taxonID	type	description	language	source
A01487E4FFFAFFC4FF2EFC97F76BF916.taxon	description	Description: — Pileus 40 – 180 (– 200) mm diam., ovoid when young, expanding to convex or plano-convex, usually with a distinct umbo; surface silky-fibrillose, typically with fibrils grouped to form small squamules that are uniformly scattered; white, discolouring pale yellow to almost light ivory when bruised or with age, dry, not hygrophanous; margin not striate, straight, inflexed or exceeding the lamellae. Lamellae crowded, free, broadly ventricose, white when young, becoming salmon pink or pinkish brown with age, with entire to slightly irregular edge, paler than the sides. Stipe 70 – 180 × 10 – 20 mm, cylindrical to subclavate, often curved; surface white, sometimes with yellow tinges, smooth or slightly fibrillose. Volva membranaceous, off-white, brown-grey or brown, or with scattered brown spots on outer surface; with 2 – 4 lobes. Context white with indistinct smell. Basidiospores (n = 289, c = 6) (6.5 –) 6.9 – 10.2 × 5.1 – 7.6 μm, avl × avw = 8.5 × 5.9 μm, Q = 1.15 – 1.67, avQ = 1.44, broadly ellipsoid to oblong, thick-walled, with barely distinct hilar appendage. Basidia 28 – 49 × 9 – 13.5 μm, tetrasterigmate, clavate to subcylindrical. Subhymenium composed of cells with irregular outline, reminiscent of jigsaw puzzle pieces, with prominent nodules, 35 – 77 × 10 – 31 μm, with hyaline, or pale grey cytoplasmatic content. Lamella edge sterile. Cheilocystidia common, 35 – 158 (– 170) × 12 – 41 (– 60) μm, fusiform, narrowly clavate, lageniform, usually with elongated apex, rarely utriform, hyaline, thin-walled. Pleurocystidia scarce, 62 – 111 × 13 – 35 μm, (narrowly) fusiform, narrowly clavate, lageniform, narrowly utriform, hyaline, thin-walled. Pileipellis a cutis or an intermediate cutis-trichoderm, with hyphae 3 – 29 μm wide in the upper layer, and 15 – 48 μm wide in the lower layer, mostly hyaline, or rarely with diffuse, intracellular, pale yellow pigment. Stipitipellis a cutis, or a cutis-trichoderm in the upper part of the stipe, with cylindrical hyphae 3 – 23 μm wide. Volva composed of interwoven, cylindrical hyphae, 8 – 22 μm wide, with few septa, often gelatinized on the external surface. Clamp connections absent in all parts examined. Habit, habitat, and phenology: — Solitary or gregarious. Growing on angiosperm wood, on living trees and dead stumps, mostly Populus and Ulmus but also Aesculus, Celtis, Fagus, Fraxinus, and Quercus; also reported by Shaffer (1957) in North America on Acer, Magnolia, and Mangifera. Common in urban settings on a wide variety of hosts, e. g., Acer negundo, Celtis australis, Morus alba, Populus alba var. bolleana, Styphnolobium japonicum, and Ulmus pumila just in the city of Madrid (Spain) (Daniëls & Borrajo 2021). Rarely on piles of straw. One collection (BRNM 844468) was found at the base of a coniferous tree (Picea). Mostly fruiting April – November. Distribution: — Widespread in the temperate and tropical areas of the Northern Hemisphere. Also recorded, and molecularly confirmed, from the Southern Hemisphere (Menolli & Capelari 2008). Collections examined: — CZECH REPUBLIC. Bohemia: Praha, Klánovice, Klánovický les, Piceetum with Pinus, at base of Picea, 5 July 2018, J. Schneider, BRNM 844468. FRANCE. Pyrénées-Atlantiques: Lizarrusti, on dead log of Fagus sylvatica, 25 June 2005, J. M. Lekuona, ARAN-FungiA 3043167. ITALY. Trieste: Basovizza, on Aesculus hippocastanum, 31 August 2018, G. Ferisin, FG 31082018 - 01. Udine: Cervignano del Fruili, on Aesculus hippocastanum, 9 May 2020, G. Ferisin, FG 09052020 - 344. Emilia-Romagna: Bologna, Parco Cavaioni, in a forest of Quercus pubescens, 20 August 1995, G. Consiglio, AMB 19312. SPAIN. Barcelona: Barcelona city, on live Populus nigra, 12 October 2013, F. Caballero, SFC 131012; St. Fost de Campsentelles, on living Populus nigra, in a garden area, 24 September 2020, F. Caballero, SFC 200924; ibid., 26 September 2020, F. Caballero, SFC 200926; ibid., 29 September 2020, F. Caballero, SFC 200929; ibid., 15 October 2020, F. Caballero, SFC 201015; ibid., 16 October 2020, F. Caballero, SFC 201016; ibid., 2 October 2021, F. Caballero, SFC 211002; ibid., 24 October 2021, F. Caballero, SFC 211024; ibid., 17 August 2021, F. Caballero, SFC 220817; ibid., 11 September 2022, F. Caballero, SFC 220911; ibid., 9 October 2022, F. Caballero, SFC 221009; ibid., 17 September 2023, F. Caballero, SFC 230917: ibid., at the hollow base of live Platanus x hispanica, 21 May 2024, A. Valverde, SFC 240521 - V. Girona: Espinelves, Arborètum de Masjoan, under Aesculus sp., 28 September 1996, J. Carbó, JC- 19960928 - 2. Gipuzkoa: Miramon, on dead log of Populus nigra, 27 July 2007, J. I. Iturrioz, ARAN-Fungi A 3008208 A. Navarra: Ochovi, on piles of straw, next to cereal fields, 24 April 2015, P. Pasaban, ARAN-Fungi 01299. Observations: — The above description is based on the collections examined for this study, with additional ecological and chorological data from the collections cited by Justo and Castro (2010). Volvariella bombycina var. bombycina is one of the most distinctive taxa in the genus, characterized by the relatively large basidiomes, silky surface of the pileus, well-developed, sheathing volva on the stipe, and lignicolous habitat. Among the European species, V. caesiotincta shares the lignicolous habitat, but this species has smaller basidiomes with grey or brown-grey pileus that lacks short silky fibrils, and a shorter, more delicate volva that is often grey-brown. Microscopically, V. caesiotincta also has smaller basidiospores (6.9 × 4.9 μm on average) and differentlyshaped hymenial cystidia. The cells of the subhymenium in V. bombycina are rather characteristic, with prominent nodules, reminiscent of jigsaw puzzle pieces in outline. This character contrasts with the majority of Volvariella species studied here, where the subhymenium is composed of rather simple, cylindrical hyphae. Among the European species, only V. latispora has distinctive subhymenium elements, and for this reason, this character is described only in these two species. Several varieties of V. bombycina have been described. Volvariella bombycina var. flaviceps (Murrill) Shaffer, originally described as Volvaria flaviceps from Florida, USA (Murrill 1949) differs from V. bombycina var. bombycina (as described here) in the bright yellow colours of the pileus (Shaffer 1957). A modern collection of V. bombycina var. flaviceps from Florida was included in the phylogenetic analyses (MES 597) and its ITS does not appear to be different from V. bombycina var. bombycina (Fig. 7). Volvaria palmicola Beeli, originally described from the Democratic Republic of Congo (Beeli 1928), also has a yellow pileus and it is overall very similar to V. bombycina var. flaviceps. Shaffer (1962) recombined this taxon as V. bombycina var. palmicola, indicating the more distant lamellae and the slightly smaller basidiospores (5.9 – 7.5 × 4.3 – 5.4 μm) as the main diagnostic characters of this variety. Dennis (1961) described V. bombycina var. microspora from Venezuela, characterized also by a yellow pileus and basidiospores, 6 – 7.5 × 4 – 5 μm. It is possible that V. bombycina var. palmicola and V. bombycina var. microspora refer to the same taxon, but the relation of the two taxa to each other (and to V. bombycina var. flaviceps and V. bombycina var. bombycina) needs to be addressed with additional modern tropical collections and molecular data. Volvariella bombycina var. ciliatomarginata Desjardin and Hemmes, has a yellow pileus like the varieties described above, but differs in the ciliate lamella edge, with cheilocystidia up to 240 μm long. This taxon is, to date, only known from Lanai Island (Hawaii, USA), growing on Araucaria (Desjardin & Hemmes 2001).	en	Caballero, Fernando, Justo, Alfredo, Parra, Luis A., Angelini, Claudio, Consiglio, Giovanni, Dovana, Francesco, Ferisin, Giuliano, Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Knudsen, Henning, Llimona, Xavier, Muñoz, Guillermo, Daniëls, Pablo P., Pérez-De-Gregorio, Miquel À., Ševčíková, Hana, Valverde, Andrés, Vizzini, Alfredo (2025): Taxonomic and phylogenetic overview of the genus Volvariella (Volvariellaceae), with a focus on European species. Phytotaxa 680 (1): 1-85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1
A01487E4FFF8FFCFFF2EF945F7D9FAEA.taxon	description	P. D. Orton 3805!, barcode E 00429678 (E). Description: — Pileus 25 – 70 (– 120) mm diam., ovoid when young, expanding to convex or conico-convex, then applanate, sometimes subumbonate; surface silky-fibrillose, typically with the fibrils grouped into small radially arranged squamules, sometimes radially cracked from the disc to the margin, grey, grey-brown, bluish grey, olive or greenish grey, sometimes with a metallic tint, dry, slightly hygrophanous; margin not striate, slightly irregular and exceeding the lamellae. Lamellae crowded to moderately crowded, free, broadly ventricose, white when young, becoming salmon pink or pinkish brown with age, with entire to slightly irregular edge, paler than the sides. Stipe 30 – 110 × 4 – 14 mm, up to 20 mm wide at the base, cylindrical to subclavate, straight or curved; surface white, sometimes with yellow to orange tinges on touch, smooth to pubescent. Volva membranaceous, often delicate; outer surface off-white, grey, grey-brown; inner surface of similar colour variation, sometimes with orange tinges; with 2 – 3 lobes, or with just one longitudinal indentation; rhizomorphs sometimes present, especially in apparently terrestrial specimens that are connected to wood. Context white to pale beige with indistinct to strongly fungoid smell. Basidiospores (n = 2500, c = 38) (5.6 –) 5.9 – 8.4 (– 10.4) × 4.0 – 5.9 μm, avl × avw = 6.9 × 4.9 μm, Q = 1.07 – 2.27, avQ = 1.48, subglobose to cylindrical, thick-walled, with barely distinct hilar appendage. Basidia 20 – 33 × 8 – 10 μm, tetrasterigmate, clavate, subclavate or subcylindrical. Lamella edge sterile or heterogeneous. Cheilocystidia common, (28 –) 43 – 116 (– 135) × (10 –) 14 – 38 (– 46) μm, fusiform, lageniform or utriform, some with 1 – 3 finger-like, flexuous or coralloid projections, up to half of the total length of the cystidia, sometimes with crystals at apex, hyaline, thin-walled. Pleurocystidia scarce, 39 – 74 × 15 – 31 µm, scattered, clavate, fusiform or utriform, without apical projections. Pileipellis a cutis or an intermediate cutis-trichoderm, with terminal elements (28 –) 60 – 360 (– 500) × 8.5 – 37 (– 57) μm, commonly with diffuse intracellular pigment, more rarely granular or vacuolar, olive green, brown or dark brown, some colorless. Stipitipellis a cutis or a cutis-trichoderm in the upper part of the stipe, with cylindrical hyphae, 2 – 18 μm wide. Caulocystidia 12 – 40 × 4 – 17 µm, fusiform; in the upper part of the stipe (not present in all collections). Hyphae of the rhizomorphs, densely packed, composed of three different types (intermixed): hyphae up to 1.5 – 2.6 µm wide, barely septate, with diffuse, intracellular yellow-green pigment, with clamp connections; multiseptate hyphae up to 3.3 – 4.2 µm wide, thick-walled, with diffuse intracellular olive green or brown pigment, with clamp connections; hyphae up to 7.7 – 11.9 µm wide, with short projections (acanthohyphae) with oleaginous content. Sometimes with terminal subclavate or lageniform elements similar to cystidia, with clamp connections at base, with granular intracellular olive green or dark brown pigment. Volva composed of interwoven, cylindrical hyphae, 3 – 26 μm wide, with few septa; on the lower and external surfaces often gelatinized. Clamp connections absent in all parts examined, except for some hyphae in the rhizomorphs. Habit, habitat, and phenology: — Solitary or gregarious in groups of up to 3 – 4 basidiomes. Commonly growing on living trees, dead stumps and branches of angiosperms, mostly Populus, Ulmus and Fagus, very rarely on conifer wood (Pinus). It has also been collected without direct connection to wood, growing on the ground, often among leaves, under different tree species (Acacia, Acer, Eucalyptus, Fraxinus, Picea, Platanus, Quercus). Mostly fruiting June – November, but collected all year round, even during winter in temperate and Mediterranean Europe. Distribution: — Widespread in temperate and Mediterranean Europe, also known from Turkey. Widely reported, but precise distribution is difficult to know due to the likelihood of confusion with other species. Additional collections examined: — CZECH REPUBLIC. Moravia: Babice nad Svitavou, Čihadlo Nature Reserve, beech forest, fallen decaying Fagus trunk, no date 2017, P. Včelička, BRNM 844472; ibid., decaying trunk of Fagus, 27 September 2017, H. Ševčíková, BRNM 805995; ibid., on soil under Fagus sylvatica, 16 September 2018, H. Ševčíková, BRNM 844466; Brno, Hádecká planinka National Nature Reserve, elev. 400 – 424 m, on soil, under Quercus petraea and Acer campestre, 11 August 2010, V. Antonín, BRNM 733259; Brno, Hády, elev. 385 m, wet place in mixed forest above the southern tip of the forest quarry, large decaying Tilia stump, 6 September 2013, H. Ševčíková, BRNM 792958; Brno, Bystrc, Jelení žlíbek Nature Reserve beech forest, fallen decaying Fagus trunk, 1 July 2016, V. Antonín, BRNM 792941; ibid., decaying trunk of Fagus, 1 July 2016, H. Ševčíková, BRNM 792940; Březník, Divoká Oslava National Nature Reserve, mixed forest under the Lamberk castle by the river Oslava, fallen deciduous trunk, 1 October 2017, H. Ševčíková, BRNM 793296; Křtiny, NR Bayerova, decaying deciduous trunk, 11 October 2017, H. Ševčíková, P. Ševčík, BRNM 793327; Kuřim, Bělč forest, deciduous stump, 27 September 2018, V. Antonín, H. Ševčíková, BRNM 844465; Lažánky u Veverské Bítýšky, Slunná Nature Reserve beech forest, fallen decaying Fagus trunk, no date, H. Ševčíková, BRNM 788397; Sidonie, NPR Sidonie, decaying trunk of Fagus, 21 August 2020, S. Flekrová, J. Hrabáková H. Ševčíková, BRNM 844461; Valtice, NPR Rendez-vous, near fallen Quercus trunk, 10 June 2017, P. Včelička, BRNM 844471; ibid., on decaying Quercus trunk, 2 June 2023, H. Ševčíková, K. Ševčíková, BRNM 844470. FRANCE. Vienne: Vouille, on the slope of a forest path, bordering a forest of mixed deciduous and coniferous trees, on black and damp soil covered with woody and leafy debris, 26 October 2022, F. X. Boutard s. n. ITALY. Latina: Priverno, in a mixed forest of broadleaved trees, 28 October 2009, G. Consiglio, AMB 19319; Udine: Cividale (Bosco Romagno), on soil under broad-leaved trees, 1 October 2022, G. Ferisin, FG 0110202213. SLOVAKIA. Chvojnická pahorkatina, Radošovce, Čaňov, deciduous forest, on decaying deciduous tree, 11 June 2016, BRNM 844469. SLOVENIA. Tolmin, under Fagus sylvatica and Fraxinus sp., 12 July 2007, J. Kavcic, TOAV 143. SPAIN. Barcelona: Olzinelles, in soil, in a mixed forest of Alnus sp., Populus sp. and Platanus hispanica, 2 December 2001, M. Tabarés, A. Rocabruna, BCN 3921; Parc de la Serralada Litoral, Martorelles, elev. 280 – 300 m, in a broadleaved mixed forest in sandy acid soil, with Populus alba, P. nigra and Corylus avellana, on dead P. nigra tree stump, 6 October 2015, F. Caballero, SFC 151206 - 01; ibid., 8 October 2015, F. Caballero, SFC 151208 - 01; ibid., 30 April 2016, F. Caballero, SFC 160430 - 01; ibid., 7 May 2016, F. Caballero, SFC 160507 - 01; ibid., 21 May 2016, F. Caballero, SFC 160521 - 01; ibid., 2 October 2016, F. Caballero, SFC 161002 - 01; ibid., 9 October 2016, F. Caballero, SFC 161009 - 01; ibid., 12 October 2016, F. Caballero, SFC 161012; ibid., 23 October 2016, F. Caballero, SFC 161023 - 01; ibid., 29 October 2016, F. Caballero, SFC 161029 - 01; ibid., 6 November 2016, F. Caballero, SFC 161106 - 01; ibid., in soil under Quercus ilex, 12 November 2016, F. Caballero, SFC 161112 - 01; ibid., in humus under Platanus hispanica, 20 November 2016, F. Caballero, SFC 161120 - 01; ibid., 3 October 2017, F. Caballero, SFC 171003 - 01; ibid., 1 November 2017, F. Caballero, SFC 171101 - 01; ibid., on living Populus nigra tree, 5 November 2017, F. Caballero, SFC 171105 - 01; ibid., 12 November 2017, F. Caballero, SFC 171112 - 01; ibid., 18 November 2017, F. Caballero, SFC 171118 - 01; ibid., 12 May 2018, F. Caballero, SFC 180512 - 01; ibid., 27 May 2018, F. Caballero, SFC 180527 - 01; ibid., on a dead Populus nigra tree, 1 November 2018, F. Caballero, SFC 181101; ibid., 4 November 2018, F. Caballero, SFC 181104; ibid., 11 November 2018, F. Caballero, SFC 181111; ibid., 24 November 2018, F. Caballero, SFC 181124; ibid., 15 June 2019, F. Caballero, SFC 190615; ibid., 29 September 2019, F. Caballero, SFC 190929; ibid., 1 November 2019, F. Caballero, SFC 191101; ibid., 17 November 2019, F. Caballero, SFC 191117; ibid., 6 October 2021, F. Caballero, SFC 211006; ibid., 23 October 2021, F. Caballero, SFC 211023; ibid., 31 October 2021, F. Caballero, SFC 211031; ibid., 14 November 2021, F. Caballero, SFC 211114; Gipuzkoa: Aia, Laurgain Natural Park, on soil under Picea abies, 26 August 2000, J. L. A. Albizu, ARANFungi A 3033125; Astigarraga on Pinus radiata, 18 November 2002, J. M. Lekuona, ARAN-Fungi A 3004061; Girona: Serinyà, Pla de l’Estany, on humus of Quercus ilex, 1 June 2013, J. Carbó, JC 20130601 - 2; La Rioja: Tudelilla, on soil close to a Populus nigra tree stump, 1 October 2006, G. Muñoz, GM 764; ibid., in soil between Populus nigra and Quercus ilex, 1 June 2008, G. Muñoz, GM 1265; ibid., 8 June 2008, G. Muñoz, GM 1283; Navarra: Etxarri, Larraun Valley (Navarra), on Fagus sylvatica, 12 - 10 - 2000, P. M. Pasaban, ARAN-Fungi A 5037215; Orokieta, Navarra, on soil under Picea abies, 10 October 2009, J. L. A. Albizu, ARAN-Fungi A 5041237; Ulzama Valley, (Navarra), in soil under a Fagus sylvatica tree, 20 June 2016, L. M. García-Bona, LMGB 4961. Pontevedra: O Grove, in a hollow trunk, in a mixed forest with Acacia sp., Quercus sp. and Eucalyptus sp., 10 November 2018, M. A. Delgado, J 5751; Valladolid: Tordesillas, in soil between Populus nigra and Quercus ilex, 21 October 2013, J. Z. Ramos, AVM 3114. TURKEY. Bolu: Seven Lakes National Park, near Deringöl, elev. 165 m, on decaying trunks of Fagus orientalis, 20 October 2015, O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR 362; ibid., elev. 163 m, on decaying trunks of F orientalis, 21 October 2015, O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR 363; ibid., elev. 172 m, on wood of F. orientalis, 23 October 2016, O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR 372. Bursa: Uludag National Park, in Karabelen, elev. 685 m, on Fagus orientalis, 24 October 2016, O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR 459; ibid., elev. 688 m, on decaying trunks of F. orientalis, 19 October 2017, O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR 473. Karabük: Yenice Forests, elev. 235 m, on decayed wood of F. orientalis, 21 October 2014, O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR 278; ibid., elev. 230 m, on wood and fallen branch of F. orientalis, 24 October 2014, O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR 321. UNITED KINGDOM: England: Middlesex, on wood, 14 August 2015, A. S. Overall, K (M) 199931; Norfolk, Surlingham, Tucks Plantation, on elm (Ulmus sp.), 23 August 1969, P. D. Orton, Orton 3803, (E); West Kent, Lullingstone, in soil under Fagus sylvatica, 1 July 2016, A. Henrici, K (M) 206747 (as Volvariella pusilla). Observations: — The above description is based exclusively on the collections examined for this study. We have chosen not to include additional data on ecology or chorology from collections in the literature without molecular data, as they might not represent V. caesiotincta as circumscribed here. Malysheva and Malysheva (2024) recently described V. lanata which also possesses mucronate cheilocystidia with flexuous, finger-like projections. However, its nrITS sequence is nearly identical to the sequence of the type of V. caesiotincta. Malysheva and Malysheva (2024) mentioned the shorter cheilocystidia of V. caesiotincta as a distinguishing character but our studies indicate that such variation falls within the normal range for this species. They also cited the lack of smell in V. lanata as separating it from V. caesiotincta, often described as having a smell reminiscent of Geranium robertianum, but odorless collections of V. caesiotincta also exist. The only character that contributes to a greater morphological variability of V. caesiotincta is the size and shape of the pleurocystidia in V. lanata: up to 90 μm long, utriform or broadly fusiform, and sometimes with a broad subcapitate apex. Orton (1974) and Antonín (2012) referred to the close affinities of V. caesiotincta with V. volvacea, V. murinella and V. taylorii and dealt with the taxonomic problem of separating these species properly. Characters that have been used to separate V. caesiotincta include habitat, outer colour of the volva, spore shape and size, pileipellis structure, and the presence of branched projections on the cystidia. After the present study we characterize V. caesiotincta by its direct or indirect (via rhizomorphs) lignicolous habit, the greyish brown volva, the occasional presence of blue or green / olive shades on the pileus, the presence of intracellular vacuolar pigment in the pileipellis hyphae and the finger-like to coralloid projections on the cystidia. Volvariella murinella is macroscopically very similar, but the pileipellis hyphae contain no vacuolar pigment. Volvariella taylorii differs by the overall less robust basidiomes. Both species lack a distinct radially fibrillose to streaky dark pileus, and lack blue or olive green shades. Due to the greyish volva and pileus, V. caesiotincta could also be confused with V. terrea, V. dunensis and V. volvacea. Volvariella terrea has a fibrillose to lanate pileus, a pileipellis with pale brownish, non-vacuolar, intracellular pigment and fruits in association with Agaricus xanthodermus Genev. (1876: 31). Volvariella dunensis differs mainly by its occurrence in dune habitats. Volvariella volvacea has larger spores, and does not have narrow and acute terminal elements in the pileipellis, nor blue shades on the pileus. None of the above-mentioned species have rhizomorphs, nor cheilocystidia with finger-like or forked apical projections, and do not grow on wood. Rhizomorphs were present in nine collections of V. caesiotincta made on soil. These rhizomorphs connect to woody substrate underground, and provide us with additional taxonomic characters for Volvariella. Rhizomorphs often have clamped hyphae, which is unusual in Volvariella. One collection (SFC 191101) has terminal hyphae similar to subclavate to lageniform cystidia with a clamped base. Given the fact that several studies on Coprinus Pers., Conocybe Fayod, Geastrum Pers., Paralepista Raithelh., Ramaria Fr. ex Bonord., Rhodophana Kühner and Stropharia (Fr.) Quél. have demonstrated the existence of differentiated structures in the vegetative mycelium with taxonomic significance such as cystidia, skeletized hyphae, acanthohyphae, oxalate crystals, chlamydospores, and cysts (Christan 2008; Clémençon 2003; Daniëls et al. 2017; Horner et al. 1995; Hutchison et al. 1996; Luo et al. 2006, 2007; Zamora et al. 2013, 2015), more studies of the vegetative structures and mycelium of Volvariella are needed, to know their taxonomic relevance. Spore measurements of some specimens vary seasonally from autumn to spring, even among collections from the same location. In autumn, spores are irregularly ellipsoid to subcylindrical, (n = 137) 6.3 – 10.4 × 3.8 – 5.6 µm, avl × avw = 7.9 × 4.6 µm, Q = 1.29 – 2.27, avQ = 1.73 (SFC 151206). In spring, they are (n = 54) 6.1 – 7.2 × 4.7 – 5.9 µm, avl × avw = 6.7 × 5.2 µm, Q = 1.17 – 1.48, avQ = 1.29 (SFC 160430). Collections of V. caesiotincta exhibit wide morphological plasticity, possibly in part because of environmental factors, but molecular data clearly point to the existence of one single species.	en	Caballero, Fernando, Justo, Alfredo, Parra, Luis A., Angelini, Claudio, Consiglio, Giovanni, Dovana, Francesco, Ferisin, Giuliano, Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Knudsen, Henning, Llimona, Xavier, Muñoz, Guillermo, Daniëls, Pablo P., Pérez-De-Gregorio, Miquel À., Ševčíková, Hana, Valverde, Andrés, Vizzini, Alfredo (2025): Taxonomic and phylogenetic overview of the genus Volvariella (Volvariellaceae), with a focus on European species. Phytotaxa 680 (1): 1-85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1
A01487E4FFF3FFCDFF2EFA01F7BCFC1A.taxon	description	Typification status: — Holotype: RUSSIA. Tyumen Region, Vagayskiy District, vicinity of Rjabovo village, N 57,16051 °, E 70,29086 °, lowland swamp, 23 July 2020, V. Kapitonov, LE 313639 (LE-F). Description: — Pileus 20 – 65 (– 75) mm diam., campanulate when young, expanding to conico-convex, then plano-convex, with a low, broad umbo; surface fibrillose, sometimes arranged in small squamules, sometimes with patches of universal veil, becoming cracked and radially rimose with age, not hygrophanous, grey or grey-brown overall, slightly darker towards centre; margin smooth or slightly striate, slightly exceeding the lamellae and irregular. Lamellae moderately crowded, free, broadly ventricose, white when young, becoming salmon pink or pinkish brown with age; edge fimbriate, concolourous. Stipe 35 – 80 × 3 – 5 (– 8) mm, cylindrical, slightly widening towards base, straight or slightly curved; surface white, densely pubescent. Volva membranaceous, saccate, white to grey-brown, with 2 – 3 lobes, with rhizomorphs attached to the base. Context white with Pelargonium - like smell. Basidiospores (n = 50, c = 2) 4.9 – 6.2 × 3.6 – 4.7 μm, avl × avw = 5.6 × 4.15 μm, Q = 1.11 – 1.56, avQ = 1.35, subglobose to ellipsoid, thick-walled, with barely distinct hilar appendage. Basidia 25 – 45 × 7 – 9 μm, tetrasterigmate, broadly clavate. Lamella edge heterogeneous. Cheilocystidia common, 24 – 65 × 11 – 26.5 µm, narrowly utriform, narrowly fusiform to broadly fusiform or (broadly) clavate. Pleurocystidia scarce, 24 – 68 × 11 – 28 µm, similar to the cheilocystidia. Pileipellis a trichoderm, with terminal elements 15 – 56 μm wide, often constricted at the septa, hyaline, or with cytoplasmatic brown pigment. Stipitipellis a cutis, with cylindrical hyphae 9 – 18 μm wide. Caulocystidia 18 – 22 × 35 – 65 μm, clavate or narrowly utriform, in the upper part of stipe (not present in all collections). Volva composed of interwoven, cylindrical hyphae, 8 – 20 μm wide, with few septa; with scattered globose cells, up to 100 μm wide. Hyphae of the rhizomorphs 2 – 3 μm wide, with clamp connections. Clamp connections absent in all parts examined, except the rhizomorph hyphae. Habit, habitat, and phenology: — The holotype was growing solitary in waterlogged soil among green mosses and decaying remains of herbaceous plants, in lowland bog (with Carex and Equisetum). The Slovenian collection was growing gregarious on the edge of a forest road with Quercus sp. and Fagus sp. nearby. May – July. Distribution: — Russia and Slovenia. Collections examined: — SLOVENIA. Nova Goriča: Panoveč Park, on the ground, 5 July 2019, G. Ferisin, GDOR 5559; ibid., at the edge of a trail, 2 August 2021, G. Ferisin, FG 02082021009. Observations: — The following characters of our collections differ from the original description of V. clavocystidiata (Malysheva et al. 2002): pileus up to 75 mm in diameter, variable in colour (white, grey or grey-brown) and the presence of rhizomorphs attached to the volva, with hyphae having clamp connections. Our collections also show greater variability in the morphology of the cheilocystidia: narrowly utriform, narrowly fusiform to broadly fusiform cystidia, and not exclusively clavate as originally described for V. clavocystidiata. The pileipellis elements in our collections have brown intracellular pigment, and are arranged as a cutis-trichoderm. Phylogenetically, V. clavocystidiata is closely related to a North American collection Volvariella sp. (OM 809177) from Indiana (USA). Volvariella caesiotincta has a pileus up to 120 mm in diameter, digitate cystidia, and the pigment in the pileipellis elements is granular or vacuolar. Volvariella murinella has larger spores (7.3 × 4.7 μm on average), larger cystidia and lacks rhizomorphs. Volvariella volvacea has larger basidiomes, with darker colours on the pileus, larger basidiospores and larger cystidia often with apical projections.	en	Caballero, Fernando, Justo, Alfredo, Parra, Luis A., Angelini, Claudio, Consiglio, Giovanni, Dovana, Francesco, Ferisin, Giuliano, Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Knudsen, Henning, Llimona, Xavier, Muñoz, Guillermo, Daniëls, Pablo P., Pérez-De-Gregorio, Miquel À., Ševčíková, Hana, Valverde, Andrés, Vizzini, Alfredo (2025): Taxonomic and phylogenetic overview of the genus Volvariella (Volvariellaceae), with a focus on European species. Phytotaxa 680 (1): 1-85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1
A01487E4FFF1FFCBFF2EFC51F796FB8B.taxon	description	Description: — Pileus 15 – 100 mm diam., subglobose or campanulate when young, expanding to convex or plano-convex, without umbo; surface radially fibrillose, sometimes radially fissurate, grey, or bluish grey, with more grey-brown tones in older specimens, dry, not hygrophanous; margin not striate, slightly irregular and exceeding the lamellae. Lamellae crowded to moderately crowded, free, broadly ventricose, white when young, becoming salmon pink or pinkish brown with age, with entire to slightly irregular edge, paler than the faces. Stipe 25 – 50 × 4 – 14 mm, up to 20 mm wide at the base, cylindrical to narrowly clavate, straight or slightly curved; surface white, sometimes grey or grey-brown, smooth to finely pubescent. Volva membranaceous, saccate, sometimes quite fragile, off-white, grey, grey-brown, entire, with one longitudinal indentation or with two or more lobes; rhizomorphs absent. Context white, often with grey tones under the pileus to pale beige with indistinct to fungoid smell. Basidiospores (n = 264, c = 6) 5.5 – 9.2 × 3.6 – 6.8 μm, avl × avw = 7.3 × 5.2 μm, Q = 1.10 – 1.88, avQ = 1.41, broadly ellipsoid to oblong, rarely subglobose; thick-walled, with barely distinct hilar appendage. Basidia 20 – 37 × 7 – 15 μm, tetrasterigmate, (broadly) clavate. Lamella edge sterile or heterogeneous. Cheilocystidia common, 20 – 89 (– 120) × 15 – 60 μm, clavate, utriform, fusiform or lanceolate, without apical appendages, hyaline, thin-walled, a few with a slightly thickened wall. Pleurocystidia scarce, (34 –) 40 – 95 (– 112) × 13.5 – 45 (– 50) μm, clavate, (narrowly) utriform, obovoid, more rarely broadly lageniform or fusiform, hyaline, thin-walled. Pileipellis a cutis or an intermediate cutis-trichoderm, with terminal elements (20 –) 50 – 275 (– 315) × 10 – 35 (– 50) μm, commonly with diffuse, intracellular brown, pigment. Stipitipellis a cutis; hyphae 5 – 20 μm wide, cylindrical, hyaline, or with diffuse, intracellular brown pigment; with thin, smooth walls. Caulocystidia 20 – 75 × 10 – 25 μm, clavate, utriform, lageniform, flexuous, sometimes with elongated or subcapitate apex, without septa, colourless or with diffuse, intracellular brown pigment; with thin, smooth walls; not always present, when present located in the upper part of the stipe. Volva composed of interwoven, cylindrical hyphae, 7 – 26 μm wide, with common septa; individual hyphal segments often constricted at the septa. Clamp connections absent in all parts examined. Habit, habitat, and phenology: — Gregarious, mostly in groups of up to 4 basidiomes. Typically, in open coastal dune habitat, with a good portion of the basidiomes growing deeply buried in the sand. Mostly fruiting November – March in Europe. Distribution: — Widespread in Mediterranean and Atlantic coastal habitats of southern Europe. Based on molecular data (Fig. 3) also present in India and New Zealand. Additional collections examined: — SPAIN. A Coruña: Fisterra, among Ammophila arenaria, J. M. Castro Marcote, 27 October 2018, PR 12701181361; Balearic Islands: Mallorca, Platja d’Es Trenc, in coastal dunes, 24 November 2003, J. Carbó, JC- 20031124 - 6. Barcelona: Reserva Natural Remolar-Filipinas, Viladecans, in primary dunes close to the sea (15 – 20 m), under Pinus pinea, among psammophilous plants, 8 February 1997, F. Àngel, SCM 3513; ibid., 5 March 2017, F. Caballero & J. Rius, SFC 170305; ibid., 12 March 2017, F. Caballero & À. Caballero, SFC 170312; Bizkaia: between Muskiz y Zierbana, in dunes, among Ammophila arenaria, Eryngium maritimum, Tamarix gallica, Carpobrotus edulis, 10 March 2007, R. F. Sasia, RFS 07031003; Girona: Sobrestany, Torroella de Montgrí, in dunes 5 km. from the coast with established Pinus pinea, P. pinaster and Quercus ilex, 24 December 2016, M. À. Pérez-de-Gregorio, J. Carbó, N. Macau, C. Roqué & À. Torrent, MPG 24122016; ITALY. Sardinia: in dunes among Juniperus phoenicea, J. oxycedrus, Pistacia lentiscus, 26 December 1997, M. Contu, TOAV 140; Veneto, Rovigo, Rosolina Mare, on sandy soil near the sea with Quercus ilex, 27 October 2016, G. Ferisin, A. Bizio, FG 27112016205; G. Ferisin, A. Bizio, FG 27112016205; ibid., on sandy dunes, 16 October 2013, G. Ferisin, A. Bizio, FG 1611201323 EB; Sant’Anna di Chioggia, close to the sea, in a city park, on sandy soil covered by leaves of Populus alba, 13 January 2023, A. Bizio, L. Lorenzon, A. Parpajola, R. Giolo, P. Di Piazza, FG 13012023 EB. Observations: — The above description is based on the collections examined for this study, and the previous descriptions from Justo and Castro (2010) and Vizzini et al. (2011). Some records of V. volvacea from coastal dune ecosystems in France (Bon & Gehu 1973; Courtecuisse 1984, 1988) might correspond to V. dunensis, a possibility already pointed out in Vila et al. (1999), Justo and Castro (2010) and Vizzini et al. (2011). All other species recorded by us from dune ecosystems appear in the phylogeny clearly separate from V. dunensis, and morphological characters separate them as well. Volvariella sylvipraticola has a white or very pale grey pileus, and only cystidia rarely. Volvariella taylorii has smaller spores that are often ovoid, larger cystidia with more diverse morphology, often lageniform with elongated apex, a type that is not present in V. dunensis. Volvariella siquieri has smaller predominantly subglobose to ovoid spores, and many basidia that are mono- and bisterigmate, in addition to tetrasterigmate ones.	en	Caballero, Fernando, Justo, Alfredo, Parra, Luis A., Angelini, Claudio, Consiglio, Giovanni, Dovana, Francesco, Ferisin, Giuliano, Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Knudsen, Henning, Llimona, Xavier, Muñoz, Guillermo, Daniëls, Pablo P., Pérez-De-Gregorio, Miquel À., Ševčíková, Hana, Valverde, Andrés, Vizzini, Alfredo (2025): Taxonomic and phylogenetic overview of the genus Volvariella (Volvariellaceae), with a focus on European species. Phytotaxa 680 (1): 1-85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1
A01487E4FFF7FFC9FF2EFBE1F036F887.taxon	description	Typification status: — Lectotype, designated here: [icon] “ 2. Agaricus (Volvaria) parvulus. Fr. ” kept at the Swedish Museum of Natural History with number S 1309 b of Strid’s (1994) catalogue. MycoBank type: MBT 10023147. Description: — Pileus 10 – 35 mm diam., ovoid or convex when young, expanding to conical, conico-campanulate or plano-convex, without umbo; surface radially fibrillose when young, with fibrils grouped to form small squamules covering the surface, becoming smoother in older specimens; white, sometimes with yellow, ochre yellow tones at centre; dry, not hygrophanous; margin not striate, slightly irregular and exceeding. Lamellae crowded, free, broadly ventricose, white when young, becoming salmon pink or pinkish brown with age; edge white and floccose, or concolorous and more or less even. Stipe 30 – 60 × 4 – 6 mm, cylindrical, slightly widening towards the base (up to 15 mm diam.), straight or sinuous; surface white, pubescent, becoming smooth in older specimens. Volva membranaceous, saccate, white, sometimes with pale ochre tones, with 2 – 3 lobes; rhizomorphs rare, only observed in one collection. Context white, thin, with indistinct smell. Basidiospores (n = 194, c = 3) 6.1 – 7.8 × 4.6 – 5.7 μm, avl × avw = 7.0 × 5.1 μm, Q = 1.15 – 1.60, avQ = 1.37, broadly ellipsoid to oblong; thick-walled, with barely distinct hilar appendage. Basidia 22 – 25 × 8 – 9 μm, tetrasterigmate, clavate. Lamella edge sterile. Cheilocystidia common, 46 – 100 (– 124) × 15 – 60 μm, mostly lageniform, with elongated neck, some with (sub) capitate or tibiiform apex, more rarely utriform or fusiform. Pleurocystidia scarce, 40 – 77 × 11 – 24 μm, utriform or lageniform, but without elongated neck. Pileipellis a cutis or an intermediate cutis-trichoderm, with terminal elements 9 – 29 μm wide, commonly constricted at the septa; hyaline, sometimes with oleaginous cytoplasmatic content, that might form globose to subglobose exudates outside the hyphae. Stipitipellis a cutis or a cutis-trichoderm in the upper part of the stipe, with cylindrical hyphae 8 – 33 μm wide, with very abundant thromboplerous hyphae, 16 – 78 μm wide. Volva composed of interwoven, cylindrical hyphae, 5 – 19 μm wide, with common septa. Hyphae of the rhizomorphs, densely packed, composed of three different types (intermixed): multiseptate hyphae up to 2.5 – 8.0 µm wide, with clamp connections; multiseptate hyphae up to 6.0 – 10.0 µm wide, with porose cell wall, without clamp connections; barely septate hyphae, up to 1.4 – 3.0 µm wide, with slightly thickened wall, with dark brown intracellular pigment. Clamp connections absent in all parts examined, except in some hyphae of the rhizomorphs. Habit, habitat, and phenology: — Solitary or gregarious. Terrestrial, collected under Fagus, Quercus, Pinus, and Salix. October – November. Distribution: — Examined collections from Europe and Turkey. Available sequences point to a wider distribution, including North America (see observations). Additional collections examined: — ESTONIA. Tartu maakond, Meeksi vald, no date, V. Liiv, TUF 118303 (as Volvariella pusilla). FRANCE. Nouvelle-Aquitaine: Tarnos-Le Métro, on sandy soil under Pinus pinaster, 22 October 2008, J. M. Lekuona, ARAN-Fungi A 8200367. ITALY. Sardinia: Oschiri, Olbia-Tempio. among grasses, 11 November 2000, M. Contu, TOAV 139; Stazzo Montesu, Olbia-Tempio, under Quercus suber, 26 November 2002, M. Contu, TOAV 137; Trentino Alto Adige: San Vigilio di Marebbe (Alpe di Fanes), alpine meadow, elev. 2200 m, 1 September 2020, E. Bizio, J. Ferrari. F. Padovan, EB 01092020. SPAIN. Balearic Islands: Mallorca, Escorca- Menut, elev. 600 m, in a Quercus ilex forest, 14 October 2018, J. C. Salom, JCS 1593 - B; Navarra, Zilbeti, between fallen leaves of Fagus sylvatica, 2 October 2011, L. M. García-Bona, LMGB 4697 (AH 60259). SLOVENIA. Hrpelje-Kozina: Obrov, near Picea abies and Quercus robur, 26 July 2014, G. Ferisin, M. Olivi, FG 26072014. SWEDEN. Västergötland, 15 August 2014, A. Stridvall & K. A. Johansson, GB 0180210. TURKEY. Karabük: in Yenice Forests, on decayed wood of Fagus orientalis, elev. 230 m, 7 October 2012, O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR 1014; ibid., on wood and fallen branch of F. orientalis, elev. 225 m, 10 October 2015, O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR 1024. UNITED KINGDOM. Wales: Anglesey, Newborough Warren, in sand, under Salix cinerea, 28 August 2012, C. E. Aron, K (M) 187337; ibid., in grass on limestone ledge, C. E. Aron, K (M) 257372. Observations: — The above description is based exclusively on the collections examined by us. Additional sequences retrieved from GenBank and UNITE, some under the name Volvariella pusilla, represent in all likelihood V. hypopithys as accepted here. This includes sequences from Canada (Quebec) and USA (Arkansas, California, New York, Pennsylvania), making V. hypopithys one of the few species of Volvariella confirmed to occur both in Europe and North America. The sample JCS 1593 - B has small rhizomorphs with clamped hyphae. Since we found only one sample with this character, we are reluctant to add this characteristic as a stable character for the species. According to the original description, this species is characterized by a small, conical to campanulate white and silky (sericeous) pileus, pubescent stipe and a membranaceous volva. Volvariella glaucocephala is recovered as the sister taxon to V. hypopithys, as part of a more inclusive clade with V. reidii, V. surrecta, and V. strangulata. Volvariella glaucocephala differs from V. hypopithys in the grey-blue colours of the pileus, the relatively narrower spores (avQ = 1.36 in V. hypopithys; avQ = 1.54 in V. glaucocephala), and the habitat under Cedrus atlantica, likely associated with mycelium of Agaricus arvensis Schaeffer (1774: 310). Volvariella neoparvula has a white to greyish white pileus, shorter cystidia (36 – 67 × 13 – 33 µm) and clamped hyphae on rhizomorphs. Volvariella pusilla has a smooth, glabrous stipe, lageniform cystidia with shorter neck and pileipellis without globose to vesiculose elements. Volvariella reidii has shorter spores (4.8 × 3.7 µm on average) and its pileipellis lacks globose to vesiculose elements. Volvariella sylvipraticola has a pileus that is pure white to white with greyish shades, shorter cystidia (48 – 90 × 12 – 35 µm) and a pileipellis without globose to vesiculose elements. Volvariella latispora is a smaller species with a pileus of 10 – 14 mm, larger spores (7.7 × 5.2 µm on average), hymenial trama with globose, sphaerocyte-like elements (15 – 22 × 15 – 20 µm) smaller cystidia (46 – 70 × 18 – 27 μm) and a pileipellis without globose to vesiculose elements. Volvariella nodosicystis has smaller basidiomes with pale greyish pilei of 12 – 15 mm, with different cystidia, sometimes with 2 – 3 nodules at the top and the pileipellis lacks globose to vesiculose elements. Volvariella globifera has smaller spores (5.8 × 3.9 µm on average), and shorter cystidia (33 – 69 × 8 – 30 µm); this species has a pileipellis with globose to broadly fusiform, pyriform or allantoid hyphae constricted at the septa, measuring 63 – 121 × 28 – 55 µm.	en	Caballero, Fernando, Justo, Alfredo, Parra, Luis A., Angelini, Claudio, Consiglio, Giovanni, Dovana, Francesco, Ferisin, Giuliano, Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Knudsen, Henning, Llimona, Xavier, Muñoz, Guillermo, Daniëls, Pablo P., Pérez-De-Gregorio, Miquel À., Ševčíková, Hana, Valverde, Andrés, Vizzini, Alfredo (2025): Taxonomic and phylogenetic overview of the genus Volvariella (Volvariellaceae), with a focus on European species. Phytotaxa 680 (1): 1-85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1
A01487E4FFF5FFF7FF2EF8D5F486F916.taxon	description	Typification status: — Holotype: SPAIN. Segovia, Revenga, on grassy soils in a Quercus ilex subsp. rotundifolia stand with Tuberaria guttata, Rumex bucephalophorus and bryophytes, 20 May 2016, A. Sánchez (holotype AH 49362). Description: — Pileus 10 – 14 mm diam., hemispherical when young, expanding to plano-convex and eventually with depressed centre in older specimens, with a central umbo; surface smooth to finely fibrillose, radially striate-sulcate, not hygrophanous, white overall, very pale brown at centre; margin smooth, slightly exceeding the lamellae and irregular. Lamellae subdistant, free, broadly ventricose; white when young, becoming salmon pink or pinkish brown with age; edge entire, or irregular, concolorous. Stipe 14 – 18 × 1 mm, cylindrical, slightly widening towards base, straight or slightly curved; surface white, smooth to finely fibrillose. Volva membranaceous, saccate, fragile, off-white, with 2 – 3 lobes; rhizomorphs not observed. Context white, thin, with indistinct or pleasant smell. Basidiospores (n = 51, c = 1) 6.2 – 10.4 × 4.3 – 6.5 μm, avl × avw = 7.7 × 5.2 μm, Q = 1.22 – 1.80, avQ = 1.44, broadly ellipsoid to oblong, thick-walled, with barely distinct hilar appendage. Basidia 23 – 47 × 11 – 13 μm, tetrasterigmate, clavate, subclavate. Lamella edge heterogeneous. Cheilocystidia relatively scarce, 46 – 70 × 18 – 27 μm, mostly utriform or clavate, some lageniform, often with 2 – 3 round knobs in the upper part. Pleurocystidia, scarce, 50 – 65 × 15 – 20 µm, scattered, mostly utriform or clavate. Subhymenium composed of oval or spherical elements, 15 – 22 × 15 – 20 μm, with hyaline, cytoplasmatic content. Pileipellis a cutis or an intermediate cutis-trichoderm, with terminal elements (6 –) 13 – 30 (– 55) μm wide, often constricted at the septa, most with hyaline contents. Stipitipellis a cutis with cylindrical hyphae, 4 – 22 μm wide. Volva composed of interwoven, cylindrical hyphae, 5 – 24 μm wide, with common septa, on the external surface with distinct, terminal, cystidium-like elements, 44 – 76 × 14 – 26 µm, lageniform, clavate, utriform or fusiform. Clamp connections absent in all parts examined. Habit, habitat, and phenology: — Gregarious. Terrestrial, in a clearing on the edge of a road, among moss (Bartramia sp.) and Pinus sp. needles, near Quercus ilex and Pinus sp., on sandy acidic soil (our collection); on grassy soils in a Quercus ilex subsp. rotundifolia stand with Tuberaria guttata, Rumex bucephalophorus and bryophytes (Crous et al. 2024). July (our collection); May (Crous et al. 2024). Distribution: — Spain. Only known from the locality and collections reported in the original description (Crous et al. 2024) and the collection described in detail here. Collections examined: — SPAIN. La Rioja, Santa Lucía, terrestrial, in a clearing on the edge of a road, among moss (Bartramia sp.) and Pinus sp. needles, near Quercus ilex and Pinus sp., on sandy acidic soil, 2 July 2006, A. Caballero, AH 60276. Observations: — Volvariella latispora was recently described based on four collections made in central Spain. The diagnostic characters highlighted in the original description were its small size, whitish grey volva, smooth, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid spores measuring 5 – 8.7 (– 9) × 4 – 6.6 μm, fusiform to lageniform cystidia and presence of a velipellis at the apex of the pileus formed by hyaline filaments (Crous et al. 2024). We did not observe a distinct velipellis in our collection, but our observations otherwise agree well with the original description of V. latispora. Considering the extensive morphological re-characterization of European species presented here, we highlight the following morphological characters of V. latispora: very small size, smooth, striate-sulcate and pure white pileus, subdistant lamellae, smooth or slightly fibrillose and white stipe, membranaceous and whitish or white-grey volva, and the particular morphology of the subhymenium, composed of oval or spherical elements with hyaline cytoplasmic content. The cystidium-like elements of the volva that we found in our collection are also unusual among the European species of Volvariella studied here. Volvariella latispora appears in the phylogeny (Fig. 2) in a well-supported clade with V. nodosicystis, V. pilosipilea, and two yet-unnamed species from China and USA. Volvariella nodosicystis differs in the grey pileus, smaller spores (6.3 × 4.6 μm on average), and narrower pileipellis hyphae (10 – 26 μm wide). Volvariella pilosipilea also differs in the smaller spores (6.6 × 5.1 μm on average). Volvariella liliputiana (Henn.) G. C. Rath has even smaller basidiomes (pileus 5 – 10 mm diam.), and smaller spores (4 – 5 × 4 μm). This species was originally described from Uttar Pradesh (India) (Hennings 1901).	en	Caballero, Fernando, Justo, Alfredo, Parra, Luis A., Angelini, Claudio, Consiglio, Giovanni, Dovana, Francesco, Ferisin, Giuliano, Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Knudsen, Henning, Llimona, Xavier, Muñoz, Guillermo, Daniëls, Pablo P., Pérez-De-Gregorio, Miquel À., Ševčíková, Hana, Valverde, Andrés, Vizzini, Alfredo (2025): Taxonomic and phylogenetic overview of the genus Volvariella (Volvariellaceae), with a focus on European species. Phytotaxa 680 (1): 1-85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1
A01487E4FFCBFFF4FF2EF945F7F6FDDE.taxon	description	Society 43, suppl.: 167. 1960. (Fig. 15)	en	Caballero, Fernando, Justo, Alfredo, Parra, Luis A., Angelini, Claudio, Consiglio, Giovanni, Dovana, Francesco, Ferisin, Giuliano, Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Knudsen, Henning, Llimona, Xavier, Muñoz, Guillermo, Daniëls, Pablo P., Pérez-De-Gregorio, Miquel À., Ševčíková, Hana, Valverde, Andrés, Vizzini, Alfredo (2025): Taxonomic and phylogenetic overview of the genus Volvariella (Volvariellaceae), with a focus on European species. Phytotaxa 680 (1): 1-85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1
A01487E4FFCBFFF4FF2EF945F7F6FDDE.taxon	description	Description: — Pileus 20 – 70 mm diam., hemispherical when young, expanding to convex or conico-convex, later plano-convex, without umbo; surface finely fibrillose or covered with fibrils grouped into small squamules; quite variable in colour, white, off-white, grey, brown, in different combinations and predominance, usually darker at centre and much paler towards the margin, not hygrophanous; margin not striate or striate when dry, straight or slightly irregular and exceeding the lamellae. Lamellae crowded, free, broadly ventricose; white when young, becoming salmon pink or pinkish brown with age; edge slightly irregular, white and floccose, or concolorous and more or less even. Stipe 40 – 80 × 0.5 – 11 mm, cylindrical, slightly widening towards the base (up to 13 mm diam.), straight or sinuous; surface white or with pale yellow tones in older specimens, smooth, fibrillose or irregularly pubescent. Volva membranaceous, saccate, white, white with grey tones, or entirely brown, with 2 – 4 lobes; rhizomorphs not observed. Context white, thin, with smell like leaves of Pelargonium or indistinct. Basidiospores (n = 606, c = 9) 5.7 – 9.5 × 3.8 – 5.8 μm, avl × avw = 7.3 × 4.7 μm, Q = 1.16 – 2.1, avQ = 1.57, broadly ellipsoid to cylindrical, thick-walled, with barely distinct hilar appendage. Basidia 21 – 29 × 8 – 10 μm, tetrasterigmate, clavate, subclavate to subcylindrical. Lamella edge sterile or heterogeneous. Cheilocystidia common, 35 – 94 (– 118) × 9 – 36 (– 43) μm, clavate, fusiform, lageniform, (sub) cylindrical, sometimes with apical projection with rounded or subcapitate apex, some with 1 – 2 apical lobes. Pleurocystidia scarce, 50 – 95 × 10 – 45 µm, scattered, broadly clavate, lageniform, fusiform or more rarely utriform. Pileipellis a cutis or an intermediate cutis-trichoderm, with terminal elements (17 –) 25 – 100 (– 120) × (7 –) 11 – 21 (– 25) μm, commonly constricted at the septa, in the lower layer with slightly broader elements, 25 – 39 μm wide, hyaline, or with diffuse, intracellular, olive brown pigment, especially at centre of pileus. Stipitipellis a cutis or a cutis-trichoderm in the upper part of the stipe, with cylindrical hyphae, 9 – 23 μm wide. Volva composed of interwoven, cylindrical hyphae, 4 – 23 μm wide, with common septa, with distinct terminal elements, broader towards the round apex. Clamp connections absent in all parts examined. Habit, habitat, and phenology: — Often solitary or subgregarious. In various habitats, often among grass under various trees (Castanea, Fraxinus, Liquidambar, Pinus, Populus, and Ulmus). Mostly collected in spring (March – May) but also in autumn (October). Distribution: — Known with certainty from Europe and Turkey. Additional collections examined: — ITALY. Grosseto: Principina a Mare, in a mixed forest of Pinus pinea and P. pinaster, 18 March 2004, G. Consiglio and G. Spisni, AMB 19318; ibid. 19 April 2004, G. Consiglio and G. Spisni, AMB 18875. SPAIN. Barcelona: La Floresta, Can Busquets, under Quercus ilex and Pinus pinea, 19 April 2008, M. Tabarés, SFC 080419; ibid., 17 May 2017, M. Tabarés, SFC 170517 - T 2; ibid., 18 May 2017, M. Tabarés, SFC 170518 - T 1. La Rioja: Autol, bank of the Cidacos river, sandy soil, under Populus nigra, P. alba and riverside vegetation, 18 April 2006, G. Muñoz, GM 475; ibid., 25 April 2010, G. Muñoz, GM 1824; ibid., 2 April 2010, G. Muñoz, GM 1830; Valladolid: Tudela del Duero, mixed forest, under Quercus ilex, 28 April 2007, A. García-Blanco, AVM 2087; Valladolid, bank of the Pisuerga river, under Alnus sp., 7 May 2008, A. G. Blanco, AVM 2237; ibid., bank of the Pisuerga river, under Populus sp., 14 May 2017, A. G. Blanco, AVM 3343; Zaragoza: bank of the Cidacos river, sandy soil, under Populus nigra, P. alba, Ulmus sp. and riverside vegetation, 11 April 2015, G. Muñoz, GM 2888. TURKEY. Burdur: Bucak district, Karacaören, in Kargı Village Sweetgum Forest Nature Protection Area, on soil, Mediterranean forest dominated by Liquidambar orientalis, elev. 280 m, 16 March 2018, O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR 2322; ibid., on soil, under L. orientalis, elev. 267 m, 5 April 2019, O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR 2474; ibid., on soil, associated with L. orientalis, elev. 274 m, 10 April 2020, O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR 2472; ibid., on soil, associated with L. orientalis, elev. 281 m, 22 October 2022, O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR 2207. Muğla: Köyceğiz district, in DöğüŞbelen town, on soil, under L. orientalis, elev. 272 m, 18 April 2021, O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR 2473; ibid., on soil, under L. orientalis, elev. 269 m, 7 March 2022, O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR 2471. Isparta: in Gelincik, on soil under Castanea sativa, elev. 1025 m, 24 March 2017, O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR 2153; ibid., on soil, associated with C. sativa, elev. 1046 m, 18 March 2020, O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR 2539; ibid., on soil under C. sativa, elev. 1055 m, 26 March 2021, O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR 2538. Observations: — The above description is based exclusively on the collections examined here considered to represent V. murinella. Other collections included in the phylogeny, originally identified as V. murinella, are considered here to represent separate taxa (Figs. 2, 3). The original diagnosis of V. murinella (Quélet 1883), describes a small species (pileus up to 2 – 3 cm diam.) with velvety surface and grey colour, glabrous and striate stipe, small, white volva of 3 – 4 lobes and ellipsoid, 6 – 8 μm long spores. Subsequently, other mycologists have expanded the knowledge about the species (Saccardo 1887, Lange 1936, Moser 1980, Boekhout 1986, 1990, Antonín 2010). Thus, among the morphological characteristics that are added to the original description, we can highlight a larger size for the pileus, up to 70 mm diam., grey to white colour, smell of Pelargonium and detailed description of microscopic characters. Volvariella murinella is considered a terrestrial saprophytic species, adapted to different ecosystems and habitats. According to our observations, it has a predilection for riverbanks, at least in Mediterranean habitats, especially fruiting in spring. Although it has been reported on practically all continents, it is very difficult to know its distribution; all the collections assigned to V. murinella in our study have been collected in southern Europe and Turkey. Volvariella taylorii has macroscopic and microscopic characters that widely overlap with those of V. murinella, and for an unequivocal identification of these two species it is necessary to resort to molecular characters. Volvariella taylorii shows a strong association with coastal dunes, and, to our knowledge, does not exhibit a white pileus. Some other small to medium species with white or grey pileus surface can be confused with V. murinella as well. Volvariella dunensis differs in its occurrence in dune ecosystems, consistently grey (never white) basidiomes, up to 315 µm long terminal elements in the pileipellis, and the presence of caulocystidia. Volvariella terrea differs in the more fibrillose pileus and stipe surface, larger and more polymorphic cystidia (33 – 130 × 24 – 32 μm), caulocystidia that are clavate, fusiform or lageniform, 53 – 64 × 11 – 18 μm, and the granular intracellular pigment in the pileipellis. Volvariella volvacea differs in the habitat in greenhouses and tanneries, larger spores (8.5 × 5.8 μm on average), and dark brown granular or vacuolar intracellular pigment in the pileipellis elements. Volvariella caesiotincta has larger basidiomes (pileus 25 – 120 mm diam.), with more intense grey colours, longer and wider pileipellis hyphae (28 – 500 × 8.5 – 37 (– 57) μm) with vacuolar or granular, dark olive green, or dark brown, almost black intracellular pigment, and some terrestrial basidiomes have rhizomorphs with clamp connections.	en	Caballero, Fernando, Justo, Alfredo, Parra, Luis A., Angelini, Claudio, Consiglio, Giovanni, Dovana, Francesco, Ferisin, Giuliano, Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Knudsen, Henning, Llimona, Xavier, Muñoz, Guillermo, Daniëls, Pablo P., Pérez-De-Gregorio, Miquel À., Ševčíková, Hana, Valverde, Andrés, Vizzini, Alfredo (2025): Taxonomic and phylogenetic overview of the genus Volvariella (Volvariellaceae), with a focus on European species. Phytotaxa 680 (1): 1-85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1
A01487E4FFC8FFF1FF2EFD1DF72AFD62.taxon	description	Description: — Pileus 10 – 35 (– 50) mm diam., convex to conico-convex when young, expanding to plano-convex; surface finely fibrillose or silky-fibrillose or covered with fibrils grouped into small squamules, becoming smooth in mature specimens, white, sometimes with ochre yellow tinges at centre, not hygrophanous; margin slightly striate, irregular and exceeding the lamellae. Lamellae crowded, free, broadly ventricose, white when young, becoming salmon pink or pinkish brown with age; edge white and flocculose, or concolorous. Stipe 26 – 45 × 4 – 7 mm, cylindrical, slightly widening towards the base, straight; surface white, finely pubescent. Volva membranaceous, saccate, white or light ivory, with 2 – 3 lobes; rhizomorphs not observed. Context white, thin, with indistinct smell. Basidiospores (n = 132, c = 4) 5.0 – 7.5 (– 8.0) × (3.75 –) 4.0 – 5.5 μm, avl × avw = 6.2 × 4.6 μm, Q = 1.22 – 1.58, avQ = 1.37, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, thick-walled, with barely distinct hilar appendage. Basidia (20 –) 22 – 37 × 8 – 12 μm, tetrasterigmate, clavate or subclavate. Lamella edge heterogeneous. Cheilocystidia common, 18 – 79 × 8 – 30 μm, lageniform with elongated neck, narrowly to broadly fusiform, less frequently vesiculose, thin-walled, hyaline. Pleurocystidia scarce, 37 – 70 × 10 – 32 μm, scattered, mostly broadly fusiform to fusiform, thin-walled, rarely thick-walled, hyaline. Pileipellis a cutis or an intermediate cutis-trichoderm, with hyaline, mostly cylindrical to narrowly clavate thin-walled terminal elements, 15 – 50 μm wide, often constricted at the septa. Stipitipellis a cutis, or a cutis-trichoderm in the upper part of the stipe, with cylindrical hyphae, 8 – 31 μm wide. Volva composed of interwoven, cylindrical hyphae, 3 – 21 μm wide, with few septa. Clamp connections absent in all parts examined. Habit, habitat, and phenology: — Solitary or gregarious. Terrestrial, often collected in gardens in urban areas, also collected in lawns and forest areas. Recorded under Morus alba, Pinus halepensis, Pinus sp. and Populus alba. August – November. Distribution: — Known with certainty from Europe. Additional collections examined: — CZECH REPUBLIC. Moravia: Ostrov u Macochy, NR Balcarova skála - Vintoky, near Balcarka cave, in the lawn by the bench, 15 August 2019, P. Ševčík, BRNM 817662. SPAIN. Balearic Islands: Mallorca, Camí des Correus, Esporles, among mosses on a slope, 31 October 1999, J. C. Salom, JCS 295 B; Barcelona: Sant Fost de Campsentelles, among the grass of a garden area, 8 September 2019, F. Caballero, SFC 190908; ibid., among the grass of a garden area, 11 September 2019, F. Caballero, SFC 190911; ibid., 15 September 2019, F. Caballero, SFC 190915; ibid., 30 September 2019, F. Caballero, SFC 190930; ibid., 2 October 2019, F. Caballero, SFC 191002 - 1; ibid., 25 August 2021, F. Caballero, SFC 210825; ibid., 4 September 2021, F. Caballero, SFC 210904; ibid., 14 September 2021, F. Caballero, SFC 210914; ibid., 16 September 2021, F. Caballero, SFC 210916; ibid., 24 September 2021, F. Caballero, SFC 210924; Bizkaia: path to Baraizpe wetland, Gautéguiz de Arteaga, elev. 74 m, on roadside verge among grass, 22 October 2023, L. A. Parra, LAP 192; Zaragoza: Parque Grande, garden area, under Pinus halepensis, 24 September 2010, G. Muñoz, GM 1933. Nomenclatural comments: — In order to establish whether V. pusilla is the correct name for the taxonomical concept adopted here it must be determined if Agaricus pusillus is a replacement name for Agaricus volvaceus (unranked) minor or the name of a new species because the type of A. pusillus would be different depending on the conclusion. Both Persoon (1800) and Fries (1821) cited Agaricus volvaceus (unranked) minor Bulliard (1788) as being the same taxon as their Amanita pusilla and Agaricus pusillus respectively. Both authors incorrectly cite the plate of A. volvaceus (unranked) minor as “ Table 530 ”, but this taxon is represented in Bulliard’s work in Table 330. Bulliard (1788) depicts A. volvaceus (unranked) minor as a small species with a grey, radially fibrillose pileus. Therefore, we consider that Bulliard’s taxon is not the same taxon as that described by Persoon and Fries with a white (“ albido ”) pileus. The taxonomical circumscription of these two latter authors has been unanimously adopted by subsequent authors from Quélet (1888) until today, and is accepted here, applying the name V. pusilla to a small species with an exclusively white pileus. As Agaricus pusillus was not explicitly proposed as a substitute for an earlier name and Art. 6.12 does not apply, it can be treated as a replacement name or the name of a new taxon (Art. 6.13) because the potential synonym A. volvaceus (unranked) minor was cited and the requirements for valid publication of the name of a new taxon were independently met. In fact, Persoon (1800) explicitly stated that he saw it in autumn (“ autumno vidi ”), and he included a description and an illustration based on his own material. So, in agreement with Art. 6.13, we consider Amanita pusilla the name of a new species based on the predominant usage of the current V. pusilla as a different taxon from A. volvaceus (unranked) minor and in consequence we designate the appropriate type for each name as pointed out in Art. 6.13. The modern correspondence of A. volvaceus (unranked) minor cannot be established with certainty, and since it was described at an undefined infraspecific rank, it has no nomenclatural priority over other names or defined infraspecific ranks of Volvariella assigned to small, grey species. A. volvaceus (unranked) minor Bull.: Lectotype, designated here: [icon] Agaricus volvaceus minor in Bull., Herbier de la France 7: Tab. 330, second figure on the right. 1788. MycoBank type: MBT 10023150. On the other hand, we must elucidate whether Agaricus parvulus Weinm. is an illegitimate name and if it has to be considered a replacement name for Agaricus pusillus (Pers.) DC. or the name of a new species. Like Orton (1986), we believe that Weinmann (1836) was aware that Agaricus pusillus (Pers.) DC. (1805) was a later homonym of A. pusillus Schaeff. (1774) and he coined a new name for the former. This is obvious when one examines Weinmann’s work (1836) because he knew very well and mentioned numerous times Schaeffer’s work (Schaeffer 1774) and in the protologue he included references to “ Agaricus pusillus Fr., Syst. Mycol 1. p. 279 ” and “ Amanita pusilla Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 249 ”. Even if these were not the original works in which both names were published for the first time and, therefore, the references could be interpreted as “ in the sense of ” these authors (see Art. 52.3; Note 3) we think that it is not the case because Weinmann (1836) described Agaricus parvulus with a white pileus with sooty greyish umbo (“ pileo membranaceo, planiusculo, sicco, albido, umbone fuligineo-cinereo ”) but in the works by Persoon and Fries referenced by Weinmann the pileus is described as white (“ albido ”). Furthermore, Weinmann also included references to Bulliard’s plate of “ Agaricus volvaceus minor ” (1788) showing a completely dark grey pileus and De Candolle (in Lamarck & De Candolle 1805) describing a whitish pileus, with small blackish and radial stripes (“ blanchâtre, avec de petites raies noirâtres et rayonnantes ”). In Weinmann’s time the names published by Fries did not have special protected status and therefore his nomenclatural procedure of creating the replacement name Agaricus parvulus for Agaricus pusillus (Pers.) DC. was correct. However, the nomenclature rules are retroactive and currently the names published by Fries in Systema Mycologicum (1821 – 1832) and Elenchus fungorum (1828) are sanctioned and they are legitimate even if when they were published, they were illegitimate, as is the case for Agaricus pusillus (Pers.) DC. nom. sanct. Fr. Therefore, Weinmann’s name is now illegitimate because he should have adopted the name Agaricus pusillus (Pers.) DC. (Art. 52.1) which, being sanctioned, is legitimate (see Art. F. 3.4, Ex. 3 last sentence). In summary, Agaricus parvulus Weinm. is an illegitimate homotypic synonym of A. pusillus (Pers.) DC. So, in the present work, all specimens matching the original description of Weinmann (synonyms excluded) will be described as a new species under the name V. neoparvula. Observations: — The above description is based exclusively on the collections examined here considered to represent V. pusilla. Volvariella pusilla is characterized by the small, pure white basidiomes which only sometimes develop some ochre yellow tones in older specimens. It fruits often in gardens and urban parks, but it has also been recorded from forest ecosystems. The concept of V. pusilla accepted here fits well with the original description of Amanita pusilla (Persoon 1800): a small, white species fruiting in gardens. The same concept was maintained by Fries (1821) for Agaricus pusillus (based on Amanita pusilla). The phenology is recorded as “ autumn ” by Persoon and “ August ” by Fries, which also fits the phenology of the collections examined here. The pure white colours of the basidiomes are generally a good diagnostic character of V. pusilla, although confusion is possible with other small white species or with white variants of normally pigmented species. Volvariella latispora differs in the translucently striate pileus margin and the larger basidiospores (7.7 × 5.2 µm on average). Volvariella globifera has slightly smaller basidiospores (5.8 × 3.9 µm on average). Volvariella cryptica has predominantly pyriform or utriform cystidia. Volvariella hypopithys has larger cystidia (46 – 124 × 9 – 30 µm) and vesiculose hyphae (25 – 120 × 23 – 108 µm) in the upper part of the pileipellis. All these taxa are molecularly quite distinct from V. pusilla, despite their overall morphological similarity.	en	Caballero, Fernando, Justo, Alfredo, Parra, Luis A., Angelini, Claudio, Consiglio, Giovanni, Dovana, Francesco, Ferisin, Giuliano, Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Knudsen, Henning, Llimona, Xavier, Muñoz, Guillermo, Daniëls, Pablo P., Pérez-De-Gregorio, Miquel À., Ševčíková, Hana, Valverde, Andrés, Vizzini, Alfredo (2025): Taxonomic and phylogenetic overview of the genus Volvariella (Volvariellaceae), with a focus on European species. Phytotaxa 680 (1): 1-85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1
A01487E4FFCDFFF1FF2EFC89F6E0F79A.taxon	description	Description: — Pileus 10 – 50 mm diam., ovoid when young, expanding to conico-convex or conico-campanulate, plano-convex in older specimens, usually with a distinct central umbo; surface smooth; white, sometimes with brown tinges at centre, not hygrophanous; margin slightly striate, irregular and exceeding the lamellae. Lamellae crowded, free, broadly ventricose, white when young, becoming salmon pink or pinkish brown with age; edge irregular, white and floccose, or concolorous and more or less even. Stipe 30 – 60 × 4 – 6 mm, cylindrical, slightly widening towards the base, straight or curved; surface white, with brown tinges, finely pubescent. Volva membranaceous, saccate, white, sometimes with brown tinges, with 2 – 3 lobes; rhizomorphs not observed. Context white, thin. Smell indistinct. Basidiospores (n = 51, c = 1) 4.0 – 5.4 × 3.2 – 4.3 μm, avl × avw = 4.8 × 3.7 μm, Q = 1.15 – 1.43, avQ = 1.29, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, thick-walled, with barely distinct hilar appendage. Basidia 22 – 31 × 8 – 10 μm, tetrasterigmate, clavate or subclavate. Lamella edge heterogeneous. Cheilocystidia common, 55 – 112 × 12 – 29 μm, lageniform with elongated neck, fusiform, clavate, many with an oleaginous, globose covering at apex. Pleurocystidia scarce, 47 – 68 × 10 – 25 μm, mostly lageniform with an elongated neck. Pileipellis a cutis or an intermediate cutis-trichoderm, with terminal elements, 5 – 30 μm wide, often constricted at the septa, hyaline. Stipitipellis a cutis, or a cutis-trichoderm in the upper part of the stipe, with cylindrical hyphae, 10 – 19 μm wide. Volva composed of interwoven, cylindrical, septate hyphae, 6 – 26 μm wide, with common septa; individual hyphal segments often constricted at the septa. Clamp connections absent in all parts examined. Habit, habitat, and phenology: — Solitary or gregarious. Terrestrial, collected among Picea needles, and also in litter under Crataegus, together with Clitocybe nebularis (Batsch.) P. Kummer (1871: 124). October. Distribution: — Recorded from the UK, Finland, Denmark, and Spain. Additional collections examined: — SPAIN. Navarra: Basaburua, among the leaf litter (needles) of Picea abies, elev. 800 m, 3 October 2015, J. L. Albizu, ARAN-Fungi 01678. Nomenclatural comments: — This species was originally published under the name V. parvispora D. A. Reid (Reid et al. 1977), which is illegitimate because the name V. parvispora Heinemann (1975: 192) had been previously assigned to an African species found in Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo). Heinemann himself corrected this error (Heinemann 1978), assigning the new epithet “ reidii ” in honour of Reid, the original author of this species. Observations: — Volvariella reidii is characterized by its small spores, one of the smallest in the genus. In the collection of the original description, the spores measured 3.75 – 4.2 × 2.2 – 3.2 µm, while in our studied material the spores measured 4.0 – 5.4 × 3.2 – 4.3 μm. Macroscopically, the surface of the pileus is originally described as smooth, opaque and non-fibrillose, a character that also occurs in the collection studied and differs from a large number of other species in the genus that tend to have a fibrillose pileus surface, generally with small scales. At the moment we accept these characters as valid for recognizing this species on a morphological basis.	en	Caballero, Fernando, Justo, Alfredo, Parra, Luis A., Angelini, Claudio, Consiglio, Giovanni, Dovana, Francesco, Ferisin, Giuliano, Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Knudsen, Henning, Llimona, Xavier, Muñoz, Guillermo, Daniëls, Pablo P., Pérez-De-Gregorio, Miquel À., Ševčíková, Hana, Valverde, Andrés, Vizzini, Alfredo (2025): Taxonomic and phylogenetic overview of the genus Volvariella (Volvariellaceae), with a focus on European species. Phytotaxa 680 (1): 1-85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1
A01487E4FFC3FFFFFF2EFF15F7BAFA5A.taxon	description	Description: — Pileus 42 – 100 mm diam., convex, hemispherical or conico-convex when young, expanding to conico-convex or plano-convex in older specimens, sometimes with a truncate centre; surface smooth; white, sometimes with yellow tinges, not hygrophanous; margin incurved. Lamellae crowded, free, broadly ventricose, white when young, becoming salmon pink or pinkish brown with age. Stipe 64 – 100 × 8 – 16 mm, cylindrical, slightly widening towards the base, straight or curved; surface white, with yellow tinges, finely pruinose in upper part. Volva membranaceous, saccate, white, sometimes with yellow or ochre tinges, relatively large, up to 30 mm high, with 3 – 4 lobes; rhizomorphs not observed. Context white, thin, with fungoid, or intensely sweet, sometimes indistinct, smell. Basidiospores (n = 96, c = 2) (6.4 –) 7.0 – 8.6 (– 10.1) × 3.8 – 5.2 μm, avl × avw = 7.7 × 4.5 μm, Q = (1.40 –) 1.60 – 1.90 (– 2.0), avQ = 1.70, ellipsoid to oblong, thick-walled, often with a distinct median constriction. Basidia 23.2 – 48.3 × 9.6 – 12.9 μm, tetrasterigmate, clavate or subclavate. Lamella edge sterile. Cheilocystidia common, (36 –) 58 – 138 (– 184) × (9 –) 17 – 41 (– 47) μm, broadly fusiform, mostly with an elongated, septate pedicel, with slightly thickened walls. Pleurocystidia common, similar to the cheilocystidia. Pileipellis a cutis or an intermediate cutis-trichoderm, with terminal elements, 12 – 19 μm wide, and brown intracellular pigment. Stipitipellis a cutis with cylindrical hyphae, 5.8 – 22 μm wide. Caulocystidia 54 – 101 (– 122) × 17 – 36 μm, present in upper part of the stipe, variable in shape and size, cylindrical, flexuous, clavate, or fusiform. Volva composed of interwoven, cylindrical hyphae, 5.1 – 19.3 μm wide, with few septa. Clamp connections absent in all parts examined. Habit, habitat, and phenology: — Solitary or gregarious. Terrestrial or growing on plant litter. Collected under Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, and Corylus avellana. July – August. Distribution: — Recorded from France, Italy, Austria and Spain. Collections examined: — ITALY. Emilia Romagna: L. Setti, habitat unknown, TOAV 141. Lombardia: Bergamo, Valle Seriana, in mixed forest dominated by Corylus avellana and Picea abies, 7 July 2012, A. Ballabeni & L. Setti, ANG 07072012; SPAIN. Guadalajara: Cantalojas, hayedo (Fagus forest) de Tejera Negra, under Fagus sylvatica, 3 August 2013, J. C. Campos, J. Cuesta, J. Herranz, F. Pancorbo, M. A. Ribes, AH 44413. Observations: — Volvariella strangulata is characterized by constricted basidiospores, similar to those of some Hygrocybe species, but not common in the genus Volvariella. Our description of this species is based on the descriptions of Vizzini and Contu (2010), Campos et al. (2014) and Ballabeni (2017). These descriptions overall agree in the more distinctive morphological characters of this species, like pileus size and colour, and the very particular morphology of the spores. There is some variation in the cystidia sizes as presented by the different authors, which in turn are also different from the very short pleurocystidia (up to 40 μm long) and cheilocystidia (up to 45 μm long) indicated by Moser (2001). The particular morphology of the spores separates V. strangulata from all other European species with predominantly white basidiomes. Phylogenetically, V. strangulata appears in our analyses (Fig. 3) as sister to V. surrecta, a species also with predominantly white basidiomes, but this species has smaller (avl × avw = 6.3 × 4.1 µm) non-constricted spores, and grows parasitically on other agarics.	en	Caballero, Fernando, Justo, Alfredo, Parra, Luis A., Angelini, Claudio, Consiglio, Giovanni, Dovana, Francesco, Ferisin, Giuliano, Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Knudsen, Henning, Llimona, Xavier, Muñoz, Guillermo, Daniëls, Pablo P., Pérez-De-Gregorio, Miquel À., Ševčíková, Hana, Valverde, Andrés, Vizzini, Alfredo (2025): Taxonomic and phylogenetic overview of the genus Volvariella (Volvariellaceae), with a focus on European species. Phytotaxa 680 (1): 1-85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1
A01487E4FFC3FFFCFF2EF991F011FA37.taxon	description	The neotype designated by Shaffer (1957) is at the same time the holotype specimen of Agaricus loveanus Berk. [“ loveianus ”]. Description: — Pileus 30 – 80 mm diam., ovoid when young, expanding to hemispheric-convex, conico-campanulate, and finally plano-convex in older specimens, with or without a distinct central umbo; surface tomentose-fibrillose, covered with fibrils that group into minute squamules all over, even exceeding the pileus margin; white, sometimes with grey or grey-brown tinges; not hygrophanous; margin not striate, irregular. Lamellae crowded, free, broadly ventricose; white when young, becoming salmon pink or pinkish brown with age; edge irregular, white and floccose, or concolourous and more or less even. Stipe 30 – 70 × 5 – 10 mm, cylindrical, slightly widening towards the base, straight or curved; surface white, with grey or grey-brown tinges; surface smooth to fibrillose. Volva membranaceous, saccate, white, sometimes with grey tinges, with 2 – 4 lobes; rhizomorphs not observed. Context white with indistinct smell. Basidiospores (n = 349, c = 5) 5.2 – 7.4 × 3.5 – 5.2 μm, avl × avw = 6.3 × 4.1 μm, Q = 1.23 – 1.92, avQ = 1.55, broadly ellipsoid to oblong, thick-walled, sometimes with a median constriction, with barely distinct hilar appendage. Basidia 27 – 45 × 6 – 8 μm, tetrasterigmate, clavate or subcylindrical. Lamella edge sterile or heterogeneous. Cheilocystidia common, (18 –) 27 – 100 (– 120) × (7 –) 10 – 25 (– 35) μm, lageniform with or without mucronate apex, fusiform, lanceolate, clavate. Pleurocystidia scarce, 49 – 114 × 13 – 40 µm, scattered, similar to the cheilocystidia. Pileipellis a cutis or an intermediate cutis-trichoderm, with terminal elements, 12 – 40 μm wide, often constricted at the septa; hyaline. Stipitipellis a cutis or a cutis-trichoderm in the upper part of the stipe, with cylindrical hyphae, 5 – 13 μm wide. Volva composed of interwoven, cylindrical hyphae, 6 – 36 μm wide, with common septa; with some differentiated, cystidioid, terminal cells, 82 – 89 × 36 – 46 µm, clavate or fusiform. Clamp connections absent in all parts examined. Habit, habitat, and phenology: — Gregarious. Growing on basidiomes of Clitocybe nebularis. October – December (including data from Justo & Castro 2010). Distribution: — Widespread in Europe. Also recorded from North America (Shaffer 1957) and reported from New Zealand [see e. g., https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 12729741]. Additional collections examined: — SLOVENIA. Obrov: Poljane, parasitic on Clitocybe nebularis, 11 October 2018, G. Ferisin, FG 11112018 - 077. SPAIN. Burgos: Treviño, Bajauri, growing on an unidentifiable mushroom, 10 November 1997, ARAN-Fungi 07905; Gipuzkoa, Miramon, SS-Donostia, parasitic on Clitocybe nebularis, 17 December 2014, P. Arrillaga, ARAN-Fungi 02026; Girona: Torrent, parasitic on Clitocybe nebularis, 28 December 1995, J. Carbó, JC 19951228 - 3; Espinelves, parasitic on Clitocybe nebularis, 8 November 2008, M. Tabarés, SFC 081108 - T; Navarra: Valle de Esteribar, parasitic on Clitocybe nebularis, 31 October 2015, L. M. García-Bona, LMGB 4941; Pontevedra: Lourizán, on basidiomes of Clitocybe nebularis, 10 December 1997, J. B. Blanco-Dios, AJ 55 (LOU-Fungi 9286). Nomenclatural comments: — Berkeley’s original epithet loveianus commemorating Reverend R. T. Lowe must be corrected to loveanus according to Art. 60.8 c, but not to an epithet beginning with lowe - because Berkeley’s intentional Latinization Love is not among the situations in which the epithet should be changed according to Art. 60.9. Observations: — Volvariella surrecta is easily characterized by its habitat, growing directly on basidiomes of Clitocybe nebularis (Batsch) P. Kumm (1871: 124). Volvariella surrecta appears to be the only species in the genus capable of parasitizing and growing on the surface of basidiomes of Clitocybe nebularis. Although all collections analyzed in this study show a close relationship with C. nebularis, previous studies based on morphological analyses reported that V. surrecta is also capable of parasitizing Ampulloclitocybe clavipes (Pers.) Redhead et al. (2002: 36), Clitopilus prunulus (Scop.) P. Kumm. (1871: 96), Melanoleuca species, and Tricholoma species (Smith 1867, Buller 1958, Moser 1980, Breitenbach & Kränzlin 1995, Celka 2000). These reports will have to be confirmed by molecular analyses of collections made on those alternate hosts, to confirm they correspond indeed to V. surrecta.	en	Caballero, Fernando, Justo, Alfredo, Parra, Luis A., Angelini, Claudio, Consiglio, Giovanni, Dovana, Francesco, Ferisin, Giuliano, Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Knudsen, Henning, Llimona, Xavier, Muñoz, Guillermo, Daniëls, Pablo P., Pérez-De-Gregorio, Miquel À., Ševčíková, Hana, Valverde, Andrés, Vizzini, Alfredo (2025): Taxonomic and phylogenetic overview of the genus Volvariella (Volvariellaceae), with a focus on European species. Phytotaxa 680 (1): 1-85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1
A01487E4FFC0FFFBFF2EFA25F634F7BE.taxon	description	Typification status: — Neotype designated here [specimen]: ITALY. Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, Sasso Marconi, Mongardino, in a forest of Quercus pubescens, 26 September 1994, G. Consiglio, AMB 18874. MycoBank type: MBT 10023151. Description: — Pileus 20 – 55 mm diam., convex to conico-convex when young, expanding to plano-convex in older specimens, with or without a distinct central umbo; surface densely radially fibrillose, covered with fibrils that sometimes group to form minute squamules all over, reaching and exceeding the pileus margin, giving it an irregular aspect, grey, from mouse grey to very dark almost black-grey, sometimes with bluish tints, not hygrophanous; margin not striate, irregular and exceeding the lamellae. Lamellae crowded, free, broadly ventricose, white when young, becoming salmon pink or pinkish brown with age; edge irregular, white and floccose, or concolourous and more or less even. Stipe 33 – 45 × 5 – 10 mm, cylindrical, slightly widening towards the base, straight or curved; surface white, with grey or grey-brown tinges, smooth to fibrillose or slightly squamulose. Volva membranaceous, saccate, off-white, grey or grey-brown, with 2 – 3 lobes; rhizomorphs not observed. Context white, with indistinct smell. Basidiospores (n = 379, c = 3) 5.5 – 8.7 × 3.9 – 5.9 μm, avl × avw = 6.9 × 4.7 μm, Q = 1.17 – 1.93, avQ = 1.50, broadly ellipsoid to oblong, thick-walled, sometimes with a median constriction, with barely distinct hilar appendage. Basidia 26 – 41 × 9 – 11 μm, mostly tetrasterigmate, rarely bisterigmate or monosterigmate, clavate or subclavate. Lamella edge heterogeneous. Cheilocystidia common, (39 –) 52 – 99 (– 122) × (9 –) 15 – 36 (– 49) μm, lageniform with an elongated neck, also clavate or utriform. Pleurocystidia scarce, 56 – 82 (– 99) × (18 –) 27 – 34 (– 44) µm, similar to cheilocystidia, or predominantly fusiform. Pileipellis a cutis or an intermediate cutis-trichoderm, with terminal elements, 5 – 25 (– 50) μm wide, often constricted at the septa, hyaline, or with diffuse, intracellular pale brown to greenish pigment. Stipitipellis a cutis or a cutis-trichoderm in the upper part of the stipe, with cylindrical hyphae, 6 – 17 μm wide. Caulocystidia 43 – 51 × 14 – 22 µm, lageniform or fusiform, in the upper part of the stipe (not present in all collections). Volva composed of interwoven, cylindrical hyphae, 5 – 28 μm wide, often with septa; sometimes with thick-walled elements, 3 – 5 μm wide, with intracellular, diffuse olive green pigment. Clamp connections absent in all parts examined. Habit, habitat, and phenology: — Solitary or subgregarious. In coastal forests, dune ecosystems (including grassy areas), or inland forest ecosystems on sandy soils. Recorded under Juniperus, Liquidambar, Ostrya, Pinus, Pistacia, and Quercus. May – December. Distribution: — Known from Europe and Turkey. Cited from North America (Shaffer 1957), but it is unclear if those records correspond to V. taylorii as circumscribed here. Additional collections examined: — ITALY. Gorizia, Farra d’Isonzo, on the grass, near Carpinus, 13 July 2014, G. Ferisin, FG 13072014079. MALTA. Buskett, under Pinus halapensis and Pistacia lentiscu s, scattered on soil, 5 November 2011, C. Sammut, CS 261; ibid., 23 November 2011, CS 278. PORTUGAL. Algarve, Faro, Santa Bárbara de Nexe, Goldra de Baixo, under Quercus suber, 15 November 2004, A. Frutuoso, AJ 54 (LOU-Fungi 18727). SPAIN. Balearic Islands: Eivissa: Sant Antoni de Portmany – Ses Planes de Francolí, in interior dune, under Pinus halepensis and Juniperus phoenicea, 7 December 2014, J. L. Siquier, JLS 1306 B; no locality specified, among “ garrigue ”, 8 December 2014, J. L. Siquier, JLS 1316 B; Mallorca, Parc Natural de Mondragó, on plant debris in coastal dunes, under Pinus halepensis, 3 December 2011, J. L. Siquier, JLS 3500; Bizkaia, Orduña, habitat unknown, 24 May 1997, P. Arrillaga, ARAN-Fungi 07904; Gipuzkoa, Zumaia, in grassland on dune, 17 September 2017, J. Teres, ARAN-Fungi 09432. TURKEY. Burdur: Bucak district, in Karacaören, Kargı Village Sweetgum Forest Nature Protection Area, on soil, Mediterranean forest dominated by Liquidambar orientalis, elev. 277 m, 10 March 2019, O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR 2478; ibid., on soil, under L. orientalis, elev. 282 m, 16 March 2021, O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR 2479; ibid., on soil, associated with L. orientalis, elev. 270 m, 15 March 2022, O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR 2480. Denizli: Pamukkale district, in BağbaŞı, on the soil between calcareous rocks, under Quercus coccifera, elev. 680 m, 7 April 2014, O. Kaygusuz, OKA-PS 4. Observations: — The original description of V. taylorii (Berkeley & Broome 1854) was notably brief and missed key characters necessary for an unequivocal identification within the genus. Thus, this name has been interpreted differently by subsequent authors. Our concept of V. taylorii matches that of Orton (1986) and Boekhout (1986, 1990) very well. Volvariella taylorii as interpreted by us is characterized by its relatively small size (<60 mm pileal diam.), grey pileus surface, usually grey, saccate volva, large cystidia and preferential habitat in coastal dunes or areas near the sea.	en	Caballero, Fernando, Justo, Alfredo, Parra, Luis A., Angelini, Claudio, Consiglio, Giovanni, Dovana, Francesco, Ferisin, Giuliano, Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Knudsen, Henning, Llimona, Xavier, Muñoz, Guillermo, Daniëls, Pablo P., Pérez-De-Gregorio, Miquel À., Ševčíková, Hana, Valverde, Andrés, Vizzini, Alfredo (2025): Taxonomic and phylogenetic overview of the genus Volvariella (Volvariellaceae), with a focus on European species. Phytotaxa 680 (1): 1-85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1
A01487E4FFC0FFFBFF2EFA25F634F7BE.taxon	description	Other species similar to V. taylorii include V. volvacea, V. caesiotincta and V. dunensis, but these three species have a larger pileus (up to 120 mm diam. in V. volvacea and V. caesiotincta, and up to 100 mm diam. in V. dunensis). For additional morphological differences see Tables 1 and 2.	en	Caballero, Fernando, Justo, Alfredo, Parra, Luis A., Angelini, Claudio, Consiglio, Giovanni, Dovana, Francesco, Ferisin, Giuliano, Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Knudsen, Henning, Llimona, Xavier, Muñoz, Guillermo, Daniëls, Pablo P., Pérez-De-Gregorio, Miquel À., Ševčíková, Hana, Valverde, Andrés, Vizzini, Alfredo (2025): Taxonomic and phylogenetic overview of the genus Volvariella (Volvariellaceae), with a focus on European species. Phytotaxa 680 (1): 1-85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1
A01487E4FFC5FFF9FF2EFF15F4C4F8CE.taxon	description	= Volvariella aethiops A. Favre & Vialard, Bulletin Mycologique et Botanique Dauphiné-Savoie 184: 23. 26 December 2007 Typification status: — Holotype: France, Rixheim, in grass under broadleaved trees, 1 October 2005, E. Musumeci, LUG 11010! Description: — Pileus 20 – 80 mm in diam., ovoid when young, expanding to conico-convex, convex, plano-convex in older specimens, with or without a distinct central umbo; surface densely tomentose-fibrillose to lanate, covered with fibrils that sometimes group to form minute squamules all over; fibrils reaching and exceeding the pileus margin, giving it an irregular aspect; grey, brown-grey; not hygrophanous; margin not striate, irregular and exceeding the lamellae. Lamellae crowded, free, broadly ventricose; white when young, becoming salmon pink or pinkish brown with age; edge irregular, white and floccose, or concolorous and more or less even. Stipe 70 – 80 × 5 – 10 mm, cylindrical, slightly widening towards the base, straight or curved; surface grey, paler than pileus, smooth, or with grey-black fibrils, sometimes grouped in squamules. Volva membranaceous, saccate, white to grey-brown, with 2 – 4 lobes; rhizomorphs not observed. Context white or grey-white with earthy or slightly Pelargonium smell. Basidiospores (n = 179, c = 2) 5.9 – 9.9 × 3.8 – 5.6 μm, avl × avw = 6.8 × 4.3 μm, Q = 1.25 – 2.15, avQ = 1.57, broadly ellipsoid to cylindrical; thick-walled, with barely distinct hilar appendage. Basidia 19 – 34 × 7 – 10 μm, tetrasterigmate, clavate or subclavate. Lamella edge heterogeneous. Cheilocystidia common, (33 –) 64 – 121 (– 190) × 13 – 24 (– 42) μm, clavate, broadly clavate, lageniform or fusiform, sometimes mucronate or with 1 – 2 apical nodules. Pleurocystidia scarce, 33 – 130 × 24 – 32 µm, similar to cheilocystidia, mostly clavate. Pileipellis a cutis or an intermediate cutis-trichoderm, with terminal elements, 5 – 32 μm wide, often constricted at the septa, with diffuse intracellular pale brown pigment, sometimes with granular intracellular black pigment. Stipitipellis a cutis or a cutis-trichoderm in the upper part of the stipe, with cylindrical hyphae, 7 – 23 μm wide. Volva composed of interwoven, cylindrical, septate hyphae, 5 – 26 μm wide; some individual elements with granular pigment. Clamp connections absent in all parts examined. Habit, habitat, and phenology: — Gregarious. In grasslands or in grassy areas under broad-leaved trees (Carpinus, Fagus, and Quercus), fruiting among basidiomes of Agaricus xanthodermus. October – December. Distribution: — Known from England, France, Italy and Spain. Outside Europe also recorded from Oregon (USA). Additional collections examined: — FRANCE. Haute Savoie: Thonon-Les-Bains, in a meadow with abundant Thymus serpyllum next to Agaricus xanthodermus, 14 October 2006, A. Gruaz, G 53946 (holotype of V. aethiops). ITALY. Venezia: Parco di Mestre, among grass next to A. xanthodermus, 8 December 2022, A. Refellato, A. Camoli & D. Alzani, RCA 08122022. SPAIN. Girona: Pla de Castanyers, les Planes d’Hostoles, in a grazing meadow, next to Agaricus xanthodermus, 22 October 2014, J. Montón, JM 2912. Nomenclatural comments: — No molecular differences were observed between the holotype collections of V. aethiops and V. terrea. Both names were published in the same year but V. terrea has priority over V. aethiops because the former was published on 27 April 2007 as pointed out in the heading of issue two above the summary, and the latter on 26 December 2007 as pointed out in the last page of the subsequent number (188) for the year 2008 by the statement “ le précédent numéro a été publié le 26 décembre 2007 ”. Observations: — Volvariella terrea is characterized by having a tomentose-lanose pileus surface, a grey pileus, stipe and context, and especially by growing next to Agaricus xanthodermus. Musumeci and Riva (2007) suggest that the association of V. terrea with Agaricus xanthodermus is indicative of a parasitic relation. While no definitive proof of the relation being parasitic yet exists, it should be noted that the holotype of V. aethiops (described independently and shown here to be a synonym of V. terrea) was also collected next to Agaricus xanhodermus, as were the two additional collections from France and Spain studied by us. Volvariella glaucocephala is another grey-capped species fruiting among basidiomes of Agaricus, although in the case of V. glaucocephala it is A. arvensis, not A. xanthodermus. For a detailed comparison see under V. glaucocephala. Other species with a grey pileus occurring in Europe are V. caesiotincta, V. dunensis, V. murinella, V. taylorii, and V. volvacea but none of these species are associated with Agaricus species. Other morphological differences are summarized in Tables 1 and 2.	en	Caballero, Fernando, Justo, Alfredo, Parra, Luis A., Angelini, Claudio, Consiglio, Giovanni, Dovana, Francesco, Ferisin, Giuliano, Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Knudsen, Henning, Llimona, Xavier, Muñoz, Guillermo, Daniëls, Pablo P., Pérez-De-Gregorio, Miquel À., Ševčíková, Hana, Valverde, Andrés, Vizzini, Alfredo (2025): Taxonomic and phylogenetic overview of the genus Volvariella (Volvariellaceae), with a focus on European species. Phytotaxa 680 (1): 1-85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1
A01487E4FFDBFFE4FF2EFF15F75CFF70.taxon	description	1. Volvariella bakeri (Murrill) Shaffer, Mycologia 49 (4): 557. 1957 (≡ Volvariopsis bakeri Murrill, Mycologia 3 (6): 281. 1911 [basionym]) 2. Volvariella diplasia (Berk. & Broome) Singer, Lilloa 22: 401. 1951 [“ 1949 ”] (≡ Agaricus diplasius Berk. & Broome, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 27 (2): 151. 1870) [“ 1871 ”] [basionym]) 3. Volvaria ilicicola Speg., Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, Ser. 3, 10: 114. 1908 Typification status: — Lectotype, designated here [icon]: Agaricus volvaceus in Bull., Herbier de la France 6: Tab. 262, Fig. A (between figures B and C). 1786. MycoBank type: MBT 10023152. No type specimen exists. The French specimen G 00295827 collected in a greenhouse (nrITS GenBank accession number PP 660654) by M. Josserand is chosen here as the reference specimen for V. volvacea var. volvacea. Description: — Pileus 40 – 80 mm diam., ovoid when young, expanding to conico-convex, plano-convex in older specimens, with a low broad umbo; surface fibrillose, with fibrils reaching and exceeding the pileus margin, rather dark grey, grey-brown at centre, much paler towards margin, not hygrophanous; margin not striate, irregular and exceeding the lamellae. Lamellae crowded, free, broadly ventricose, white when young, becoming salmon pink or pinkish brown with age; edge entire, or punctuated by white areas. Stipe 40 – 90 × 5 – 10 mm, cylindrical, slightly widening towards bulbous base, straight; surface white, smooth or pubescent with minute hairs. Volva membranaceous, saccate, externally white, to dark grey or grey-brown, with 3 – 4 lobes, with a velvety texture, with attached mycelial cords (rhizomorphs). Context white with earthy smell. Basidiospores (n = 61, c = 1) 6.6 – 8.7 × 4.6 – 6.1 μm, avl × avw = 7.4 × 5.3 μm, Q = 1.16 – 1.64, avQ = 1.39, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, thick-walled, with barely distinct hilar appendage. Basidia 26 – 35 (– 40) × 9 – 11 μm, tetrasterigmate, clavate or subclavate. Lamella edge heterogeneous. Cheilocystidia common, (44 –) 70 – 84 (– 109) × (10 –) 20 – 35 (– 37) μm, utriform, lageniform, clavate, often with a narrowed apex and pedunculate. Pleurocystidia scarce, 42 – 75 × 8 – 31 µm, scattered, similar to cheilocystidia. Pileipellis a cutis or an intermediate cutis-trichoderm, with terminal elements, (4 –) 7 – 29 (– 31) μm wide, often constricted at the septa; hyaline or with intracellular or vacuolar pigment, pale brown or olive-brown. Stipitipellis a cutis or a cutis-trichoderm in the upper part of the stipe, with cylindrical hyphae, 5 – 19 μm wide. Volva composed of interwoven, cylindrical hyphae, 5 – 15 μm wide, with common septa; on the external surface arranged as a trichoderm. Clamp connections absent in all parts examined. Habit, habitat, and phenology: — Often gregarious. In Europe growing on compost, sawdust, often in greenhouses, associated with accumulations of organic matter. In the tropics also recorded growing directly on wood. Fruiting all year around. Distribution: — In Europe, known with certainty from France. Widely cultivated in the tropics. Additional collections examined: — DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Puerto Plata, Sosua, growing gregariously on piles of leaves and woody debris in a coastal forest near the beach, 6 November 2023, C. Angelini, ANGE 1889; ibid., growing gregariously on a dead broadleaf trunk in a cemetery, 28 November 2023, C. Angelini, ANGE 1932. FRANCE. Lyon: Parc de la Tête d’Or, inside the warm greenhouses, on sand, and on fir sawdust, 6 April 1938, M. Josserand, G 00295827. Observations: — The above description is based on that of V. volvacea by Josserand (1959), our own observations on the collection G 00295827 by the same author, and two additional collections from the Dominican Republic that molecularly match the sequences of V. volvacea included in the phylogenetic analyses. The reference specimen and the Dominican collections fit the original and modern descriptions (Shaffer 1957; Orton 1974, 1986; Pegler 1977, 1983; Boekhout 1990; Kosonen 2012) well. Volvariella volvacea var. volvacea is characterized by a distinctly innately fibrillose pileus (with dark grey, grey-brown fibrils), a dark grey-brown volva, medium-sized spores (averaging over 6 μm in length), often narrowly lageniform (with elongated apical neck) hymenial cystidia, and in Europe the occurrence in greenhouses or on garden refuse (sawdust, compost or spent tan). This species is widely cultivated in the tropics for human consumption, and is commonly called the ‘ paddy straw fungus’ or ‘ straw mushroom’ (Heim 1947; Singer 1961; Horak 1968; Chang & Yau 1971; Orton 1974, 1981; Heinemann 1975; Pegler 1977, 1983; Liu et al. 2020; Somrau et al. 2021). The records of this species in Europe might represent introductions as they are often associated with greenhouses or similar environments (e. g., Bulliard 1786; Josserand 1959; Horak 1968; Orton 1974, 1986; Lazzari & Cadonici 1982; Krieglsteiner 1984; Boekhout 1990; Kosonen 2012). All the sequenced collections (including the reference specimen) named as V. volvacea var. volvacea and the collection CBS 355 _ 64 (as V. diplasia) form a clade that is sister to a clade consisting V. bombycina and two sequences of V. orientalis from Vietnam (Fig. 7). Volvariella bombycina differs from V. volvacea by the whitish to yellowish cream, straw yellow silky-fibrillose to squamulose-villose pileus surface, a pale cream to pale brown volva (Shaffer 1957; Orton 1974, 1986; Boekhout 1990; Kosonen 2012). Volvariella orientalis differs in its pilose-squamulose pileus, ochre brown or olive brown volva and the presence of caulocystidia (Malysheva & Popov 2022). A large number of varieties (or undefined infraspecific epithets), other than the autonym variety of V. volvacea, have been described, some under the genus Agaricus or Volvaria: 1. Agaricus volvaceus (unranked) minor Bull., Herbier de France 7: Tab. 330. 1788 2. Agaricus volvaceus var. rhodomelas (Lasch) Fr., Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici: 138. 1838 (≡ Agaricus rhodomelas Lasch, Linnaea 4: 548. 1829, nom. sanct. [Fr., Systema Mycologicum 3, Index: 39. 1832]; ≡ Volvaria rhodomelas (Lasch) P. Kumm., Der Führer in die Pilzkunde: 99. 1871) 3. Volvaria volvacea var. fennica (P. Karst.) Sacc., Sylloge Fungorum 11: 43. 1895 (≡ Volvaria virgata var. fennica P. Karst., Hedwigia 30: 246. 1891) 4. Volvaria volvacea var. edulis Overeem, in Heyne, De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indië (ed. 2) 1: 72. 1927 [nom. nov. for Pholiota moschocaryana Overeem] (≡ Pholiota moschocaryana Overeem, De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch Indië 1, Herdruck: 10. 1922 [as “ (Streintz) V. Overeem, nov. comb. ”; A validly published name by reference to the description of Boletus moschocaryanus in Rumphius, Herbarium Amboinense 6: 124. 1750; Art. 38.11]) 5. Volvariella volvacea var. nigricans Hongo, The Journal of Japanese Botany 38: 233 (1963) (– Volvaria volvacea var. nigricans Kawam., Icones of Japanese Fungi 5: 596. 1954; nom. inval., nom. nud. Art. 39.1, no Latin diagnosis) 6. Volvariella volvacea var. lignicola M. Kaur & Y. Singh, Proceedings of 8 th International Conference on Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products (ICMBMP 8) 1: 64. 2014; nom. inval. Art. 40.6. Typification without the words type or holotype or their equivalent in a modern language. In all cases these names are frequently considered synonyms of V. volvacea var. volvacea in mycological literature and therefore they have fallen into disuse and they have been not (or hardly) used after their original publication. The most similar European species are V. caesiotincta and V. taylorii. Volvariella caesiotincta is distinguished by a pileus often with bluish tinges, smaller spores, hymenial cystidia with an abruptly connected, irregular, branched-tosubcoralloid rostrum (Orton 1974, 1986; Antonín 2012; Kosonen 2012). Volvariella taylorii differs from V. volvacea in having a smaller pileus, smaller spores, cystidia without a highly elongated apical neck, and growing mainly in coastal forests, in sandy or grassy areas in dune ecosystems (see above and, e. g., Shaffer 1957; Orton 1974; 1986; Boekhout 1986, 1990; Seok et al. 2002; Niveiro et al. 2017). Volvariella nigrovolvacea was originally described from grassy fields in the Czech Republic (Kosina 1974), and in addition to the habitat, it differs from V. volvacea in the larger basidiomes (pileus 100 – 150 mm diam.) and slightly smaller cheilocystidia (47 – 70 × 13 – 18 μm). Other than spore size and cheilocystidia, no other microscopic characters are given in the original description of V. nigrovolvacea, so it is very difficult to establish its identity. Among the extra-European taxa, the neotropical V. cubensis (Murrill) Shaffer (1957: 564), originally described from Cuba (Murrill 1911) and later also reported from Guadalupe in the Antilles (Pegler 1983), Brazil (Wartchow 2009), southern India (Adnaan-Farook et al. 2013) and Mexico (Hernández-Del Valle et al. 2019) has smaller spores, nonmucronate hymenial cystidia, and is terrestrial on humus (Shaffer 1957, Pegler 1983, Wartchow 2009, Hernández-Del Valle et al. 2019). Volvariella bakeri (Murrill) Shaffer (1957: 557), originally described from Cuba, is morphologically very similar to V. volvacea var. volvacea (Pegler 1983, 1986). Volvariella diplasia (Berk. & Broome) Singer (1951: 401) from Sri Lanka (Ceylon), is cultivated locally, and also produces chlamydospores in culture (Rangaswami 1956; Heinemann 1975) just as V. volvacea var. volvacea. Volvariella diplasia has been considered a white variant of V. volvacea var. volvacea (Heinemann 1975) or V. bombycina (Dennis 1961). Additionally, Dennis (1961) considered Volvaria ilicicola Speg. (1908: 114) a putative synonym of V. diplasia. In the phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 7), the collection named V. diplasia (viz., CBS 355.64, from India) clusters with V. volvacea var. volvacea. II: Newly described European taxa.	en	Caballero, Fernando, Justo, Alfredo, Parra, Luis A., Angelini, Claudio, Consiglio, Giovanni, Dovana, Francesco, Ferisin, Giuliano, Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Knudsen, Henning, Llimona, Xavier, Muñoz, Guillermo, Daniëls, Pablo P., Pérez-De-Gregorio, Miquel À., Ševčíková, Hana, Valverde, Andrés, Vizzini, Alfredo (2025): Taxonomic and phylogenetic overview of the genus Volvariella (Volvariellaceae), with a focus on European species. Phytotaxa 680 (1): 1-85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1
A01487E4FFD8FFE4FF2EFF7FF14CF830.taxon	description	MycoBank: MB 856532 Typification: — Holotype: SPAIN. Burgos: Guma, 41.638435, - 3.509393, elev. 820 m among ruderal plants (Eryngium campestre, Plantago sp.) at the centre of a path between a cereal field and the Duero river, 9 June 2018, L. A. Parra, AH 60254! (Isotype: LAP 190). Etymology: — From the Latin “ cor / cordis ” heart and “ spora ” spore, because of the frequent heart-shaped spores observed in the holotype. Diagnosis: — Volvariella cordispora is characterized by its robust habit, white pileus with pale brown colours at centre and a striate margin, dark grey saccate volva, presence of frequent heart-shaped spores, and terrestrial ruderal habitat. Description: — Pileus 30 – 44 mm diam., convex when young, expanding to plano-convex, with or without a low, broad umbo, sometimes with a patch of universal veil remnant at centre; surface fibrillose or covered with small squamules, not hygrophanous, white overall, with pale brown colours at centre; margin striate, slightly exceeding, and irregular. Lamellae crowded, free, broadly ventricose, white when young, becoming salmon pink or pinkish brown with age; edge entire, or irregular, concolourous. Stipe 20 – 40 × 5 – 7 mm, cylindrical, slightly widening towards the base, straight or slightly curved; surface white, smooth to finely fibrillose. Volva membranaceous, saccate, fragile, brown to grey-brown, with 3 – 4 lobes; rhizomorphs not observed. Context scarce, white; smell not recorded. Basidiospores (n = 70, c = 1) 5.0 – 8.1 × 3.8 – 5.2 μm, avl × avw = 6.0 × 4.6 μm, Q = 1.10 – 1.65, avQ = 1.30, subglobose to oblong, frequently with a heart-shaped outline, thick-walled, with barely a hilar appendage. Basidia 16 – 36 × 7 – 10 μm, tetrasterigmate, clavate, subclavate or subcylindrical. Lamella edge heterogeneous. Cheilocystidia common, 30 – 60 × 11 – 28 μm, (broadly) fusiform, with long or short apical projection, lageniform, or clavate. Pleurocystidia scarce, 46 – 68 × 25 – 38 µm, scattered, similar to the cheilocystidia. Pileipellis a cutis or an intermediate cutis-trichoderm, with terminal elements, 6 – 24 μm wide, often constricted at the septa; hyphae hyaline, or with diffuse intracellular pale brown pigment. Stipitipellis a cutis, with cylindrical hyphae, (4 –) 9 – 14 (– 22) μm wide. Volva composed of interwoven, cylindrical hyphae, 6 – 22 μm wide, with common septa. The terminal elements on the external surface have intracellular, diffuse olive green pigment. Clamp connections absent in all parts examined. Habit, habitat, and phenology: — Subgregarious. Terrestrial, among ruderal plants, at the centre of a path next to a cereal field. June. Distribution: — Known only from the holotype collection. Observations: — The average spore measurements given above are calculated using only the non heart-shaped spores. Volvariella cordispora appears in the phylogeny in a well-supported clade with V. izmirensis from Turkey, V. ptilotricha E. F. Malysheva & A. V. Alexandrova (2019: 245) from Vietnam, and two sequences identified as V. taylorii from Italy and India (HM 246491 and KU 752351). The sequences labelled V. taylorii are very distant from the collections that we interpret here as V. taylorii. As V. taylorii has usually been interpreted as a species with a greyish fibrillose pileus, not striate at the margin, most likely the Italian collection showed these characters which are very different from those of V. cordispora which has a white pileus with a pale brown disc and a striate margin. The Indian sequence is an environmental nrITS sequence (from a soil sample) and therefore its morphological characters are unknown to us. Volvariella ptilotricha has basidiomes fully covered by long, down-like hairs (inde nomen, ptilos: feather and thrix / trichos: hair) (Malysheva et al. 2019). Volvariella izmirensis, described here as new, has distinctly larger basidiospores (8.0 × 4.8 μm on average) with avQ = 1.70. Many Volvariella species with a white pileus can be confused with V. cordispora, but heart-shaped spores have not been observed in any of them. Volvariella hypopithys, V. pusilla, and V. neoparvula differ by their usually smaller basidiomes and their white, ochre or yellow volva, V. murinella possesses larger spores, cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia, V. reidii has much smaller spores and larger cheilocystidia, V. strangulata is distinguished by larger basidiomes, spores, cheilo- and pleurocystidia and by the presence of caulocystidia. The newly described V. cryptica, V. globifera, V. graminicola, and V. pilosipilea possess smaller basidiomes with a pileus diameter less than 25 mm and a white volva. Additional morphological differences are summarized in Tables 1 and 2.	en	Caballero, Fernando, Justo, Alfredo, Parra, Luis A., Angelini, Claudio, Consiglio, Giovanni, Dovana, Francesco, Ferisin, Giuliano, Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Knudsen, Henning, Llimona, Xavier, Muñoz, Guillermo, Daniëls, Pablo P., Pérez-De-Gregorio, Miquel À., Ševčíková, Hana, Valverde, Andrés, Vizzini, Alfredo (2025): Taxonomic and phylogenetic overview of the genus Volvariella (Volvariellaceae), with a focus on European species. Phytotaxa 680 (1): 1-85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1
A01487E4FFDEFFE2FF2EFF15F17EF9A6.taxon	description	MycoBank: MB 856533 Typification: — Holotype: SPAIN. Valladolid: Valladolid city, among grasses in a garden, 26 August 2011, A. García-Blanco, AH 60258! (Isotype: AVM 2584). Etymology: — From the Greek kryptike, hidden, for the difficulty in identifying this species without DNA data. Diagnosis: — Volvariella cryptica is very similar to the closely related V. neoparvula, differing in the slightly smaller spores with lower avQ values (avl × avw = 6.4 × 4.2 μm, avQ = 1.52). The nrITS sequences of V. cryptica differ from those of V. neoparvula in 19 individual changes, including a four base pair indel exclusive to V. cryptica. Description: — Pileus 10 – 25 mm diam., convex or convex-campanulate when young, expanding to plano-convex, with or without a low, broad umbo; surface smooth to finely fibrillose; fibrils sometimes grouped in small squamules; not or slightly hygrophanous, white or off-white overall; margin smooth or slightly striate, slightly exceeding the lamellae and irregular. Lamellae crowded, free, broadly ventricose, white when young, becoming salmon pink or pinkish brown with age; edge entire or slightly irregular, concolourous. Stipe 20 – 45 × 3 – 7 mm, cylindrical, slightly widening towards the base, straight or slightly curved; surface white, sometimes with pale brown tints, smooth. Volva membranaceous, saccate, fragile, off-white, with 2 – 4 lobes; rhizomorphs not observed. Context white, thin, with pleasant but not distinctive smell. Basidiospores (n = 101, c = 2) 5.0 – 8.2 × 3.7 – 4.8 μm, avl × avw = 6.4 × 4.2 μm, Q = 1.32 – 1.92, avQ = 1.52, ellipsoid to oblong, thick-walled, with barely a hilar appendage. Basidia 25 – 40 × 7 – 9 μm, tetrasterigmate, clavate or subcylindrical. Lamella edge heterogeneous. Cheilocystidia common, (36 –) 50 – 78 (– 86) × (13 –) 19 – 22 (– 30) μm, (broadly) clavate, utriform. Pleurocystidia scarce, 39 – 64 × 17 – 28 μm, scattered, similar to cheilocystidia. Pileipellis a cutis or cutis-trichoderm, with hyaline terminal elements (3 –) 6 – 21 (– 33) μm wide, often constricted at the septa. Stipitipellis a cutis, or a cutis-trichoderm, with cylindrical hyphae, 6 – 14 μm wide. Volva composed of interwoven, cylindrical hyphae, 2 – 11 μm wide, with few septa. Clamp connections absent in all parts examined. Habit, habitat, and phenology: — Gregarious. Terrestrial, among grass in urban gardens. August – September. Distribution: — Spain. Additional collection examined: — SPAIN. Barcelona: Sant Fost de Campsentelles (Barcelona), among grass in a community garden, 22 September 2019, F. Caballero, SFC 190922. Observations: — Volvariella cryptica is morphologically very similar to other small, white species of Volvariella. This species was collected in the same garden area as many collections of the taxon here considered to represent V. pusilla, but about 120 m away from it. Volvariella pusilla has slightly larger basidiomes (pileus up to 50 mm diam.), although there is variability in this character, and the hyphae on the pileipellis are wider (15 – 50 µm). Volvariella neoparvula has often grey tones on the pileus, larger basidiospores (7.0 × 4.2 µm on average), and has rhizomorphs with clamped hyphae. Volvariella hypopithys differs in the slightly larger basidiospores (6.9 × 4.7 µm on average), larger cystidia 46 – 124 × 9 – 30 µm, and the presence of (sub) globose elements in the pileipellis. Volvariella latispora differs in smaller basidiomes (pileus 10 – 14 mm diam.) and larger basidiospores (7.7 × 5.2 µm on average). V. cryptica is closely related to V. neoparvula (Fig. 5). The nrITS sequences differ in 19 individual positions, including a four-bp indel present in all sequences of V. neoparvula but not in V. cryptica.	en	Caballero, Fernando, Justo, Alfredo, Parra, Luis A., Angelini, Claudio, Consiglio, Giovanni, Dovana, Francesco, Ferisin, Giuliano, Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Knudsen, Henning, Llimona, Xavier, Muñoz, Guillermo, Daniëls, Pablo P., Pérez-De-Gregorio, Miquel À., Ševčíková, Hana, Valverde, Andrés, Vizzini, Alfredo (2025): Taxonomic and phylogenetic overview of the genus Volvariella (Volvariellaceae), with a focus on European species. Phytotaxa 680 (1): 1-85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1
A01487E4FFDEFFEFFF2EF9B5F7D6FB1E.taxon	description	MycoBank: MB 856534 Typification: — Holotype. ITALY. L’Aquila: Opi, Val Fondillo, in a grassy area, at the edge of a mixed forest with Fagus sylvatica and Abies alba, 22 September 2005, G. Consiglio & M. Contu, AMB 19290! Etymology — From the Latin “ deceptiva ”, misleading, deceptive, because this species was initially confused with Volvariella pusilla. Diagnosis: — Volvariella deceptiva is characterized by the small, white to pale grey basidiomes, and it can only be reliably distinguished from morphologically similar taxa by its nrITS sequences, which differs in 9 changes from its closest relative (V. graminicola). Description: — Pileus 10 – 45 mm diam., convex or hemispherical when young, expanding to conico-convex then plano-convex, sometimes becoming umbilicate or concave; surface smooth or slightly to distinctly radially fibrillose, not hygrophanous, white or grey overall, some with grey or ochre centre, paler towards the margin; margin striate or not, slightly exceeding the lamellae and irregular. Lamellae crowded, free, broadly ventricose, white when young, becoming salmon pink or fleshy pink to pinkish brown with age; edge entire, or irregular, concolourous. Stipe 10 – 60 × 5 – 9 mm, cylindrical, slightly widening towards the base, straight or slightly curved; surface white, smooth to finely fibrillose or pubescent. Volva membranaceous, saccate, in some basidiomes with slightly nodulose surface, white to grey-brown, with 2 – 4 lobes. Context white with indistinct or fungoid smell. Basidiospores (n = 120, c = 2) (5.0 –) 6.3 – 7.1 (– 9.0) × (3.9 –) 4.6 – 5.4 (– 6.1) μm, avl × avw = 6.2 × 4.6 μm, Q = 1.22 – 1.49, avQ = 1.35, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, with an amygdaliform outline, less frequently ovoid, thick-walled, with distinct hilar appendage up to 0.3 – 0.6 μm long. Basidia 21 – 30 × 6 – 10 μm, tetrasterigmate, (narrowly) clavate. Lamella edge heterogeneous or completely covered with cystidia. Cheilocystidia common (40 –) 44 – 97 × (13 –) 14 – 36 μm, pyriform, utriform, (broadly) fusiform, (broadly) clavate or broadly lageniform, sometimes with a small apical papilla. Pleurocystidia scarce, 41 – 67 × 12 – 30 µm, similar to cheilocystidia, in some collections predominantly utriform. Pileipellis a cutis or an intermediate cutis-trichoderm, with terminal elements 5 – 25 μm wide, some slightly gelatinized, often constricted at the septa, with hyaline contents. Stipitipellis a cutis, or a cutis-trichoderm in the upper part of the stipe, with cylindrical hyphae 6 – 15 μm wide. Volva composed of interwoven, cylindrical hyphae, 5 – 34 μm wide, constricted at the common septa. Clamp connections absent in all parts examined. Habit, habitat, and phenology: — Solitary of gregarious, terrestrial. On grassy areas at the edge of forests, in steppes, or in parks. September – October. Distribution: — Europe (Czech Republic France, and Italy). Additional collections examined: — CZECH REPUBLIC. Moravia: Biskoupky na Moravě, near path from Biskoupská hadcová step Nature reserve to Jihlava river, in the meadow, serpentine subsoil, 21 October 2017, H. Ševčíková & P. Ševčík, BRNM 804994. FRANCE. Alpes-Maritimes: Nice, Parc de Vaugrenier, among grass, 15 October 2007, S. Kelly, K (M) 156178. Observations: — Volvariella deceptiva is characterized by the small, white to pale grey basidiomes. Phylogenetically it belongs in the same clade as V. graminicola, V. pusilla, and two likely undescribed species (OP 114059 and PP 660764). All these taxa are very similar morphologically, but there are clear and constant differences between the nrITS sequences of these species: nine differences between V. deceptiva and V. graminicola and 17 differences between V. deceptiva and V. pusilla. Volvariella sp. (PP 660764) differs by its more ellipsoid spores and shorter cheilocystidia, but these characters need verification because only one collection was found so far. The only known collection of this species (JB 14 / 654) has been studied by us, and included in the phylogeny, but it is not formally described here. Morphologically similar species include V. pusilla, V. neoparvula, V. globifera, V. latispora, V. pilosipilea and V. reidii. See Tables 1 and 2 for a detailed comparison.	en	Caballero, Fernando, Justo, Alfredo, Parra, Luis A., Angelini, Claudio, Consiglio, Giovanni, Dovana, Francesco, Ferisin, Giuliano, Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Knudsen, Henning, Llimona, Xavier, Muñoz, Guillermo, Daniëls, Pablo P., Pérez-De-Gregorio, Miquel À., Ševčíková, Hana, Valverde, Andrés, Vizzini, Alfredo (2025): Taxonomic and phylogenetic overview of the genus Volvariella (Volvariellaceae), with a focus on European species. Phytotaxa 680 (1): 1-85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1
A01487E4FFD3FFEDFF2EFB5DF631FB46.taxon	description	MycoBank: MB 856535 Typification: — Holotype: SPAIN. Madrid, Madrid city, parque del Oeste, 40.433079, - 3.729172, under Cedrus atlantica, in a grassy area with a fairy ring of Agaricus arvensis, on ground rich in mycelium of this species, among the basidiomes of A. arvensis, 20 August 2005, L. A. Parra, AH 60251! (Isotype: LAP 188). Etymology: — From the Greek “ glaukos ” a bluish grey variable colour, and “ kephale ” head ”, for its glaucous pileus surface. Diagnosis: — Volvariella glaucocephala is characterized by its bluish grey pileus surface, sometimes with olive brown tones, saccate, usually dark grey volva, small spores (avl × avw = 6.3 × 4.1 μm), and fruiting among basidiomes of Agaricus arvensis. Description: — Pileus 18 – 35 mm diam., ovoid when young, expanding to conico-convex, convex and plano-convex in older specimens, with a central umbo; surface smooth or radially fibrillose, notably hygrophanous, varying from grey to bluish grey or grey-brown, darker (sometimes almost black) at centre, sometimes with olive brown tones; margin smooth or radially striate. Lamellae crowded, free, broadly ventricose, white when young, becoming salmon pink or pinkish brown with age; edge entire, or irregular, white or concolourous. Stipe 35 – 68 × 3 – 6 mm, clavate, slightly widening towards the base (up to 15 mm wide), straight or slightly sinuose; surface white, sometimes with brown tints at the apex, smooth, pubescent or slightly fibrillose. Volva membranaceous, saccate, white to dark grey, with 3 – 5 lobes. Rhizomorphs not observed. Context white; smell not recorded. Basidiospores (n = 94, c = 3) 5.4 – 8.4 × 3.6 – 5.3 μm, avl × avw = 6.3 × 4.1 μm, Q = 1.28 – 1.93, avQ = 1.54, broadly ellipsoid to oblong, thick-walled, with barely distinct hilar appendage. Basidia 15 – 30 × 7 – 12 μm, tetrasterigmate, clavate, subclavate or subcylindrical. Lamella edge heterogeneous. Cheilocystidia common, 38 – 95 × 10 – 22 μm, most lageniform or broadly lageniform, with a rounded to subcapitate apex, less commonly, utriform, clavate or subcylindrical, some with a secondary septum in upper part. Pleurocystidia scarce, 55 – 88 × 16 – 25 µm, most lageniform or utriform. Pileipellis a cutis or an intermediate cutis-trichoderm, with terminal elements 7 – 33 μm wide, often constricted at the septa, with diffuse intracellular brown or olive-brown pigment; also, with spherical or subspherical elements, 21 – 28 × 17 – 22 µm, sometimes attached to the sides of the cylindrical hyphae. Stipitipellis a cutis or a cutis-trichoderm in the upper part of the stipe, with cylindrical hyphae 3 – 14 μm wide. Volva composed of interwoven, cylindrical hyphae, 3 – 25 μm wide, with common septa; on the external surface organized as a trichoderm. Clamp connections absent in all parts examined. Habit, habitat, and phenology: — Often gregarious in small groups. Terrestrial, growing under Cedrus atlantica, in a grassy area with a fairy ring of Agaricus arvensis on ground rich in mycelium of this species, sometimes among the basidiomes of A. arvensis and sometimes without Agaricus fructifications. August to November. Distribution: — Known from a single site in the “ parque del Oeste ” in Madrid capital (Spain). Additional collections examined: — SPAIN. Madrid, city of Madrid, Parque del Oeste, 40.433079, - 3.729172, elev. 600 m, under Cedrus atlantica, in a grassy area with a fairy ring of Agaricus arvensis, on ground rich in mycelium of this species, among the basidiomes of A. arvensis, 6 August 2005, L. A. Parra, LOU-Fungi 18924); ibid., under Cedrus atlantica, in a grassy area with a fairy ring of Agaricus arvensis, on ground rich in mycelium of this species, without basidiomes of A. arvensis, 4 November 2006, L. A. Parra, LAP 189. Observations: — The description is based on three collections from the same collecting site. Volvariella glaucocephala appears in the phylogenetic analyses as closely related to V. hypopithys (Fig. 4). However, morphologically, it differs from V. hypopithys, as accepted here, in the grey-blue colours of the pileus, the slightly narrower basidiospores, (avQ = 1.36 in V. hypopithys), and the habitat under Cedrus atlantica on ground rich in mycelium of Agaricus arvensis. While other European species have predominantly grey colours in the pileus, the particular grey-blue tint (sometimes with olive brown tones) observed in V. glaucocephala has not often been recorded for other taxa. In Europe, V. caesiotincta and V. terrea, might present bluish tinges in the pileus but both taxa appear in the phylogenetic analyses clearly separate from V. glaucocephala (Fig. 1). Volvariella caesiotincta has larger basidiomes with a pileus up to 70 (– 120) mm diam., the cheilocystidia are often provided with digitate projections, and it often grows directly connected to wood. Volvariella terrea has larger basidiomes (pileus up to 80 mm diam.), longer spores, wider pleurocystidia, and occurs in grassy areas among basidiomes of Agaricus xanthodermus. Similarly, V. glaucocephala occurs among basidiomes of Agaricus arvensis and it has been observed that from 2006 onwards no additional collections were found, despite the fact that the collection site was visited several times each year. In the same period not a single basidiome of Agaricus arvensis was seen. Musumeci and Riva (2007) suggest that the association of V. terrea with Agaricus xanthodermus is indicative of a parasitic relation, and our observations on V. glaucocephala show a similar pattern with A. arvensis. However, more collections should be studied to unequivocally conclude that these two Volvariella species are in a parasitic relationship with Agaricus species.	en	Caballero, Fernando, Justo, Alfredo, Parra, Luis A., Angelini, Claudio, Consiglio, Giovanni, Dovana, Francesco, Ferisin, Giuliano, Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Knudsen, Henning, Llimona, Xavier, Muñoz, Guillermo, Daniëls, Pablo P., Pérez-De-Gregorio, Miquel À., Ševčíková, Hana, Valverde, Andrés, Vizzini, Alfredo (2025): Taxonomic and phylogenetic overview of the genus Volvariella (Volvariellaceae), with a focus on European species. Phytotaxa 680 (1): 1-85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1
A01487E4FFD1FFEBFF2EFA95F4AFFE4A.taxon	description	MycoBank: MB 856536 Typification: — Holotype: SPAIN. Guipuzkoa, Zumaia, Zuloaga park, 43 ° 17 ’ 56.10 ’’ N, 2 ° 14 ’ 50.43 ’’ W, elev. 6 m, on sandy soil (tertiary dune) under Cupressus macrocarpa, 17 September 2017, J. Teres, ARAN-Fungi 09431! Etymology: — From the Latin “ globus ” ball, globe, sphere and “ - fer ” carrying, by its characteristic globose or subglobose elements in the pileipellis. Diagnosis: — Volvariella globifera is characterized by its small, fragile basidiome, pileus fibrillose with discrete squamules, white to slightly yellowish in older specimens, and translucent, white stipe and the presence of subglobose elements in the pileipellis. Molecularly, is most closely related to V. taylorii, but the nrITS sequences of both species have more than 40 individual differences. Description: — Pileus 10 – 20 mm diam., convex or conico-convex when young, expanding to plano-convex, with a low, broad umbo; surface densely fibrillose, fibrils often grouped in small squamules, hygrophanous, white overall, sometimes with subtle yellow or yellow-brown tints; margin smooth or slightly striate, slightly exceeding the lamellae, and irregular. Lamellae moderately crowded, free, broadly ventricose, white when young, becoming salmon pink or pinkish brown with age; edge entire or slightly irregular, concolourous. Stipe 20 – 40 × 2 – 6 mm, cylindrical, slightly widening towards the base, straight or slightly curved; surface white, sometimes translucent, finely pubescent. Volva membranaceous, saccate, white, with 2 – 3 lobes. Rhizomorphs not observed. Context white, thin, smell indistinct. Basidiospores (n = 134, c = 1) 4.6 – 7.3 × 3.3 – 4.6 μm, avl × avw = 5.8 × 3.9 μm, Q = 1.20 – 1.81, avQ = 1.46, broadly ellipsoid to oblong, thick-walled, with barely distinct hilar appendage. Basidia 22 – 35 × 7 – 10 μm, tetrasterigmate, clavate or subcylindrical. Lamella edge sterile. Cheilocystidia common, (33 –) 45 – 57 (– 69) × (8 –) 12 – 22 (– 30) μm, most fusiform with an elongated apex, some clavate, lageniform or utriform. Pleurocystidia scarce, 29 – 61 × 9 – 32 μm, similar to cheilocystidia. Pileipellis a cutis or cutis-trichoderm, with terminal elements 8 – 25 μm wide, often constricted at the septa, with hyaline contents, intermixed with elements 63 – 121 × 28 – 55 µm, often globose or subglobose, but also sausage-shaped, broadly fusiform, or pyriform. Stipitipellis a cutis, or a cutis-trichoderm, with cylindrical hyphae, 3 – 11 μm wide. Volva composed of interwoven, cylindrical hyphae, 3 – 19 μm wide, some with common septa and some without septa. Clamp connections absent in all parts examined. Habit, habitat, and phenology: — Gregarious. Terrestrial, on sandy soil under Cupressus macrocarpa. September. Distribution: — Only known from the holotype collection. Observations: — Volvariella globifera is morphologically very similar to all other small, white Volvariella species, including V. pusilla, V. hypopithys, V. latispora, V. ranulicystis, and V. reidii (see Tables 1 and 2). Molecularly, it is not closely related to any of these taxa, but instead appears as the sister taxon to V. taylorii (Fig. 3), a species with predominantly grey pileus.	en	Caballero, Fernando, Justo, Alfredo, Parra, Luis A., Angelini, Claudio, Consiglio, Giovanni, Dovana, Francesco, Ferisin, Giuliano, Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Knudsen, Henning, Llimona, Xavier, Muñoz, Guillermo, Daniëls, Pablo P., Pérez-De-Gregorio, Miquel À., Ševčíková, Hana, Valverde, Andrés, Vizzini, Alfredo (2025): Taxonomic and phylogenetic overview of the genus Volvariella (Volvariellaceae), with a focus on European species. Phytotaxa 680 (1): 1-85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1
A01487E4FFD7FFEBFF2EFDA1F6D4F8CE.taxon	description	MycoBank: MB 856537 Typification: — Holotype: SPAIN. Girona: Baix Empordà, Camí dels Plans, in a grassy area, 2 October 2003, C. Roqué, AH 60252! (Isotype: CR 02102003 - 5). Etymology: — From the Latin “ graminis ” of grasses and “ - cola ” dweller, by its habitat in grassy places. Diagnosis: — Volvariella graminicola is characterized by its small basidiomes, with overall pure white colours; it is morphologically very similar to all other small, white species. The nrITS sequences of V. graminicola differ in 9 changes from those of its closest relative, V. deceptiva. Description: — Pileus 10 – 20 mm diam., convex when young, expanding to conico-convex, without an umbo; surface fibrillose or covered in small squamules; not hygrophanous, white overall, pale yellowish at centre in older specimens; margin smooth, slightly exceeding the lamellae and irregular. Lamellae moderately crowded, free, broadly ventricose, white when young, becoming salmon pink or pinkish brown with age; edge entire, or irregular, concolorous or white. Stipe 30 – 45 × 4 – 7 mm, cylindrical, slightly widening towards the base, straight or slightly curved; surface white, smooth to finely pubescent in upper part. Volva membranaceous, saccate, fragile, white, with 2 – 3 lobes; rhizomorphs not observed. Context white, thin, with indistinct smell. Basidiospores (n = 50, c = 2) 6.3 – 7.1 (– 9.0) × 4.6 – 5.4 μm, avl × avw = 6.7 × 4.9 μm, Q = 1.3 – 1.5, avQ = 1.4, ellipsoid, thick-walled, with barely distinct hilar appendage. Basidia 27 – 36 × 8 – 10 μm, tetrasterigmate, clavate, subclavate. Lamella edge heterogeneous. Cheilocystidia common, 43 – 98 × 11 – 45 μm, lageniform, clavate, fusiform, some utriform, some with two round knobs in the upper part. Pleurocystidia scarce, 41 – 67 × 12 – 30 µm, similar to cheilocystidia. Pileipellis a cutis or an intermediate cutis-trichoderm, with terminal elements 5 – 28 μm wide, often constricted at the septa, most hyaline. Stipitipellis a cutis, or a cutis-trichoderm in the upper part of the stipe, with cylindrical hyphae 6 – 13 μm wide. Volva composed of interwoven, cylindrical hyphae, 4 – 32 μm wide, with common septa; individual segments often constricted at the septa. Clamp connections absent in all parts examined. Habit, habitat, and phenology: — (Sub) gregarious. Terrestrial, among grass, in path edge rich in organic matter. October. Distribution: — Spain, United Kingdom. Additional collection examined: — UNITED KINGDOM. England: Little Wittenham (Oxforshire) on grass, 1997, R. Tofts, K (M) 68813. Observations: — Volvariella graminicola is very similar to other white species described here, especially to V. pusilla, to which it is also very close phylogenetically. It is not possible to separate these taxa based on morphology, and they can also fruit in very similar habitats (grassy areas). Basidiospore size is very similar in both species, average values are 6.7 × 4.9 µm for V. graminicola and 6.2 × 4.6 µm for V. pusilla. The shape and size of the cystidia show a similar degree of overlapping variation between both taxa, although V. graminicola does have some nodulose cystidia, which we have not observed in V. pusilla. The only morphological difference is the size of the basidiomes, up to 50 mm in V. pusilla and up to 20 mm in V. graminicola. Only DNA sequences offer a reliable way of separating V. pusilla, V. graminicola and most of the small white species described here, even those that are phylogenetically distant from each other. For a comparison with other small, white species see Tables 1 and 2.	en	Caballero, Fernando, Justo, Alfredo, Parra, Luis A., Angelini, Claudio, Consiglio, Giovanni, Dovana, Francesco, Ferisin, Giuliano, Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Knudsen, Henning, Llimona, Xavier, Muñoz, Guillermo, Daniëls, Pablo P., Pérez-De-Gregorio, Miquel À., Ševčíková, Hana, Valverde, Andrés, Vizzini, Alfredo (2025): Taxonomic and phylogenetic overview of the genus Volvariella (Volvariellaceae), with a focus on European species. Phytotaxa 680 (1): 1-85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1
A01487E4FFD5FFE9FF2EFF15F13FF8CE.taxon	description	MycoBank: MB 856538 Typification: — Holotype: TURKEY. İzmir, KemalpaŞa, Bayındır, Bagyurdu, on alluvial sandy soils, under Populus alba, 10 May 2021, O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR 3535, GUL 1027!. Etymology: — From the Latin “ izmirensis ” meaning from İzmir (Turkey), the province where the holotype was found. Diagnosis: — Volvariella izmirensis is mainly characterized by its small to medium basidiomes, white to pale beige pileus with cinereous centre, golden brown to ochre brown saccate volva, mainly narrow fusiform to fusiform pleurocystidia with an elongated neck and acute apex, lageniform to fusiform cheilocystidia with moniliform to flexuous excrescence, elongated clavate or obovoid caulocystidia, and thermophilic habitats with alluvial soils. Description: — Pileus 20 – 60 mm diam., hemispherical to convex, then plano-convex to applanate, with slightly depressed centre when mature, non-striate margin, surface dry, not hygrophanous, white to pale beige, finally at centre very pale brown to cinereous, radially silky fibrillose to fibrillose-squamulose with some erect short white hairs, sometimes cracked in older basidiomes. Lamellae crowded to moderately crowded, free, thin, ventricose, first white to very pale pink, then pinkish brown, finally almost entirely salmon pink, with concolorous even edge. Stipe 20 – 60 × 2.0 – 4.0 mm, cylindrical, slightly broadened downward, surface white, pubescent all over. Volva 2 – 5 mm high, thick, free, trilobate, saccate, fragile, golden brown to ochre brown; rhizomorphs not observed. Context white to cream, with indistinct smell. Basidiospores (n = 185, c = 4) (6.6 –) 6.8 – 9.5 (– 10.8) × (4.0 –) 4.2 – 5.4 (– 5.9) µm, avl × avw = 8.0 × 4.8 µm, Q = (1.42 –) 1.54 – 1.91 (– 2.0), avQ = 1.75, ellipsoid to oblong, slightly thick-walled, smooth, with a large central (oil) drop, hyaline. Basidia 20 – 30 × 7.5 – 8.5 µm, narrowly to broadly clavate often inflated in the middle, tetrasterigmate to bisterigmate, occasionally monosterigmate, hyaline, thin-walled. Lamella edge sterile. Cheilocystidia common, 25 – 45 × 9 – 15 µm, abundant, mainly lageniform to fusiform with moniliform to flexuose excrescence, sometimes with finger-like appendage, hyaline, thin-walled. Pleurocystidia common, 40 – 65 (– 70) × 10 – 16 µm, predominantly narrowly fusiform to fusiform, usually with an elongated neck and acute apex, hyaline, thin-walled. Pileipellis a cutis, with cylindrical terminal elements 50 – 170 (– 220) × 10 – 20 µm, non-gelatinous, smooth, hyaline or with pale yellowish brown intracellular pigment, thin-walled. Stipitipellis a cutis, compose of elongated cylindrical elements, 4 – 15 μm wide. Caulocystidia common, 50 – 110 (– 130) × 15 – 33 µm, mostly narrowly clavate or obovoid, in bundles, hyaline, thin-walled; present in the upper part of the stipe. Volva composed of interwoven, cylindrical hyphae, 4 – 35 μm wide, with common septa; individual segments sometimes with pale brown, diffuse, intracellular pigment. Clamp connections absent in all tissues examined. Habit, habitat, and phenology: — Gregarious or in small scattered groups, on alluvial sandy soils, at an elevation of about 80 m, in a Mediterranean climate, in a forest of old Populus alba trees. May. Distribution: — So far only known from Turkey. Additional collections examined: — TURKEY. İzmir Province, KemalpaŞa, Bayındır district, in Bagyurdu, on alluvial sandy soils, under Populus alba, 23 May 2021, leg. O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR 3536; ibid., on alluvial soil, under P. alba, 9 May 2022, leg. O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR 3537; ibid., on alluvial soil, under P. alba, 17 May 2022, leg. O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR 3538; ibid., on alluvial soil, under P. alba, 19 May 2023, leg. O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR 3539. Observations: — The closest relative of V. izmirensis in the molecular phylogenetic analysis is the European V. cordispora (Fig. 4), which is clearly distinguished from V. izmirensis by its white pileus with a pale brown colour at the centre, frequent heart-shaped, smaller basidiospores (6.0 × 4.6 µm on average), different pleurocystidia, no caulocystidia, and ruderal habitat. Further species related to V. izmirensis are V. lepiotospora Singer (1955: 774) and V. ptilotricha. Volvariella lepiotospora from North America differs by a darker pileus colour, smaller basidiospores (4.7 – 6.3 × 2.8 – 3.8 µm), and smaller clavate cheilocystidia (up to 26 µm long) (Singer 1955, Shaffer 1957). Volvariella ptilotricha from tropical Vietnam differs by its strongly pubescent basidiomes with greyish brown pileus, smaller basidiospores (5.5 × 4.0 µm on average), and clavate pleurocystidia (Malysheva et al. 2019). The morphologically similar European species are V. caesiotincta, V. hypopithys, V. neoparvula, V. pusilla, V. reidii, V. taylorii and V. turcica O. Kaygusuz & H. Knudsen (Kaygusuz et al. 2020: 580), which are all phylogenetically distant. For a morphological comparison between these species see Tables 1 and 2.	en	Caballero, Fernando, Justo, Alfredo, Parra, Luis A., Angelini, Claudio, Consiglio, Giovanni, Dovana, Francesco, Ferisin, Giuliano, Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Knudsen, Henning, Llimona, Xavier, Muñoz, Guillermo, Daniëls, Pablo P., Pérez-De-Gregorio, Miquel À., Ševčíková, Hana, Valverde, Andrés, Vizzini, Alfredo (2025): Taxonomic and phylogenetic overview of the genus Volvariella (Volvariellaceae), with a focus on European species. Phytotaxa 680 (1): 1-85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1
A01487E4FFABFF97FF2EFF15F447F7BE.taxon	description	MycoBank: MB 856539 Typification: — Holotype: SPAIN. Burgos, Aranda de Duero, on a bank of the Duero River, 41.673121, - 3.710218, elev. 844 m, under Populus sp., 19 September 2023, V. - J. Domingo, AH 56333! (Isotype: LAP 191). Etymology: — From the Latin “ mediterranea ” for its distribution in the Mediterranean area. Diagnosis: — This species is characterized by the medium to large basidiomes, with a white to grey, smooth to slightly fibrillose pileus and broadly ellipsoid to cylindrical spores (Q = 1.15 – 2.73). The cylindrical spores are often more than 10 µm long, some up to 13 µm. Description: — Pileus 40 – 140 mm diam., convex or conico-convex when young, expanding to plano-convex, with or without a low, broad umbo; surface smooth to finely fibrillose; fibrils often grouped in small squamules; sometimes with patches of universal veil, not hygrophanous, white overall, sometimes with grey or brown tinges, especially around centre; margin smooth or slightly striate, slightly exceeding the lamellae and irregular. Lamellae crowded, free, broadly ventricose; white when young, becoming salmon pink or pinkish brown with age; edge entire or slightly irregular, concolourous. Stipe 40 – 140 × 10 – 15 mm, cylindrical, slightly widening towards the base, straight or slightly curved; surface white, sometimes with pale brown tints, smooth. Volva membranaceous, saccate, fragile, grey or grey-brown, with 2 – 3 lobes, sometimes with brown rhizomorphs attached at the base. Context white, thin, with slightly raphanoid smell. Basidiospores (n = 397, c = 5) (6.1 –) 6.7 – 9.3 (– 13.6) × 4.6 – 6.3 (– 6.9) μm, avl × avw = 7.8 × 5.4 μm, Q = 1.15 – 2.73, avQ = 1.47, broadly ellipsoid to cylindrical, thick-walled, with barely distinct hilar appendage. Basidia 28 – 41 × 8 – 10 μm, mono- or tetrasterigmate, subclavate or subcylindrical. Lamella edge heterogeneous. Cheilocystidia common, (44 –) 51 – 113 (– 140) × (11 –) 17 – 39 (– 45) μm, mostly fusiform with or without an elongated apex, sometimes with bifurcate, digitate excrescence, more rarely clavate or lageniform. Pleurocystidia scarce, 49 – 116 × 12 – 45 μm, similar to cheilocystidia, but without elongated apex. Pileipellis a cutis or cutis-trichoderm, with terminal elements (7 –) 10 – 25 (– 30) μm wide, often constricted at the septa, hyaline or with brown pigment. Stipitipellis a cutis, or a cutis-trichoderm, with cylindrical hyphae 5 – 17 μm wide. Rhizomorphs with three types of hyphae: hyphae 1.5 – 2.8 µm wide, with scarce septa, with yellow-green pigment, clamped; hyphae 3.1 – 4.2 µm wide, multiseptate, thick-walled, with olive brown pigment, clamped; and thromboplerous hyphae 7.7 – 11.9 µm wide, that exude their contents through a porous wall. Volva composed of interwoven, cylindrical hyphae, 5 – 20 μm wide, with common septa; on the external surface arranged as a trichoderm. Clamp connections absent in all parts examined, except on some hyphae of the rhizomorphs. Habit, habitat, and phenology: — Solitary or gregarious. Collected in different ecosystems including riparian forests, mixed forests with Populus sp., Quercus ilex and Juniperus sp., dune ecosystems under Pinus halepensis and Quercus ilex also with Ampelodesmos mauritanicus, Pistacia lentiscus and Chamaerops humilis, and in pure Quercus ilex forests on alluvial soil, with nitrogen input from livestock. Often terrestrial, but one collection made directly on a Populus trunk. June – November. Distribution: — Spain (Burgos, La Rioja, Mallorca, Valladolid). Additional collections examined — SPAIN. Balearic Islands: Mallorca, Pollença, Formentor, on sandy soil under Pinus halepensis with Quercus ilex, close to the beach, 22 November 2002, J. L. Siquier, JLS 1605; ibid., Can Martorellet, Pollença, under Quercus ilex, 26 October 2009, J. L. Siquier, JLS 2894; ibid., habitat unknown, I. Vidal & J. C. Salom, JCS 1177 B. La Rioja: Tudelilla, under Populus sp., and Quercus ilex, 6 June 2009, G. Muñoz, GM 1517. Valladolid: Siete iglesias de Trabancos, on a rotten trunk of Populus sp., 1 June 1998, A. G. Blanco, M. Sanz Carazo & J. B. Del Val, MA Fungi 54717. Observations: — The spore shape of Volvariella mediterranea ranges from broadly ellipsoid to cylindrical. The cylindrical spores are quite characteristic, and they represent about 10 % of the spore measurements above. The cylindrical spores are often more than 10 µm long, sometimes up to 13 µm, which is an uncommon character in Volvariella. The presence of rhizomorphs, with clamped hyphae, might also be a good additional character to separate this species, but this character needs further study in the genus Volvariella, so establish its value as a diagnostic character. Volvariella caesiotincta differs in the generally darker colours, larger basidiospores (6.9 × 4.9 µm on average), and the vacuolar or granular pigment in the pileipellis hyphae. Volvariella murinella differs by the smaller basidiomes (pileus less than 70 mm diam.), smaller basidiospores (7.3 × 4.7 µm on average), and lack of rhizomorphs. Volvariella taylorii has smaller basidiomes (pileus up to 40 mm diam.) and smaller basidiospores (6.9 × 4.7 µm on average). Volvariella volvacea has darker basidiomes; smaller terminal hyphae in the pileipellis, often with darker, vacuolar pigment, and it lacks rhizomorphs.	en	Caballero, Fernando, Justo, Alfredo, Parra, Luis A., Angelini, Claudio, Consiglio, Giovanni, Dovana, Francesco, Ferisin, Giuliano, Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Knudsen, Henning, Llimona, Xavier, Muñoz, Guillermo, Daniëls, Pablo P., Pérez-De-Gregorio, Miquel À., Ševčíková, Hana, Valverde, Andrés, Vizzini, Alfredo (2025): Taxonomic and phylogenetic overview of the genus Volvariella (Volvariellaceae), with a focus on European species. Phytotaxa 680 (1): 1-85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1
A01487E4FFA9FF93FF2EFF15F7AFFC66.taxon	description	nov. (Fig. 31). MycoBank: MB 856540 Typification: — Holotype: ITALY. Gorizia, Farra d’Isonzo, on alluvial soil with Fraxinus excelsior and Quercus sp., 25 June 2016, G. Ferisin, FG 2506201602, GDOR 5558. Etymology: — From the Latin prefix neo meaning new and parvula (very small), the epithet created by Johannes Anton Weinmann (1782 – 1858) who described this taxon under the name Agaricus parvulus (now a homotypic synonym of Agaricus pusillus) whose description (synonyms excluded) matches very well with the new taxon here published. Diagnosis: — Volvariella neoparvula is macroscopically characterized by a white pileus, often with greyish tones, especially around the centre, silky-fibrillose surface to form small uniformly scattered squamules, a white pubescent stipe and saccate volva. Microscopically it is characterized by the shape of cystidia without apical projection or mucronate tips, spore shape, and clamp connections present only in the rhizomorphs. Description: — Pileus 25 – 40 mm diam., convex to conico-convex when young, expanding to plano-convex, with a low central umbo or depressed; surface finely fibrillose or silky-fibrillose, covered with fibrils grouped to form small squamules; pure white usually with faintly greyish or grey-brown tinges, more distinctly so at centre; not hygrophanous; margin striate or not, slightly irregular, exceeding the lamellae. Lamellae moderately crowded, free, narrowly ventricose, white when young, becoming pinkish brown with age, edge regular, concolorous. Stipe 20 – 60 × 1.5 – 6 mm (up to 10 mm wide at the base), cylindrical, straight; surface white, finely pubescent. Volva membranaceous, saccate, silky, white or with yellow or grey tones, with 2 – 4 lobes; in some collections with thin brown rhizomorphs at the base. Context white, thin, with Pelargonium - like smell or indistinct. Basidiospores (n = 316, c = 4) (5.0 –) 5.2 – 8.1 (– 10.7) × (3.0 –) 3.4 – 5.6 μm, avl × avw = 7.0 × 4.2 μm, Q = 1.22 – 2.39, avQ = 1.67, broadly ellipsoid to cylindrical, thick-walled, with distinct hilar appendage. Basidia 16 – 32 × 7 – 12 μm, tetrasterigmate, clavate to subcylindrical. Lamella edge sterile. Cheilocystidia common, 36 – 76 × 12 – 33 μm, (broadly) fusiform, lageniform with elongated neck, clavate or utriform. Pleurocystidia scarce, 38 – 72 × 10 – 36 μm, similar to the cheilocystidia. Pileipellis a cutis with transitions to a trichoderm, with terminal elements 6 – 25 μm wide, hyaline, often with apical rounded elements detaching easily in microscopic preparations. Stipitipellis a cutis or a cutis-trichoderm in the upper part of the stipe, with cylindrical hyphae 4 – 15 μm wide, sometimes slightly thick-walled. Rhizomorphs composed of densely packed hyphae, with two different types: septate hyphae 2.6 – 5.7 μm wide, with clamp connections, thick-walled, with internal pigment olive or brown, and hyphae with perforated walls, up to 7.0 – 10.0 μm wide, with oleaginous content that exudes outside of the hyphae. Volva composed of interwoven, cylindrical hyphae, 5 – 39 μm wide, with common septa; individual segments often constricted at the septa; with some differentiated terminal elements, clavate or ovoid. Clamp connections absent in all parts examined, except on the hyphae of the rhizomorphs. Habit, habitat, and phenology: — Solitary or gregarious. Mostly terrestrial, collected under Corylus, Fraxinus, Pinus, Populus, and Quercus, rarely on decaying deciduous trunks (especially Fagus). April – October. Distribution: — Known with certainty from Europe (Spain, Italy, Estonia, Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia) and Turkey. Collections examined. BELGIUM. Vlaams-Brabant: Kampenhout, Natuurreservaat Torfbroek, on soil under hygrophilic hardwoods, 2 October 2019, D. Deschuyteneer, Dov 953. CZECH REPUBLIC. Moravia: Chřiby, Čeložnice, near Kolomaznica spring, on soil, under Alnus, 1 September 2007, Jan Běťák JB-CH 158; Dambořice, mixed forest, on soil, 28 August 2023, H. Ševčíková, BRNM 844467; Lovčice, on soil near small reservoir, 20 September 2018, V. Antonín, H. Ševčíková, BRNM 844464; Rozhraní, in soil on organic matter in mixed forest, 30 July 2009, J. Zedník, BRNM 721628; Sidonie, NPR Sidonie, decaying trunk of Fagus, 21 August 2020, S. Flekrová, J. Hrabáková, H. Ševčíková BRNM 844462; idem., BRNM 844463; Lovčice, alluvium Soudný stream, under Fraxinus and Alnus, on soil, 5 September 2012, Jan Běťák, JB 12 / 568. ITALY. Belluno: Falcade, directly on soil, among the grass on an artificial embankment, 10 August 2014, G. Ferisin, FG 1008201438; Friuli-Venezia Giulia: Forni di Sopra, Rifugio Giaf, under Picea abies, 24 August 2009, G. Consiglio, M. Maletti & L. Setti, GC 09041; ibid., 24 August 2009, G. Consiglio, M. Maletti & L. Setti, GC 09040; Gorizia: Farra d’Isonzo, on river sand near Populus sp., 13 July 2014, G. Ferisin, FG 13072014050; ibid., on alluvial soil, with Fraxinus excelsior and Quercus sp., 9 August 2014, G. Ferisin, FG 09082014013; ibid., on alluvial soil, with Fraxinus excelsior & Quercus sp., 17 June 2017, G. Ferisin, FG 1706201707; Savona: Sassello, at the edge of a path, between patches of mixed broad-leaved trees with a predominance of Ostrya carpinifolia, Acer italicus and Prunus avium, 6 June 2020, F. Dovana, DOV 937; Udine, Cervignano del Friuli, in a meadow of Villa Chiozza, 19 October 2014, G. Ferisin, FG 1910201456. SPAIN. Gipuzkoa: Aia-Altzola, Erreka, on ground in mixed forest, 9 October 2011, J. Teres, A 3033713; Aia-Sagastizabal, on soil among moss, in mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests, 27 August 2011, P. Arrillaga, A 3033714 A; Girona: La Ral, Camprodon, in mixed forest, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur, Corylus avellana, 27 July 2013, J. Carbó, M. À. Pérez-De-Gregorio & C. Roqué, MPG 27072013. La Rioja: Viguera, found on the banks of the Iregua river, among riparian shrub vegetation, elev. 593 m, 13 August 2022, R. Martínez, CMP 2386. Zaragoza: Los Fayos, under Populus sp. and Corylus avellana, 7 October 2002, G. Muñoz, GM 3631 (AH 59937). TURKEY. Denizli: Acıpayam, on sandy soil near Populus tremula, elev. 570 m, 17 October 2011, O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR 1012; ibid., on alluvial soil under P. tremula, elev. 610 m, 11 November 2012, O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR 1013. Nomenclatural comments: — See under Volvariella pusilla. Observations: — The species described here as V. neoparvula, corresponds well to the original description (excluding synonyms) of Agaricus parvulus Weinmann, which is a small species with mostly white pileus, but with distinct grey or brown-grey tones at the centre of the pileus. In previous studies, some authors considered V. parvula and V. pusilla as separate species (e. g., Kühner & Romagnesi 1956), while others have considered them synonyms, using V. parvula (Orton 1986) or V. pusilla (Boekhout 1990) as the name with nomenclatural priority. However, as V. parvula is a homotypic synonym of V. pusilla, the former name cannot be used for a different taxon. Volvariella murinella differs from V. neoparvula by having more markedly greyish colours of the pileus; a grey volva; larger basidiospores (7.3 × 4.7 μm on average); and cystidia that are often mucronate or with apical projections. Volvariella pusilla has a white pileus without any greyish tones (sometimes with ochre yellow tinges at centre) and a striate margin, larger basidiospores (7.0 × 4.2 μm on average); and differently shaped cystidia. Volvariella hypopithys differs in having a white pubescent stipe and absence of rhizomorphs. Microscopically it is characterized by the cheilocystidium shape: mostly lageniform with an elongated neck, some with (sub) capitate or tibiiform apex. For a comparison with other species see Tables 1 and 2.	en	Caballero, Fernando, Justo, Alfredo, Parra, Luis A., Angelini, Claudio, Consiglio, Giovanni, Dovana, Francesco, Ferisin, Giuliano, Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Knudsen, Henning, Llimona, Xavier, Muñoz, Guillermo, Daniëls, Pablo P., Pérez-De-Gregorio, Miquel À., Ševčíková, Hana, Valverde, Andrés, Vizzini, Alfredo (2025): Taxonomic and phylogenetic overview of the genus Volvariella (Volvariellaceae), with a focus on European species. Phytotaxa 680 (1): 1-85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1
A01487E4FFAFFF91FF2EFC75F6F9FE26.taxon	description	MycoBank: MB 856541 Typification: — Holotype: SPAIN. Barcelona: El Prat del Llobregat, in a flower bed (garden area), on the right bank of the river Llobregat towards the sea, in a grassy area between Pennisetum clandestinum, Erodium moschatum, Teucrium fruticans, and Genista umbellata, 17 October 2018, A. Valverde, AH 60257!. (Isotype: SFC 181017 V). Etymology: — From the Latin “ nodosus ” knotted and the latinized Greek “ cystis ” cystidia, by its cystidia with prominent nodules. Diagnosis: — Volvariella nodosicystis is characterized by its small size, radially sulcate pileus with a discrete central, grey umbo, a smooth stipe and a saccate, pure white volva, and cheilocystidia with prominent nodules in the upper part. Description: — Pileus 12 – 15 mm diam., hemispheric when young, expanding to plano-convex in older specimens, with a central umbo; surface finely fibrillose, radially sulcate, not hygrophanous, pale grey, darker at centre; margin smooth, slightly exceeding the lamellae and irregular. Lamellae relatively crowded, free, broadly ventricose, white when young, becoming salmon pink or pinkish brown with age; edge entire, or irregular, concolourous. Stipe 25 – 30 × 2 – 4 mm, cylindrical, slightly widening towards base, straight or slightly curved; surface white, smooth to finely fibrillose. Volva membranaceous, saccate, fragile, pure white, with 2 lobes; rhizomorphs not observed. Context white, thin, with indistinct smell. Basidiospores (n = 155, c = 1) 5.4 – 7.1 × 4.0 – 5.2 μm, avl × avw = 6.3 × 4.6 μm, Q = 1.15 – 1.60, avQ = 1.36, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, thick-walled, with barely distinct hilar appendage. Basidia 30 – 34 × 9 – 11 μm, tetrasterigmate, clavate, subclavate. Lamella edge heterogeneous. Cheilocystidia common, (40 –) 49 – 74 (– 87) × (13 –) 19 – 24 (– 31) μm, mostly utriform or clavate, often with 2 or 3 round knobs in the upper part. Pleurocystidia scarce, (54 –) 63 – 74 (– 84) × (12 –) 17 – 22 (– 28) µm, scattered, mostly utriform or clavate, without apical knobs. Pileipellis a cutis or an intermediate cutis-trichoderm, with terminal elements 10 – 16 μm wide, often constricted at the septa, most with hyaline contents. Stipitipellis a cutis with cylindrical hyphae 5 – 17 μm wide. Volva composed of interwoven, cylindrical hyphae, 5 – 14 μm wide, with common septa. Clamp connections absent in all parts examined. Habit, habitat, and phenology: — Subgregarious. Terrestrial, in grassy area, in an urban garden. October. Distribution: — Spain. Observations: — This species has been found in a landscaped area, but more collections are needed to establish how constant, and taxonomically significant the habitat is for this species. Volvariella nodosicystis is a delicate and fragile species that is characterized by its small size, its pileus radially sulcate and a discrete central, grey umbo, its smooth stipe and its saccate, pure white volva. These macroscopic characteristics are common and shared by other taxa of this genus. Its microscopic characters are not unique either, except for the cheilocystidia with prominent nodules in the upper part. If this character proves stable in future collections, it could be used as a diagnostic to differentiate this species from morphologically similar species. Several small species can easily be confused with V. nodosicystis, including V. pusilla, V. hypopithys, V. neoparvula, and V. latispora. See Tables 1 and 2 for a comparison between these species.	en	Caballero, Fernando, Justo, Alfredo, Parra, Luis A., Angelini, Claudio, Consiglio, Giovanni, Dovana, Francesco, Ferisin, Giuliano, Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Knudsen, Henning, Llimona, Xavier, Muñoz, Guillermo, Daniëls, Pablo P., Pérez-De-Gregorio, Miquel À., Ševčíková, Hana, Valverde, Andrés, Vizzini, Alfredo (2025): Taxonomic and phylogenetic overview of the genus Volvariella (Volvariellaceae), with a focus on European species. Phytotaxa 680 (1): 1-85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1
A01487E4FFADFF91FF2EFE35F7AFF9CA.taxon	description	MycoBank: MB 856542 Typification: — Holotype: SPAIN. Navarra, Lana, on the bed of the Gastiain river, near its confluence with the Ega River, on rocks rich in chalk, 1 August 2020, Grupo Micológico Verpa, AH 60256! (Isotype: CMP 2077). Etymology: — From the Latin “ pilosus ” hairy and “ pileus ” pileus, for its fibrillose-lanose pileus surface. Diagnosis: — Volvariella pilosipilea, is characterized by the small size and fragile aspect, white, lanose-fibrillose pileus surface, smooth and translucent stipe, and a small, white delicate volva. Description: — Pileus 6 – 11 mm diam., ovoid when young, then conical to campanulate, and plano-convex in older specimens, with or without a central umbo; surface fibrillose-lanose, covered with radial fibrils tending to group into minute squamules, especially towards the margin, not hygrophanous, pure white; margin smooth, slightly exceeding the lamellae and irregular. Lamellae crowded, free, broadly ventricose, white when young, becoming salmon pink or pinkish brown with age; edge entire, or irregular, white or concolourous. Stipe 6 – 13 × 0.5 – 2 mm, cylindrical, slightly widening towards the base, straight or slightly curved; surface white, with a semitranslucent aspect, smooth. Volva membranaceous, saccate, fragile, pure white or with some brown tints, with 2 – 4 lobes; rhizomorphs not observed. Context white, thin, with indistinct smell. Basidiospores (n = 155, c = 2) 5.6 – 8.2 × 4.5 – 5.9 μm, avl × avw = 6.6 × 5.1 μm, Q = 1.12 – 1.51, avQ = 1.29, subglobose to ellipsoid, thick-walled, with barely distinct hilar appendage. Basidia 22 – 43 × 8 – 10 μm, tetrasterigmate, clavate, subclavate or subcylindrical. Lamella edge heterogeneous. Cheilocystidia common, (35 –) 44 – 83 (– 95) × (9 –) 13 – 24 (– 31) μm, most lageniform, with narrowing apex, some fusiform or utriform. Pleurocystidia scarce, 30 – 88 × 8 – 31 µm, most lageniform or fusiform. Pileipellis a cutis or an intermediate cutis-trichoderm, with terminal elements (9 –) 15 – 23 (– 31) μm wide, often constricted at the septa, mostly hyaline. Stipitipellis a cutis, or a cutis-trichoderm in the upper part of the stipe, with cylindrical hyphae 3 – 17 μm wide. Volva composed of interwoven, cylindrical hyphae, 3 – 28 μm wide, with common septa; individual segments often constricted at the septa, with some isolated ovoid or ellipsoid elements, up to 42 µm in diameter. Clamp connections absent in all parts examined. Habit, habitat, and phenology: — Gregarious. Terrestrial, in very clay-rich soils, near streams or in gardens with clay-rich soils and lots of organic matter. August – October. Distribution: — Spain. Additional collection examined: — SPAIN. Lleida: Torres de Sanui, in a garden with clay-rich soil and abundant organic matter, 31 October 2005, C. Roqué, CR 31102005 - 8. Observations: — Volvariella pusilla differs in the larger basidiomes (pileus up to 50 mm diam.) and broader hyphae on the pileipellis (15 – 50 µm diam.). Volvariella hypopithys has larger basidiomes (pileus up to 35 mm diam.), longer cheilocystidia (up to 124 µm), and globose elements in the external part of the pileipellis (25 – 120 × 23 – 108 µm). For comparison with other species see Tables 1 and 2.	en	Caballero, Fernando, Justo, Alfredo, Parra, Luis A., Angelini, Claudio, Consiglio, Giovanni, Dovana, Francesco, Ferisin, Giuliano, Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Knudsen, Henning, Llimona, Xavier, Muñoz, Guillermo, Daniëls, Pablo P., Pérez-De-Gregorio, Miquel À., Ševčíková, Hana, Valverde, Andrés, Vizzini, Alfredo (2025): Taxonomic and phylogenetic overview of the genus Volvariella (Volvariellaceae), with a focus on European species. Phytotaxa 680 (1): 1-85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1
A01487E4FFADFF9EFF2EF921F488FAEA.taxon	description	MycoBank: MB 856543 Typification: — Holotype: SPAIN. Balearic Islands (Formentera), Torrent de cala Saona, under Pinus halepensis, Juniperus phoenicea and J. oxycedrus, 5 December 2014, J. L. Siquier, AH 60253! (Isotype: JLS 3767). Etymology: — From the Latin “ ranula ” tadpole and the latinized Greek “ cystis ” cystidia, by its often tadpole-shape cystidia. Diagnosis: — Volvariella ranulicystis is characterized by its small to medium size, the radially fibrillose pileus surface, with grey colours (darker towards centre), and greyish, delicate volva at the stipe base. Description: — Pileus 10 – 35 mm diam., convex to conico-convex when young, expanding to applanate or plano-convex, with or without a low, broad umbo; surface fibrillose, with radial fibrils tending to group in minute tufts, especially towards margin, non-hygrophanous, grey to greyish brown at centre, sometimes with an olivaceous tinge, solid white or pale grey towards edge; margin non-striate, smooth, slightly exceeding the lamellae and irregular. Lamellae crowded to rather crowded, free, ventricose to broadly ventricose; white when young, becoming salmon pink or pinkish brown with age; edge entire, or irregular, white or concolorous. Stipe 50 – 80 × 2 – 5 mm, cylindrical, slightly widening towards the base (up to 7 mm wide), straight or slightly curved; surface white, smooth or covered with small white fibrils. Volva membranaceous, saccate, white, grey, pale brown or cream, with 2 – 4 lobes; rhizomorphs not observed. Context white, with Pelargonium - like smell. Basidiospores (n = 174, c = 2) (5.0 –) 5.5 – 7.4 × (3.2 –) 3.5 – 4.8 μm, avl × avw = 6.4 × 4.0 μm, Q = 1.27 – 1.98, avQ = 1.59, broadly ellipsoid to oblong, thick-walled, with barely distinct hilar appendage, some with median constriction. Basidia 15 – 30 × 7 – 10 μm, clavate, subclavate or subcylindrical, tetrasterigmate. Lamella edge heterogeneous. Cheilocystidia common, (35 –) 40 – 80 (– 95) × (10 –) 15 – 30 (– 40) μm, clavate-pedunculate, fusiform to broadly fusiform, lageniform or utriform, hyaline, thin-walled. Pleurocystidia scarce, 45 – 80 × 10 – 20 µm, most (narrowly) utriform or lageniform, some fusiform, some with a narrow apical appendage. Pileipellis a cutis or an intermediate cutis-trichoderm, with terminal elements (5 –) 10 – 32 (– 46) μm wide, often constricted at the septa, mostly hyaline contents sometimes in vacuole; with additional globose or subglobose elements, 9.5 – 21.6 × (5.4 –) 10.6 – 16.5 (– 18.0) µm rising from the side of cylindrical hyphae. Stipitipellis a cutis, or a cutis-trichoderm in the upper part of the stipe, with cylindrical hyphae 5 – 14 μm wide. Volva composed of interwoven, cylindrical hyphae, 3 – 16 μm wide, with common septa. Clamp connections absent in all parts examined. Habit, habitat, and phenology — Gregarious or solitary. Growing in dune ecosystems, under Pinus halepensis, P. pinea, Quercus ilex, and Quercus sp., with Juniperus phoenicea, J. oxycedrus and Pistacia lentiscus. The Turkish collections were made on forest litter in a broadleaved deciduous forest dominated by Liquidambar orientali s. March – April (Turkey), October – December (Spain and Italy). Distribution: — Spain (Balearic Islands), Italy (Lignano), and Turkey (Burdur Province). Additional collections examined: — ITALY. Udine: Lignano Sabbiadoro, Camping G-Tour, in grass under Pinus pinea, P. halepensis, Quercus ilex and Quercus sp., 23 October 2014, G. Ferisin, FG 25102014049. SPAIN. Balearic Islands: Formentera, El Ram, in a forest of Pinus halepensis, 6 December 2014, J. C. Salom, JLS 3790. TURKEY. Burdur: Bucak district, close to Karacaören, in Kargı Village Sweetgum Forest Nature Protection Area, on forest litter, Mediterranean forest dominated by Liquidambar orientalis, elev. 260 m, 13 April 2019, O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR 2467; ibid., on soil, under L. orientalis, elev. 265 m, 21 March 2021, O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR 2468; ibid., on soil, associated with L. orientalis, elev. 272 m, 12 April 2022, O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR 2469; ibid., on soil, associated with L. orientalis, elev. 283 m, 26 March 2023, O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR 2470. Observations: — Volvariella ranulicystis is part of a group of species fruiting in Mediterranean dune ecosystems. In this ecosystem, rainfall is concentrated in autumn, with very little precipitation the rest of the year. Other species with similar pileus colours are V. dunensis, V. murinella, V. siquieri and V. sylvipraticola. For a comparison of these taxa see Tables 1 and 2.	en	Caballero, Fernando, Justo, Alfredo, Parra, Luis A., Angelini, Claudio, Consiglio, Giovanni, Dovana, Francesco, Ferisin, Giuliano, Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Knudsen, Henning, Llimona, Xavier, Muñoz, Guillermo, Daniëls, Pablo P., Pérez-De-Gregorio, Miquel À., Ševčíková, Hana, Valverde, Andrés, Vizzini, Alfredo (2025): Taxonomic and phylogenetic overview of the genus Volvariella (Volvariellaceae), with a focus on European species. Phytotaxa 680 (1): 1-85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1
A01487E4FFA2FF9CFF2EFA01F683FCD2.taxon	description	MycoBank: MB 856544 Typification: — Holotype: SPAIN. Balearic Islands: Mallorca, Santanyí, Parc Natural de Mondragó, on plant matter, in coastal dune under Pinus halepensis, 8 November 2001, J. L. Siquier, AH 602551! (Isotype: JLS 1232). Etymology: — Honouring the collector of the holotype, Spanish mycologist and friend José Leonardo Siquier as a sign of gratitude for his contributions to mycology. Diagnosis: — Volvariella siquieri is characterized by its medium size, and the dark-grey colours when young, becoming paler over time, staying dark only at pileus centre, and the thick, grey volva. Description: — Pileus 20 – 40 mm diam., convex when young, expanding to plano-convex or slightly depressed at centre, with a low, broad umbo; surface radially fibrillose, sometimes grouped in small squamules, not hygrophanous, grey overall, with darker, almost black centre; margin smooth or slightly striate, slightly exceeding the lamellae and irregular. Lamellae crowded, free, broadly ventricose, white when young, becoming salmon pink or pinkish brown with age; edge entire, or irregular, concolourous. Stipe 30 – 40 × 4 – 9 mm, cylindrical, slightly widening towards base, straight or slightly curved; surface white, smooth to finely fibrillose. Volva membranaceous, thick, saccate, white, brown to grey-brown, with two lobes; rhizomorphs not observed. Context white with indistinct smell. Basidiospores (n = 87, c = 1) 5.3 – 8.0 × 4.6 – 7.0 μm, avl × avw = 6.6 × 5.6 μm, Q = 1.00 – 1.41, avQ = 1.19, globose to ellipsoid, thick-walled, with barely distinct hilar appendage. Basidia (22 –) 29 – 35 (– 45) × 9 – 11 μm, bisterigmate, monosterigmate and tetrasterigmate, clavate, subclavate or subcylindrical. Lamella edge heterogeneous or sterile. Cheilocystidia common, (38 –) 45 – 64 (– 76) × (11 –) 17 – 22 (– 26) μm, (broadly) fusiform, lageniform, utriform or clavate. Pleurocystidia scarce, 40 – 73 × 12 – 19 µm, similar to cheilocystidia. Pileipellis a cutis or an intermediate cutis-trichoderm, with terminal elements (9 –) 12 – 23 (– 29) μm wide, often constricted at the septa, hyaline or with pale olive brown pigment. Stipitipellis a cutis or a cutis-trichoderm in upper part of stipe, with cylindrical hyphae 4 – 30 μm wide. Volva composed of interwoven, cylindrical hyphae, 2 – 21 μm wide, with common septa, on the external surface often gelatinized. Clamp connections absent in all parts examined. Habit, habitat, and phenology: — Gregarious. Terrestrial, among plant debris, in coastal dunes under Pinus halepensis. November. Distribution: — Spain (Balearic Islands: Mallorca). Observations: — Compared to Volvariella siquieri, V. sylvipraticola has larger basidiomes (pileus up to 60 mm diam.), larger cystidia, up to 90 µm long; and rhizomorphs with clamped hyphae. Volvariella dunensis differs in the larger basidiomes (pileus 28 – 100 mm diam.), larger basidiospores (7.3 × 5.2 µm on average), and presence of caulocystidia. Volvariella taylorii differs in the larger cheilocystidia (up to 122 µm long), narrower basidiospores (4.7 µm wide on average) with higher Q values (1.17 – 1.93, avQ = 1.50). Volvariella murinella differs in the larger basidiomes (pileus 20 – 70 mm diam.), and larger cheilocystidia, up to 120 µm long. Volvariella caesiotincta also has larger basidiomes with pileus 25 – 70 (– 120) mm diam., pileipellis hyphae with very dark olive brown pigment (especially in the suprapellis), and rhizomorphs with clamped hyphae.	en	Caballero, Fernando, Justo, Alfredo, Parra, Luis A., Angelini, Claudio, Consiglio, Giovanni, Dovana, Francesco, Ferisin, Giuliano, Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Knudsen, Henning, Llimona, Xavier, Muñoz, Guillermo, Daniëls, Pablo P., Pérez-De-Gregorio, Miquel À., Ševčíková, Hana, Valverde, Andrés, Vizzini, Alfredo (2025): Taxonomic and phylogenetic overview of the genus Volvariella (Volvariellaceae), with a focus on European species. Phytotaxa 680 (1): 1-85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1
A01487E4FFA0FF99FF2EFC19F4F4FB74.taxon	description	MycoBank: MB 856545 Typification: — Holotype: SPAIN. Zaragoza, Parque Grande José Antonio Labordeta, in grass on soil consisting mainly of sand and gravel, under Pinus halepensis and P. pinea, 18 September 2012, G. Muñoz, AH 59938. (Isotype: GM 2601). Etymology: — From the Latin “ sylva ” wood, forest, “ pratum ” meadow and “ cola ” dweller, for its habitat in both woods and meadows. Diagnosis: — Volvariella sylvipraticola is characterized by small to medium-sized basidiomes with a white or grey, fibrillose pileus that is usually darker at the centre, a white stipe, a brown to grey-brown volva, subglobose to oblong basidiospores (7.0 × 5.1 μm on average), and narrowly utriform to narrowly lageniform pleurocystidia with a broad, obtuse apex. Description: — Pileus 10 – 60 mm diam., convex when young, expanding to conico-convex then plano-convex, with a low, broad umbo, sometimes slightly conico-truncate; surface fibrillose, sometimes fibrils grouped in small squamules, rather smooth in older specimens, not hygrophanous, white or grey overall, darker grey at centre, paler towards margin; margin smooth or slightly striate, slightly exceeding the lamellae and irregular. Lamellae crowded, free, broadly ventricose; white when young, becoming salmon pink or pinkish brown with age; edge entire, or irregular, concolorous. Stipe 20 – 80 × 2 – 7 mm, cylindrical, slightly widening towards base (up to 9 mm), straight or slightly curved; surface white, or with slight yellow tint, smooth to finely fibrillose. Volva membranaceous, saccate, brown to grey-brown, with 2 – 4 lobes, with rhizomorphs attached to the base. Context white with Pelargonium - like smell. Basidiospores (n = 516, c = 9) (5.2 –) 5.6 – 9.3 × (3.7 –) 4.1 – 6.2 μm, avl × avw = 7.0 × 5.1 μm, Q = 1.11 – 1.78, avQ = 1.38, subglobose to oblong, thick-walled, with barely distinct hilar appendage. Basidia 28 – 43 × 7.5 – 11 μm, tetrasterigmate, clavate, or subcylindrical. Lamella edge heterogeneous. Cheilocystidia scarce to common (35 –) 40 – 90 × 10 – 38 μm, broadly clavate, broadly cylindrical, fusiform to broadly fusiform, utriform to broadly utriform, thin-walled, hyaline. Pleurocystidia absent or scarce in some collections, common in others, (45 –) 50 – 78 (– 85) × (9.5 –) 10.5 – 16.0 (– 18.0) µm, numerous, most narrowly utriform to narrowly lageniform or narrowly fusiform, pedicellate and with broadly obtuse apex, sometimes with sinuous neck, thin- to slightly thick-walled, hyaline, but absent or rare in some collections. Pileipellis a cutis or an intermediate cutis-trichoderm, with terminal elements 12 – 42 μm wide, often constricted at the septa, hyaline, or with brown to dark brown diffuse, intracellular pigment. Stipitipellis a cutis or a cutis-trichoderm in the upper part of the stipe, with cylindrical hyphae 5.5 – 32 μm wide. Caulocystidia 56 – 59 × 18 – 20 μm, lageniform or fusiform, scarce, located in the upper part of the stipe (not present in all collections). Hyphae of the rhizomorphs (0.5 –) 1.3 – 3.3 (– 4.4) μm wide, thin-walled, with clamp connections at the septa, hyaline, or with pale olive brown pigment. Volva composed of interwoven, cylindrical hyphae, 3 – 30 μm wide, with common septa; individual elements often constricted at the septa. Clamp connections absent in all parts examined, but present on rhizomorph hyphae. Habit, habitat, and phenology: — Gregarious or in groups of few basidiomes, terrestrial. The Spanish collections were fruiting in areas with Mediterranean influence under Pinus halepensis (two collections in landscaped areas in an urban environment and the other two on siliceous sandy soil with decomposing organic matter, in environments near the sea). The Danish and Swedish collections are from fertile grassland, lawns, and in pastures around rubbish heaps. July – November. Distribution: — Known from Denmark, Spain, and Sweden, based on collections. GenBank sequences also from Pakistan and Germany. Additional collections examined: — DENMARK. East Jutland: Horsens Nørrestrand, close to Loddentot, in grassland, 5 November 1993, J. Vesterholt, C-F- 21086; ibid., 21 September 1994, J. Vesterholt, C-F- 25363; East Jutland, close to Skjoldhøjkollegiet, in grass lawn, 5 July 1997, J. & L. Vesterholt, C-F- 27378. SPAIN. Balearic Islands: Cabrera, Serra de ses Figueres, in soil under Pinus halepensis, 23 November 1994, J. L. Siquier, JLS C- 114 - B; Girona: Palafrugell, La Musclera, on siliceous sandy soil rich in organic matter, under Pinus halepensis, 5 October 2010, C. Roqué, CR 05102010 - 1; Zaragoza: Parque Grande José Antonio Labordeta, 9 October 2012, in grass on soil consisting mainly of sand and gravel, under Pinus halepensis and P. pinea, G. Muñoz, GM 2608. SWEDEN. Upland: Bälinge parish, close to Forkarby, in pastureland, 27 August 1951, H. Smith, Fungi Exsiccati Suecici no. 2002, C-F- 118194; ibid., Västergötland, Göteborg, just south of Brunnsbo, on almost bare soil amongst sparse grasses on an old rubbish dump, 20 August 1943, F. Karlvall, Fungi Exsiccati Suecici no. 2003, C-F- 118193. Observations: — In the Spanish collections of Volvariella sylvipraticola pleuro- and cheilocystidia were scarce, and sometimes totally absent, while in the Danish and Swedish collections both pleuro- and cheilocystidia were common. Two GenBank sequences, identified as V. taylorii, from Pakistan (HUP 10388) and Germany (GLM-F 29463) are considered to represent V. sylvipraticola. These two collections are, in their nrITS sequences, very distant from the collections here interpreted as V. taylorii (Figs. 1, 4).	en	Caballero, Fernando, Justo, Alfredo, Parra, Luis A., Angelini, Claudio, Consiglio, Giovanni, Dovana, Francesco, Ferisin, Giuliano, Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Knudsen, Henning, Llimona, Xavier, Muñoz, Guillermo, Daniëls, Pablo P., Pérez-De-Gregorio, Miquel À., Ševčíková, Hana, Valverde, Andrés, Vizzini, Alfredo (2025): Taxonomic and phylogenetic overview of the genus Volvariella (Volvariellaceae), with a focus on European species. Phytotaxa 680 (1): 1-85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.680.1.1
