taxonID	type	description	language	source
8D2787802200D04DFC3DFB44FE35FA4D.taxon	description	Figs 1 – 15, 22.	en	Tishechkin, D. Yu. (2024): Sounds of two species of band-winged grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Oedipodinae) from southern Kazakhstan. Russian Entomological Journal 33 (4): 419-426, DOI: 10.15298/rusentj.33.4.02
8D2787802200D04DFC3DFB44FE35FA4D.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL. 1. Southern Kazakhstan, ca 30 km north of Almaty, environs of Kara-Oy village, pebble shore of the Kaskelen River, 43.5381 ° N, 76.8678 ° E, 22. VI. 2024, signals of five males were recorded at 30 – 35 ° C. 2. Southern Kazakhstan, the rocky desert in the Charyn River Valley, ca 20 km north of Chundzha (= Shinzha), 43.7153 ° N, 79.4175 ° E, 24. VI. 2024, signals of three males were recorded at 40 – 42 ° C. SONGS. Songs of two types were recorded in males of S. savignyi. The song of the first type is an echeme-sequence produced during a flight display and followed by a sequence of syllables produced by stridulatory movements of hind legs immediately after landing (Figs 1 – 8). The flight display lasts for about 1.0 – 1.5 s at a height of about 30 – 40 cm; during the flight the male produces 5 – 6 echemes including 3 – 8 (typically, 4 – 6) syllables each (Figs 1 – 4). Syllable repetition period averages 19 – 22 ms, echeme repetition period varies from 150 – 180 up to 200 – 300 ms in males from both localities in spite of the air temperature differences during recordings (Figs 5 – 6). Immediately after landing, the male usually, but not always, produces several pure-tone syllables with a carrier frequency of about 2.7 – 3.1 kHz; on the oscillograms at high speed it is visible that these syllables have a regular sine carrier (Figs 7 – 8). To the human ear, this part of the song sounds like bird whistles or cricket pure-tone songs. Typically, the male produces 1 – 3 syllables separated by gaps of 50 – 100 ms and followed by an echeme lasting for 350 – 500 ms and having a syllable repetition period 19 – 22 ms at 30 – 35 ° C and 15 – 17 ms at 40 – 42 ° C (Figs 3 – 4, 7). After that he produces single syllables separated by gaps from 200 – 300 up to 600 – 800 ms until he starts the next flight display. Usually, the male performs up to 5 – 7 flight displays with a period of about 5 – 6 s (Figs 1 – 2). The male produces the song of the second type by stridulation while sitting on the ground. This song is an echeme-sequence lasting up to 20 – 25 s (Figs 9 – 11). Echeme repetition period normally averages 500 – 950 ms, but sometimes increases up to 1.5 – 2.0 s and more. Each echeme consists of a succession of short click-like noise syllables following each other with a period of 15 – 21 ms in our recordings, one low-amplitude prolonged noise syllable sometimes almost indistinct on oscillograms, and one pure-tone syllable usually subdivided by amplitude modulations into several partially merged parts (Figs 12 – 15). The number of click-like syllables per echeme varies in different males from 5 – 10 up to 25 – 30; their number apparently decrease when the male starts singing more regularly. The carrier frequency of the pure-tone syllable is 2.5 – 2.8 kHz i. e. almost the same as in pure-tone syllables in the song of the first type (Figs 12 – 13). Sometimes, in the end of the song of the second type the male produces the same succession of pure-tone syllables as in the end of the song of the first type (Figs 9, 12). Also, occasionally he starts flight displays during producing the song of the second type (Fig. 11). The song of the first type can be confidently classified as a calling song produced by single mature male for attracting conspecific female. The song of the second type was registered both in single male (at least no female was visible nearby) and in male courting female. Usually, courting male was sitting a few centimeters near female and singing. If the female attempted to escape, he moved after her, producing songs in the pauses between his movements, and, having overtaken her, sat in front of her head to head (Fig. 22). No attempts of copulation were observed.	en	Tishechkin, D. Yu. (2024): Sounds of two species of band-winged grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Oedipodinae) from southern Kazakhstan. Russian Entomological Journal 33 (4): 419-426, DOI: 10.15298/rusentj.33.4.02
8D2787802200D04DFC3DFB44FE35FA4D.taxon	discussion	REMARKS. Some longitudinal veins of the hind wing in S. savignyi are slightly thickened [Bey-Bienko, Mishchenko, 1951: 626], which is typical of species that produce signals during display flight. The ability of this species to produce sounds in flight was noted by Shumakov [1963: 159]. A verbal description of its song, including the indication that the sounds produced on the ground resemble whistling, is given by Husemann & Hochkirch [2007] but no signal descriptions illustrated by oscillograms are known to us.	en	Tishechkin, D. Yu. (2024): Sounds of two species of band-winged grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Oedipodinae) from southern Kazakhstan. Russian Entomological Journal 33 (4): 419-426, DOI: 10.15298/rusentj.33.4.02
8D2787802205D04DFE80FA2EFB3EFDA6.taxon	description	Figs 16 – 20, 23.	en	Tishechkin, D. Yu. (2024): Sounds of two species of band-winged grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Oedipodinae) from southern Kazakhstan. Russian Entomological Journal 33 (4): 419-426, DOI: 10.15298/rusentj.33.4.02
8D2787802205D04DFE80FA2EFB3EFDA6.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL. Southern Kazakhstan, the rocky desert in the Charyn River Valley, ca 20 km north of Chundzha (= Shinzha), 43.7153 ° N, 79.4175 ° E, 24. VI. 2024, in the same biotope with S. savignyi, signals of six males were recorded at 40 – 42 ° C. SONGS. While singing, the male periodically flies up to a height of about a meter and lands near the takeoff point. Singing males stay in rocky or sandy areas devoid of vegetation (Figs 23 – 24). The number of males at the studied location was very high, so their songs usually overlapped, forming an unceasing chorus. The male calling song is an echeme produced during flight display and followed by low-amplitude syllable or, maybe, several merged syllables produced by stridulatory movements of the hind legs immediately after landing (Figs 16 – 20). Sometimes these syllables are inaudible and, apparently, absent. The song repetition period usually averages 3 – 5 s and only occasionally reaches 7 – 9 s. Duration of an echeme produced by wings is about 0.8 – 1.1 s, syllable repetition period in it is 18 – 19 ms in our recordings. The gap between the parts of a song produced during the flight and on the ground averages 90 – 180 ms, duration of the part produced on the ground is 100 – 240 ms.	en	Tishechkin, D. Yu. (2024): Sounds of two species of band-winged grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Oedipodinae) from southern Kazakhstan. Russian Entomological Journal 33 (4): 419-426, DOI: 10.15298/rusentj.33.4.02
8D2787802205D04DFE80FA2EFB3EFDA6.taxon	discussion	REMARKS. Bey-Bienko and Mishchenko [1951: 635] points out that some of the longitudinal veins of the hind wings in species of Helioscirtus Saussure, 1884 are thickened, which is typical of species that produce signals in flight. Very brief description of the song of H. moseri from Northeastern China illustrated by only one oscillogram was published by Xi et al. [1992]. As far as can be judged, the signals of males from Kazakhstan and China are very similar.	en	Tishechkin, D. Yu. (2024): Sounds of two species of band-winged grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Oedipodinae) from southern Kazakhstan. Russian Entomological Journal 33 (4): 419-426, DOI: 10.15298/rusentj.33.4.02
