identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
C2744249B08558849C7AB4D835CA791C.text	C2744249B08558849C7AB4D835CA791C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alulacris shilinensis (Zheng 1977)	<div><p>Alulacris shilinensis (Zheng, 1977)</p><p>Figs 1, 2, 4, 5 A – D</p><p>Pseudogerunda shilinensis Zheng, 1977: 305, 311. Type locality: China (Yunnan: Shilin).</p><p>Alulacris shilinensis (Zheng); Zheng 1981: 60, 65; Zheng 1985: 157; Zheng 1993: 114; Otte 1995: 268; Li and Xia 2006: 260; Mao et al. 2011 a: 94, 302; Zheng et al. 2013: 90, 91; Xu et al. 2021: 4, 13.</p><p>Alulacris yanshanensis Mao et al., 2011 a: 95, 302. Type locality: China (Yunnan: Yanshan). Syn. nov.</p><p>Type material examined.</p><p>A. shilinensis . China • Holotype female; Yunnan, Kunming, Shilin, Lunan; July 1974; Sumin Zheng leg. (SNU) . • 1 ♂ 1 ♀; Yunnan, Kunming, Shilin; 21 August 1978; Zhemin Zheng leg. (SNU) . • 2 ♂ 1 ♀; Yunnan, Kunming, Shilin; 12 September 1980; Zhenmin Lian leg. (SNU) . • 6 ♂ 4 ♀; Yunnan, Kunming, Shilin County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.32111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.805277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.32111/lat 24.805277)">Shilin Landscape area</a>; 24°48'19"N, 103°19'16"E; 1778 m; 15 August 2017; Bing Jiang Leg. (CSUFT) . • 1 ♂ 1 ♀; Yunnan, Kunming, Shilin; 1 August 1985; Yuan Huang leg. (SNU) . • 5 ♂ 6 ♀; Yunnan, Kunming, Shilin; 1700 m; 15 August 2017; Benyong Mao leg. (DU) . • 3 ♂ 2 ♀; Yunnan, Xinping County, Xinhua; 23 August 2019; Benyong Mao leg. (DU) .</p><p>A. yanshanensis . China • Holotype female; Yunnan Province, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yanshan County; 9 November 2003; Jishan Xu leg. (DU).</p><p>Morphology.</p><p>Male. Body small to medium-sized, covered with s sparse hairs. Head shorter than pronotum. Vertex short and strongly oblique, fastigium broadly connected with frontal ridge. Frons slightly inclined backward in profile view. Frontal ridge straight, with distinct longitudinal sulcus throughout and nearly parallel lateral margins which slightly expand near the antennae in some individuals (Fig. 4 F). Antennae filiform, extending beyond posterior margin of pronotum. Eyes oval, with a longitudinal diameter 1.3–1.5 × as long as transversal diameter and 1.5–2.2 × as long as the subocular furrow. Interocular distance ~ 0.4 mm. Pronotum cylindrical, rugulose, and punctate; anterior margin relatively straight or slightly concave in the middle; posterior margin roundly convex; median carina distinct in metazona; lateral carina absent; posterior transversal sulcus located near the middle of pronotum; prozona 1.4–1.7 × as long as the metazona; lower margin of the lateral lobe roundly and bluntly convex near the middle, with broadly rounded anterior angle and acutely rounded posterior angle. Prosternal process conical, with a rounded apex. Lateral lobes of mesosternum slightly broader than long, with rounded inner margins. Lateral lobes of metasternum nearly contiguous with each other posteriorly. Tegmina broadly squamiform with sparse long hair, reaching the middle (Fig. 2 H) or slightly exceeding the posterior margin (Fig. 2 I) of the second abdominal tergite, partially contiguous dorsally in most individuals (Fig. 4 E) or slightly separate in a few individuals. Hind wings extremely vestigial. Hind femora with upper basal lobe of outer surface distinctly longer than lower basal lobe, upper median keel smooth and sharply spinous apically, lower genicular lobe rounded apically. Hind tibia with 10 or 11 spines at both inner and outer margins; outer apical spine absent. Tarsus with large arolium exceeding apex of claws. Tympanum large and rounded. Dorsum of abdomen with distinct median keel. The tenth abdominal tergite with a pair of small circular furculae. Supra-anal plate broadly triangular and longitudinally sulcate in the middle, with two tubercles at basal lateral margins. Cerci broadly laterally compressed and lamellate, not reaching apex of supra-anal plate, with broad base and slightly rounded apex. Subgenital plate short conical with pointed apex and long hair. Epiphallus with a broad undivided bridge; general outline trapezoidal in dorsal view; bridge a little broad; lateral margins oblique inwards; ancora long and lamellate, as high as the anterior projections (Fig. 5 B), strongly curved ventrally, with bluntly rounded apex; anterior projection triangular and posterior projection long conical; lophi vertical, large, lamellate and broadly auriform, with broadly rounded apical margins. Phallic complex with apical valves of penis and valves of cingulum slender and lamellate. Valves of cingulum deeply emarginate in the middle of apex. Apodemes elongate, nearly reaching apex of the basal valves of penis.</p><p>Female. Similar to male, except for the following. Lateral margins of frontal ridge complete (Fig. 1 B) or absent near the clypeus (Fig. 1 A, C, D). Interocular distance relatively wider, ranging from 0.6 to 1.0 mm. Prozona 1.2–1.4 × as long as metazona. Lateral lobes of metasternum distinctly separated. Tegmina at least reaching the posterior margin of the first abdominal tergite (Fig. 2 C), or exceeding the posterior margin of the second abdominal tergite (Fig. 2 G), but not reaching the middle of the third abdominal tergite, slightly separated from each other dorsally in most individuals (Fig. 2 B) but partially contiguous with each other dorsally in a few individuals (Fig. 2 H). Epiproct elongated triangular, with a transverse sulcus in the middle and a longitudinal sulcus at basal half. Cerci shortly conical, only reaching half of epiproct. Outer margin of dorsal valves of ovipositor with small blunt denticles.</p><p>Coloration.</p><p>Body dark olivaceous. Hind femur with outer and upper sides green, and inner and lower sides orange-yellow to orange-red; lower knee lobe dark green, yellowish brown or black. Hind tibia bluish-green. Hind tarsus pale brown.</p><p>Measurements.</p><p>Male: BL: 16.0–17.0 mm; PNL: 4.0– 4.5 mm; TL: 4.0– 4.5 mm; HFL: 9.0–10.0 mm. Female: BL: 23.0–24.0 mm; PNL: 5.0–6.0 mm; TL: 5.5–6.0 mm; HFL: 13.0–14.0 mm.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (Yunnan: Shilin, Yanshan, Xingping).</p><p>Biology.</p><p>No data on the biology of the species (Mao et al. 2011 a).</p><p>Remark.</p><p>Alulacris yanshanensis was described only based on a single holotype female and differs from A. shilinensis mainly in five external morphological traits as mentioned in the Introduction, of which three are quantitative and two are qualitative. However, after a careful comparison of the type of A. yanshanensis with the type series of A. shilinensis as well as some additional material, no significant difference in both qualitative and quantitative characters were found between these two species (Table 1, Figs 1, 2). Therefore, A. yanshanensis is considered herein as a junior synonym of A. shilinensis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C2744249B08558849C7AB4D835CA791C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Zhang, Yi;Mao, Benyong;Hill, JoVonn G.;Huang, Jianhua	Zhang, Yi, Mao, Benyong, Hill, JoVonn G., Huang, Jianhua (2025): Revision of the genus Alulacris Zheng, 1981 (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Melanoplinae) with proposals of new synonyms. ZooKeys 1253: 171-194, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1253.158995
934EED00897B52CDA001FA567BAD62CE.text	934EED00897B52CDA001FA567BAD62CE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tonkinacris sinensis Chang 1937	<div><p>Tonkinacris sinensis Chang, 1937</p><p>Figs 3, 5E – R, 6</p><p>Tonkinacris sinensis Chang, 1937: 191; Chang 1940: 67; Bey-Bienko and Mistshenko 1951: 252; Mistshenko 1952: 441; Xia 1958: 52; Zheng 1985: 173; Zheng 1993: 111; Jiang and Zheng 1998: 123; Li and Xia 2006: 248; Huang et al. 2013 b: 1 –17; Kim and Pham 2014: 56; Zhang et al. 2017: 147; Wang et al. 2021: 1–17. Type locality: China (Sichuan, Mt Omei).</p><p>Tonkinacris omei Rehn, 1938: 63; Mistshenko 1952: 399. Synonymized by Bey-Bienko and Mistshenko 1951: 253. Type locality: China (Sichuan, Mt Omei).</p><p>Alulacris nigristriatis Zheng et al., 2013: 90. Type locality: China (Guizhou, Tongzi). Syn. nov.</p><p>Type material examined.</p><p>Alulacris nigristriatis . China • Holotype male, Guizhou Province, Tongzi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=106.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 106.13333/lat 28.05)">JingfengYa</a>; 28°3'N, 106°8'E, 1250 m; 11 August 2012, Wei’an Deng leg. (SNU) • Paratypes, 3 ♀, data same as holotype (SNU) .</p><p>Additional material examined.</p><p>Tonkinacris sinensis . China • 11 ♂ 13 ♀; Guangxi, Jingxi County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.97464&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.115694" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.97464/lat 23.115694)">Diding</a>; 23°6'56.5"N, 105°58'28.7"E; 800–900 m; broad-leaved forest; 8 August 2010; Jianhua Huang leg. (CSUFT) • 20 ♂ 23 ♀; Guangxi, Nanning City, Wuming District, Damingshan Nature Reserv; 4 September 2024; Jianhua Huang leg. (CSUFT) • 15 ♂ 15 ♀; Guangxi, Longzhou County, Wude Town, Sanlian Village; 15 July 2013; Tao Wei leg. (CSUFT) • 5 ♂ 7 ♀; Guangxi, Maoershan Natural Reserve (Xing’an County, Huajiang Town, Gaozhai Village); 21 August 2020; Zhilin Chen leg. (CSUFT) • 3 ♂ 5 ♀; Hunan Province, Yingzuijie Natural Reserve (Huitong County, Tuanhe Town, Xiangyang Village, Guixi); 2 August 2022; Jianhua Huang leg. (CSUFT) • Sichuan Province, Emeishan, Hongchunping; 12 August 2011, Ruigang Yang leg. (CSUFT) • 1 ♂ 1 ♀; Chongqing City, Nanchuan District, Jinfoshan; 21 August 2003; Caixia Yuan leg. (CSUFT) .</p><p>Morphology.</p><p>Male. Body medium-sized and robust, with a few sparse pubescence. Head shorter than pronotum, nearly as long as or slightly longer than metazona of pronotum. Vertex short, inclined forwards, slightly triangular and longitudinally sulcate between eyes. Frons slightly oblique backwards in profile view, roundly connected with fastigium. Frontal ridge with incomplete longitudinal sulcus and nearly parallel lateral margins. Lateral facial keels distinct and straight. Antennae filiform, slender, reaching the base of hind femur, with median segments 3.5–5.5 × as long as broad. Eyes oval, with longitudinal diameter 1.3–1.8 × horizontal diameter, and 1.5–2.0 × as long as subocular furrow. Interocular distance extremely narrow, shorter than the distance from anterior margin of eyes to the top of vertex. Pronotum cylindrical and densely punctate dorsally; anterior margin straight, slightly concave in the middle; posterior margin broadly rounded, distinctly protruding in an obtuse angle in the middle; median keel fine, distinct at metazona only; lateral keel absent; three transversal sulci all distinct, cutting off median keel; posterior transversal sulcus located behind the middle; prozona 1.2–1.4 × as long as metazona. Prosternal process conical, slightly oblique backwards, with pointed or rounded apex. Mesosternal lobes broader than long, broadly separated, with inner margin broadly convex and interspace between mesosternal lobes goblet-shaped, longer than minimum width; metasternal lobes distinctly separated posteriorly. Tegmina reduced with narrow and angulate apex, contiguous dorsally, at least exceeding posterior margin of the third abdominal segment, but not reaching posterior margin of the fifth abdominal segment. Hind wings slightly shorter than tegmina. Fore and mid femora slightly enlarged. Hind femur proportioned, with upper median keel smooth and edentate. Hind tibia without outer apical spine, with 9–11 spines at inner and outer margins. Tarsus with large arolium, exceeding apex of claws. Tympanal organ large and round. Posterior margin of The tenth abdominal tergite with a pair of small papillary furculae. Cercus conical, broad basally, slightly narrowed in the middle, distinctly curved upwards and constricted at apical third, forming a broadly rounded angle at lower margin; apex bluntly rounded, not reach the top of supra-anal plate. Supra-anal plate long triangular, with a longitudinal sulcus in the middle which is extremely broad in the basal third and become very small in the middle third after a distinct constriction; apical third roundly depressed and thickly carinated around the basal two thirds of the depression; lateral area with a broad and longitudinal depression beside the median longitudinal sulcus and a narrower and shorter longitudinal sulcus along the lateral margins. Subgenital plate short conical with blunt and triangularly protruding apex; lateral margins nearly parallel at basal and then strongly constricted apically.</p><p>Epiphallus with an undivided bridge; general outline trapezoidal in dorsal view, lateral margins shallowly concave in the middle; anterior projections broad with rounded apical margins; posterior projections conical having a bluntly rounded apex; bridge relatively broad; ancora broadly lamellate, triangular, lower than anterior projections (Fig. 5 E, L) with rounded apex strongly curved ventrally; lophi broad, lamellate and auriform, obliquely located along the inner margins of lateral plate. Phallic complex with apical valves of penis and valves of cingulum relatively small; rami of cingulum very developed, connected ventrally, forming a sheath enveloping the apical part of the penis and forming the whole apex of the aedeagus; apodemes horn-shaped, not reach the apex of basal valves of penis; basal valves of penis very broad.</p><p>Female. Similar to male, except for the following. Body larger than male. Vertex broadly rounded; interocular distance as long as the distance from anterior margin of eyes to apex of fastigium; eyes with longitudinal diameter 1.4–1.8 × as long as horizontal diameter, and 1.4–1.7 × as long as subocular furrow. Antennae slightly shorter than in male, reaching posterior margin of pronotum. Pronotum with median keel distinct throughout. Tegmen developed, exceeding the middle of the second abdominal tergite, but not reaching the anterior margin of the sixth abdominal tergite. Hind wing slightly shorter than tegmen. Hind femur well proportioned, with finely denticulate upper median keel. Hind tibia with 9–12 spines at outer margin. Supra-anal plate long and triangular, with a transversal sulcus near the middle and a complete median longitudinal groove, which is broad and deep at base and become narrower apically. Cercus conical, not curved. Dorsal and ventral valves of ovipositor relatively short and thick, crooked; outer margin of dorsal valves with indistinct denticles. Subgenital plate longer than broad, subsphaeroidal, with lateral margins broadly convex and posterior margin broadly convex, having a small triangular protuberance in the middle.</p><p>Coloration.</p><p>Body generally yellowish green, yellowish brown, or yellowish blue (Fig. 6). Antennae yellowish brown, with apical segments blackish brown. Eyes black to brown. Vertex with an edge-blurred dark or well-defined black longitudinal maculation (Fig. 6 N, P). Postocular band broad and black, extending to posterior margin of lateral lobes of pronotum. Pronotum with a black longitudinal stripe in the middle that is equal to, or narrower but never broader than, the width of the yellow or yellowish-brown longitudinal stripe on both besides (Fig. 6 N, P). Tegmen with three distinct, broad, longitudinal stripes, one in the middle and the other two at anterior and posterior margins. Hind wing dark or hyaline. Fore and middle legs green, yellowish green or yellowish brown; apex of the third tarsal segment, claws and arolium black in some individuals. Hind femur yellowish brown; knees black; upper surface with three distinct black spots, the basal one much smaller or even indistinct in some individuals; outer surface without any maculation. Hind tibia dark blue to blueish green; base, spurs and apical half or full length of tibial spines black. Tarsus pale yellowish blue or dark.</p><p>Measurements.</p><p>Male: BL: 25.0– 29.5 mm; PNL: 6.5–7.3 mm; TL: 9.4–10.0 mm; HFL: 9.5–10.5 mm. Female: BL: 30.0– 37.5 mm; PL: 9.0– 9.5 mm; TL: 10.0– 12.5 mm; HFL: 17.6–18.0 mm.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan), Vietnam.</p><p>Biology.</p><p>Tonkinacris sinensis occurs one generation each year and winters by egg. It lives in the bush and hassock of low hillside ~ 300–700 m a. s. l and is omnivorous, feeding on more than ten families of plants such as Compositae, Papilionaceae, Gramineae, Berberidaceae, and Meliaceae . It also heavily injures maize and sorghum and is one of the important pests of montane drought crops (Li and Xia 2006).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The most distinct differences between Alulacris and Tonkinacris are the position, length, color, and maculation of tegmina and the shape of the male cercus. While the tegmina of A. nigristriatis is separated dorsally in female (Fig. 3 C – H), they are distinctly continuous dorsally in male (Fig. 3 A). Furthermore, as shown in Figs 3, 6 A, B, D, E, the paratype females of A. nigristriatis exhibit significant deformation, likely resulting from being preserved in small plastic tubes with ethanol when collected. This suggests that the apparent dorsal separation of the tegmina may be an artifact of improper preservation. Therefore, under normal conditions, the tegmina of A. nigristriatis may be dorsally contiguous in both sexes.</p><p>The most distinguishing characteristics separating A. nigristriatis from A. shilinensis are the presence of longitudinal stripes along the anterior, posterior, and central regions of the tegmina; the uniquely constricted apical shape of the cerci; and the mastoid furculae located centrally on the posterior margin of the tenth abdominal tergite. However, regardless of the position and length of tegmina, the mastoid furculae or the black stipes on tegmina, A. nigristriatis conforms more favorably to the generic diagnosis of Tonkinacris and shows no significant difference from T. sinensis (Fig. 6). Accordingly, we propose herein A. nigristriatis as a junior synonym of T. sinensis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/934EED00897B52CDA001FA567BAD62CE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Zhang, Yi;Mao, Benyong;Hill, JoVonn G.;Huang, Jianhua	Zhang, Yi, Mao, Benyong, Hill, JoVonn G., Huang, Jianhua (2025): Revision of the genus Alulacris Zheng, 1981 (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Melanoplinae) with proposals of new synonyms. ZooKeys 1253: 171-194, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1253.158995
