Large planthoppers (♂ 10.6–11.5 mm; n = 2), body weakly compressed. Head much narrower than pronotum, slightly projected in front of eyes (Fig. 1D). Vertex narrowing anteriorly, posterior margin wider than length at midline, posterior margin deeply angulately incised, disc concave, median carina absent, lateral margins foliately carinate, sinuate, apically converging; head apex bearing transverse apical carina; subapical transverse carinae foliate, converging from anterior apex of eyes to meet near head apex, gap between apical and subapical transverse carinae crossed by pair of obscure carinae forming a small, obscure median areolet (and larger lateral, roughly triangular areolets) (Fig. 1C). In lateral view, head angulate at fastigium (marking position of apical transverse carina), vertex appearing arched and declinate (Fig. 1B). Frons and clypeus collectively elongate rhomboid (truncate dorsad), widest near level of antennae, lateral margins carinate, median carina distinct, forked subapically to form a distinct dorsal areolet (Fig. 1C). Frontoclypeal suture strongly arched outlining quadrate excision. Median ocellus present, lateral ocelli distinct at anteroventral margin of eye; eyes roughly circular (posterior margin flattened, ventral margin with weak emargination above antennae). Antennae very short, appearing to rest within concavity, scape hidden, pedicel about as tall as wide bearing many irrregularly placed sensory plaques (more than 12, some inconspicuous), flagellum long, setaceous with bulbous base.</p><p>Pronotum in dorsal view narrow, midlength about 1/3x length of vertex at midline, anterior margin partly hidden below caudal margin of head, posterior margin broadly and deeply angulately excised; disc bearing three carinae, a median carina and a pair of strongly curved lateral carinae (continued to reach ventral margin of paradiscal region), lateral margin with distinct carina between eye and tegulae (forming lateral extremes of pronotum from dorsal view); paradiscal region broad, reaching level of ventral margin of antennae, ventral margin broad, curved with rounded caudoventral expansion. Mesonotum broad, midlength exceeding combined length of vertex and pronotum, disc bearing five carinae, median and lateral carinae stronger than intermediate; lateral carinae weakly diverging, then medially arched near hind margin, intermediate carinae arched, median carina obsolete near scutellum (in some specimens, extra evanescent pair of carinae present); in lateral view mesonotum weakly arched with concavity at anterior margin of scutellum. Wings held tectiform, forewing (Fig. 2) rather broad, elongated oval, costal margin arched, apex broadly rounded; clavus elongated, apex near distal third of wing; fork of RP from ScP+RA in proximal quarter of wing, well proximad of fork of CuA, crossveins absent in proximal half of wing, nodal line irregular and incomplete; branching pattern RA 1-2 branched, RP 3-branched, MP 5-branched, CuA 2-branched. Hind wing broad with venation similar to Mead &amp; Kramer (1982, fig. 11); vein A2 (at the fold) traced with fuscous markings. Hind legs with two large lateral teeth and a proximal row of fine spinules, apical ornamentation 6(1+5)-7-7 (Fig. 4).</p><p>Male terminalia (Figs. 5–7), in ventral view, with relatively narrow pygofer (Fig. 5); medioventral process small and triangular (about as tall as wide, much less than half length of lateral processes); lateral processes somewhat bilaterally asymmetrical; in left lateral view, pygofer broadly triangular, obtusely incised at top right margin. Gonostyli (Fig. 7) large, surpassing length of pygofer in ventral view (Figs. 5A–E); broadly spatulate distally, in lateral view; joined at base by narrow tether (Figs. 7C–D). Aedeagal complex (Figs. 6A–E) with periandrium of moderate width, giving rise to two prominent twisted processes; dextral process (in ventral view) directed distad and then strongly curved right, distally pointed, (in caudal view) rather twisted, directed somewhat dorsad and then strongly ventrad; sinistral process (in ventral view) very long, wavily curved at base, strongly angled cephalad at half of length, overlapping profile of endosoma, distally pointed, (in caudal view) strongly directed ventrad before curving left-cephalad and finally directed right at apex. Endosoma somewhat narrow and strongly twisted; (in ventral view) strongly directed dorsad before curving cephalad, (in caudal view) directed dorsad with apex directed ventrad, (in left lateral view) strongly arched left, curving right at half of length, apex surpassing ventral margin of periandrium; apically membranous, apparently bifid. Endosoma with three short, prominent processes; dorsal process present, narrow, curved ventrad (in left lateral view), pointed at apex; short, pointed process present at inner margin of medial region, (in dorsal view) directed left; narrow pointed process present preceding apical region of endosoma, (in dorsal view) directed left. Anal tube (Figs. 6F–H) (in dorsal view) elongate and hood-like, bilaterally asymmetrical, rounded apically, (in caudal view) very slightly incised at apex.</p><p>Plant associations. Unknown.</p><p>Type locality. Belize, Cayo District, near Teakettle Bank, Pook’s Hill (Fig. 8).</p><p>Distribution. Belize (Cayo District).</p><p>Etymology. “zoetrope” + -us; named for the patterning of the wings, which are vaguely reminiscent of the sequential illustrations of a zoetrope which form an animation upon their movement.</p><p>Remarks. The ecology of the species is almost entirely unknown. The species is phototropic as all specimens were collected at night from light traps. Many  Pentastirini appear to be collected in the highest numbers this way, with exceptions (e.g.,  Melanoliarus chuliotus; Mead &amp; Kramer, 1982). While no female specimens were available for study, observations by community scientists on iNaturalist (observations 34735142, 52852092, and 104934521; Fig. 3) apparently represent female specimens of  P. zoetropeus sp. nov. The forewings of these specimens (all observed in the eastern Cayo District, Belize) bear bolder markings than that of the males, a trait found in other taxa in the tribe (e.g., Mead &amp; Kramer 1982, Hendrix &amp; Bartlett 2024a).</p><p>The specimens were collected from Teakettle Bank at the former Pooks Hill Lodge in Cayo District, Belize (Fig. 8), which consisted of a few cabins of thatched-roof construction bordered by a 7000-acre nature reserve. The reserve consisted mainly of lowland or low hills (near Roaring River), forested with tropical moist broadleaf forests (Petén-Veracruz Moist Forest). More broadly, the vicinity contained a mosaic of forests with agriculture and grazing lands with low-density settlement.</p><p>Material examined.   Holotype male (USNM) “ BELIZE, Cayo District / nr. Teakettle Bank /  Pook’s Hill, 5-Jan-2003 / CRBartlett at light // UDCC _ TCN 00030326 [2D Barcode Label]”</p><p>Paratypes (3 males): (1 male, AMNH) “ ♂ // BELIZE, Cayo District nr. / Teakettle Bank, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-88.85157&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.154284" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -88.85157/lat 17.154284)">Pooks Hill</a> / N17 09.257 W88 51.094 / 279ft; 5-VII-2003 CR Bartlett // UDCC _ TCN 00062596 [2D Barcode Label]”. (2 males, USNM) “ ♂  // BELIZE, Cayo District nr. / Teakettle Bank, Pooks Hill / N17 09.257 W88 51.094 / 279ft; 5-VII-2003 CR Bartlett // UDCC _ TCN 00103699 [2D Barcode Label],” “ ♂ // BELIZE, Cayo District nr. / Teakettle Bank, Pooks Hill / N17 09.257 W88 51.094 / 279ft; 5-VII-2003 CR Bartlett // UDCC _ TCN 00102951 [2D Barcode Label]” .</p><p>iNaturalist observations #104934521, #52852092 and #34735142 are tentatively referred to this species. All are female and from the Cayo district of Belize.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/863787C3434B787848D9FC5104B25568	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hendrix, Solomon V.;Bartlett, Charles R.	Hendrix, Solomon V., Bartlett, Charles R. (2025): A new genus and species of cixiid planthopper (Hemiptera: Delphacoidea: Cixiidae) from Belize, including a key to the American Pentastirini and a checklist of Belizean Fulgoromorpha. Zootaxa 5588 (4): 551-572, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.4.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.4.3
