identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
8C00744CFFEC2679B1ED7CA8FD6A00FC.text	8C00744CFFEC2679B1ED7CA8FD6A00FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Procerapachys Wheeler 1915	<div><p>Procerapachys Wheeler, 1915 ( Dorylinae),</p><p>Paraneuretus Wheeler, 1915,  Protaneuretus Wheeler, 1915 ( Aneuretinae),  Prionomyrmex Mayr, 1868 ( Myrmeciinae),  Fallomyrma Dlussky et Radchenko, 2006 ( Myrmicinae) and</p><p>Bradoponera Mayr, 1868 ( Proceratiinae) in the tropical group.</p><p>Here we consider the genera  Conoformica Dlussky, 2008 ( Formicinae) and  Eocenomyrma Dlussky et Radchenko, 2006 ( Myrmicinae) as Holarctic by the following reasons:  Conoformica belongs to the tribe  Formicini, all extant members of which are distributed almost exclusively in the Holarctic (Dlussky, 2008), and  Eocenomyrma is related to the genus  Temnothorax (Radchenko, Dlussky, 2016) .</p><p>Finally, we find it difficult to attribute fossil</p><p>Ctenobethylus Brues, 1939,  Eldermyrmex Shattuck, 2011,  Zherichinius Dlussky, 1988 ( Dolichoderinae),  Electromyrmex Wheeler, 1915,</p><p>Enneamerus Mayr, 1868,  Stigmomyrmex Mayr, 1868 and  Plesiomyrmex Dlussky et Radchenko, 2009 to either groups.</p><p>As above, the study of ant (and other invertebrate) syninclusions is very important for analyses of the taxonomic and ecological structures of amber faunas, and are especially important in understanding their implications as tropical and Holarctic taxa.</p><p>Already Wheeler (1915) reported 10 ant syninclusions from Baltic amber and stressed that “simultaneous inclusion could only have occurred in the case of forms living at precisely the same time and place” (op. cit.: 15). Though they did not include a mix of definitely tropical and Holarctic ant genera, five syninclusions with  Ctenobethylus goepperti (Mayr, 1868) containHolarctic Dolichoderustertiarius (Mayr, 1868),  Myrmica rudis (Mayr, 1868),  Lasius schiefferdeckeri Mayr, 1868,  Formica flori Mayr, 1868 and  Cataglyphoides constrictus (Mayr, 1868), while two other include  C. goepperti with tropical  Yantaromyrmex geinitzi (Mayr, 1868) and  Gesomyrmex hoernesi Mayr, 1868 (names of species and genera are given according to modern taxonomy). The remaining three syninclusions contain only Holarctic or only tropical genera.</p><p>More than 60 ant syninclusions are known in late Eocene European ambers, including those with  L. schiefferdeckeri reported by Dlussky (2011); 20 of these are from Bitterfeld amber (Dlussky, pers. comm., 2013) (Table 1).</p><p>Five syninclusions from Bitterfeld amber contain both tropical and Holarctic ants: two of</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C00744CFFEC2679B1ED7CA8FD6A00FC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Radchenko, A. G.;Perkovsky, E. E.	Radchenko, A. G., Perkovsky, E. E. (2021): Wheeler’s dilemma revisited: first Oecophylla-Lasius syninclusion and other ants syninclusions in the Bitterfeld amber (late Eocene). Invertebrate Zoology 18 (1): 47-65, DOI: 10.15298/invert-zool.18.1.05
8C00744CFFEF2677B1ED7988FBC8037E.text	8C00744CFFEF2677B1ED7988FBC8037E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Yantaromyrmex geinitzi (Mayr 1868)	<div><p>Y. geinitzi with  Temnothorax gracilis (Mayr, 1868),  Y. geinitzi with  Temnothorax sp. nov.,</p><p>Oecophylla brischkei Mayr, 1868 with  L. schiefferdeckeri (Fig. 1), and  Bradoponera meyeri Mayr, 1868 with  F. flori . Two contain only Holarctic species: a  F. flori with  L. schiefferdeckeri and  Myrmica sp.n. with  Plagiolepis kuenowi Mayr, 1868 . One contains only tropical ants:  Gnamptogenys europea (Mayr, 1868) with  N. pygmaea .</p><p>As in the syninclusions with  Ctenobethylus reported by Wheeler (1915) (see above), four pieces of amber contain  C. goepperti with Holarctic species: three with  L. schiefferdeckeri and one with  F. flori, but three include  C. goepperti with the tropical species  N. pygmaea,</p><p>Tetraponera simplex (Mayr, 1868) and  Dolichoderus passaloma Wheeler, 1915 . Two syninclusions with  Monomorium pilipes Mayr, 1868 contain tropical genera:  Tapinoma electrinum Dlussky, 2002 and  Y. geinitzi, and one of  M. mayrianum Wheeler, 1915 is with  F. flori and another one is with  C. goepperti .</p><p>Thus, regardless of whether  Ctenobethylus and  Monomorium are considered Holarctic or tropical, they occur in syninclusions with species of both groups, which not only emphasizes the mixed nature of the amber fauna, giving strong support for the cooccurrence of tropical and Holarctic species at the same time and place, and these syninclusions are no less important than those containing definitely Holarctic and tropical species.</p><p>The ratio of Holarctic and tropical taxa is important for a better understanding the climatic conditions in amber forests and the age of amber biota as a whole.</p><p>After adding  Aphaenogaster,  Temnothorax,  C. mengei,  Eocenomyrma and  N. pygmaea the ratio of Holarctic to tropical s.l. elements for representative collections is 2.8–3.5 for Baltic amber, 1.6 for Danish amber and 2.1 for both Bitterfeld and Rovno ambers (Table 2). It is interesting that at least for two amber faunas with the same (Danish, 1.6) or very similar (Rovno, 1.9) ratios were calculated for biting midges ( Ceratopogonidae): predominance of Holarctic biting midges in the representative collections from other ambers is even higher than for Holarctic ants (Perkovsky, 2017).</p><p>In the early Eocene at Messel and middle Eocene at Eckfeld, tropical taxa absolutely dominate, nearly as much as in tropical climate Oligocene Sicilian amber (Emery, 1891; Wappler, 2003; Dlussky et al., 2008, 2009; Archibald et al., 2011; Dlussky, 2012; Dlussky, Wedmann, 2012). The prevalence of Holarctic species in all representative amber ant collections is associated with decreasing of temperature in the late Eocene (see below). The ratio of Holarctic and tropical specimens in the former private amber ant collection of M. Kutscher from Bitterfeld amber (now in the collection of Geowissenschaftlicher Zentrum der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) is only 0.98, but it is highly biased, containing mainly rare and ‘exotic’ ants (Dlussky, Rasnitsyn, 2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C00744CFFEF2677B1ED7988FBC8037E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Radchenko, A. G.;Perkovsky, E. E.	Radchenko, A. G., Perkovsky, E. E. (2021): Wheeler’s dilemma revisited: first Oecophylla-Lasius syninclusion and other ants syninclusions in the Bitterfeld amber (late Eocene). Invertebrate Zoology 18 (1): 47-65, DOI: 10.15298/invert-zool.18.1.05
