identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
43D0DB643EC35E38B2DBE0F0A2E6A5B8.text	43D0DB643EC35E38B2DBE0F0A2E6A5B8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemicorallium Gray 1867	<div><p>Genus  Hemicorallium Gray, 1867</p><p>Hemicorallium Gray, 1867: 126; Ridley 1882: 222; Johnson 1899: 59; Kükenthal 1924: 47; Bayer 1956: 74; Bayer 1964: 467; Bayer and Cairns 2003: 222; Ardila et al. 2012: 254; Figueroa and Baco 2014: 83; Tu et al. 2015 a: 302; 2015 b: 173; 2016; 1010–1011; Horvath, E. A. 2019: 28.</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Hemicorallium tricolor Johnson, 1899 .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Modified from Tu et al. (2016) and Nonaka and Hayashibara (2021). Polyps are dimorphic, consisting of autozooids and siphonozooids. Autozooids are prominent, oval and usually distributed on one side of the colony. When contracted, the autozooids cannot fully retract into the cortex. Siphonozooids are fertile, usually inconspicuous or appear as papillae and are distributed near the base of autozooids. Sclerites include small rods, crosses, 6 -, 7 - and 8 - radiates; double clubs are only present in some species and vary in shape. Long rods or spindles are usually present in tentacles.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/43D0DB643EC35E38B2DBE0F0A2E6A5B8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Hu, Xuying;Zhang, Qian;Ge, Meiling;Li, Xinlong;Wang, Zongling;Zhang, Xuelei;Xu, Qinzeng	Hu, Xuying, Zhang, Qian, Ge, Meiling, Li, Xinlong, Wang, Zongling, Zhang, Xuelei, Xu, Qinzeng (2025): Two new species of deep-sea Red Corals (Coralliidae, Genus Hemicorallium Gray, 1867) from the western Indian Ocean. Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (1): 317-339, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.139350
A6910D9251AD552CB421828A76AA282A.text	A6910D9251AD552CB421828A76AA282A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemicorallium indicodensum Hu, Zhang & Xu 2025	<div><p>Hemicorallium indicodensum Hu, Zhang &amp; Xu sp. nov.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Holotype • part of a colony branch with a broken edge on the stem; collected from the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=64.100845&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.444264" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 64.100845/lat 3.444264)">Guangde Ridge in the western India Ocean</a> on 13 June 2022; Located at 3°26'39.35"N, 64°6'3.06"E, depth 1697 m; currently preserved at - 20 ° C in the Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, China with voucher number FIO-IND 72 - JLBEN 22003  .   Paratype • A colony from the base of the main stem to the branches, but missing the top branches. Collected from the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=64.101776&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.441753" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 64.101776/lat 3.441753)">Guangde Ridge in the western Indian Ocean</a> on 13 June 2022; Located at 3°26'30.31"N, 64°6'6.40"E, depth 1697 m; currently preserved in alcohol at the China National Deep Sea Center with NDSC-IND 72 - JLBEN 22001  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Colony. The specimen FIO-IND 72 - JLBEN 22003 is part of a colony, nearly 22 cm in height and the thickest stem is less than 1 cm in diameter (Fig. 4 a). Two main branches exhibit dichotomous branching in one plane with an acute angle. The branchlets are abundant and mostly arranged in an irregular pinnate pattern on one plane. Some of them grow at an acute angle, resulting in closely-spaced and overlapping branchlets. A brittle star is entwined amongst the branches. Paratype NDSC-IND 72 - JLBEN 22001 retained only the white basal part and the thicker lower branches (Fig. 4 i). The branches are light red, with the colour becoming paler towards the base. Small branches with autozooids are distributed across half of the colony’s plane.</p><p>Polys. The autozooids are cylindrical and non-retracted, distributed on one side of the colony and are mostly alternately arranged on the branchlets (Fig. 4 b). At the tips of the branchlets, two symmetrical autozooids form a Y-shape. Autozooids are 2.483 ± 0.348 mm in height and 1.515 ± 0.174 mm in width. They are abundant with most branchlets hosting fifteen or more. Each autozooid features eight longitudinal grooves that extend from the tentacle tips about two-thirds down to the base (Fig. 4 d). Siphonozooids form subtle protrusions on the cortex.</p><p>Axis. The axis is solid and rigid, with no presence of canals inside (Fig. 4 c and Suppl. materials 7 – 9). It is covered by yellowish mesoglea tissue between the axis and the cortex (coenenchyme). The surface of the axis is uneven (Fig. 4 f), featuring irregular, sharp, thorn-like projections (Fig. 4 d).</p><p>Colour. In underwater in situ videos, it appears light pink. The base of the colony is white. The fresh coenenchyme and polyps are pale red, turning pink when dried. Specimens preserved in alcohol retain a pale red colour. The axis is red and sclerites observed under a microscope appear pale red.</p><p>Sclerites. The predominant sclerite type in this species is the distinctive double clubs (65.720 ± 5.630 μm in length, Fig. 5 d, e), constituting about 70 % of all radiate sclerites (21 / 30 from tentacles, 24 / 33 from coenenchyme). This double club shapes are quite special, typically derived from 8 - radiates. According to the model of radiates (Fig. 3 k), the R 1, R 4, R 6, R 7 and R 8 of the 8 - radiates in this specimen are enlarged to form smoother and more globular rays, while the R 2, R 3 and R 5 remain smaller with multilobular ornaments. Due to the fusion of rays, some double clubs cannot identify their terminal rays (R 1, R 8), making it uncertain whether they are derived from 8 - radiates (maybe 6 -, 7 - radiates). A few radiate sclerites may be in the process of developing where the rays become more globular (Fig. 5 f).</p><p>A few 6 -, 7 - or 8 - radiates (not double clubs) are found in the coenenchyme with 74.520 ± 5.213 μm (Fig. 5 g) and they are less numerous compared to the double clubs. Rods are found only in the tentacles, with an average length of 113.211 ± 9.298 μm (Fig. 5 a, b). Some thick rods are elongated multi-radiates with 108.878 ± 13.299 μm (Fig. 5 c). The surface and both ends of the rods exhibit distinct irregular protrusions. Additionally, crosses (Fig. 5 h) and asymmetric multi-radiates (Fig. 5 i) are presented in the coenenchyme.</p><p>Variation.</p><p>Paratype NDSC-IND 72 - JLBEN 22001 showed more details about the lower half of the colony, especially the basal part. The base of main stem is thicker, with the thickest diameter reaching 2.229 cm (Fig. 4 i). There are slightly fewer autozooids and branches than the terminal branches shown in holotype FIO-IND 72 - JLBEN 22003.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific name  indicodensum is proposed for this new species. The name combines Indico, derived from “ Indicus, ” the Latin term for the Indian Ocean, with densi- meaning “ dense ” in Latin. This nomenclature reflects both the origin of the species in the expansive Indian Ocean and its distinctive, densely branched appearance.</p><p>Comparison.</p><p>The specimens FIO-IND 72 - JLBEN 22003 and NDSC-IND 72 - JLBEN 22001 have all its polyps distributed on one side of the colony, featuring non-retracted autozooids and rod-shaped sclerites in the tentacles. Therefore, these specimens conform to the description of the genus  Hemicorallium and is classified under this genus.</p><p>H. indicodensum sp. nov. FIO-IND 72 - JLBEN 22003 resembles  Hemicorallium bayeri Simpson &amp; Watling, 2011 (Simpson and Watling 2011) and  Hemicorallium niobe Bayer, 1964 (Bayer 1964; Sampaio et al. 2009) in that they feature abundant branchlets and dense autozooids, with double clubs as the primary sclerite type. However, they can be distinguished from each other based on geographic location, colour and the morphology of their double clubs.  H. bayeri and  H. niobe are only recorded in the Pacific and the colour of both colony and axis is white to yellow, which is different from the new species. The double clubs of  H. bayeri and  H. niobe have enlarged rays with obvious blunt projections, which distinctly differ from the smoother and more globular rays of the double clubs in  H. indicodensum sp. nov. According to Tu et al. (2016) and Nonaka and Hayashibara (2021), the smooth double clubs’ morphologies are also found in  Hemicorallium ducale Bayer, 1955 (Bayer 1955; Tu et al. 2016),  Hemicorallium abyssale Bayer, 1965 (Bayer 1956; Tu et al. 2012; Nonaka and Hayashibara 2021) and  Hemicorallium maderense Johnson, 1899 (Johnson 1899). However,  H. indicodensum sp. nov. can be readily distinguished from these three species based on the predominant proportion of double clubs. Besides,  H. abyssale has double clubs with surfaces that are not completely smooth and  H. maderense ’ s double clubs have the most thoroughly enlarged rays. For more information on morphology comparisons, see Table 2.</p><p>In summary, the remarkable morphological features that distinguish this new species from other members of the genus  Hemicorallium include:</p><p>Abundant branchlets bearing numerous and dense autozooids (&gt; 2 mm).</p><p>An uneven surface on the axis, characterised by dense, fine and slightly sharp projections.</p><p>A predominance of globular double clubs sclerites (about 70 %), which are mostly derived from 8 - radiates and some of their enlarged rays possess a smooth, globular surface.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>H. indicodensum sp. nov. represents a new species of  Coralliidae first recorded in the Indian Ocean. In addition to holotype FIO-IND 72 - JLBEN 22003 and paratype NDSC-IND 72 - JLBEN 22001, another highly similar  Hemicorallium coral was found during a dive in the same area (Fig. 2 c and Suppl. material 3). Due to the rarity of deep-sea samples, the coral was not collected for conservation purposes, but in situ videos suggest it belongs to the same species because its branchlets are extremely dense and numerous. This indicates that  H. indicodensum sp. nov. is commonly distributed on the Guangde Ridge.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A6910D9251AD552CB421828A76AA282A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Hu, Xuying;Zhang, Qian;Ge, Meiling;Li, Xinlong;Wang, Zongling;Zhang, Xuelei;Xu, Qinzeng	Hu, Xuying, Zhang, Qian, Ge, Meiling, Li, Xinlong, Wang, Zongling, Zhang, Xuelei, Xu, Qinzeng (2025): Two new species of deep-sea Red Corals (Coralliidae, Genus Hemicorallium Gray, 1867) from the western Indian Ocean. Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (1): 317-339, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.139350
90C2C4CFAA8F50BAAAB1F7C416332814.text	90C2C4CFAA8F50BAAAB1F7C416332814.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemicorallium jiaolongensis Hu, Zhang & Xu 2025	<div><p>Hemicorallium jiaolongensis Hu, Zhang &amp; Xu sp. nov.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Holotype • Partial colony consisting of a branch with a broken edge on the stem; collected from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=64.10076&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.4427001" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 64.10076/lat 3.4427001)">the Carlsberg Ridge in the western India Ocean</a> on 13 June 2022; Located at 3°26'33.72"N, 64°6'2.75"E, depth 1696 m. Currently preserved at - 20 ° C in the Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, China with voucher number FIO-IND 72 - JLBEN 22005  . Due to the uncontrollable nature of deep-sea sample collection and preservation, a more detailed examination of another suspected sample could not be performed (Fig. 2 f – h) and, therefore, no paratype was identified.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Colony. The specimen FIO-IND 72 - JLBEN 22005 is a branch of the colony, approximately 22 cm tall, with the base being the thickest at about 0.6 cm in diameter (Fig. 6 a). All branches present dichotomous branching on one plane. The branches are slightly curved, with many thinner branchlets appearing. There are remains of tissue where a brittle star had been entwined around the branches (the brittle star has been removed).</p><p>Polys. The branchlets can hold up to 14 non-retractable autozooids. At the tips of the branchlets, there are pairs of symmetrical polyps forming a Y-shape. These autozooids are distributed only on one side of the colony, with some forming acute angles or being perpendicular to the plane of the colony (Fig. 6 b). The autozooids are 3.312 ± 0.554 mm in height and 1.759 ± 0.147 mm in width, the height of them usually being greater than the distance between them. Siphonozooids are not easily observed and appear as tiny pores on the branches.</p><p>Axis. The surface of the coenenchyme is uneven, but lacks noticeable protrusions or depressions. The side without autozooids has slight longitudinal grooves (Fig. 6 b). The axis is hard calcareous with no presence of canals inside (Fig. 6 c and Suppl. materials 7 – 9). The surface of the axis without coenenchyme reveals irregular, sharp projections (Fig. 6 h).</p><p>Colour. In underwater in situ videos, it appears white to light yellow. The base of the colony is white. After being collected and brought on board, the fresh coenenchyme is light yellow. The axis exhibits a translucent milky white appearance (Fig. 6 c) and sclerites observed under a microscope appear pale red.</p><p>Sclerites. Rods are mainly present in the tentacles and there are two main types: short rods with sharp and large radial projections (86.028 ± 15.155 μm in height, Fig. 7 a) and long rods with small and blunt projections (112.769 ± 19.156 μm in height, Fig. 7 b). Both types of rods have irregular small protrusions at both ends.</p><p>Crosses, 6 -, 7 - and 8 - radiates and irregular radiates are found in both the autozooids and the axis surface (coenenchyme). Crosses sclerites are rare (Fig. 7 c) and only two sclerites were captured with different crossing angles. They measured 88.388 µm in height and 107.593 µm in width with nearly 90 ° angles and 73.350 µm in height and 60.283 µm in width with nearly 60 ° angles, respectively. The 6 - and 7 - radiates can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical (Fig. 7 d), measuring approximately 65.837 µm to 92.7717 µm in length. The 8 - radiates are the most abundant, with two different types. The ends of the rays in a particular type of 8 - radiates consist of multiple sharp spikes (72.452 ± 8.572 µm in height, Fig. 7 e). They have larger rays and gaps between them are hard to discern due to R 2, R 3, R 4 and R 5, R 6 and R 7 being tightly clustered together. Other 8 - radiates have smaller, but more pronounced rays with spaces between the eight rays (80.418 ± 10.907 µm in height, Fig. 7 f). The irregular radiates (Fig. 7 i) are about 45.257 µm to 103.113 µm in height and typically feature asymmetric shapes or excessively protruding rays. No double clubs have been found in this specimen.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>This species,  Hemicorallium jiaolongensis, is named in recognition of the manned submersible “ Jiaolong ”, which was instrumental in the collection of this specimens. The name honours the dedication and efforts of the Jiaolong crew during the scientific expedition in the western Indian Ocean.</p><p>Comparison.</p><p>Specimen  H. jiaolongensis sp. nov. FIO-IND 72 - JLBEN 22005 exhibits all its polyps distributed on one side of the colony, with non-retracted autozooids and rod-shaped sclerites present in the tentacles. Therefore, this specimen aligns with the characteristics of the genus  Hemicorallium and is classified within this genus.</p><p>The newly-described  H. jiaolongensis sp. nov. features a distinct type of 8 - radiates that differentiates it from the closely-related  Hemicorallium laauense Bayer, 1956 (Bayer 1956; Tu et al. 2012; Nonaka and Hayashibara 2021), which also lacks double clubs. The rays of these 8 - radiates have sharp spikes at their ends. More notably, the gaps between the rays, except for R 1 and R 8, are very small, making the gaps between the rays hard to discern. In previously-recorded species of the genus  Hemicorallium, the edges of the 8 - radiates typically have blunt spikes and clear gaps can be observed between the upper and lower halves (similar to those in Fig. 3 f). Compared to all other reported species of the  Hemicorallium genus that lack double clubs,  H. jiaolongensis sp. nov. can be distinguished by its absence of spherical radiates which are present in  Hemicorallium aurantiacum Tu, Dai &amp; Jeng, 2016 (Tu et al. 2016),  Hemicorallium guttatum Tu, Dai &amp; Jeng, 2016 (Tu et al. 2016; Wei et al. 2024),  Hemicorallium halmaheirense Hickson, 1907 (Hickson and Versluys 1907; Tu et al. 2016),  Hemicorallium imperiale Bayer, 1955 (Bayer 1955) and  Hemicorallium regale Bayer, 1956 (Bayer 1956).  Hemicorallium kaiyo Nonaka &amp; Hayashibara, 2021 (Nonaka and Hayashibara 2021) lacks rods with sharp projections and the crosses that are both present in  H. jiaolongensis sp. nov. Hemicorallium reginae Hickson, 1905 (Koninklijke Akademie van 1905; Tu et al. 2016) and  Hemicorallium variabile Thomson &amp; Henderson, 1906 (Thomson et al. 1906) each possess their own unique irregular sclerites which are not found in  H. jiaolongensis sp. nov. For more information on morphology comparisons, see Table 2.</p><p>In summary, the remarkable morphological features that distinguish this new species from other members of the genus  Hemicorallium include:</p><p>The taller (about 3 cm) and closely-spaced autozooids.</p><p>An uneven surface on the axis, characterised by sparse, fine and slightly sharp projections.</p><p>A particular type of 8 - radiates with sharp spikes on the edges and the middle rays of the radiates are tightly clustered together.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>H. jiaolongensis sp. nov. represents a new species of  Coralliidae first recorded in the Indian Ocean. Although no paratype is available, the features of another coral specimen, as observed through in situ videos and photographs, are highly similar to the holotype (Fig. 2 e – f and Suppl. material 5). This specimen also exhibits a white to light yellow colony with polyps distributed on one side. All small branches are numerous and densely packed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/90C2C4CFAA8F50BAAAB1F7C416332814	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Hu, Xuying;Zhang, Qian;Ge, Meiling;Li, Xinlong;Wang, Zongling;Zhang, Xuelei;Xu, Qinzeng	Hu, Xuying, Zhang, Qian, Ge, Meiling, Li, Xinlong, Wang, Zongling, Zhang, Xuelei, Xu, Qinzeng (2025): Two new species of deep-sea Red Corals (Coralliidae, Genus Hemicorallium Gray, 1867) from the western Indian Ocean. Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (1): 317-339, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.139350
