taxonID	type	description	language	source
9256184CC43BFFB1200DEF90FCD12986.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis D i c y p h u s (D i c y p h u s) i s r e c o g n i z e d b y t h e f o l - lowing combination of characters: macropters or brachypters; body elongate and parallel-sided; body usually pale brown to stramineous, contrasting with darker markings, usually mid to orange brown, sometimes with red highlighting; body with sparse to moderate distribution of short to elongate hairlike to bristlelike setae, usually semierect; head with a V- or X-shaped dark-brown marking; femora stramineous with brown spotting; pronotum tripartite, with collar long, callosite region well defined and medially confluent; evaporative area extensive, peritreme tongue-shaped; left paramere scythe-shaped, with apophysis short to greatly elongate, and apex usually expanded; aedeagus with multilobed endosomal membrane, often with lobal sclerites or tightly compacted spinules, rarely without sclerotization. Redescription Mostly elongate and parallel-sided body; body length: macropterous males 2.91 – 5.80 mm, brachypterous males 2.04 – 5.10 mm; macropterous females 3.18 – 6.02 mm, brachypterous females 2.35 – 5.67 mm. Coloration: Body mostly stramineous to yellowishbrown, with dark brown to fuscous and reddish markings, sometimes more dark brown to fuscous, with paler markings, rarely with both pale and dark colour morphs; dorsum usually polished, more so head and pronotum. Head: always with a dark brown to fuscous V- to X-shaped marking on frons + vertex, bounded by paler coloration, usually stramineous to yellow, sometimes orange; clypeus usually pale, sometimes with brown markings, rarely uniformly dark brown; mandibular plate uniformly stramineous; maxillary plate dark brown; gula nearly always pale, rarely dark brown and concolorous with genae. Pronotum: collar usually stramineous to whitish, most often translucent, occasionally darker brown highlighting, rarely mostly dark brown; callosite region stramineous with dark brown to fuscous highlighting, sometimes darker overall; disk most often pale, stramineous to yellow, sometimes with orange highlighting, with humeral angles often embrowned, occasionally darker overall. Mesoscutum: usually stramineous to orange, often with lateral regions dark brown to fuscous. Scutellum: often medially dark brown, sometimes broadly so, rarely more fuscous, lateral regions stramineous, sometimes with orange highlighting; sometimes paler overall, with midline paler brown, with orange or reddish tint. Hemelytra: mostly stramineous to yellowish-brown, often translucent; clavus sometimes medially embrowned; corium sometimes with light to dark brown spotting, often with two pairs of larger brown to fuscous spots at corial fracture, apex of endocorium, coupled with dark brown spot at apex of cuneus, sometimes markings more reddish-brown to red; membrane veins usually embrowned, sometimes reddish. Thoracic pleura and sterna: propleuron mostly stramineous to light brown with transverse polished dark-brown band; mesobasisternum usually polished dark brown to fuscous, rarely with broad stramineous region laterally; mesepimeron usually stramineous; metepisternum stramineous to brown, sometimes with peritreme contrasting. Legs: stramineous to light brown; femora always with two separated rows of small brown spots, rarely with spots larger and subcontiguous; tibiae usually uniformly stramineous to light brown, base rarely with narrow dark-brown annulation; tarsi mostly stramineous with apex embrowned. Abdomen: venter often stramineous, with embrownment laterally, sometimes with brown spot posteroventrally on pygophore. Vestiture: Dorsum with sparse to moderate distribution of bristlelike setae, usually longer and more robust on head and pronotum; lateral and ventral regions of body mostly glabrous, with abdominal venter with hairlike setae, more densely distributed posteriorly. Structure: Head: subpengatonal, usuallywitheyesenlarged, removed from anterior margin of pronotum by at least width of AII; frons rounded anteriorly, with clypeus visible from above. Antennae: usually elongate and thin; AI usually subequal or a little longer than interocular distance; AII usually longer than posterior width of pronotum. Labium: usually reaching metacoxae. Pronotum: tripartite; collar flattened and long, with anterior margin weakly excavate; calli well-defined, with strongly demarcated posterior margin, usuallyclearlydividedinmidline; diskusuallylonger than callosite region, rarely shorted, with posterior margin excavated, humeral angles rounded. Thoracic pleura and sterna: proepimeron weakly depressed; mesobasisternum swollen. Metathoracic glands: evaporative areas extensive, reaching near dorsal margin of metepisternum; peritreme tongue-shaped. Legs: usually very long, with femora parallel-sided, oval in cross-section, metafemora significantly longer than mesofemora; pretarsi with sublinear claws, large fleshy pseudopulvilli. Male genitalia: pygophore mid to large size, weakly asymmetrical; left paramere much larger than right, scythe like, with short tumorose sensory lobe, apophysis short to greatly elongate, with apex spatulate, often with outer margin denticulate; right paramere very small, subcolumnar; phallotheca simple, with broad ventral opening; endosoma with multiple membraneous lobed, usually three lobes, either with a pair of relatively large lobal sclerites, straight to arcuate, symmetrical or asymmetrical, or with field of small lobal sclerites, varying between 2 and 12 in number, closely aggregated, lateral lobes of endosoma often with field of minute spinules. Female genitalia: pair of oval sclerotized rings; posterior wall of bursa copulatrix simple and membraneous, without processes or prominent sclerotization. Remarks Dicyphus (Dicyphus) is differentiated from the other Dicyphus subgenera by the shape of the pronotal calli and features of the male genitalia. Wagner (1951) provided a subgeneric key to Dicyphus and differentiated the nominotypical subgenus by the large and medially contiguous pronotal calli, the longer and more parallel-sided body and elongate appendages. There are limited external characters that support separation of the subgenera beyond the callosite morphology, although species of Dicyphus (Brachyceraea) are in general smaller and more rounded in size, and lack the X- / V-shaped marking on the frons + vertex. Also, species of Dicyphus (Dicyphus) have a distinctive left paramere that is scythe-shaped, which varies in the length of the apophysis and shape (Figs 9 – 11, 23), and in most cases have a spatulate apex of the apophysis, which is somewhat flattened in D. flavoviridis and D. pallidus (Fig. 10). The genital opening of the pygophore is dorsal in orientation in Dicyphus, and does not show any significant variation (Figs 6 – 8, 26 – 29). The orientation of the parameres is also consistent at the supraspecific level, with the left paramere larger than the right. The shaft of the left paramere lies parallel to the ventral margin of the genital opening of the pygophore. In contrast, the shape of the left paramere is of primary significance in determining species.	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC43FFFBD2213EA0DFB432894.taxon	description	(FIGS 9 A, 12 A, 30, 32)	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC43FFFBD2213EA0DFB432894.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Turkey: Kayseri, 38.52666 ° N 35.92805 ° E, 1490 m, 23 – 26 May 1995, Seidenstucker, 1 ♀, paratype (AMNH _ PBI 00210746) (MZH), 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00208540), ex. Alkanna orientalis (L.) Boiss (Boraginaceae) (MZH). Ulukischla, 37.54423 ºN 34.48504 ºE, 1425 m, 16 May 1955, 22 May 1955, Seidenstücker, 2 ♀♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00208542, AMNH _ PBI 00208541), ex. Alkanna orientalis (MZH). Iran: Tabriz, 38.00590 ºN 46.42168 ºE, 1650 m, 21 May 1965, Eckerlein, 3 ♀♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00210747 t o A M N H _ P B I 0 0 2 1 0 7 4 9), 1 ♂ (A M N H _ P B I 00210751), ex. Alkanna orientalis (MZH). Diagnosis Dicyphus alkannae is recognized by the following combination of characters: macropterous and brachypterous males (Fig. 30); only brachypterous females known; small species, brachypterous males 2.40 – 3.63 mm, brachypterous females 2.88 – 3.51 mm; AII 0.93 × shorter than posterior width of pronotum in brachypters; AII with proximal 2 / 3 to 3 / 4 mostly stramineous, apex dark brown; eyes barely removed from anterior margin of pronotum; callosite region and pronotal disk of brachypters subequal in length; propleuron with broad transverse dark brown to fuscous band; clavus, exocorium and endocorium each with a faint red stripe (Fig. 30); apophysis of left paramere short and robust, distally expanded and non-serrated (Fig. 9 A); endosoma with two asymmetrical enlarged straight lobal sclerites (Fig. 12 A). Description Males. Macropters and brachypters (only later examined). Coloration (Fig. 30): Dorsum mostly stramineous to pale brown, with contrasting dark-brown markings, sometimes with red / orange highlighting. Head: frons + vertex with a broad, X-shaped dark-brown marking, sometimes with orange highlighting; clypeus and maxillary plate mostly dark brown; postocular margins of head broadly dark brown to black and shiny; gula and bucculae pale brown. Antennae: AI mostly pale brown to stramineous brown, with subbasal brown band and small apical red band; AII proximal 2 / 3 to 3 / 4 mostly stramineous, apex dark brown. Pronotum: collar white to stramineous, translucent; calli stramineous to pale brown with dark brown highlighting; disk stramineous to pale brown, with humeral angles embrowned. Thoracic pleura and sterna: propleuron with transverse dark brown to fuscous band, ventral margin stramineous; metepisternum most often with anterior half dark brown, and posterior half stramineous, including evaporative area. Mesoscutum: mesoscutum medially pale brown to orange with lateral margins dark brown. Scutellum: lateral angles broadly stramineous with a broad brown stripe along midline, sometimes more broadly stramineous. Hemelytra: translucent, mostly pale brown, with red stripes and brown spotting at base of setae; clavus and corium mostly concolorous, with faint red stripe medially on clavus, endocorium and exocorium; apex of exocorium adjacent to costal fracture with prominent dark brown to reddish brown spot; apex of endocorium with obscure dark brown spot; cuneus mostly stramineous to pale brown with apical dark brown to reddish brown spot. Abdomen: venter either mostly dark brown to black and shiny, with pale lateral margins, or with banded colour pattern, with contrasting yellow and brown markings. Structure: Head: interocular distance 1.31 – 1.44 × greater than eye width; eyes moderately large, removed from pronotum by distance greater than width of AII in brachypters. Antennae: AI short, 0.97 – 1.14 × longer than interocular distance; AII 0.79 – 0.93 × longer than posterior width of pronotum in brachypters. Pronotum: disk region 0.93 – 1.13 × longer than the callosite region. Male genitalia: left paramere with robust and short apophysis, distantly expanded and non-serrated at outer margin (Fig. 9 A); aedeagus with two well-developed endosomal lobes, each with a single elongate sclerite, lobal sclerites asymmetrical (Fig. 12 A). Females. Only brachypterous females known. Coloration, vestiture, texture and structure mostly as in brachypterous males. Interocular distance 1.19 – 1.38 × greater than eye width; AI 0.95 – 1.12 × longer than interocular distance; AII 0.81 – 0.86 × longer than the posterior pronotal width; pronotal disk region 0.85 – 1.13 × the length of the callosite region.	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC437FF862044EAD4FDAA2B05.taxon	description	(FIGS 3, 9 B, 12 B, 32) L S I D: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. o r g: a c t: 6 7 3 D 1 F D 9 - 1 D 63 - 43 C 0 - A 3 AF- 284996836 ADD D i c y p h u s c e r a s t i i: S a n c h e z e t a l., 2 0 0 6: 2 8 8 (misidentification). Specimens examined Holotype, Spain: Andalucía, Huelva, Ayamonte, 37.21992 ºN 7.38278 ºW, 2 Jun 2006, ex. Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae), Sanchez, Martínez & La Spina, ♂ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000660) (IMIDA). Paratypes: 12 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000662 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000673), 12 ♂♂ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000649 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000649, IMIDA _ ENT 00000661) (IMIDA). Málaga: Nerja, 36.75808 ºN 3.84808 ºW, 20 m, 31 May 2006, Sanchez, Martínez & La Spina, 15 adults (♂♂ and ♀♀) (D 26), ex. Cucurbita maxima Duchesne (Cucurbitaceae) (IMIDA). Murcia: Calasparra, 38.22597 ºN 1.69862 ºW, 340 m, 21 August 2002, Sanchez, Martínez & La Spina, 26 ♀♀, 23 ♂♂ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000486 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000534), ex. Cucurbita maxima (IMIDA). Moratalla: Benizar, 38.27489 ºN 1.98497 ºW, 25 Sep 2002, Sanchez, 13 ♀♀, 7 ♂♂ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000603 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000622), ex. Cucurbita maxima (IMIDA). Cehegín: Sta. Barbara-Argos, 38.10878 ºN 1.78350 ºW, 10 Jul 2002, Sanchez, 11 ♀♀, 14 ♂♂ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000623 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000648), ex. Cucurbita maxima (IMIDA). Lorca: 37.64362 ºN 1.69439 ºW, 19 Sep 2002, Sanchez, 16 ♀♀, 12 ♂♂ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000575 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000602), ex. Cucurbita maxima (IMIDA). Etymology This species is named after the Argos River in the northwest of Murcia Region, Spain. Diagnosis Dicyphus argensis is recognized by the following combination of characters: macropterous males (Fig. 3) and females only; body length, males 3.23 – 3.91 mm, females 3.82 – 3.90 mm; pale species; clypeus mostly stramineous; AI mostly pale with subbasal and subapical annulations; AII mostly stramineous with light to dark-brown annulation on distal 1 / 4 and faint light brown annulation at the base; propleuron with transverse dark-brown band; pygophore with large dark brown spot posteroventrally; left paramere with robust and short smoothly arcuate apophysis (Fig. 9 B); aedeagus with three endosomal lobes and a pair of large arcuate lobal sclerites, slightly asymmetrical (Fig. 12 B). Description Males. Macropters only. Coloration (Fig. 3): Dorsum mostly pale stramineous to light brown, with wings translucent, with contrasting brown markings, sometimes with minor red / orange highlighting. Head: mostly stramineous to pale brown; frons + vertex with a broad, X-shaped dark-brown marking; clypeus mostly stramineous, with dark-brown markings laterally; maxillary plate stramineous to light brown; postocular margins of head broadly dark brown and shiny, extending dorsally towards gula; gula and bucculae stramineous to light brown. Antennae: AI medially stramineous to pale brown, with subbasal darker brown band and subapical reddish band, sometimes subapically without red highlighting; AII distinctly stramineous medially, with faint brown subbasal band and light to dark-brown annulation on distal 1 / 4. Pronotum: collar white to stramineous, translucent; calli mostly stramineous, often with minor brown markings adjacent to midline and laterally; disk stramineous to white, translucent, humeral angles narrowly darker brown. Thoracic pleura and sterna: propleuron with distinct transverse medium to dark-brown band, ventral margin white to stramineous; mesobasisternum uniformly dark brown, sometimes with red highlighting; mesepimeron uniformly white to stramineous, dull; metepisternum most often bicoloured, anteriorly and posteriorly stramineous, with dull-brown band medially; metepimeron stramineous. Mesoscutum: orange with light to dark-brown markings. Scutellum: lateral angles broadly stramineous pale with a broad brown stripe along midline. Hemelytra: translucent, mostly very light brown, usually with three small brown spots, at corial fracture, middle of apical margin of endocorium and tip of cuneus; sometimes with red highlighting, mostly on clavus and medial margin of endocorium, rarely with red on tip of cuneus and membrane veins. Abdomen: venter mostly stramineous, with SII and SIII consistently brown; pygophore mostly stramineous with large brown spot ventrally. Structure: Head: eyes moderately large, removed from pronotum by distance greater than width of AII; interocular distance 1.15 – 1.33 × greater than eye width. Antennae: AI short, 1.34 – 1.57 × longer than interocular distance; AII 1.17 – 1.25 × longer than posterior width of pronotum Disk region 1.20 – 1.48 × longer than the callosite region. Male genitalia: left paramere with robust and short apophysis, with outer margin of apex spatulate and inner margin smoothly arcuate (Fig. 9 B); aedeagus with three well-developed endosomal lobes, pair of arcuate moderately sized lobal sclerites, slightly asymmetrical (Fig. 12 B). Females. Macropters only. Coloration, vestiture, texture and structure mostly as in males. Head: interocular distance 1.12 – 1.38 × greater than eye width. Antennae: AI 1.23 – 1.42 × longer than interocular distance; AII 1.01 – 1.08 × longer that the posterior pronotal width. Pronotum: disk 1.26 – 1.47 × longer than the callosite region.	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC40AFF842113ED08F96F2AED.taxon	description	M M 5 3.596 ± 0.138 0.572 ± 0.017 0.616 ± 0.010 0.193 ± 0.003 0.231 ± 0.006 0.329 ± 0.009 1.020 ± 0.036 D. bolivari F B 11 2.958 ± 0.054 0.594 ± 0.010 0.621 ± 0.004 0.177 ± 0.002 0.266 ± 0.003 0.344 ± 0.006 0.895 ± 0.019 M 31 4.140 ± 0.042 0.595 ± 0.005 0.624 ± 0.005 0.179 ± 0.002 0.266 ± 0.003 0.368 ± 0.005 0.988 ± 0.014 M B 10 2.629 ± 0.052 0.562 ± 0.007 0.578 ± 0.005 0.169 ± 0.003 0.240 ± 0.004 0.323 ± 0.004 0.886 ± 0.013 M 44 3.910 ± 0.024 0.557 ± 0.004 0.598 ± 0.003 0.175 ± 0.001 0.248 ± 0.001 0.361 ± 0.004 1.045 ± 0.011 D. caycumensis F M 15 3.839 ± 0.044 0.565 ± 0.008 0.648 ± 0.003 0.196 ± 0.002 0.256 ± 0.003 0.335 ± 0.003 0.927 ± 0.010 M M 5 3.618 ± 0.073 0.502 ± 0.010 0.597 ± 0.002 0.184 ± 0.003 0.228 ± 0.005 0.337 ± 0.009 0.981 ± 0.023 D. cerastii F M 18 4.475 ± 0.052 0.643 ± 0.008 0.692 ± 0.004 0.215 ± 0.001 0.263 ± 0.004 0.437 ± 0.007 1.041 ± 0.017 M M 18 4.300 ± 0.044 0.594 ± 0.007 0.648 ± 0.004 0.208 ± 0.002 0.232 ± 0.002 0.444 ± 0.006 1.172 ± 0.008 D. constrictus F B 11 3.866 ± 0.117 0.698 ± 0.010 0.757 ± 0.005 0.241 ± 0.002 0.276 ± 0.004 0.511 ± 0.006 1.292 ± 0.012 M 3 4.789 ± 0.012 0.657 ± 0.023 0.734 ± 0.018 0.232 ± 0.008 0.271 ± 0.003 0.516 ± 0.008 1.287 ± 0.015 M M 13 4.607 ± 0.071 0.621 ± 0.008 0.706 ± 0.005 0.229 ± 0.002 0.248 ± 0.002 0.511 ± 0.007 1.540 ± 0.024 D. deylamanus F M 1 4.950 0.669 0.703 0.214 0.275 0.495 1.246 D. eckerleini F M 1 4.190 0.617 0.624 0.182 0.260 0.329 0.796 M M 2 4.163 ± 0.022 0.537 ± 0.014 0.630 ± 0.013 0.196 ± 0.006 0.239 ± 0.001 0.361 ± 0.017 0.975 ± 0.041 D. epilobii F M 28 4.826 ± 0.044 0.700 ± 0.007 0.712 ± 0.004 0.210 ± 0.002 0.293 ± 0.003 0.500 ± 0.007 1.259 ± 0.012 M M 28 4.560 ± 0.041 0.646 ± 0.006 0.661 ± 0.004 0.201 ± 0.002 0.260 ± 0.002 0.497 ± 0.006 1.454 ± 0.018 D. errans F M 21 4.798 ± 0.042 0.659 ± 0.011 0.696 ± 0.004 0.217 ± 0.002 0.261 ± 0.002 0.499 ± 0.007 1.264 ± 0.027 M M 11 4.915 ± 0.093 0.625 ± 0.009 0.671 ± 0.005 0.216 ± 0.002 0.239 ± 0.003 0.555 ± 0.010 1.606 ± 0.033 D. escalerae F B 6 3.007 ± 0.072 0.589 ± 0.006 0.680 ± 0.012 0.206 ± 0.005 0.268 ± 0.006 0.398 ± 0.011 0.931 ± 0.030 M 11 4.039 ± 0.045 0.602 ± 0.008 0.678 ± 0.006 0.205 ± 0.002 0.269 ± 0.004 0.413 ± 0.007 1.034 ± 0.020 M B 1 2.499 0.518 0.590 0.178 0.234 0.348 0.823 M 10 3.725 ± 0.059 0.537 ± 0.008 0.634 ± 0.006 0.196 ± 0.002 0.241 ± 0.003 0.395 ± 0.007 1.02 ± 0.02 D. flavoviridis F B 10 3.753 ± 0.052 0.782 ± 0.009 0.745 ± 0.004 0.230 ± 0.002 0.286 ± 0.004 0.520 ± 0.009 1.356 ± 0.013 M B 12 3.826 ± 0.040 0.734 ± 0.007 0.719 ± 0.003 0.223 ± 0.002 0.274 ± 0.002 0.524 ± 0.007 1.415 ± 0.02 M 1 5.054 0.709 0.723 0.227 0.269 0.516 1.467 D. hyalinipennis F B 3 3.322 ± 0.087 0.626 ± 0.022 0.694 ± 0.003 0.203 ± 0.001 0.289 ± 0.001 0.384 ± 0.01 0.933 ± 0.016 M 7 4.595 ± 0.045 0.603 ± 0.022 0.713 ± 0.006 0.210 ± 0.003 0.291 ± 0.003 0.378 ± 0.007 1.005 ± 0.015 M B 1 2.935 0.524 0.609 0.171 0.267 0.359 0.947 M 11 4.397 ± 0.048 0.602 ± 0.011 0.684 ± 0.005 0.204 ± 0.002 0.276 ± 0.006 0.392 ± 0.006 1.051 ± 0.021 D. josifovi F M 10 4.715 ± 0.035 0.613 ± 0.022 0.713 ± 0.004 0.225 ± 0.002 0.264 ± 0.002 0.440 ± 0.016 1.191 ± 0.018 M M 6 4.446 ± 0.023 0.611 ± 0.009 0.670 ± 0.007 0.212 ± 0.002 0.246 ± 0.005 0.519 ± 0.010 1.506 ± 0.020 D. lindbergi F B 1 2.854 0.555 0.622 0.183 0.255 0.351 0.826 M 5 3.984 ± 0.120 0.605 ± 0.02 0.644 ± 0.016 0.193 ± 0.006 0.258 ± 0.008 0.395 ± 0.014 1.033 ± 0.036 M M 6 4.022 ± 0.173 0.573 ± 0.015 0.614 ± 0.009 0.183 ± 0.004 0.247 ± 0.004 0.379 ± 0.010 1.068 ± 0.043 D. pallidus F B 6 5.037 ± 0.203 0.842 ± 0.013 0.805 ± 0.008 0.245 ± 0.003 0.315 ± 0.003 0.619 ± 0.015 1.782 ± 0.023 0.431 ± 0.014 0.405 ± 0.009 0.654 ± 0.021 0.615 ± 0.021 0.558 ± 0.009 0.594 ± 0.008 0.541 ± 0.012 0.589 ± 0.008 0.622 ± 0.009 0.629 ± 0.016 0.731 ± 0.020 0.727 ± 0.017 0.996 ± 0.021 0.981 ± 0.021 0.987 ± 0.022 0.902 0.721 0.733 ± 0.069 0.818 ± 0.013 0.825 ± 0.018 0.946 ± 0.029 1.023 ± 0.027 0.549 ± 0.018 0.581 ± 0.009 0.490 0.551 ± 0.007 0.970 ± 0.012 0.949 ± 0.018 0.959 0.685 ± 0.032 0.660 ± 0.024 0.543 0.661 ± 0.016 0.753 ± 0.016 0.831 ± 0.016 – 0.629 0.623 ± 0.007 1.297 ± 0.029 0.302 ± 0.010 0.284 ± 0.008 0.328 ± 0.005 0.323 ± 0.004 0.313 ± 0.011 0.309 ± 0.007 0.299 ± 0.005 0.307 ± 0.004 0.293 ± 0.007 0.314 ± 0.008 0.332 ± 0.007 0.329 ± 0.005 0.538 ± 0.016 0.441 ± 0.049 0.458 ± 0.013 0.402 0.343 0.361 ± 0.004 0.390 ± 0.008 0.372 ± 0.008 0.444 ± 0.017 0.453 ± 0.009 0.319 ± 0.016 0.316 ± 0.006 0.291 0.295 ± 0.012 0.508 ± 0.008 0.514 ± 0.010 – 0.356 0.351 ± 0.005 0.342 0.355 ± 0.007 0.350 ± 0.011 0.391 ± 0.013 – 0.277 0.296 ± 0.011 0.571 ± 0.033	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC40FFF8E2066E9F8FC202D73.taxon	description	(FIGS 9 C – F, 12 C, 26, 32, 33)	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC40FFF8E2066E9F8FC202D73.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype of Dicyphus bolivari, 1 ♂, Spain: Andalucia: Sierra Morena: Santa Helena, 38.34284 ºN 3.53945 ºW, 762 m, 04 – 08 Apr 1926, Lindberg, (AMNH _ PBI 00208594) (MZH). Type seen. H o l o t y p e o f D i c y p h u s b o l i v a r i a l t a n t i c u s, 1 ♂, Spain: Canary Islands: Tenerife Island: Icod, 28.35 ° N 16.70 ° W, 640 m, 09 May 1947, Lindberg, (AMNH _ PBI 00208587) (MZH). Type seen. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED (INCLUDING PARATYPES) Morocco: Amizmiz: Atlas, 31.21888 ° N 8.23222 ° W, 980 m, 24 – 25 May 1926, Lindberg, 4 ♂♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00208655, AMNH _ PBI 00208656, AMNH _ PBI 00208661, AMNH _ PBI 00208574), paratype of Dicyphus maroccanus, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00208570) (MZH); Lindberg, 2 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00208647, AMNH _ PBI 00208650) (MZH); 24 – 25 May 1926, Lindberg, 1 ♂, id. as Dicyphus maroccanus (AMNH _ PBI 00208642) (MZH). Arround, Atlas ma, 9 – 12 Jun 1926, Lindberg, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (MZH). Atlas, Arround, 9 – 12 Jun 1926, Lindberg, paratype of Dicyphus maroccanus, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00204225) (BMNH). Azrou, Atlas med., 33.435 ° N 5.22111 ° W, 1279 m, 24 Jun – 2 Jul 1926, Lindberg, 1 ♂, id. as Dicyphus maroccanus (MZH). Marrakech, 31.63722 ° N 8.01750 ° W, 453 m, 21 – 23 May 1926, Lindberg, paratype of Dicyphus maroccanus, 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00208667) (MZH). Moyen Atlas, Aýn-el-Leuh (Azrou), 5 Aug 1959, Eckerlein, 1 ♂, id. as Dicyphus maroccanus (AMNH). Ras-el-Ma, Domaine de. (M. Atlas), 33.43473 ºN 5.23189 ºW, 483 m, 16 Mar 1961, Meinander, 1 ♂, id. as Dicyphus maroccanus (MZH). Berkane, 34.9211 ° N 2.3294 ° W, 179 m, 1 ♀, id. as Dicyphus maroccanus (AMNH _ PBI 00209594) (MNHN). Spain: Canary Islands: Tenerife Island: Puerto de la Cruz, 28.41 ° N 16.55 ° W, 53 m, 7 – 8 May 1947, Lindberg, paratype of Dicyphus bolivari atlanticus, 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00208588) (MZH). Santa Úrsula, 28.43 ° N 16.49 ° W, 277 m, 18 May 1947, Lindberg, identified as Dicyphus bolivari atlanticus, 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00208590) (MZH). Santa Úrsula, 28.43 ° N 16.49 ° W, 277 m, 18 May 1947, Lindberg, id. as Dicyphus bolivari atlanticus, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00208575) (MZH); 18 May 1947, Lindberg, id. as Dicyphus bolivari, 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00208589) (MZH). Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 28.47 ° N 16.25 ° W, 37 m, 14 Jan 1949, Lindberg, paratypes of Dicyphus bolivari atlanticus: 7 ♂♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00208592, AMNH _ PBI 00204185, AMNH _ PBI 00204186, AMNH _ PBI 00208593, AMNH _ PBI 00208595 - AMNH _ PBI 00208597), 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00208591) (MZH); 4 Apr 1949, Lindberg, paratype of Dicyphus bolivari atlanticus, 2 ♂♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00208586, AMNH _ PBI 00208597) (MZH). Punta del Hidalgo, ex. Datura stramonium L. (Solanaceae), 28.34104 ºN 16.19431 W, 59 m, 4 March 2004, Sanchez & Martínez-Cascales, 16 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00003056 - IMIDA _ ENT 00003082) (IMIDA). Punta de Hidalgo, ex. Datura stramonium, 28.34169 ºN 16.18582 W, 59 m, 16 Oct 2008, Sanchez, 6 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00003083 - IMIDA _ ENT 00003094) (IMIDA). Gran Canaria: Trapiche, ex. Hyosciamus albus, 28.0325 ºN 15.3219 ºW, 91 m, 12 June 2009, Sanchez, 6 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00003083 - IMIDA _ ENT 00003094) (IMIDA). León: Cistierna, ex. Epilobium hirsutum L. (Onagraceae), 42.44593 ºN 5.0820633 ºW, 942 m, 4 June 2006, Sanchez, 9 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000215 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000234) (IMIDA); Murcia: Cieza, ex. Cucurbita maxima, 38.13426 ºN 1.24460 ºW, 231 m, 12 Sept 2002, Sanchez, 5 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000235 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000247) (IMIDA); Cehegín, ex. Epilobium hirsutum, 38.06152 ºN 1.47397 ºW, 544 m, 10 Jul 2002, Sanchez, 9 ♂♂, 12 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000025 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000044, IMIDA _ ENT 00000047) (IMIDA); Cataluña: Barcelona: Cabrils, 41.525112 ºN 2.367061 ºE, C. Castañé, ♂♂ and ♀♀ (D 167 and D 168) (IMIDA); Gerona: Alt Emporda, Castelló d’Empuries: Santa Fe, 42.2 ºN, 3.07 ºE, 5 m, 22 May 1983, ex. Hyosciamus albus, J. Ribes, 1 ♂, 1 Adult sex unknown (Jordi Ribes Collection). Navarra: Garralda, 42.9 ºN, 1.2 ºW, 846 m, 20 Jul 1983, J. Ribes, 2 ♂♂ (Jordi Ribes Collection). Diagnosis Dicyphus bolivari is recognized by the following combination of characters: macropterous and brachypterous males (Fig. 33) and females; body length, males 3.58 – 4.21 mm in macropters and 2.52 – 2.90 mm in brachypters; females 3.76 – 4.73 mm in macropters and 2.69 – 3.21 mm in brachypters. Pale species (Fig. 33); clypeus mostly stramineous; AI and AII mostly stramineous, with subbasal and subapical dark-brown annulations; left paramere with moderately robust and long apophysis, inner margin of shaft angulated (Fig. 9 C – F); aedeagus with three endosomal lobes, medial lobe with generally 8 – 12 small endosomal lobal sclerites, rarely 6 – 7 sclerites, lateral lobes densely spinulate (Fig. 12 C). Redescription Males. Macropters and brachypters known (Fig. 33). Coloration (Fig. 33): Dorsum mostly stramineous with light to dark-brown markings, plus orange / red highlighting. Head: mostly stramineous to orange, frons + vertex with a short, reddish-brown to dark brown X-shaped marking, not extending beyond posterior margin of eyes; clypeus stramineous with medium brown highlighting, occasionally more extensive embrownment; mandibular plates stramineous; maxillary plate embrowned; vertex orange; postocular margins of head orange medium brown; gula and bucculae yellow. Antennae: AI medially, basally and apically stramineous, with subbasal and subapical reddish brown annulations; AII mostly stramineous, with distal 1 / 3 rd dark brown, narrowly and faintly brown at base; AIII and AIV concolorous, uniformly dark brown. Pronotum: collar stramineous, translucent; callosite region mostly stramineous with variable embrownment; disk stramineous, translucent, sometimes humeral angles embrowned. Thoracic pleura and sterna: propleuron stramineous with weak embrownment, ventral margin whitish; mesobasisternum medium brown; mesepimeron and metepisternum, including evaporative areas, stramineous to whitish. Mesoscutum: mostly orange, with faint embrownment. Scutellum: lateral angles broadly pale stramineous to whitish with narrow brown stripe along midline. Hemelytra: translucent, mostly stramineous with medium brown to reddish brown markings / highlighting; with three pairs of medium brown to reddish brown markings, each pair at corial fracture, apex of endocorium and tip of cuneus; membrane veins embrowned. Abdomen: venter uniformly stramineous. Structure: Head: interocular distance 1.21 – 1.62 × greater than eye width in macropters, 1.23 – 1.62 × in brachypters. Antennae: AI short, 1.16 – 1.67 × longer than interocular distance in macropters, 1.23 – 1.63 × in brachypters; AII 1.03 – 1.30 × longer than posterior width of pronotum in macropters, 1.08 – 1.32 × in brachypters. Pronotum: disk region 1.05 – 1.41 × longer than the callosite region in macropters and 0.71 – 1.13 × in brachypters. Male genitalia: left paramere apophysis moderately robust and long, with shaft angulated, with subapical excavation on outer margin, spatulate apex weakly denticulate on outer margin (Fig. 9 C – F); aedeagus with three endosomal lobes, medial lobe with generally 8 – 12 small endosomal lobal sclerites, rarely 6 – 7 sclerites, lateral lobes densely spinulate (Fig. 12 C). Females. Macropters and brachypters known. Coloration, vestiture, texture and structure mostly as in males. Abdominal venter pale yellowish green. Interocular distance 1.22 – 1.70 × greater than eye width in macropters, 1.38 – 1.64 × in brachypters; AI 1.16 – 1.58 × longer than interocular distance in macropters, 1.20 – 1.38 × in brachypters; AII 0.94 – 1.11 × longer than the of posterior pronotal width in macropters, 1.03 – 1.24 × in brachypters. Disk region 1.05 – 1.55 × longer than the calli region in macropters, 0.89 – 1.01 × in brachypters.	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC400FF8D22F7EDA6FFC929E0.taxon	description	(FIGS 2, 12 D, 23 A, 32, 34) L S I D: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. o r g: a c t: 3 5 5 2 7 B 6 B - 0785 - 4713 - B 2 AF-DEF 83071 D 51 F Material examined Holotype. ♂ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000200), Caycuma in the region of Zonguldak, Turkey; 41.4297 ºN 32.0775 ºE; ex. Solanum lycopersicum, Sanchez and Cassis coll. (IMIDA). Paratypes 4 ♂♂, 15 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000201, IMIDA _ ENT 00000248 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000266) (IMIDA). Same location and host plant as holotype (IMIDA). Etymology This species is named after the village of Caycuma in Turkey where the species was collected. Diagnosis Dicyphus caycumensis is recognized by the following combination of characters: macropterous males and females (Fig. 2); body length, males 3.37 – 3.80 mm, females 3.52 – 4.12 mm; body with head, pronotum, thoracic pleura and abdomen mostly shiny black, remainder stramineous to translucent pale grey; antennae mostly dark brown to black, AII uniformly so; pronotum short, a little shorter than head length; AII a little longer than posterior width of pronotum in males and subequal in females; left paramere with short and robust apophysis (Fig. 23 A); aedeagus with two large straight endosomal lobal sclerites, subequal in size (Fig. 12 D). Description Males. Macropters only known. Coloration (Fig. 2): Dorsum mostly dark brown to black, with minor stramineous markings. Head: frons + vertex shiny with a X-shaped black marking, with lateral regions and midline stramineous, sometimes with minor orange highlighting; posterior region of head black; postocular margins broadly black; clypeus, maxillary plate and bucculae black; mandibular plate stramineous; gula mostly black with either a broad yellow stripe or a pair of yellow stripes either side of midline. Antennae: mostly fuscous to black; AI and AII dark brown to black; AIII and AIV entirely dark brown to black. Pronotum: collar black and shiny; calli shiny, dark brown to black, narrowly yellow-brown medially; disk shiny, black with midline white to stramineous. Thoracic pleura and sterna: propleuron black, anterior half of ventral margin whitish; mesobasisternum uniformly shiny black; mesepimeron whitish; metepisternum and metathoracic glands dull black. Mesoscutum: uniformly black. Scutellum: dull black with anterolateral angles white. Hemelytra: translucent, with faint pale-yellow hue, usually with three small dark-brown to fuscous spots, at corial fracture, middle of apical margin of endocorium and tip of cuneus; corium also with minor brown spots, often associated with setae; membrane veins embrowned. Abdomen: venter either uniformly fuscous to black, or mostly black with medial region stramineous. Structure: Head: interocular distance 1.13 – 1.42 × greater than eye width. Antennae: AI short, 1.24 – 1.64 × longer than interocular distance; AII 1.06 – 1.19 × longer than posterior width of pronotum. Pronotum: disk region 1.28 – 1.52 × the callosite region. Male genitalia: genital opening of pygophore oval, without tergal processes; left paramere with robust and short apophysis, with outer margin of apex spatulate (Fig. 23 A); aedeagus with two well-developed endosomal lobes, each with a straight and distally tapered sclerites; lobal sclerites subequal in size (Fig. 12 D). Females. Macropters only known. Coloration, vestiture, texture and structure mostly as in males. Body length 3.52 – 4.12 mm; interocular distance 1.16 – 1.53 × greater than eye width; AI 1.24 – 1.49 × longer than interocular distance; AII 0.86 – 0.95 × longer than the posterior pronotal width. Pronotal disk 1.39 – 1.88 × than the callosite region.	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC403FF8A22CAEDA8FF322B10.taxon	description	(FIGS 6, 12 E, 23 B, 30, 35)	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC403FF8A22CAEDA8FF322B10.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Croatia: Lastovo: Dalmatia, 42.76810 ºN 16.90080 ºE, 51 m, 11 May 1948, Novak, 1 ♀ Female, Paratype (AMNH _ PBI 00208556) (MZH). Italy: Torino: Giaveno: Prafiel, 45.03144 ºN 7.28472 ºE, 1003 m, 25 Ago 2009, ex. Compositae, Sanchez, 5 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000546 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000550), 5 ♂♂ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000551 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000555) (IMIDA). Greece: Crevena: Xirolimni, 40.29801 ºN 21.65455 ºE, 757 m, 15 Jun 2007. ex. Lamiaceae, 1 ♂ and nymphs (D 75) Sanchez & Cassis. Portugal: Estremoz, 38.84222 ºN, 7.59908 ºW, ex. Hyosciamus albus, Sanchez & Pennaroli, 10 Sept 2004, 1 ♂ holotype of D. umbertae, 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀♀ paratypes of Dicyphus umbertae (IMIDA). Carrapateira, 37.19250 ºN, 8.89944 W, ex. Solanum lycopersicon, Sanchez & Pennaroli, 12 Sept 2004, 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ paratypes of D. umbertae (IMIDA). Leiria: Albergaria, 39.74500 ºN 8.89111 ºW, 86 m, 01 Jun 1959, Lindberg, 1 adult sex unknown, (AMNH _ PBI 00208599) (MZH), 1 adult sex unknown, (AMNH _ PBI 00208602), 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00208600), 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00208600) (MZH). Porto: Gerez, 41.24888 ºN 8.40416 ºW, 246 m, 31 May 1959, Lindberg, 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00208598), 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00208603) (MZH). Faro: Ameixial, 37.36813 ºN 7.96977 ºW, 417 m, 2 Jun 2006, Sanchez, ex. Solanum lycopersicum, 2 ♂♂ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000049, IMIDA _ ENT 00000082), 3 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000078, IMIDA _ ENT 00000079, IMIDA _ ENT 00000080) (IMIDA); Alto Alentejo: Castelo de Vide, 39.41423 ºN 7.45396 ºW, 606 m, 3 June 2006, ex. Solanum lycopersicum, Sanchez, 5 ♂♂ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000087, IMIDA _ ENT 00000088, IMIDA _ ENT 00000048, IMIDA _ ENT 00000089, IMIDA _ ENT 00000094), 5 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000090, IMIDA _ ENT 00000091, IMIDA _ ENT 00000092, IMIDA _ ENT 00000084, IMIDA, IMIDA _ ENT 00000086) (IMIDA). Portalegre: 39.29672 ºN 7.42848 ºW, 468 m, 3 Jun 2006, ex. Solanum lycopersicum, Sanchez, 3 ♂♂ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000081, IMIDA _ ENT 00000083, IMIDA _ ENT 00000085), 2 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000076, IMIDA _ ENT 00000077) (IMIDA). Spain: Huesca: Torla, Bujaruelo, 42.70722 ºN, 0.12004 ºW, 1300 m, 6 Jun 2016, ex. Ononis natrix, Sanchez & La Spina, 1 ♂ (D 50 - 1), 1 adult, sex unknown (D 50 - 2) (IMIDA). Cataluña: Barcelona: Montseny: Santa Fe, 41.77 ºN, 2.46 ºE, 2 Oct 2002, Ribes, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (Jordi Ribes Collection). Turkey: Izmir: Smyrna: Mont Jamanl., 38.431 ºN 27.146 ºE, Sahlberg, 1 ♀, paratype (AMNH _ PBI 00208601) (MZH). Ukraine: Eupatoria, Tavricheskaya Government: 45.19045 ºN 33.36687 ºE, 0 m, 24 Jul 1967, 1 ♂ paratype of Dicyphus cerastii (AMNH _ PBI 00208585) (MZH); 2 0 A u g 1 9 0 7, Ya k o v l e v, 1 ♀ (A M N H _ P B I 00210777) (ZISP); 22 Aug 1907, Yakovlev, 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00210778) (ZISP). Crimea: Opolznevoe (Kikeneiz), S. coast of Crimea: 44.41012 ºN 33.94303 ºE, 423 m, 14 Aug 1926, Kiritshenko, 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00210779) (ZISP); 22 Aug 1926, Kiritshenko, 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00210780) (ZISP); 4 Sep 1926, Kiritshenko, 2 ♀♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00210781, AMNH _ PBI 00210783), 3 ♂♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00210782, AMNH _ PBI 00210784, AMNH _ PBI 00210785) (ZISP), 6 Aug 1926, Kiritshenko, 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00341226) (ZISP). Nikitskiy Botanical Gardens: 44.51142 ºN 34.23251 ºE, 157 m, 12 Jul 1951, Loginova, 2 ♂♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00341227, AMNH _ PBI 00341228) (ZISP). Diagnosis Dicyphus cerastii is recognized by the following combination of characters: macropterous males and females. Body length 3.84 – 4.65 mm in males, 4.17 – 4.79 mm in females. Orange-brown or dark-brown morphs (Fig. 30); macropterous males and females; AI mostly reddish to dark brown; AII subequal to a little longer in length to posterior width of pronotum; AII with medial pale annulation; hemelytra with three pairs of markings (endocorial spot almost obsolete in paler morph); male abdominal SVIII with prominent tumose sternal process on left side (Fig. 6 F); apophysis of left paramere robust and short with spatulate apex toothed (Fig. 23 B); aedeagus with two arcuate lobal sclerites, lobal sclerites asymmetrical (Fig. 12 E). Redescription Males. Macropters only known. Coloration: Dark-brown morph (Fig. 30): dorsum mostly dark brown to black, with contrasting stramineous markings. Head: frons + vertex shiny with a X-shaped dark marking, with lateral regions and midline stramineous, sometimes with minor orange highlighting; posterior region of head mostly orangish yellow, with medial embrownment; clypeus dark, sometimes a little paler medially; mandibular plate stramineous; gula dark brown with broad stramineous to yellow stripe. Antennae: mostly dark brown; AI dark brown, with extremities narrowly yellow to stramineous; AII mostly dark brown with broad medial stramineous band, extremities yellow to stramineous; AIII mostly dark brown, with base yellow to stramineous; AIV dark brown. Pronotum: collar dark and shiny, with medial stramineous spot; calli shiny, dark brown with minor yellow stripe, midline broadly yellow to stramineous; disk mostly shiny dark brown, obscurely yellow to stramineous medially. Thoracic pleura and sterna: propleuron black, ventral margin whitish to stramineous; mesobasisternum uniformly shiny dark brown; mesepimeron whitish; metepisternum and MTG dull dark brown. Mesoscutum: dark brown, with lateral regions orangish. Scutellum: dull dark-brown with anterolateral angles stramineous. Hemelytra: translucent, mostly very light brown usually with three small dark-brown spots, at corial fracture, middle of apical margin of endocorium and tip of cuneus; endocorium and clavus with brown spotting. Abdomen: venter variable in colour, either uniformly dark brown or stramineous medially with lateral regions dark brown; tergites more uniformly dark brown. Orange-Brown Morph (Fig. 30): dorsum mostly pale orange brown, with wings translucent, with contrasting reddish brown markings, sometimes with minor red / orange highlighting. Head: mostly pale orange-brown; frons + vertex also with a narrow, X-shaped dark-brown marking; clypeus, mandibular and maxillary plates mostly medium brown; postocular margins broadly medium brown and shiny, extending dorsally towards gula; gula and bucculae broadly yellow to stramineous. Antennae: AI mostly red to reddish brown, with extremities yellow to stramineous; AII distinctly banded, base and medial region stramineous, contrasting with small subbasal and distal 1 / 3 rd reddish to medium brown; AIII mostly reddish to medium brown with small basal stramineous band; AIV reddish to medium brown. Pronotum: collar white to stramineous, translucent; calli and disk mostly pale brown, sometimes with pale red highlighting; humeral angles narrowly darker brown. Thoracic pleura and sterna: propleuron pale orange-brown, with pleural suture darker brown, ventral margin white to stramineous; mesobasisternum uniformly medium brown and shiny; mesepimeron uniformly white to stramineous, dull; metepisternum pale orange brown, peritreme darker than evaporative area. Mesoscutum: uniformly pale orange brown, sometimes with red highlighting. Scutellum: medially pale orange brown, lateral angles stramineous. Hemelytra: translucent, mostly very light brown usually with three small light-brown to red-brown spots, at corial fracture, middle of apical margin of endocorium and tip of cuneus; endocorium and clavus with red spotting. Abdomen: venter mostly pale orange-brown, with SII and SIII consistently brown; pygophore concolorous with pregenital venter, without large brown spot ventrally. Structure: Head: interocular distance 0.97 – 1.25 × greater than eye width. Antennae: AI short, 1.73 – 2.25 × longer than interocular distance. Pronotum: AII 1.20 – 1.39 × longer than posterior width of pronotum. Male genitalia: males with left sternal tumose process on abdominal SVIII (Fig. 6 F); left paramere robust and short apophysis, with outer margin of apex spatulate and toothed; setae of sensory lobe very long, reaching distally beyond 1 / 2 length of spatulate region (Fig. 23 B); aedeagus with three well-developed endosomal lobes, two of the lobes with a single arcuate moderately sized sclerite each (Fig. 12 E). Females. Macropters only known. Coloration, vestiture, texture and structure mostly as in males. Head: interocular distance 1.06 – 1.37 × greater than eye width. Antennae: AI 1.55 – 1.98 × longer than interocular distance; AII 0.95 – 1.18 × longer than posterior pronotal width. Pronotum: disk 1.26 – 1.72 × longer than callosite region.	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC407FF882180EFA6FA932CBE.taxon	description	(FIGS 2, 12 F, 23 C, 35)	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC407FF882180EFA6FA932CBE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Austria: Carnische Alp., 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00208576), 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00208577) (MZH). Bulgaria: Brese, 43.01666 ° N 23.21666 ° E, 795 m, 24 Jul 1997, Horvath, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00213948) (HNHM). Finland: Ekero, 60.02 N 23.32, 4 ♂♂ (AMNH-PBI 00209469), 4 ♀♀, 1 ♂ (AMNH-PBI 00209470), 4 ♀♀, 1 ♂ (AMNH-PBI 00209471), 22 July 1917, Hakan Lindberg. Pargas, 60.30129 ºN 22.30243 ºE, 2 m, Horvath, 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00213947) (HNHM); Horvath, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00213946) (HNHM). France: Nord-Pas de Calais: Boulogne-sur-Mer, 50.72555 ° N 1.61472 ° E, Oct 1983, 2 adults sex u n k n o w n (A M N H _ P B I 0 0 2 0 9 5 7 8, A M N H _ P B I 00209579) (MNHN). Poland: Mielnik, 52.33108 ºN 23.04596 ºE, 141 m, 17 Jun 1987, Gorczyca, Salicion albae (habitat), 2 adults sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00206847, AMNH _ PBI 00206848) (AMNH). Romania: Sinaia, 45.33083 ° N 25.55527 ° E, 793 m, Aug 1960, Sienkiewicz, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00206845) (AMNH). Sweden: Jamtlands: Frösön, 63.16666 ° N 14.58194 ° E, 305 m, 27 Jul 1941, Ossiannilsson, 2 ♀♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00212498, AMNH _ PBI 00212499) (MZLU). Frösön, 63.16666 ° N 14.58194 ° E, 299 m, 27 Jul 1941, Ossiannilson, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00206843) (AMNH); 16 Aug 1942, Ossiannilsson, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00206841) (AMNH). Sýter, 60.34555 ° N 15.75833 ° E, 172 m, 02 Sep – 04 Sep 1944, Ossiannilsson, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00206844) (AMNH). Scania: Fagelsang, 56.417350 ºN, 13.192663 ºE, 67 m, 26 Jul 1939, Ossiannilsson, 3 ♀♀ (AMNH _ PBI 002124954 ♂ AMNH _ PBI 00212497) (MZLU), 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00206842) (AMNH), 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00212494) (MZLU). Stockholm: Stockholm: Ekerý: Drottningholm, 59.32472 ° N 17.889341 ° E, 14 m, 19 Aug 1940, Kemner, 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00212503) (MZLU). Nysýtra, Oxdjupet tr., 59.74194 ° N 17.17194 ° E, 14 m, 27 Aug 1975, Ossiannilsson, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00212504) (MZLU). Uppsala: Ultuna, 59.85805 ° N 17.64444 ° E, 170 m, 15 Aug 1939, Kemner, 2 ♀♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00212500, AMNH _ PBI 00212501) (MZLU). United Kingdom: England: Bedford: Renhold, 52.1625 ° N 0.4025 ° E, 56 m, 04 Aug 1975, Leston, 2 adults sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00206849, AMNH _ PBI 00206850) (AMNH). Bedfordshire: Rowney Warren, 52.05054 ° N 0.35944 ° W, 73 m, 12 Aug 1975, Leston, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00206851) (AMNH). Devon: Torrington, 50.95194 ° N 4.13666 ° E, 96 m, 13 Jul 1957, 4 adults sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00204187 - AMNH _ PBI 00204188, AMNH _ PBI 00204190 AMNH _ PBI 00204191) (BMNH). Dorset: Lulworth: Bransgore: Christchurch, 50.754769 ºN 2.346513 ºW, 15 m, G. C. C., 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00204245) (BMNH). Snowdonia, Aug 1912, Butler, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00204189) (BMNH). Diagnosis Dicyphus constrictus is recognized by the following combination of characters: macropterous and brachypterous males (Fig. 2) and females. Body length 4.26 – 4.99 mm in macropterous males; body length reported by Wagner (1970) for brachypterous males 3.6 – 4.4 mm; 4.77 – 4.80 mm in macropterous and 3.38 – 4.36 mm in brachypterous females; pale body with contrasting dark-brown markings (Fig. 2); corium usually with less than three pairs of spots; AI mostly stramineous with subbasal and subapical brown annulations, latter often pale; interocular distance greater than eye width in macropters, subequal in brachypters; AI greatly elongate, c. 2 × interocular distance; AII> 1.5 × longer than posterior width of pronotum in males, 1.20 × in females; shiny dark-brown band on propleuron short, not extending beyond posterior margin of callosite region; callosite region generally> 2 × longer than collar along midline; disk region generally <1.2 × longer than callosite region along midline; apophysis of left paramere robust and short (Fig. 23 C); endosoma with three membraneous lobes, with pair of large weakly arcuate endosomal lobal sclerites (Fig. 12 F). Redescription Males. Macropters and brachypters known (only macropters examined). Coloration (Fig. 2): Dorsum mostly stramineous, with contrasting dark-brown markings, without red highlighting. Head: frons + vertex with a broad, X-shaped dark-brown to fuscous marking; clypeus dark brown, with lateral margins sometimes paler; mandibular plates stramineous; maxillary plates dark brown; posteromedial region of vertex yellowish brown to orange; postocular margins of head shiny dark brown; gula and bucculae stramineous. Antennae: AI mostly stramineous, with subbasal and subapical medium-brown annulations, extreme tip sometimes whitish, sometimes more broadly red; AII mostly stramineous, with narrow medium brown annulation, and distal 1 / 4 medium brown, sometimes with tip whitish; AIII base stramineous, remainder medium brown; AIV uniformly medium brown. Pronotum: collar white to stramineous, translucent, sometimes darker laterally; calli pale orange to light brown with lateral darker markings extending to propleuron; disk stramineous pale brown, sometimes translucent, humeral angles darker brown. Thoracic pleura and sterna: mostly stramineous to light pale brown, with short transverse shiny dark-brown marking, mostly anterior, not extending beyond posterior margin of callosite region in lateral view; mesobasisternum uniformly medium brown, almost shiny; mesepimeron and metepisternum stramineous, sometimes with evaporative area embrowned. Mesoscutum: mostly yellow to orange, sometimes with embrownment. Scutellum: lateral angles stramineous with a broad yellow to orange stripe along midline. Hemelytra: translucent, mostly very light brown, usually with less than three pairs of obscure pale reddish brown to light-brown spots, at corial fracture, middle of apical margin of endocorium, and tip of cuneus generally obsolete; corium and clavus without red or brown spotting medially; membrane veins brown, without red highlighting. Abdomen: venter mostly stramineous. region of pronotum glossy; pronotal disk dull; hemelytra dull and translucent. Structure: Head: interocular distance 1.02 – 1.21 × greater than eye width in macropters. Antennae: AI 1.88 – 2.25 × longer than interocular distance in macropters; AII 1.52 – 1.80 × longer than posterior width of pronotum in macropters. Male genitalia: apophysis of left paramere robust and short, spatulate apex moderately long, with outer margin rounded, without teeth (Fig. 23 C); aedeagus with three well-developed endosomal lobes, with two large weakly arcuate lobal sclerites (Fig. 12 F). Females. Macropters and brachypters known. Coloration, vestiture, texture and structure mostly as in males. Head: interocular distance 1.12 – 1.25 × greater than eye width in macropterous and 1.05 – 1.25 × greater that eye width in brachypterous females; Antennae: AI 1.87 – 1.95 × longer than interocular distance in macropters, 1.68 – 2.03 × in brachypters; AII 1.21 – 1.27 × longer than posterior pronotal width in macropters, 1.45 – 1.59 × in brachypters. Pronotum: disk region 1.15 – 1.27 × longer than callosite region in macropters, 0.69 – 0.96 × in brachypters.	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC419FF9721C5ED3EFC482B1B.taxon	description	(FIGS 30, 35)	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC419FF9721C5ED3EFC482B1B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Iran: Gilan, Deylaman, 36.88599 ºN 49.9085 ºE, 1431 m, 16 Aug 1998, Hosseini & Linnavuori, 1 ♀ paratype (UNSW _ ENT 00026529) (College of Agriculture, Rasht, Iran). Diagnosis	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC419FF9622F7EB0FFE962B26.taxon	description	(FIGS 12 G, 23 D, 30, 35)	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC419FF9622F7EB0FFE962B26.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Bulgaria: Rhodopene, 41.5 ° N 24.5 ° E, 1960, M. Josivof, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00206764) AMNH, 1 ♀ (UNSW _ ENT 00045428), 1 ♂ (UNSW _ ENT 00045427) (HNHM). Diagnosis Dicyphus eckerleini is recognized by the following combination of characters: only macropterous males and females; body length 4.14 – 4.19 mm in males, 4.19 mm in females; interocular distance longer than eye width; AI mostly red in males, more stramineous medially in females; AI elongate, c. 1.5 × longer than interocular distance; AII length subequal to posterior width of pronotum; shiny dark-brown band on propleuron short, not extending beyond posterior margin of callosite region; callosite region> 1.8 × longer than collar along midline; pronotal disk region c. 1.5 × longer than callosite region; apophysis of left paramere robust and short (Fig. 23 D); endosoma with two membraneous lobes, each with weakly arcuate spicule, lobal sclerites similar size (Fig. 12 G). Redescription Males. Macropters only known. Coloration (Fig. 30): Dorsum mostly light yellowish brown, with contrasting dark-brown markings. Head: frons + vertex with a short X-shaped reddish brown marking; clypeus dark brown; mandibular plates stramineous; posteromedial region of vertex yellowish brown to orange; postocular margins of head shiny dark brown; gula and bucculae mostly brown. Antennae: AI mostly red, with subbasal brown annulation, tip stramineous; AII with base narrowly whitish, dark-brown annulation on proximal and distal 1 / 3 rd, with medial stramineous band, sometimes with red highlighting. Pronotum: collar white to stramineous, sometimes darker laterally; calli pale orange to light brown with dusty darker markings medially; disk stramineous to whitish. Thoracic pleura and sterna: propleura stramineous with transverse medium to dark-brown band, with ventral margin whitish; mesobasisternum uniformly medium brown, shiny; mesepimeron stramineous; metepisternum dull light brown. Mesoscutum: mostly dark orange-brown, sometimes little paler laterally. Scutellum: lateral angles broadly stramineous with a broad dark reddish brown stripe along midline. Hemelytra: translucent, mostly very light brown, usually with three pairs of obscure red spots, at corial fracture, middle of apical margin of endocorium and tip of cuneus; membrane veins mostly red. Abdomen: venter mostly medium brown with stramineous highlighting. Structure: Head: interocular distance 1.19 – 1.26 × greater than eye width in macropters. Antennae: AI 1.45 – 1.58 × longer than interocular distance in macropters; AII 1.02 – 1.17 × longer than posterior width of pronotum in macropters. Pronotum: callosite region c. 1.8 × longer than collar; calli short; pronotal disk c. 1.5 × longer than callosite region. Male genitalia: left paramere with robust and short apophysis (Fig. 23 D); aedeagus with two well-developed endosomal lobes, each lobe with a weakly arcuate endosomal lobal sclerites subequal in size (Fig. 12 G). Females. Macropters only known. Coloration, vestiture, texture and structure mostly as in males. Head: interocular distance 1.43 × greater than eye width. Antennae: AI 1.27 × longer than interocular distance; AII 0.90 × longer than posterior pronotal width. Pronotum: disk region 1.27 × longer than the calli region.	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC418FF9422F8EBC8FA6F2811.taxon	description	(FIGS 2, 13 A, 23 E, 36)	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC418FF9422F8EBC8FA6F2811.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Austria: Neustadt, May 1872, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00213952) (HNHM). B u l g a r i a: P l o v d i v: A s e n o v g r a d, 4 2. 0 1 3 3 7 º N 24.87844 ºE, 227 m, 29 Sep 1961, Josifov, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00210765) (ZISP); 1 ♀, (Not laballed) (RAS). France: Bonneville, 4 Sep 1989, Duverger, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00209583) (MNHN). Italy: Monfalcone, 45.84555 ° N 13.53277 ° E, 84 m, 1885, Kensch, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00213953) (HNHM). Piemonte: Torino: Caluso, 45.31278 ºN 7.83889 ºE, 291 m, ex. Epilobium hirsutum, 1 Aug 2008, Sanchez, 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000163 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000166); Coazze (Giaveno), 45.04667 ºN 7.30722 ºE, 631 m, ex. Epilobium hirsutum, 15 Aug 2008, Sanchez, 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000159 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000162). Liguria: Orco Feglino, 44.21250 ºN 8.32555 ºE, 127 m, ex. Epilobium hirsutum, 13 Aug 2008, Sanchez, 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000167 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000170). Netherlands: Zuid-Holland: Nieuwkoop, 52.15361 ° N 4.78333 ° E, 15 Aug 1951, Lindberg, 2 ♂♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00209450, AMNH _ PBI 00209452), 3 ♀♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00209444, AMNH _ PBI 00209451, AMNH _ PBI 00209453) (MZH). Henmstede, 52.35277 ° N 4.62138 ° E, 2 m, 28 Jul 1953, Meurer, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00206885) (AMNH). Wageningen, Gelderland, 51.5804 ºN 5.3949 W, 291 m, ex. Epilobium hirsutum, 21 July 2006, Sanchez, 6 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000353 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000365). Sweden: Hýsselholm: Ignaberga, 56.12305 ° N 13.83166 ° E, 49 m, 29 Jul 1932, Kemner, 4 ♀♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00206877) (AMNH). Lund: ýstra Mýllavýgen, 55.66361 ° N 13.35694 ° E, 50 m, 21 Jul 1989, Danielsson, 3 adults sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00212439 - AMNH _ PBI 00212441) (MZLU). Brunnby, 59.83083 ° N 13.53277 ° E, 31 m, 2 Aug 1962, Ossiannilsson, 2 adults sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00212437, AMNH _ PBI 00212438) (MZLU). Karlskrona, 56.16055 ° N 15.58666 ° E, 18 Jul 1972, Gyllensvard, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00212442) (MZLU). Kýrret, 57.45472 ° N 11.92694 ° E, 7 m, 6 Aug 1950, Tjeder, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00212443) (MZLU). Kývlinge, 55.79166 ° N 13.11027 ° E, 13 m, 30 Jul 1938, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00212444) (MZLU). Simrishamn: Vitemölla, 55.69888 ° N 14.20666 ° E, 4 m, 24 Jul 1947, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00212436) (MZLU); 25 Jul 1947, 2 adults sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 0 0 2 1 2 4 3 4, AMNH _ PBI 00212435) (MZLU). Västergötland: Rävlunda: Having, 55.71667 ºN 14.15000 ° E, 26 Jul 1959, Gyllensvard, 2 ♂♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00206876) (AMNH). United Kingdom: England: Bedford: Maulden Wood beds, 52.032118 ° N 0.437167 ° W, 67 m, 24 Jul 1975, Leston, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00206880) (AMNH). Renhold, 52.1625 ° N 0.4025 ° E, 56 m, 21 Jul 1975, Leston, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00206882) (AMNH); Flitwick Moor Beds, 52.004604 ºN 0.497946 ºW, 8 0 m, 5 Aug 1 9 7 5, Leston, 1 ♂, (AMNH _ PBI 00206879) (AMNH); 13 Aug 1975, Leston, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00206883) (AMNH); Leston, 1 ♂, (AMNH _ PBI 00206881) (AMNH). Buckinghamshire: Chiltern Hills, Aylesbury, 51.78916 ° N 0.71694 ° E, 170 m, 16 Aug 1915, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00206884) (AMNH). Hertfordshire: Rickmansworth, 51.63861 ° N 0.46916 ° E, 53 m, 1 Aug 1948, Leston, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00206878) (AMNH). London: Buckham, S. of London, 51.14904 ºN 0.97869 ºW, 107 m, 30 Jul 1951, Lindberg, 2 ♂♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00209447, AMNH _ PBI 00209454) (MZH). Diagnosis Dicyphus epilobii is recognized by the following combination of characters: macropters only; body length 4.14 – 4.93 mm in males and 4.30 – 5.23 mm in females; pale body with minor reddish brown to light brown markings (Fig. 2); frons + vertex with a V-shaped medium brown marking, sometimes marking very faint; AI mostly broadly red, sometimes with narrow darker brown annulation; interocular distance longer than eye width in macropters in both sexes; AI elongate,> 1.4 × interocular distance in both sexes; AII> 1.4 × longer than posterior width of pronotum in males, raging 1.0 – 1.4 × in females; callosite region <1.9 × longer than collar along midline; disk> 1.2 × longer than callosite region along midline in both sexes; apophysis of left paramere moderately elongate, with spatulate region weakly expanded, outer margin without ornamentation (Fig. 23 E); endosoma with three membraneous lobes, the two lateral lobes with a weakly arcuate sclerite each (Fig. 13 A). Redescription Males. Macropters only known. Coloration (Fig. 2): Dorsum mostly stramineous, often with medium brown markings. Head: frons + vertex with a V-shaped medium-brown marking, sometimes marking very faint, posterior region of head often more orangish yellow; postocular margins either stramineous or with medium-brown band extending to lateral regions of gula; clypeus, maxillary plate and bucculae usually medium brown, sometimes with stramineous highlighting, rarely more stramineous generally; mandibular plate stramineous; gula mostly stramineous. Antennae: bicoloured; AI mostly pale red, sometimes with darker reddish brown annulation subbasally, apex stramineous; AII mostly stramineous, with short subbasal and elongate distal medium brown annulations, with base narrowly stramineous; AIII and AIV mostly medium brown, usually with base of AIII narrowly stramineous. Pronotum: collar whitish, sometimes translucent; calli stramineous to yellow, without contrasting brown markings; disk stramineous with whitish highlighting, often translucent, humeral angles rarely weakly embrowned. Thoracic pleura and sterna: propleuron mostly stramineous, sometimes with whitish highlighting, sometimes with medium-brown marking medially on anterior half; mesobasisternum uniformly orange brown to light brown, rarely darker brown; mesepimeron whitish to stramineous; metepisternum and MTG stramineous. Mesoscutum: uniformly stramineous to orange. Scutellum: anterolateral angles stramineous, with orange to orangish brown midline. Hemelytra: translucent, with faint pale stramineous hue, usually with three small reddish brown to dark brown spots, at corial fracture, middle of apical margin of endocorium and tip of cuneus; clavus sometimes with reddish highlighting; medial margin of endocorium post-commissure often narrowly red to reddish brown; corium also with minor red to reddish brown spots, often associated with setae; membrane veins reddish or brown. Abdomen: venter either uniformly stramineous to light brown, sometimes lateral regions of basal segments weakly embrowned. Structure: Head: interocular distance 1.02 – 1.63 × greater than eye width in macropters. Antennae: AI elongated, 1.68 – 2.18 × longer than interocular distance in macropters; AII 1.42 – 1.74 × longer than posterior width of pronotum in macropters. Pronotum: callosite region 1.47 – 2.04 × longer than collar; calli short; pronotal disk 1.20 – 1.57 × longer than callosite region. Male genitalia: genital opening of pygophore oval, without tergal processes; apophysis of left paramere moderately elongate, with spatulate region weakly expanded, outer margin without ornamentation (Fig. 23 E); aedeagus with three well-developed endosomal lobes, lateral lobes each with a weakly arcuate lobal sclerites subequal in size (Fig. 13 A). Females. Macropters only known. Coloration, vestiture, texture and structure mostly as in males. Head: interocular distance 1.16 – 1.64 × greater than eye width. Antennae: AI 1.44 – 1.88 × longer than interocular distance; AII 1.14 – 1.36 × longer than posterior pronotal width. Pronotum: disk region 1.25 – 1.51 × longer than callosite region.	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC41DFF912077EBF2FBE82D30.taxon	description	(FIGS 2, 13 B, 23 F, 36)	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC41DFF912077EBF2FBE82D30.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Azerbaijan: Between Dzhoni and Tuli: Talysh: Lenkoranskiy uezd: 38.75371 ºN 48.84988 ºE, 20 m below sea level, 31 Jul 1931, Varshalovich, 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00341222) (ZISP). Bulgaria: Kjustendil: Rila: Rila, silva frond., 42.12722 ° N 23.13361 ° E, 550 m, 6 Aug 1939 12 Aug 1939, Lindberg, 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00208615) (MZH). Morava, 43.50833 ° N 25.14972 ° E, 154 m, 21 Sep 1943, Stehlik, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00206900) (AMNH); 21 Sep 1943, Stehlik, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00206898) (AMNH); 21 May 1944, Stehlik, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00206899) (AMNH); 12 Sep 1948, Stehlik, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00206901) (AMNH). Croatia: Split, 43.50666 ° N 16.44222 ° E, 13 m, 20 Jul 1954, Hellén, 2 ♀♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00208617, AMNH _ PBI 00208627) (MZH). Zagreb, 45.815 ° N 15.97833 ° E, 242 m, 30 Sep 1983, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00213955) (HNHM). Czech Republic: Moravia: Vladislav, 49.21027 ° N 15.98888 ° E, 389 m, 27 Aug 1946, Stehlik, 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00206890) (AMNH). CSR Morava: Udoli: Chvojnice, 49.14128 ºN 16.23650 ºE, 320 m, 21 Sep 1943, Stehlik, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00206898), 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00206900) (AMNH). France: Vaucluse: Lafare: Lafare, 44.14638 ° N 5.05222 ° E, 166 m, 19 Sep 1965, Carayon, 3 adults sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00209584 - AMNH _ PBI 00209586) (MNHN). Greece: Peloponnisos: Road Patras – Pirgou km 9, 38.0728 ºN 21.3752 ºE, 52 m, ex. Solanum nigrum L (Solanaceae), 10 Jun 2007, Sanchez & Cassis, 5 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000476 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000485) (IMIDA). Georgia: Sokhumi (Sukhum): Chernomorskaya Government, 43.00153 ºN 41.023415 ºE, 8 m, 31 Oct 1927, Zimin, 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00210755) (ZISP). Lagodekhi: Zakatal’skiy okrug: Tiflis Government, 41.81863 ºN 46.278131 ºE, 434 m, 21 Oct 1896, Mlokosevich, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00210758) (ZISP); Lagodekhi: Zakatal’skiy okrug: Tiflis Government, 41.81863 ºN 46.278131 ºE, 434 m, 21 Oct 1896, Mlokosevich, 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00210759) (ZISP). G e r m a n y: S a c h s e n: L e i p z i g e r L a n d: L e i p z i p, 51.33944 ° N 12.37111 ° E, 110 m, 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00208616) (MZH). Italy: Campania: Positano, 45.41611 ºN 7.61667 ºE, 37 m, 7 Aug 1925, El. Miram, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00210757) (ZISP). Piemonte: Torino: Pont Canavese, 45.2458 ºN 7.3700 ºE, 426 m, ex. Lagenaria sp., 1 Aug 2006, Sanchez & Pennaroli, 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000387 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000392); ex. Solanum lycopersicum, 1 Aug 2006, Sanchez & Pennaroli, 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000387 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000392) IMIDA. Villarbasse, 45.04500 ºN 7.46500 ºE, 396 m, ex. Cucurbita maxima, 6 Aug 2006, Sanchez & Pennaroli, 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000387 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000392) IMIDA. Parma: Parma, 44.75667 ºN 10.23278 ºE 105 m, ex. Solanum nigrum, 18 Aug 2008, Sanchez & Pennaroli, 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000393 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000398) IMIDA. Liguria: Sanda, 44.36889 ºN 8.52833 ºE, 230 m, ex. Solanum nigrum, 11 Aug 2008, Sanchez, 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000399 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000404) (IMIDA). Netherlands: Zuid-Holland: Leiden, 52.16083 ° N 4.49000 ° E, 3 m, 15 Sep 1950, Lindberg, 3 adults sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00208610, AMNH _ PBI 00208620, AMNH _ PBI 00208623) (MZH). Norway: Aust-Agder: Risor, 58.71638 ° N 9.23055 ° E, 52 m, 24 Sep 1913, Warloe, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00208622) (MZH). Buskerud: Drammen, 59.74500 ° N 10.21333 ° E, 11 m, 24 Aug 1924, Warloe, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00208626) (MZH). Portugal: Porto, Gerez, 41.24888 ºN 8.40416 ºW, 246 m, 31 May 1959, Lindberg, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00208604), 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00208605) (MZH). Romania: Tulcea: Greci, 54.19138 ° N 28.25055 ° E, 47 m, 2 Jul 1954, Sienkiewicz, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00206773) (AMNH). Russia: Samara Prov.: Krasnaya Glinka, 25 km of Samara: 53.38972 ºN 50.17286 ºE, 76 m, 24 Jul 1896, Lubischev, 1 ♀, (AMNH _ PBI 00210756) (ZISP). Spain: Cataluña: Barcelona: Montseny, 41.760 ° N 2.395 ° E, 510 m, 23 Sep 1989, Silfverberg, 2 ♂♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00208563, AMNH _ PBI 00208612) (MZH). Teruel: Calamocha, 40.91972 ºN 1.30528 ºW, 900 m, ex. Solanum lycopersicum, 7 June 2006, Sanchez, 5 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000365 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000374). Zaragoza: Daroca, 41.108611 ºN 1.41417 ºW, 797 m, ex. Solanum lycopersicum, 7 June 2006, Sanchez, Martínez & La Spina, 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000455 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000460) (IMIDA). Sweden: Kalmar: Oland: Borgholm, 56.87916 ° N 16.65583 ° E, 9 m, 5 Sep 1944, Ossiannilsson, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00212514) (MZLU). Stockholm: Bergianska trädgården: Bergianska trädgården, 59.369825 ºN 18.046053 ºE, 4 Sep 1940, Ossiannilsson, 5 adults sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00212507 - AMNH _ PBI 00212511) (MZLU); 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00206893) (AMNH); 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00206894) (AMNH); 29 Aug 1940, Ossiannilson, (AMNH _ PBI 00208613) (MZH), 1 adult sex unknown, (AMNH _ PBI 00212512), 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00208619) (MZH), 1 adult sex unknown, (AMNH _ PBI 00212512) (MZLU). Uppsala: Uppsala: Berg. Trýdg, 29 Aug 1940, Ossiannilsson, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00208619), 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00208613) (MZH). Flottsund, 9 Sep 1961, Ossiannilsson, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00212513) (MZLU). Switzerland: Solothurn: Lebern: Solothurn, 47.20694 ° N 7.53305 ° E, 365 m, Jul 1953, Lindberg, 2 ♀♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00208624, AMNH _ PBI 00208628) (MZH). Wallis: Friesch, 46.40305 ° N 8.13472 ° E, 1050 m, 13 Jul 1953, Lindberg, 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00208618) (MZH). Ukraine: Crimea: Sevastopol, 44.61027 ° N 33.62722 ° E, 188 m, 26 Sep 1910, Pliginskiy, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00213954) (HNHM). United Kingdom: England: Hertfordshire: Boxhill, S of London, 51.76333 ° N 0.47 ° E, 131 m, 21 Jul 1951, Lindberg, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00208611) (MZH). Boxhill, pr. London, 51.76333 ° N 0.47 ° E, 131 m, 2 Oct 1955, Lindberg, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00208621) (MZH). London: Hampstead Heath, 51.56583 ° N 0.16055 ° W, 87 m, 17 Jun 1949, Leston, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00206888) (AMNH). Romsey: Kents Oak: Awbridge, 51.01722 ° N 1.54555 ° E, 82 m, 1962, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00204247) (BMNH). West Sussex.: Broadwater For., 50.828768 ºN 0.374083 ºW, 10 m, 26 Jun 1949, Leston, 1 ♀, (AMNH _ PBI 00206889) (AMNH). Shefford, 52.03833 ° N 0.33277 ° W, 40 m, 26 Aug 1975, Leston, 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00206895), 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00206896), 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00206897) (AMNH). Diagnosis Dicyphus errans is recognized by the following combination of characters: macropters only; body length 4.58 – 5.54 mm in males and 4.40 – 5.14 mm in females; most often with dark head and pronotum; frons + vertex with X-shaped dark-brown marking bounded by stramineous and orange coloration, occasionally with head and pronotum generally paler (Fig. 2); AI – AIV mostly dark brown, with AI more reddish brown, occasionally with AII medially light brown; AI long,> 2 × than interocular distance in males; AII elongate,> 1.45 × longer than posterior width of pronotum in males; pronotal disk> 1.2 × longer than callosite region in both sexes; left paramere with short apophysis, spatulate apex expanded (Fig. 23 F); aedeagus with three endosomal lobes, with left lateral lobe with small weakly arcuate lobal sclerite, medial lobe with larger weakly arcuate lobal sclerite (Fig. 13 B). Redescription Males. Macropters only known. Coloration (Fig. 2): Body variable in colour, with head and pronotum ranging from more stramineous / light brown to dark brown, with darker morph more common. Dark morph: Head: frons + vertex mostly dark brown to approaching black, with contrasting yellow markings narrowly placed adjacent to eyes, with a X-shaped dark-brown marking, contiguous with broad dark-brown band along posterior margin of head, sometimes paler medially, yellowish to orangish brown; lateral margins of postocular region dark brown to near black, extending to lateral regions of gula; clypeus, maxillary plate and bucculae usually dark brown, bucculae sometimes narrowly stramineous ventrally; mandibular plate stramineous; gula mostly dark brown to black, sometimes with midline narrowly stramineous; AI mostly shiny dark reddish brown, with apex narrowly stramineous, sometimes with darker annulation subbasally; AII – AIV mostly dark brown, sometimes with base of AII more reddish brown, apex of AIII with narrow stramineous tip, generally with medial region of AII faintly stramineous. Pronotum: mostly shiny dark brown, with midline sometimes narrowly stramineous, callosite region occasionally paler brown with orange tinge. Thoracic pleura and sterna: pleura, including mesobasisternum, mostly shiny dark brown, with metepisternum duller; mesepimeron stramineous. Mesoscutum: dull dark-brown, laterally with stramineous to orange tinge. Scutellum: anterolateral angles stramineous, with midline broadly dull dark-brown. Hemelytra: translucent, pale greyish to stramineous colour, with three small dark-brown spots, at corial fracture, middle of apical margin of endocorium and tip of cuneus, spots sometimes with red infusion; clavus sometimes with faint embrownment; medial margin of endocorium post-commissure sometimes with faint reddish brown highlighting; corium sometimes with minor red-brown to medium-brown spots, often associated with setae; membrane veins mostly brown, sometimes with reddish tinge. Abdomen: venter variable, from uniformly medium to dark brown, to mostly stramineous with lateral embrownment on basal segments, pygophore shiny medium to dark brown. Pale morph: mostly as in dark morph, but with head and pronotum more uniformly stramineous to light brown, with X-marking on frons + vertex less extensive, posterior margin of head stramineous to orange. Structure: Head: interocular distance 0.99 – 1.23 × greater than eye width. Antennae: AI 2.03 – 2.70 × longer than interocular distance; AII long, 1.47 – 1.78 × longer than posterior width of pronotum. Pronotum: callosite region 1.7 – 2.41 × longer than collar; calli short; pronotal disk 1.24 – 1.50 mm longer than callosite region. Male genitalia: left paramere with robust and short apophysis, spatulate apex expanded (Fig. 23 F); aedeagus with three well-developed endosomal lobes, left lateral lobe with a small lobal sclerite, medial lobe with larger weakly arcuate lobal sclerite (Fig. 13 B). Females. Macropters only known. Coloration, vestiture, texture and structure mostly as in males. Head: interocular distance 1.07 – 1.32 × than eye width. Antennae: AI length 1.70 – 2.12 × interocular distance. AII 1.01 – 1.36 × longer than posterior pronotal width. Pronotum: disk 1.32 – 1.80 × longer than callosite region.	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC41EFF9F2187EEB0FC0B2EE3.taxon	description	(FIGS 5, 13 C, 23 G – I, 36)	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC41EFF9F2187EEB0FC0B2EE3.taxon	materials_examined	Materials examined France: Vaucluse: Lafare, 44.14681 ºN 5.05144 ºE, 169 m, 3 May 1998, Matocq, 2 ♂♂ (UNSW _ ENT 00026530), 10 May 2006, 1 ♂ (UNSW _ ENT 00026531) (MNHN). Spain: Granada: Monachil: Sierra Nevada, 37.09305 ° N 3.39416 ° E, 2256 m, 21 – 24 Jul 1926, Lindberg, Holotype, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00208614), 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00208557), 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00208629) (MZH). Granada: Capileira, 36.96438 ºN 3.36043 ºW, 1436 m, ex. Antirrhinum hispanicum Chavannes (Scrophulariaceae), 31 May 2006, Sanchez, Martínez & La Spina, 4 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000445 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000454) (IMIDA). Cadiz: Grazalema, 36.75972 ºN 5.36556 W, 812 m, ex. Antirrhinum graniticum Rothmaler (Scrophulariaceae), 1 June 2006, Sanchez, Martínez & La Spina, 5 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000061 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000075). Huesca: Canal de Berdún, 42.64194 ºN 0.80194 ºW, 700 m, ex. Antirrhinum sp. (Scrophulariaceae), 6 June 2006, Sanchez, Martínez & La Spina, 4 ♂♂, 1 ♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000050 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000054) (IMIDA). Portugal: Portalegre: Portalegre, 39.29194 ºN 7.44083 ºW, 590 m, ex. Antirrhinum sp. (Scrophulariaceae), 3 June 2006, Sanchez, Martínez & La Spina, 1 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000055 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000060). Diagnosis Dicyphus escalerae is recognized by the following combination of characters: macropters and brachypters in both sexes; moderately sized species, macropterous males 3.48 – 4.05 mm, brachypterous males 2.5 mm, macropterous females 3.79 – 4.31 mm, brachypters females 2.79 – 3.33 mm; AI c. 1.5 × longer than interocular distance in macropterous males, a little shorter in brachypters; AII c. 1.2 × longer than posterior width of pronotum in macropters, c. 1.3 × longer in brachypters. AII <1.7 × shorter than head width. AI mostly dark brown; corium with dense distribution of brown spots and three brown to dark-brown spots, at corial fracture, middle of apical margin of endocorium and tip of cuneus; femora with large brown overlapping spots in both sexes (Fig. 5); left paramere small and moderately thickened, with spatulate apex denticulate proximally (Fig. 23 G – I); endosoma with spinules only, no lobal sclerites present (Fig. 13 C). Redescription Males. Macropters and brachypters known. Coloration (Fig. 5): Dorsum light pale with extensive dark-brown markings, sometimes with red / orange highlighting. Head: frons + vertex with a broad, X-shaped dark-brown marking; clypeus and maxillary plate mostly dark brown to black; postocular margins of head broadly dark brown to black and shiny; gula stramineous. Antennae: AI dark brown with tip reddish, base narrowly stramineous; AII mostly dark brown with broad medial annulation. Pronotum: collar white to stramineous, translucent; calli stramineous to pale brown with dark-brown highlighting; disk stramineous to pale brown, with extensive brown markings laterally on humeral angles. Thoracic pleura and sterna: propleuron uniformly dark brown, with ventral margin whitish; mesepimeron and metepisternum stramineous, including evaporative area. Mesoscutum: broadly dark brown intermixed with extensive yellowish brown markings. Scutellum: angles broadly whitish with a broad dark brown stripe along midline. Hemelytra: translucent, mostly pale brown, with brown spotting at base of setae on clavus; clavus with faint embrownment; apex of exocorium adjacent to costal fracture with prominent dark-brown to reddish brown spot; apex of endocorium with obscure dark brown spot; cuneus mostly stramineous to pale brown with apical dark-brown to dark reddish brown spot; membrane veins mostly dark brown, sometimes with reddish highlighting. Legs: spots on femora greatly enlarged and blending. Abdomen: venter mostly stramineous, with basal sternites and lateral regions dark brown; pygophore bicoloured, dark brown and stramineous. Structure: Head: interocular distance 1.19 – 1.29 × longer than eye width in macropters and 1.31 × in brachypters. Antennae: AI 1.52 – 1.77 × longer than interocular distance in macropters and 1.49 × in brachypters; AII 1.11 – 1.25 × longer than posterior width of pronotum in macropters, 1.31 × in brachypters. Pronotum: pronotal disk subequal 0.93 – 1.43 × than callosite region in macropters and 0.73 × in brachypters. Male genitalia: left paramere apophysis short and moderately thickened, with spatulate apex denticulate posteriorly (Fig. 23 G – I); aedeagus with three well-developed endosomal lobes, without endosomal lobal sclerites, two lobes with dense distribution of spinules (Fig. 13 C). Females. Macropters and brachypters known. Coloration, vestiture, texture and structure mostly as in males. Female abdominal venter mostly stramineous, with basal sternites dark brown laterally. Head: interocular distance 1.19 – 1.39 × longer than eye width in macropters and 1.20 – 1.41 × in brachypters. Antennae: AI length 1.38 – 1.60 × longer than interocular distance in macropterous and 1.42 – 1.56 × in brachypterous females. AII 0.96 – 1.11 × longer than posterior pronotal width in macropters and 1.11 – 1.23 × in brachypters. Pronotum: disk 0.98 – 1.34 × longer than callosite region in macropters, 0.70 – 0.87 × in brachypters.	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC411FF9E22E7EE27FA1F2DAA.taxon	description	(FIGS 4, 7, 10 A, 13 D, 36)	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC411FF9E22E7EE27FA1F2DAA.taxon	materials_examined	Materials examined Italy: Trentino: Yal Lagarina, 45.89972 ° N 11.06083 ° E, 417 m, 7 Oct 1934, Daiano, 1 adult sex unknown (MZLU). Piemonte: Torino: Giaveno: Maddalena Frazione, 45.02917 ºN 7.30361 ºE, 762 m, ex. Rubus sp., 25 Aug 2009, Sanchez, 8 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000130 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000140, IMIDA _ ENT 00000195, IMIDA _ ENT 00000196), ex. Stachys silvatica, 25 Aug 2009, Sanchez, 5 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000171 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000180) (IMIDA). Diagnosis Dicyphus flavoviridis is recognized by the following combination of characters: macropters and brachypters in both sexes (Tamanini, 1956): moderately sized species, macropterous males 5.05 mm, brachypterous males 3.65 – 4.06 mm, brachypterous females 3.56 – 4.02 mm (no macropterous females examined); body mostly pale yellowish green, with few darker markings (Fig. 4); clypeus mostly pale yellowish green, with anterior embrownment; propleuron with weak brown transverse band; mesobasisternum at least partly pale yellowish green; cuneus apically dark reddish brown; AI mostly pale yellowish green with subbasal dark-brown annulation and subapical red annulation; AI long, c. 2 × longer than interocular distance in both macropterous and brachypterous males; AII 1.41 × longer than posterior width of pronotum in macropterous males, 1.48 – 1.88 × longer in brachypterous males; pronotal disk shorter than callosite region in macropterous (0.79 ×) and brachypterous (0.48 – 0.63 ×) males; callosite region c. 3 × longer than collar width at middle line in both macropterous and brachypterous males; corium without spots; left side of posterior margin of male abdominal sternite SVIII with sclerotized flange-like process on left side with denticulate substructure (Fig. 7 D); pygophore without posteroventral brown spot left paramere elongate and robust, with caplike apex denticulate margin (Fig. 10 A); endosoma with two lobes, with pair of large asymmetrical moderately arcuate lobal sclerites (Fig. 13 D). Redescription Males. Macropterous and brachypterous morphs examined. Coloration (Fig. 4): Dorsum mostly stramineous to pale yellowish green with limited brown markings. Head: mostly stramineous to pale yellowish green; frons + vertex with X-shaped dark-brown marking, not extending beyond posterior margin of eyes; anterior region of clypeus and maxillary plate embrowned; postocular margins of head with narrow transverse brown band, sometimes reduced to brown spot adjacent to eye. Antennae: AI mostly stramineous, with base narrowly whitish, subbasal dark-brown annulation and subapical red annulation; AII mostly stramineous with subbasal narrow dark-brown annulation, apical 1 / 4 dark brown. Pronotum: collar and callosite region stramineous to pale green-yellowish, with medial regions of each callus sometimes embrowned; disk transparent, mostly pale yellowish green to whitish green. Thoracic pleura and sterna: propleuron pale yellowish green, with medium-brown transverse band; mesobasisternum pale yellowish green, sometimes dark brown medially and with dark-brown spot dorsolaterally; mesepimeron and metepisternum including evaporative areas pale yellowish green. Mesoscutum: broadly stramineous to pale yellowish green. Scutellum: lateral angles broadly pale stramineous to yellowish green with brown stripe along midline. Hemelytra: translucent, mostly pale yellowish green without brown spotting associated with setae or large brown spots distally on corium, sometimes exocorium paler; cuneus pale yellowish green, sometimes whitish, with apex dark reddish brown in macropters; membrane fumose in macropters; apex of wings in brachypters paler approaching white, with faint red spot apically. Abdomen: venter uniformly pale yellowish green; posterior margin of left side of SVIII black; pygophore with posteroventral brown spot. Structure: Head: interocular distance 1.19 × greater thaneyewidthinmacropters, 1.15 – 1.31 × inbrachypters. Antennae: AI 1.92 × longer than interocular distance in macropters, in 1.76 – 2.09 × brachypters; AII 1.41 × longer than posterior width of pronotum in macropters, 1.48 - 1.88 × longer in brachypters. Pronotum: pronotal disk 0.79 × longer than the callosite region in macropters, 0.48 – 0.63 × in brachypters; callosite region 3.05 – 4.06 × longer than collar width at middle line in macropters and 2.96 × longer in brachypters. Abdomen: posterior margin of left side of SVIII with heavily sclerotized flange-like expansion process with denticulate substructure (Fig. 7 D). Male genitalia: left paramere apophysis robust and elongate, with caplike apex, with minutely denticulate margin, proximal shaft weakly sinuate (Fig. 10 A); aedeagus with two well-developed endosomal lobes, each lobe with large moderately arcuate endosomal lobal sclerites, lobal sclerites asymmetrical (Fig. 13 D). Females. Only brachypters examined. Coloration, vestiture, texture and structure mostly as in males. Head: interocular distance 1.14 – 1.41 × longer than eye width in brachypters. Antennae: AI 1.65 – 2.01 × longer than interocular distance in brachypters; AII 1.51 – 1.71 × longer than posterior pronotal width in brachypters. Pronotum: disk 0.45 – 0.69 × in brachypters; callosite region 2.63 – 3.37 × longer than collar width at middle line in brachypters. Abdomen: venter pale yellowish green.	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC413FF9B21A8EE88FC8A29C3.taxon	description	(FIGS 3, 10 B, 14 A, 29, 38)	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC413FF9B21A8EE88FC8A29C3.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Armenia: Marz: Between Avan and Ozhervezh and Nork, 40.21119 ºN 44.556618 ºE, 1244 m, 8 Nov 1939, Rikhter, 1 ♀ (AMNH PBI 00210791) (ZISP). Au s t r i a: N i e d e r o s t e r r e i ch: Vi e n a, 4 8.2 0 9 1 6 ° N 16.37277 ° E, 184 m, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00208646) (MZH). Bulgaria: Sofija-Grad: Sofý, 42.71027 ° N 23.32361 ° E, 673 m, 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00213972) (HNHM); Sep 1928, Biro, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00213973) (HNHM); Sep 1928, Biro, 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00213971) (HNHM). Bulgarien, 42.73361 ° N 25.48555 ° E, 472 m, 10 Oct 1966, Josifov, 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00209593) (MNHN). Reg. inf. m. Vitos, 05 Aug 1939, Lindberg, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00208640) (MZH). Czech Republic: Moravia: Jihomororavsky: Radejov, Kutky Deer Park, 48.8415 ºN 17.3545 ºE, 357 m, 16 Aug 2009, ex. Hyosciamus niger L. (Scrophulariaceae), Sanchez, Kment & Pennaroli, 2 ♂♂ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000540, IMIDA _ ENT 00000543), 2 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000537 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000541); ex. Atropa bella-donna L. (Solanaceae), 1 ♂ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000191), 1 ♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000192), 1 ♂, 4 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000210 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000214) (IMIDA). Germany: Bayern: Coburg: Coburgo, 50.2575 ° N 10.96583 ° E, 305 m, 10 Oct 1949, Eckerlein, 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00212492) (MZLU). Hýrnleins-grund, 50.26888 ° N 10.94250 ° E, 328 m, 10 Oct 1949, Eckerlein, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00212493) (MZLU). Hungary: Gant: Výrteskozma: Fýni-Výlgy, 47.46138 ° N 18.46027 ° E, 257 m, 07 Jul 1961, Murai É., 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00213974) (HNHM). R u s s i a: K r a s n o v a r: K r a s n o v a r, 4 5. 0 3 9 2 6 7 º N 38.987221 ºE, 34 m, Oct. 1926, Telenga, 1 ♂ (AMNH PBI 00210789), 1 ♀ (AMNH PBI 00210790), 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00341135) (ZISP); 30 Oct 1939, Resaca, 1 ♀ (AMNH PBI 00210792) (ZISP). Spain: Madrid: Valsalva rp, 40.54055 ° N 3.75194 ° E, 640 m, 28 Mar 1926, Lindberg, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00208568) (MZH). Diagnosis Dicyphus hyalinipennis is recognized by the following combination of characters: macropters and brachypters in both sexes; body length 4.10 – 4.61 mm in macropterous males, 2.94 mm in brachypterous males; body length 4.47 – 4.77 mm in macropterous females, 3.18 – 3.48 mm in brachypterous females; pale and dark morphs (Fig. 3); always with frons + vertex with dark brown X-shaped marking; clypeus embrowned, with stramineous highlighting; mandibular plate stramineous; maxillary plates dark brown; propleuron with prominent shiny dark-brown transverse band; AI short, mostly stramineous to orange, with subbasal brown and subapical red stramineous annulations; AII mostly stramineous with subbasal and distal 1 / 4 brown annulations; corium with three light- to dark-brown spots, at corial fracture, middle of apical margin of endocorium and tip of cuneus; pygophore without large posteroventral brown spot; left paramere apophysis robust and short, with base of spatulate apex toothed (joining the apophysis in an acute angle) (Fig. 10 B), aedeagus with two endosomal lobes, with pair of large asymmetrical, arcuate endosomal lobal sclerites (Fig. 14 A). Redescription Males. Macropters and brachypters examined. Coloration: Stramineous and dark morphs present (Fig. 3). Stramineous morph. Head: mostly stramineous to pale yellowish green; frons + vertex with a short, X-shaped dark-brown marking, not extending beyond posterior margin of eyes; clypeus mostly dark brown with stramineous highlighting, sometimes paler overall; and maxillary plate embrowned; postocular margins of head with transverse brown band. Antennae: AI stramineous, with base narrowly whitish, subbasal dark-brown annulation and subapical red annulation; AII mostly stramineous with subbasal narrow dark-brown annulation, apical 1 / 4 dark brown. Pronotum: collar and disk whitish to stramineous; callosite region stramineous to pale green-yellowish, with medial regions of each callus sometimes embrowned. Thoracic pleura and sterna: propleuron pale stramineous, with medium to dark-brown transverse band; mesobasisternum dark brown, sometimes paler stramineous; mesepimeron and metepisternum including evaporative areas pale yellowish green. Mesoscutum: broadly orange, sometimes with lateral angles embrowned. Scutellum: lateral angles broadly pale stramineous to yellowish with brown stripe along midline. Hemelytra: translucent, mostly pale stramineous, sometimes with brown or red spotting associated with setae on corium; three pairs of faint red to brown spots, on corial fracture, apex of endocorium, and tip of cuneus; apex of wings in brachypters paler with faint red and brown spot apically. Abdomen: venter stramineous intermixed with brown highlighting. Dark morph. Mostly as in pale morph, with lateral facies of head, lateral regions of collar, callosite region and pronotal disk, medial and lateral regions of mesoscutum and lateral regions of abdominal sterna dark brown. Structure: Head: interocular distance 1.21 – 1.58 × greater than eye width in macropters, 1.56 × in brachypters. Antennae: AI 1.28 – 1.54 × longer than interocular distance in macropters, 1.34 × in brachypters; AII 0.89 – 1.08 × longer that the posterior width of pronotum in macropters, 1.07 × longer in brachypters. Pronotum: pronotal disk 1.20 – 1.67 × the callosite region in macropters, 0.86 × in brachypters. Male genitalia: left paramere apophysis robust and short, with base of spatulate apex toothed (joining the 390 J. A. SANCHEZ AND G. CASSIS apophysis neck in an acute angle) (Fig. 10 B); aedeagus with two well-developed endosomal lobes, each lobe with large moderately arcuate lobal sclerite, lobal sclerites asymmetrical (Fig. 14 A). Females. Macropters and brachypters examined. Coloration, vestiture, texture and structure mostly as in males; pale and dark morphs known. Female abdominal venter stramineous with dark-brown markings in pale morphs, more uniformly dark brown in dark morphs. Head: interocular distance 1.33 – 1.53 × than eye width in macropters, 1.41 – 1.43 × in brachypters. Antennae: AI 1.21 – 1.40 × longer than interocular distance in macropters, 1.28 – 1.40 × in brachypters; AII 0.89 – 0.97 × length of posterior pronotal width in macropters, 1.04 – 1.11 × in brachypters. Pronotum: disk 1.22 – 1.79 × longer than callosite region in macropters, 0.87 – 0.99 × in brachypters.	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC415FF9922CFE98BFF952EA0.taxon	description	(FIGS 2, 10 C – D, 14 B, 38)	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC415FF9922CFE98BFF952EA0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Czech Republic: Velka Nad Velickou: Jihomoravsky, 48.88056 ºN 17.51806 ºE, 274 m, ex. Epilobium hirsutum, 16 Aug 2009, Sanchez, Pennaroli & Kment, 6 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000181 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000190) (IMIDA). Diagnosis Dicyphus josifovi is recognized by the following combination of characters: macropters only. Body length 4.35 – 4.51 mm in males and 4.56 – 4.90 mm in females; body mostly pale with dark-brown markings on head and thoracic pleura (Fig. 2); collar and pronotal disk whitish to whitish stramineous, contrasting with brown callosite region; mesoscutum mostly orange; AI elongate, mostly red; AII mostly stramineous, with apical 1 / 3 rd brown; AII> 1.5 × longer than pronotum width in males; pronotal callosite region 1.35 – 1.57 × longer than disk in males, 1.31 – 1.71 × in females; left paramere narrow and short apophysis, weakly expanded distally (Fig. 10 C – D); aedeagus with two endosomal lobes, each lobe with moderately long, weakly arcuate lobal sclerites (Fig. 14 B). Redescription Males. Coloration: Dorsum mostly stramineous with orange and dark-brown markings, sometimes with red highlighting (Fig. 2). Head: mostly stramineous to whitish, with contrasting markings; frons + vertex with a moderately long X-shaped dark reddish brown marking extending to level of posterior margin of eyes; clypeus dark-brown; mandibular plates stramineous; maxillary plate with faint embrownment; vertex orangish yellow; postocular margins of head dark brown, extending to genae; gula and bucculae stramineous. Antennae: fuscous; AI mostly red, with subbasal narrow dark reddish brown annulation, base and apices stramineous to whitish dark-brown on the base; AII medially pale, with basal and distal 1 / 3 rd dark brown; AIII and AIV concolorous, uniformly dark brown, mostly with base of AIII narrowly stramineous. Pronotum: collar and pronotal disk whitish to whitish stramineous, translucent; callosite region mostly brown, rarely darker posterolaterally; humeral angles weakly embrowned. Thoracic pleura and sterna: propleuron mostly shiny dark brown with ventral margin stramineous; mesobasisternum broadly shiny dark brown; mesepimeron and metepisternum including evaporative areas stramineous, sometimes with peritreme dark brown. Mesoscutum: mostly orange, with faint embrownment. Scutellum: lateral angles broadly pale stramineous to whitish with narrow brown stripe along midline. Hemelytra: translucent, mostly stramineous with medium-brown to reddish brown markings / highlighting; with three pairs of medium-brown to reddish brown markings, each pair at corial fracture, apex of endocorium and tip of cuneus, latter more reddish; membrane veins embrowned to reddish. Abdomen: venter mostly stramineous, pygophore sometimes with brown markings. Structure: Head: interocular distance 1.05 – 1.24 × greater than eye width. Antennae: AI long, 1.99 – 2.23 × longer than interocular distance; AII 1.50 – 1.62 × longer than posterior width of pronotum. Pronotum: disk 1.35 – 1.57 × longer than callosite region. Male genitalia: left paramere apophysis narrow and short, with shaft weakly arcuate, apex narrowly expanded (Fig 10 C – D); aedeagus with two endosomal lobes, each lobe with moderately long endosomal lobal sclerites; lobal sclerites subequal in size, near symmetrical and weakly arcuate (Fig. 14 B). Females. Coloration, vestiture, texture and structure mostly as in males. Head: interocular distance 1.11 – 1.26 × longer than eye width. Antennae: AI 1.47 – 1.82 × longer than interocular distance. AII 1.02 – 1.20 × longer than posterior pronotal width. Pronotum: disk 1.31 – 1.71 × longer than callosite region. Abdomen: venter pale yellowish green.	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC417FF982061E9FEFCE02A3A.taxon	description	(FIGS 10 E, 14 C – D, 33, 38)	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC417FF982061E9FEFCE02A3A.taxon	materials_examined	Materials examined Cyprus: Larnaca: Larnaca, 34.91666 ° N 33.63611 ° E, 7 m, 25 Jun 1939 01 Jul 1939, Lindberg, paratype of Dicyphus lindbergi 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00208676) (MZH). Ayios Hilarion, 35.31250 ° N 33.28333 ° E, 545 m, 7 Jun 1939, Lindberg, paratype of Dicyphus lindbergi, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00204222) (BMNH), paratype of Dicyphus lindbergi, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00208569), paratypes of Dicyphus lindbergi, 2 ♀♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00208673, AMNH _ PBI 00208675) (MZH). Lapithos, 13 Jun 1939, Lindberg, paratype of Dicyphus lindbergi, 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00208670) (MZH). Larnaka, 34.91666 ° N 33.63611 ° E, 6 m, 01 Jul 1939, Lindberg, paratype of Dicyphus lindbergi, 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00204221) (BMNH). Ayios Hilarion, 35.3125 ° N 33.28333 ° E, 545 m, 7 Jun 1939, Lindberg, 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, identified as Dicyphus lindbergi (MZH). Lebanon: Saida: Sidon, 33.55707 ºN 35.37295 ºE, 11 m, 28 Apr 1962, Hyosciamus albus, Eckerlein, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00206719) (AMNH). Syria: Damascus, 33.51381 ºN 36.27653 ºE, 692 m, 1952, Seidenstücker, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00341137), 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00341138) (ZISP). We s t B a n k: C i s j o r d a n i a: J e r i c o, 3 1.8 5 6 9 8 º N 35.46057 ºE, – 255 m, Sahlb., 1 ♂ (identified as Dicyphus bolivari, AMNH _ PBI 00208567) (MZH). Diagnosis Dicyphus lindbergi is recognized by the following combination of characters: only macropterous males known (Wagner, 1970), macropterous and brachypterous females; body length 3.62 – 4.57 mm in macropterous males, 3.72 – 4.44 mm in macropterous females and 2.85 mm in brachypterous females. Body stramineous with dark-brown markings and orange / red highlighting; AI stramineous with subbasal and subapical reddish brown annulations; AII mostly stramineous, with distal 1 / 3 rd dark brown, narrowly and faintly brown at base (Fig. 33); disk 1.05 – 1.24 × longer than callosite region in males; left paramere with moderately elongate apophysis, with outer margin of shaft sinuate (Fig. 10 E); aedeagus with three endosomal lobes, medial lobe with five small endosomal lobal sclerites, outer lobes densely spinulate (Fig. 14 C, D). Redescription Males. Coloration (Fig. 33): Dorsum mostly stramineous with light to dark-brown markings, plus orange / red highlighting. Head: mostly stramineous to orange, with a broad, frons + vertex with a short, X-shaped reddish-brown marking, not extending beyond posterior margin of eyes; clypeus stramineous with medium-brown highlighting; mandibular plates stramineous; maxillary plate embrowned; vertex orange; postocular margins of head orange medium brown; gula and bucculae yellow. Antennae: AI medially, basally and apically stramineous, with subbasal and subapical reddish brown annulations; AII mostly stramineous, with distal 1 / 3 rd dark brown, narrowly and faintly brown at base; AIII and AIV concolorous, uniformly dark brown. Pronotum: collar stramineous, translucent; callosite region mostly stramineous with variable embrownment; disk stramineous, translucent, sometimes humeral angles embrowned. Thoracic pleura and sterna: propleuron stramineous with weak embrownment, ventral margin whitish; mesobasisternum medium brown; mesepimeron and metepisternum, including evaporative areas, stramineous to whitish. Mesoscutum: mostly orange, with faint embrownment. Scutellum: lateral angles broadly pale stramineous to whitish with narrow brown stripe along midline. Hemelytra: translucent, mostly stramineous with medium brown to reddish brown markings / highlighting; with three pairs of medium brown to reddish brown markings, each pair at corial fracture, apex of endocorium and tip of cuneus; membrane veins embrowned. Abdomen: venter uniformly stramineous. Structure: Head: interocular distance 1.27 – 1.48 × greater than eye width. Antennae: AI short, 1.46 – 1.68 × longer than interocular distance; AII 1.05 – 1.24 × longer than posterior width of pronotum. Pronotum: disk 1.05 – 1.24 × longer than callosite region. Male genitalia: left paramere apophysis moderately elongate, with shaft weakly sinuate, with subapical excavation on outer margin, spatulate apex weakly denticulate on outer margin (Fig. 10 E); aedeagus with three endosomal lobes, medial lobe with five small endosomal lobal sclerites, lateral lobes densely spinulate (Fig. 14 C, D). Females. Macropters and brachypters examined. Body length 3.72 – 4.44 mm in macropters females and 2.85 mm in brachypters. Coloration, vestiture, texture and structure mostly as in males. Female abdominal venter pale yellowish green. Head: interocular distance 1.18 – 1.46 × greater than eye width in macropterous females, 1.39 × in brachypters. Antennae: AI 1.39 – 1.68 × longer than interocular distance in macropters, 1.38 × in brachypters; AII 0.99 – 1.11 × longer than posterior pronotal width in macropters, 1.01 × in brachypters. Pronotum: disk 1.20 – 1.48 × longer than callosite region in macropters, 0.83 × in brachypters.	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC416FFE62225EC53FCBF2A2A.taxon	description	(FIGS 4, 8, 10 F, 31 A, 38)	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC416FFE62225EC53FCBF2A2A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Austria: Niederosterreich: Mýdling: Wienerwald, 48.09722 ° N 16.10972 ° E, 415 m, 13 Aug 1960, Lindberg, 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00209455) (MZH). Bulgaria: Kjustendil: Rila, silva frond., 42.12722 ° N 23.13361 ° E, 550 m, 6 - 12 Aug 1939, Lindberg, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00208571) (MZH). Czech Republic: Jeseniky, 50.22722 ° N 17.19277 ° E, 1350 m, 1 Aug 1948, Stehlik, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00206740) (AMNH). Zlinsky: Potec: Plosciny Mountain, 49.13944 ºN 18.06000 ºE, 639 m, 17 Aug 2009, ex. Salvia glutinosa, Sanchez, Kment & Pennaroli, 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000193, IMIDA _ ENT 00000194, IMIDA _ ENT 00000461, IMIDA _ ENT 00000464). Valasske Klobouky, 49.27611 ºN 18.18194 ºE, 450 m, 17 Aug 2009, ex. Stachys sylvatica, Sanchez, Kment & Pennaroli, 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000470 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000473) (IMIDA). Nedasov: Kanoury Reserve, 49.0822 ºN 18.0336 ºE, 619 m, 18 Aug 2009, ex. Stachys alpina L. (Lamiaceae), Sanchez, Kment & Pennaroli, 2 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000474, IMIDA _ ENT 00000475) (IMIDA). France: Lafare, 44.14638 ° N 5.05222 ° E, 166 m, Jul 1985, Carayon, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00209592) (MNHN). St. Augustin, 45.42138 ° N 1.84194 ° E, 534 m, 26 Jun 1994, Matile, 2 adults sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00209590, AMNH _ PBI 00209591) (MNHN). Germany: Sachsen: Leipziger Land: Leipzip, 51.33944 ° N 12.37111 ° E, 110 m, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00208706) (MZH). Schleswig-Holstein: Ostholstein: Kirchný, 54.2050 N 10.68055 ºE, 106 m, 22 Jul 1932, Wagner, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00208715) (MZH). Ulm, 48.39944 ° N 9.99638 ° E, 473 m, 17 Jul 1994, Hüeber, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00213965) (HNHM). Netherlands: Gravestein, 23 Jun 1946, Geutem, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00208711) (MZH). Romania: Cirtisoara, 16 Aug 1958, Sienkiewicz, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00206739) (AMNH). Carpathes: Brosteni Molday, 47.25083 ° N 25.66444 ° E, 1007 m, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00204218) (BMNH). Sinaia Valachie, 45.50277 ° N 25.02500 ° E, 2136 m, Montandon, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00206736) (AMNH), 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00213967) (HNHM). Sinaia, 45.33083 ° N 25.55527 ° E, 793 m, Jul 1955, Sienkiewicz, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00206732) (AMNH); Jul 1955, Sienkiewicz, 2 ♂♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00206733) (AMNH); 20 Sep 1957, Sienkiewicz, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00206734) (AMNH). Tusnad, 46.22916 ° N 25.95222 ° E, 689 m, Jonesett, 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00206737) (AMNH). S l o v a k i a: K a m e n i c n y: B a l v a n y, 4 7.8 3 0 2 7 ° N 18.02055 ° E, 108 m, 4 Aug 1956, Mihalyi, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00213964) (HNHM). Sweden: Kristianstad: Lyngby, 55.89277 ° N 14.11444 ° E, 16 m, 1 Aug 1939, Kemner, 2 adults sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 002124864, AMNH _ PBI 00212488) (MZLU). Arild, 56.27 ° N 12.58138 ° E, 35 m, 29 Aug 1939, Kemner, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00212489) (MZLU). Brunnby, 56.24888 ° N 12.56694 ° E, 20 m, 24 Jul 1961, Ossiannilsson, 2 adults sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00212484, AMNH _ PBI 00212485), 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00212483) (MZLU). Hýlsingborg, 28 Jul 1939, Kemner, 2 ♂♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00206724, AMNH _ PBI 00206725), 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00206726) (AMNH), 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00212490) (MZLU); 28 Jul 1939, Kemner, 2 adults sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00212478, AMNH _ PBI 00212479) (MZLU). Kullaberg, 56.6425 ° N 12.48972 ° E, 19 Sep 1963, Tjeder, 2 adults sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00212480, AMNH _ PBI 00212481) (MZLU); 24 Jul 1968, Andersson, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00212482) (MZLU). S w i t z e r l a n d: S o l o t h u r n: L e b e r n: S o l o t h u r n, 47.20694 ° N 7.53305 ° E, 365 m, 2 Jul 1953, Lindberg, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00208708) (MZH); 9 Jul 1953, Lindberg, 2 ♂♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00208699, AMNH _ PBI 00208707) (MZH). Serbia: Ruplje, Sep 1902, Horváth, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH _ PBI 00213966) (HNHM). Diagnosis Dicyphus pallidus is recognized by the following combination of characters: macropters and brachypters in both sexes; body length 5.23 – 5.80 mm in macropterous males, 4.34 – 5.10 mm in brachypterous males, 5.93 – 6.02 mm in macropterous females, 4.49 – 5.67 mm in brachypterous females. AII 2.14 × longer than head width. AII – pronotal width ratio> 1.5 in males. Pronotal disk c. 1 × shorter than callosite region in males. Callosite region> 2.5 × longer than collar width at middle line in males and> 2.4 × longer in females. Body mostly stramineous, including most of head aside from dark X-shaped marking on frons + vertex and postocular margins of head; thorax and hemelytra mostly pale, whitish, stramineous and pale orange, with dark markings posterolaterally on callosite region and mesoscutum in brachypters; AI greatly elongate, mostly reddish brown with base and apex stramineous; AII mostly stramineous to light brown, darker distally (Fig. 4); posterior margin of left side of SVIII with heavily sclerotized flange-like expansion process with denticulate substructure (Fig. 8 F); pygophore with posteroventral brown markings; left paramere greatly elongate with short caplike spatulate apex (Fig. 10 F); aedeagus with pair of large, symmetrical, weakly arcuate endosomal lobal sclerites (Fig. 31 A). Description Males. Macropters and brachypters examined. Coloration (Fig. 4): Dorsum mostly stramineous with pale orange dark-brown markings, sometimes with red highlighting. Head: mostly stramineous with posterior margin behind eyes pale orange; frons + vertex with a moderately long X-shaped dark reddish brown marking, incomplete posteriorly, extending to level of posterior margin of eyes; clypeus stramineous, sometimes weakly embrowned; mandibular and maxillary plates, gula and bucculae stramineous; postocular margins of head narrowly dark brown. Antennae: AI mostly brown, with base and apex stramineous, sometimes paler towards base; AII mostly stramineous, sometimes with faint embrownment basally and distally; AIII and AIV concolorous, stramineous to weakly brown. Pronotum: collar and pronotal disk whitish to whitish stramineous, translucent; callosite region mostly stramineous, rarely with faint embrownment in macropters, commonly with dark-brown markings posterolaterally in brachypters. Thoracic pleura and sterna: mostly stramineous, with ventral margin of propleuron and mesepimeron more whitish, sometimes medial region of mesobasisternum also whitish. Mesoscutum: mostly stramineous to light brown, with dark-brown spots laterally in brachypters. Scutellum: lateral angles broadly pale stramineous to whitish with midline a little darker. Hemelytra: translucent, most often uniformly stramineous, macropters sometimes with faint brown markings at corial fracture, apex of endocorium and tip of cuneus; membrane veins mostly brown, occasionally reddish; brachypters without markings. Abdomen: venter stramineous, pygophore with posteroventral brown markings in macropters and brachypters. Structure: Head: interocular distance 1.15 – 1.42 × greater than eye width in macropters, 1.19 – 1.31 × in brachypters. Antennae: AI 1.88 – 2.41 × longer than interocular distance in macropters, 2.03 – 2.39 × in brachypters; AII long, 1.56 – 1.83 × longer than posterior width of pronotum in macropters, 1.87 – 2.17 × in brachypters. Pronotum: disk 0.90 – 1.04 × longer than callosite region in macropters, 0.59 – 0.77 × in brachypters; callosite region 2.62 – 3.03 × longer than collar width at middle line in macropters and 2.70 – 3.22 × longer in brachypters. Male genitalia: posterior margin of left side of SVIII with heavily sclerotized flange-like process with denticulate substructure (Fig. 8 F); left paramere greatly elongate and robust, apophysis weakly sinuate; spatulate apex weakly expanded and short (Fig. 10 F); aedeagus with three endosomal lobes, medial lobe and right side lobe each with a weakly arcuate endosomal lobal sclerites, symmetrical and of equal size (Fig. 31 A). Females. Macropters and brachypters examined. Coloration, vestiture, texture and structure mostly as in males. Head: interocular distance 1.27 – 1.40 × greater than eye width in macropters, 1.22 – 1.32 × in brachypters. Antennae: AI 1.67 – 1.97 × longer than interocular distance in macropters, 1.85 – 2.11 × in brachypters; AII 1.38 – 1.53 × longer than posterior pronotal width in macropters, 1.84 – 1.99 × in brachypters. Pronotum: disk 1.03 – 1.11 × longer than callosite region in macropters, 0.54 – 0.81 × in brachypters; callosite region 2.50 – 2.92 × longer than collar width at middle line in macropters and 2.96 – 3.37 × in brachypters.	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC468FFE52209EB4BFF972866.taxon	description	(FIGS 5, 39)	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC468FFE52209EB4BFF972866.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Paratypes. Portugal: Madeira Islands: Clifts between Ribeira de Janela and Seixtal, 32.82638 ºN 17.15584 ºW, 5 m, Jul 2001, Ponel, 1 ♂ (UNSW _ ENT 00026526), 1 ♀ (UNSW _ ENT 00026527), 1 ♀ (J. Ribes, personal collection). Diagnosis	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC468FFE52209EB4BFF972866.taxon	description	Redescription Males. One macropterous male examined. Structure: Body length 4.54 mm. Head: interocular distance 1.88 × greater than eye width. Antennae: AI 1.37 × longer than interocular distance in macropters; AII 1.01 × longer than posterior width of pronotum. Pronotum: disk 1.30 × longer than callosite region. Male genitalia: apophysis of left paramere moderately robust and elongated; aedeagus with spinulations, without enlarged endosomal lobal sclerites (Matocq & Ribes, 2004). Females. Only macropters examined, 4.03 – 4.33 mm. Coloration, vestiture, texture and structure mostly as in males. Head: interocular distance 1.66 – 1.89 × than eye width. Antennae: AI 1.36 – 1.37 × longer than interocular distance; AII 0.88 – 0.90 × longer than posterior pronotal width. Pronotum: disk 1.15 – 1.16 × longer than callosite region.	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC46BFFE422F9EFA6FADB2833.taxon	description	(FIGS 11 A, 27, 31 B, 33, 39)	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC46BFFE422F9EFA6FADB2833.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Paratype of Dicyphus baezi, 1 ♂, Spain: Canary Islands: Gomera Island: Meriga, 28.1 ° N 17.2 ° W, 15 Aug 1977, Baez (J. Ribes, personal collection). Spain: Canary Islands: Gran Canaria: Moya (Near Galdar), ex. Aeonium virgineum Webb & Christ (Crassulaceae), 28.14194 ºN 15.57500 ºW, 34 m, 14 Apr 2007, Sanchez, 5 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000415 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000424). La Gomera: El Cedro, ex. Aeonium subplanum Praeger (Crassulaceae), 28.12778 ºN 17.21527 ºW, 800 m, 12 Apr 2007, Sanchez, 5 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000435 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000444). La Palma: Lomo de Mestres: San Pedro de Peña Alta, ex. Aeonium palmense Webb ex Christ (Crassulaceae), 28.66556 ºN 17.80889 ºW, 747 m, 10 June 2009, Sanchez, 11 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000111 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000129). Tenerife: Icod el Alto, ex. Aeonium canariensis (L) Webb & Berth (Crassulaceae), 28.31754 ºN 16.42396 ºW, 660 m, 10 Apr 2008, Sanchez, 5 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000405 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000414); 14 Oct 2008, Sanchez, 9 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000338 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000352); Las Mercedes – Taganana road, ex. Aeonium canariensis, 28.53333 ºN 16.25500 ºW, 820 m, 15 Oct 2008, Sanchez, 12 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000315 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000332); Los Realejos – Icod road, ex. Aeonium canariensis, 28.38000 ºN 16.59861 ºW, 516 m, 16 October 2008, Sanchez, 23 ♂♂, 17 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000267 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000306) (IMIDA). Diagnosis Dicyphus rubicundus is recognized by the following combination of characters: macropters and brachypters in both sexes; body length 4.29 – 4.45 mm in macropterous males, 2.76 – 3.04 mm in brachypterous males, 4.15 – 4.69 mm in macropterous females, 2.70 – 3.19 mm in brachypterous females; body stramineous to brown, with dark-brown markings (Fig. 33); frons + vertex with dark brown X-shaped marking; clypeus mostly stramineous; mandibular plate stramineous; maxillary plates dark brown; thorax brown, with dark markings posterolaterally on callosite region and mesoscutum; brown markings on corial fracture, apex of endocorium and tip of cuneus in macropters; hemelytra mostly pale, whitish, stramineous, generally with dark spots at base of setae; AI short, mostly stramineous to brown, with subbasal and subapical dark reddish brown annulations; AII mostly stramineous with subbasal brown annulation and distal 1 / 4 dark brown; pygophore with large posteroventral brown spot; left paramere apophysis greatly elongate and strongly recurved, with shaft not expanded and outer margin minutely denticulate proximally (Fig. 11 A); aedeagus with three endosomal lobes, medial lobe with 5 – 11 small lobal sclerites, lateral lobes densely spinulate (Fig. 31 B). Redescription Males. Macropters and brachypters examined. Coloration (Fig. 33): Dorsum mostly brown with darker markings, plus orange / red highlighting. Head: frons + vertex with a X-shaped dark-brown marking, extending to posterior margin of eyes; vertex orange; postocular margins of head orange medium brown; gula and bucculae stramineous; clypeus stramineous with medium-brown highlighting dorsally; mandibular plates stramineous; maxillary plate embrowned. Antennae: AI with subbasal and subapical dark reddish brown annulations, stramineous to light brown medially; AII mostly stramineous, with subbasal annulation and distal 1 / 4 dark brown; AIII and AIV concolorous, uniformly light to medium brown; antennae often paler overall in brachypters, with AII sometimes without brown markings, or faint at most, and AIII and AIV paler brown to stramineous. Pronotum: collar variable from stramineous to brown, translucent; callosite region with variable embrownment; disk stramineous, humeral angles embrowned. Thoracic pleura and sterna: propleuron most often with shiny dark brown transverse band, ventral margin stramineous overall, with reddish highlighting, more so in some brachypters; mesobasisternum most often medium brown, sometimes bicoloured with light reddish brown mottling; mesepimeron whitish to stramineous; metepisternum varying from mostly medium brown to brown intermixed with stramineous highlighting. Mesoscutum: mostly orange, with faint embrownment laterally, darker reddish brown laterally in some brachypters. Scutellum: lateral angles broadly pale stramineous to whitish with dark reddish brown stripe along midline. Hemelytra: translucent, mostly stramineous with medium-brown to reddish brown markings / highlighting, generally with dark spots at base of setae; with three pairs of medium-brown to reddish brown markings, each pair at corial fracture, apex of endocorium and tip of cuneus; membrane veins embrowned; mostly translucent with two pairs of faint brown spots distally in brachypters. Abdomen: venter mostly stramineous, with basal sternites and lateral regions of pregenital sternites dark brown, sometimes with red or orange highlighting; pygophore mostly stramineous, with anterior embrownment and large dark-brown spot posteroventrally. Structure: Head: interocular distance 1.52 – 1.63 × greater than eye width in macropters, 1.55 – 1.76 × in brachypters. Antennae: AI 1.49 – 1.66 × longer than interocular distance in macropters, 1.39 – 1.51 × in brachypters; AII 1.11 – 1.25 × longer than posterior width of pronotum in macropters, 1.35 – 1.44 × in brachypters. Pronotum: disk 1.04 – 1.37 × longer than callosite region in macropters, 0.74 – 1.37 × in brachypters. Male genitalia: left paramere apophysis greatly elongate and strongly recurved distally, shaft straight and not expanded, with outer margin minutely denticulate proximally (Fig. 11 A); aedeagus with three endosomal lobes, medial lobe with 5 – 11 small endosomal lobal sclerites, lateral lobes densely spinulate (Fig. 31 B). Females. Macropters and brachypters examined. Coloration, vestiture, texture and structure mostly as in males. Head; interocular distance 1.47 – 1.68 × longer than eye width in macropters, 1.36 – 1.60 × in brachypters. Antennae: AI 1.39 – 1.48 × longer than interocular distance in macropters, 1.42 – 1.53 × in brachypters; AII length 0.96 – 1.07 × posterior pronotal width in macropters, 1.18 – 1.26 × longer in brachypters. Pronotum: disk 1.15 – 1.32 × longer than callosite region, 0.70 – 0.81 × in brachypters.	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC46DFFE2219AEC02FDCE29D3.taxon	description	(FIGS 3, 11 B, 28, 31 C, 39)	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC46DFFE2219AEC02FDCE29D3.taxon	materials_examined	Materials examined Bulgaria: Morava, 43.50833 ° N 25.14972 ° E, 154 m, 21 May 1944, Stehlik, 4 adults sex unknown (AMNH); 21 May 1944, Stehlik, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH). Hungary: Budapest: Jýnos h., 47.49972 ° N 19.03916 ° E, 136 m, 2 Apr 1916, Györffy, 1 adult sex unknown (HNHM); 1 Oct 1929, Biro, 1 adult sex unknown (HNHM). Czech Republic: Zlinsky: Valasske: Klobouky, 49.0816 ºN 18.0117 ºE, 450 m, 17 Aug 2009, ex. Stachys silvatica, Sanchez, Kment & Pennaroli, 8 ♂♂ (IMIDA _ ENT 0000093, IMIDA ENT 0000095, IMIDA _ ENT 0000096, IMIDA _ ENT 0000097, IMIDA _ ENT 0000101, IMIDA _ ENT 0000105, IMIDA _ ENT 0000106, IMIDA _ ENT 0000110), 8 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000098 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000100, IMIDA _ ENT 00000104, IMIDA _ ENT 00000108, IMIDA _ ENT 00000674 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000676). Zlinksy: Valasske: Klobouky: Kralovec Mountain, 49.07574 ºN 18.01595 ºE, 589 m, 17 Aug 2009, ex. Atropa bella-donna, Sanchez, Kment & Pennaroli, 11 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000141 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000158), 5 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀ (IMIDA _ ENT 00000202 - IMIDA _ ENT 00000209) (IMIDA). Romania: Bistrita, 47.13361 ° N 24.49277 ° E, 360 m, Aug 1952, 13 adults sex unknown (AMNH). Buzan, 45.22277 ° N 26.72138 ° E, 122 m, Aug 1953, 2 adults sex unknown (AMNH). Comana, 43.89833 ° N 28.30500 ° E, 106 m, 28 Jun 1953, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH); 18 May 1954, Sienkiewicz, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH). Sinaia, 45.33083 ° N 25.55527 ° E, 793 m, Jul 1955, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH); 13 Sep 1957, Sienkiewicz, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH); 13 Sep 1957, Sienkiewicz, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH); 20 Sep 1957, Sienkiewicz, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH); 18 Aug 1959, Cant., 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH); 26 Aug 1960, Sienkiewicz, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH); 11 Sep 1962, Sienkiewicz, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH). Russia: Krasnodar Terr.: Novokubansk [Kubanskaya St.] nr Armavir, 45.11167 ºN 41.01828 ºE, 153 m, 8 Jul 1934, Zimin, 2 ♂♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00341233, AMNH _ PBI 00341235), 3 ♀♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00341231, AMNH _ PBI 00341232, AMNH _ PBI 00341234) (ZISP). Sweden: Alingsas: Kullen, 58.04166 ° N 12.53833 ° E, 102 m, 29 Aug 1939, Kemner, 2 adults sex unknown (MZLU); 29 Aug 1959, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH). Hýganý: Arild, 56.27000 ° N 12.58138 ° E, 35 m, 29 Aug 1939, Kemner, 1 adult sex unknown (MZLU). Arild, 56.27000 ° N 12.58138 ° E, 35 m, 29 Aug 1939, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH). Brunnby, 59.83083 ° N 13.53277 ° E, 31 m, 28 Aug 1964, Ossiannilsson, 2 adults sex unknown (MZLU). Vg., Kinnekulle, 1 Jul 1928, Lindberg, 1 adult sex unknown (MZLU). Skane Lan: Arild, 56.27000 ° N 12.58138 ° E, 35 m, 20 Aug 1937, Lindberg, 4 ♂♂ (MZH). Switzerland: Uetliberg, 47.35222 ° N 8.48750 ° E, 870 m, 9 Jun 1953, Lindberg, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (MZH). United Kingdom: England: Bedford: Renhold, 52.16305 ° N 0.4025 ° W, 56 m, 9 Aug 1935, Leston, 4 adults sex unknown (AMNH). Bedfordshire: Maulden wood, 52.02888 ° N 0.44500 ° W, 81 m, 08 Aug 1935, Leston, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH). Berkshire: Silwood Park, Ascot, 51.4126 ° N 0.63659 ° W, 62 m, 23 Apr 1953, Southwood, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH). Dorset: Cranborne, Wimborne, 50.91833 ° N 1.92250 ° W, 66 m, 12 Oct 1935, P. H., 1 adult sex unknown (BMNH). Hertfordshire: Boxhill, 51.76333 ° N 0.47000 ° W, 131 m, 2 Oct 1955, Lindberg, 1 adult sex unknown (MZH). York: Kirkbymoorside, 54.28777 ° N 0.95944 ° W, 139 m, Jessop, 1 adult sex unknown (BMNH); 11 Sep 1982, Jessop, 1 adult sex unknown (BMNH). Springwood, 54.27444 ° N 0.93444 ° W, 88 m, 11 Sep 1982, Jessop, 1 adult sex unknown (BMNH). Well, 25 Jun 1988, 1 adult sex unknown (BMNH); 20 Oct 1988, 1 adult sex unknown (BMNH). Scotland: Morayshire: Forres, 57.61111 ° N 3.61055 ° W, 106 m, 1 adult sex unknown (AMNH). Scotia, 55.95 ° N 3.2 ° W, 31 m, 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ (MZH). Diagnosis Dicyphus stachydis is recognized by the following combination of characters: macropters and brachypters in both sexes; body length 4.02 – 4.51 mm in macropterous males, 2.09 – 3.52 mm in brachypterous males, 4.07 – 4.68 mm in macropterous females, 2.85 – 3.81 mm in brachypterous females; body mostly stramineous and orange, with dark-brown markings (Fig. 3); frons + vertex with dark brown X-shaped marking, reaching posteromedial angle of eyes; clypeus mostly stramineous, with dorsal and ventral embrownment; mandibular plate stramineous; maxillary plates dark brown; propleuron with prominent shiny dark-brown transverse band; faint brown markings on corial fracture and tip of cuneus in macropters; AI short, mostly stramineous, with subbasal and subapical red stramineous annulations, latter sometimes more reddish brown; AII mostly stramineous with subbasal brown annulation and distal 1 / 4 brown; left paramere apophysis robust and short, with weakly expanded spatulate apex, outer margin smooth (Fig. 11 B); aedeagus with three endosomal lobes, and two large, symmetrical, weakly arcuate lobal sclerites (Fig. 31 C). Redescription Males. Macropters and brachypters examined. Coloration (Fig. 3): Dorsum mostly stramineous with dark-brown markings, sometimes with orange / red markings or highlighting, rarely more intensely dark brown. Head: mostly stramineous, frons + vertex with a short, X-shaped dark-brown marking, extending to posteromedial angles of eyes; vertex orange; postocular margins of head orange; gula and bucculae stramineous; clypeus stramineous with medium brown highlighting dorsally; mandibular plates stramineous; maxillary plate embrowned. Antennae: AI mostly stramineous, with faint subbasal and darker subapical reddish brown annulations, sometimes annulations faint; AII mostly stramineous, with subbasal annulation and distal 1 / 4 dark brown; AIII and AIV concolorous, uniformly light to medium brown; antennae often paler overall in brachypters, with AII sometimes without brown markings, or faint at most, and AIII and AIV paler brown to stramineous. Pronotum: collar whitish to stramineous, translucent; callosite region mostly stramineous, sometimes with variable embrownment, occasionally with two or three dark brown spots laterally in macropters and brachypters; disk stramineous, humeral angles embrowned. Thoracic pleura and sterna: propleuron most often with shiny dark-brown transverse band, sometimes not extending to the propleural suture, ventral margin whitish, sometimes more stramineous overall, with reddish highlighting, more so in some brachypters; mesobasisternum most often medium brown, sometimes bicoloured with lateral regions stramineous; mesepimeron whitish to stramineous; metepisternum varying from mostly medium brown to brown intermixed with stramineous highlighting, peritreme sometimes dark brown. Mesoscutum: mostly orange to stramineous, with faint embrownment laterally. Scutellum: lateral angles broadly pale stramineous with pale orange brown stripe along midline. Hemelytra: translucent, mostly stramineous to pale brown; with costal fracture and tip of cuneus with pale brown to reddish brown markings in macropters. Abdomen: venter mostly stramineous to whitish. Structure: Head: interocular distance 1.11 – 1.51 × greater than eye width in macropters, 1.04 – 1.54 × in brachypters. Antennae: AI 1.42 – 1.84 × longer than interocular distance in macropters, 1.39 – 1.87 × in brachypters; AII length 0.96 – 1.21 × posterior width of pronotum in macropters, 1.09 – 1.49 × in brachypters. Pronotum: disk 1.11 – 1.49 × longer than callosite region in macropters, 0.58 – 0.95 × in brachypters. Male genitalia: left paramere apophysis robust and short, with apex weakly spatulate, with outer margin smooth, setae of sensory lobe greatly elongate (Fig. 11 B); aedeagus with three endosomal lobes, with pair of large, moderately arcuate endosomal lobal sclerites (Fig. 31 C). Females. Macropters and brachypters examined. Coloration, vestiture, texture and structure mostly as in males. Head: interocular distance 1.15 – 1.62 × greater than eye width in macropters, 1.12 – 1.42 × in brachypters. Antennae: AI 1.33 – 1.56 × longer than interocular distance in macropters, 1.37 – 1.82 × in brachypters; AII 0.84 – 1.01 × greater than posterior pronotal width in macropters, 1.10 – 1.42 × longer in brachypters. Pronotum: disk 1.27 – 1.56 × longer than callosite region in macropters, 0.65 – 0.99 × in brachypters.	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC46FFFE02067EBB5FF542968.taxon	description	(FIGS 11 C, 22 A, 33, 39)	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC46FFFE02067EBB5FF542968.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Croatia: Palagruza, 42.39222 ° N 16.25833 ° E, 19 May 1949, Novak, paratypes 2 ♂♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00208572, AMNH _ PBI 00208652), 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00208653) (MZH). Split, Dalmatia, 43.50000 ° N 16.43333 ° E, Novak, paratype, 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00208651) (MZH). Palagruza, 42.39222 ºN 16.25833 ºE 19 May 1949, Novak, 1 ♂, (UNSW _ ENT 00026528). France: París: Seine, 48.8 ºN 2.3 ºE, 100 m, 23 Nov 2006, ex. Erigeron canadensis (L.) Cronquist (Asteraceae), Matocq & Derzhansky, 1 ♂, (AMNH _ PBI 00209595) (MNHN); Audi: Leucate, 42.91030 ºN 3.02816 ºE, 23 m, 1 Jun 1991, Pericart & Matocq, 1 ♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00209596) (MNHN). Corsica: Haute Corse: Barcaggio, Bord de mer, 43.00616 ºN 9.40129 ºE, 5 m, 24 Nov 1999, Matocq, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00209598) (MNHN). G r e e c e: L a c o n i e: M o n e m v a s s i a: 3 6.6 8 7 6 0 º N 23.05603 ºE, 24 m, 5 May 1998, Magnien, Péricart & Matocq, 1 ♂ (AMNH _ PBI 00209597) (MNHN). Diagnosis	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC46FFFE02067EBB5FF542968.taxon	description	Redescription Males. Coloration (Fig. 33): Dorsum mostly stramineous with orange and dark brown to fuscous markings, sometimes with red highlighting. Head: mostly stramineous with contrasting markings; frons + vertex with a X-shaped reddish-brown marking, reaching the medial angle of eyes; clypeus dark brown highlighting; mandibular plates stramineous; maxillary plate dark brown; vertex orange; postocular margins of head orange broadly dark brown; gula and bucculae yellow. Antennae: AI mostly stramineous, with subbasal and subapical dark reddish brown annulations; AII mostly stramineous, with distal 1 / 3 rd dark brown, narrowly and faintly brown at base; AIII and AIV concolorous, uniformly dark brown. Pronotum: collar whitish, translucent; callosite region mostly stramineous with variable embrownment; disk stramineous, translucent, sometimes humeral angles embrowned. Thoracic pleura and sterna: propleuron stramineous with dark brown transverse band, ventral margin whitish; mesobasisternum dark brown; mesepimeron whitish; metepisternum including brown evaporative areas mostly stramineous, sometimes with patches of medium to dark brown. Mesoscutum: mostly orange, with embrownment laterally. Scutellum: lateral angles broadly pale stramineous to whitish with narrow brown stripe along midline. Hemelytra: mostly stramineous with medium-brown to reddish brown markings / highlighting, including red to reddish brown spotting on exocorium associated with setal bases; with three pairs of medium-brown to reddish brown markings, each pair at corial fracture, apex of endocorium and tip of cuneus; membrane veins embrowned to sometimes red. Abdomen: venter mostly stramineous, often with faint medium brown banding laterally on pregenital sternites, sometimes with dark brown patches on pygophore. Structure: Only macropters examined. Head: interocular distance 1.27 – 1.47 × greater than eye width. Antennae: AI 1.22 – 1.70 × longer than interocular distance; AII 1.01 – 1.21 × longer than posterior width of pronotum. Pronotum: disk 1.27 – 1.40 × longer than callosite region. Male genitalia: left paramere apophysis moderately robust and elongate, with shaft weakly sinuate, with spatulate weakly denticulate on outer margin (Fig. 11 C); aedeagus with three endosomal lobes, medial lobe with two to five small endosomal lobal sclerites, lateral lobes densely spinulate (Fig. 22 A). Females. Only macropters examined. Body length 4.17 – 4.53 mm. Coloration, vestiture, texture and structure mostly as in males. Head: interocular distance 1.28 – 1.42 × than eye width. Antennae: AI 1.29 – 1.48 × longer than interocular distance; AII 0.88 – 0.97 × shorter than pronotum width. Disk 1.41 – 1.52 × longer than callosite region. Abdomen: venter mostly stramineous, with faint brown markings laterally on pregenital sternites.	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC46EFFEF22EAEBC2FC842A08.taxon	description	(FIGS 5, 11 D, 22 B, 39)	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
9256184CC46EFFEF22EAEBC2FC842A08.taxon	materials_examined	Materials examined Spain: Madrid: Aranjuez, 40.03194 ° N 3.60305 ° W, 509 m, 28 Jul 1999, de la Rosa, 1 ♂ paratype (AMNH _ PBI 00206669). Zaragoza: Pina de Ebro, 41.48883 ºN 0.52696 ºW, 159 m, 18 Jun 1989, ex. Lavatera triloba L. (Malvaceae), Ribes, 1 ♀ paratype (AMNH _ PBI 00341236) (ZISP), 1 ♀ 1 ♂ paratypes (J. Ribes, personal collection). Diagnosis This species is recognized by the following combination of characters: macropterous and brachypterous morphs; small species, body length 2.91 – 3.09 mm in macropterous males, 2.04 mm in brachypterous males, 3.18 mm in macropterous females, 2.35 mm in brachypterous females; body generally pale yellow, with very few dark markings (Fig. 5); AII shorter than width of posterior margin of pronotum; left paramere small, arcuate, with outer margin minutely denticulate (Fig. 11 D); endosoma without sclerotization (Fig. 22 B). Redescription Males. Macropters and brachypters examined. Coloration (Fig. 5): Body whitish to stramineous, with minor brown markings; pronotum, thoracic pleura and sterna, mesoscutum, scutellum and abdominal venter uniformly stramineous. Head: mostly stramineous, with whitish markings adjacent to medial margin of eyes; frons + vertex with a faint V-shaped brown marking, reaching middle of eye at most; clypeus, bucculae, lateral plates, gula and postocular margins stramineous. Antennae: AI and AII mostly stramineous, with weak subapical reddish annulation on AI, apex of AII with faint red annulation; AIII and AIV pale brown. Hemelytra: stramineous, with faint reddish brown spotting at base of setae; faint brown markings on corial fracture, apex of endocorium and tip of cuneus, sometimes with weak red highlighting yellow translucent, with six dark spots, two on each coria and one on the cuneus; membrane non stained, veins pale yellow. Legs: yellow with brown spotting on femora; third tarsal segment fuscous. Structure: Head: interocular distance 2.84 – 3.17 × greater than eye width in macropters, 2.89 × in brachypters. Antennae: AI short, 0.69 – 0.96 × greater than interocular distance in macropters, 0.96 × in brachypters; AII 0.64 – 0.70 × longer than posterior width of pronotum in macropters, 0.85 × in brachypters. Pronotum: disk 1.35 – 1.41 × longer than callosite region in macropters, 0.73 × in brachypters. Male genitalia: left paramere apophysis short and strongly recurved, with weakly expanded spatulate apex, with outer margin denticulate (Fig. 11 D); endosoma without sclerotization (Fig. 22 B). Females. Macropters and brachypters examined. Coloration, vestiture, texture and structure mostly as in males. Head: interocular distance 3.08 × greater than eye width in macropters, 3.16 × in brachypters. Antennae: AI 0.91 × longer than of interocular distance in macropters, 0.79 × in brachypters; AII length 0.62 × longer than posterior pronotal width in macropters, 0.80 × in brachypters. Pronotum: disk 1.59 × longer than callosite region in macropters, 0.81 × in brachypters.	en	Sanchez, Juan Antonio, Cassis, Gerasimos (2018): Towards solving the taxonomic impasse of the biocontrol plant bug subgenus Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) using molecular, morphometric and morphological partitions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 330-406
