identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
A7062B66FFFF6729FF22FF464AA7DAA1.text	A7062B66FFFF6729FF22FF464AA7DAA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brahmaea certhia (Fabricius 1793)	<div><p>Brahmaea certhia (Fabricius, 1793)</p><p>Phalaena Certhia Fabricius, 1793 . T.l.: [China, Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan Island] “Island of Chusan”.</p><p>= Brahmaea petiveri Butler, 1866 . T.l.: [China, Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan Island] “Island of Chusan”, junior objective synonym.</p><p>= Brahmaea porphyria Chu &amp; Wang, 1977, syn. n. T.l.: “ China, Chekiang [Zhejiang], Tienmushan ”.</p><p>Distribution: most of China (reliably known from the provinces of Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Yunnan, Shaanxi), South Korea.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A7062B66FFFF6729FF22FF464AA7DAA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A.;Makhov, Ilya A.	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A., Makhov, Ilya A. (2025): A study on the taxonomy and distribution of Brahmaea certhia species group (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae) using an integrative approach and websites data. Zootaxa 5715 (1): 53-105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7
A7062B66FFFF6729FF22FD5E4875DD5D.text	A7062B66FFFF6729FF22FD5E4875DD5D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brahmaea lunulata subsp. carpenteri Butler 1883	<div><p>Brahmaea lunulata carpenteri Butler, 1883, stat. n.</p><p>Brahmaea carpenteri Butler, 1883 . T.l.: “ Korea, Chosan, Harbour”.</p><p>= Brahmaea Lunulata Bremer, var. Tancrei Austaut, 1896 . T.l.: [qu’arrose le fleuve Amour, au sud-est de la Sibérie].</p><p>= Brahmaea bicolor Matsumura, 1921 . T.l.: [Korea].</p><p>= Brahmaea magnificentia Bryk, 1949 . T.l.: “ Korea, Shuotsu”.</p><p>Distribution: East of the Russian Federation (East Siberia, Amur Region, Primorye), North Korea, South Korea, North China.</p><p>The synonymy proposed by Zolotuhin was adopted in a number of fundamental works (Kitching et al. 2018; Sinev 2019; Paukstadt &amp; Paukstadt 2021b, 2021c, 2021e, 2022).</p><p>The following should be noted regarding the system by Zolotuhin. Fabricius (1793) introduced the name certhia as the binomen “ Bombyx certhia ”, but not “ Phalaena certhia ”. The holotypes of the taxa were identified by geographic association of their type localities with the corresponding clades of the COI tree, without morphological identification. Yang (1978) was the first to synonymise Brahmaea porphyria and Brahmaea certhia . Brahmaea lunulata tancrei, Brahmaea bicolor and Brahmaea magnificentia have never been synonymised with Brahmaea carpenteri before, and so their reference in this status should be considered as new synonyms. There are no reasons for the indication of “ Korea ” as the type locality for Brahmaea bicolor . The Beijing area is traditionally considered to be North China rather than East China. The inclusion of East Siberia in the distribution of “ Brahmaea lunulata carpenteri ” is clearly based on mislabelling of the moths (see below).</p><p>Thus, Zolotukhin made nomenclatural decisions based on molecular genetic analysis of non-type specimens of taxa and without establishing their morphological accordance either with each other or with the genetically studied samples. Having studied the publications, internet sources and available collections on Brahmaea certhia species group, including the holotype of Saturnia lunulata, we did not agree with Zolotukhin’s conclusion about the impossibility of species determination in this taxonomic group by external characters. Since the molecular COI phylogeny published by Zolotuhin (2016: fig. 4) does not allow associating terminal branches of the tree with specific moths or with the data in Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) or GenBank (NCBI), we conducted a new genetic study of the group based on the BOLD database.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A7062B66FFFF6729FF22FD5E4875DD5D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A.;Makhov, Ilya A.	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A., Makhov, Ilya A. (2025): A study on the taxonomy and distribution of Brahmaea certhia species group (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae) using an integrative approach and websites data. Zootaxa 5715 (1): 53-105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7
A7062B66FFFF6729FF22FE0A4F41D949.text	A7062B66FFFF6729FF22FE0A4F41D949.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brahmaea lunulata subsp. lunulata	<div><p>Brahmaea lunulata lunulata (Bremer &amp; Grey, [1853] 1852), stat. rev.</p><p>Saturnia lunulata Bremer &amp; Grey, [1853] 1852. T.l.: “aux environs de Pekin ”.</p><p>= Saturnia undulata Bremer &amp; Grey, 1853 T.l.: “aux environs de Pekin ”, junior objective synonym.</p><p>Distribution: East China, also reaches the provinces of Shaanxi and Sichuan.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A7062B66FFFF6729FF22FE0A4F41D949	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A.;Makhov, Ilya A.	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A., Makhov, Ilya A. (2025): A study on the taxonomy and distribution of Brahmaea certhia species group (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae) using an integrative approach and websites data. Zootaxa 5715 (1): 53-105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7
A7062B66FFFD672BFF22FC7B4EF9DDF6.text	A7062B66FFFD672BFF22FC7B4EF9DDF6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brahmaea certhia (Fabricius 1793)	<div><p>Key to species and subspecies in the Brahmaea certhia species group</p><p>1. Head unicolourous brownish black; flagellum and pectinae of antenna brownish black; short, rounded, almost wide as long; forewing dorsally with light lines of antemedial band packet between the Rs and M1 veins separating into sickle-shaped, hook-shaped or / and spot-shaped fragments; forewing and hindwing ventrally in basal portion with oblique light lines and spots; forewing with fork of veins Rs1–Rs2 long, starting into median field of wing basal to the postmedial band packet and in length reaching no less than 2/3 length of Rs3–Rs4 fork; abdomen dorsally with transverse intersegmental stripes of ochre-yellow scales; in male genitalia median dilation of gnathos bilobate with large teeth on lobes dorsally, valva oblong, length of valva along dorsal margin approximately twice as width of valval base along vinculum, harpe (apex of sacculus) wide lamellar........................................................................................ Brahmaea certhia</p><p>– Head brownish black with transversal band of yellow scales between scapi; flagellum and pectinae of antenna light brownish yellow; labial palpus with third segment almost twice as long as wide; forewing dorsally with uninterrupted light lines of antemedial band packet between the Rs and M1 veins; forewing and hindwing ventrally in basal portion uniformly black, without light lines or spots; forewing with fork of veins Rs1–Rs2 short, starting into postmedial band packet of wing and in length reaching no more than ½ length of Rs3–Rs4 fork, rarely Rs1 and Rs2 completely fused; abdomen dorsally black, without light intersegmental scales; in male genitalia median dilation of gnathos entire, spatulate, without visible serrations, valvae triangular, widened towards base, length of valva along dorsal margin no more than 1.5 times greater than width of valval base along vinculum, harpe (apex of the sacculus) in form of narrow, oblong process.................. Brahmaea tanctei (2)</p><p>2. In forewing dorsally postmedial band packet between veins CuA2 and 1A+2A with prominent notch comparable in depth to its width between these veins; first (proximal) line of this packet between vein 1A+2A and posterior margin of wing usually slightly convex or almost straight, without tooth on vein 1A+2A; in hindwing dorsally inner margin of postmedial band packet veins CuA2 and anal margin of wing usually strongly inclined outward; in male genitalia median dilation of gnathos with convex or straight posterior margin, process of harpe long and directed dorsally.............. Brahmaea tancrei tancrei</p><p>– In forewing dorsally postmedial band packet between veins CuA2 and 1A+2A with shallow notch, significantly smaller than its width between these veins; first (proximal) line of this packet between vein 1A+2A and posterior margin of wing usually slightly concave and with small tooth on vein 1A+2A; in hindwing dorsally inner margin of postmedial band packet between veins CuA2 and anal margin of wing usually curved weakly or almost straight; in male genitalia median dilation of gnathos with shallow notch on posterior margin, process of harpe short and deflected medially...... Brahmaea tancrei diastemata</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A7062B66FFFD672BFF22FC7B4EF9DDF6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A.;Makhov, Ilya A.	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A., Makhov, Ilya A. (2025): A study on the taxonomy and distribution of Brahmaea certhia species group (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae) using an integrative approach and websites data. Zootaxa 5715 (1): 53-105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7
A7062B66FFF36725FF22F8DE4940DCA2.text	A7062B66FFF36725FF22F8DE4940DCA2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brahmaea Walker 1855	<div><p>Genus Brahmaea Walker, 1855</p><p>Brahmaea Walker, 1855: 1315 . T.s.: Bombyx certhia Fabricius, 1793, designated by Hampson (1893: 29) (ICZN 1991: Case 2737; ICZN 1992: Opinion 1698).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A7062B66FFF36725FF22F8DE4940DCA2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A.;Makhov, Ilya A.	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A., Makhov, Ilya A. (2025): A study on the taxonomy and distribution of Brahmaea certhia species group (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae) using an integrative approach and websites data. Zootaxa 5715 (1): 53-105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7
A7062B66FFF06726FF22FF474AD1DA83.text	A7062B66FFF06726FF22FF474AD1DA83.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brahmaea (Brahmaea) Walker 1855	<div><p>Subgenus Brahmaea (Brahmaea) Walker, 1855</p><p>Acanthobrahmaea Sauter, 1967: 126 . T.s.: Brahmaea europaea Hartig, 1963 . Latest resurrecting of synonymous status by Paukstadt &amp; Paukstadt (2021d: 353).</p><p>Brachygnatha Zhang &amp; Yang, 1993: 48 . T.s.: Brachygnatha diastemata Zhang &amp; Yang, 1993 . Junior subjective synonym of Brahmaea . Synonymised by Nässig (1994: 355).</p><p>Transbrahmaea Zolotuhin, 2016: 9. T.s.: Brahmaea christophi Staudinger, 1879 . First mention of this name in the status of junior synonym is in Kitching et al. (2018: line 774). Paukstadt &amp; Paukstadt (2021: 352) confirmed Transbrahmaea as synonym of Brahmaea .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A7062B66FFF06726FF22FF474AD1DA83	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A.;Makhov, Ilya A.	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A., Makhov, Ilya A. (2025): A study on the taxonomy and distribution of Brahmaea certhia species group (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae) using an integrative approach and websites data. Zootaxa 5715 (1): 53-105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7
A7062B66FFF06721FF22FD9548C7DFED.text	A7062B66FFF06721FF22FD9548C7DFED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brahmaea tancrei subsp. tancrei Austaut 1896	<div><p>Brahmaea tancrei tancrei Austaut, 1896, stat. resurr.</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 9, 12, 14)</p><p>Brahmaea lunulata var. tancrei Austaut, 1896: 98 . T.l.: du’arrose le fleuve Amour, au sud-est de la Sibérie [? Russia, Evreiskaya A.O., vicinity of Radde village]. T.s.l.: unknown (Paukstadt &amp; Paukstadt 2021b).</p><p>Brahmaea magnificentia Bryk, 1949: 22, stat. resurr. T.l.: Nordkorea, Shuotsu [Kyŏngsŏng, North Hamgyong, North Korea]. Junior subjective synonym of Brahmaea tancrei tancrei . T.s.l.: Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden. Holotype photographs: Swedish Museum 2015: figs [1, 2] (moth), [3] (labels), [4] (male genitalia); Zolotuhin 2016: [pl.] 2, fig. 6. First synonymisation: Yoon 1991: 29.</p><p>Brahmaea jilinensis Zhang, 1988: 229, figs 1 (moth), 2 (male genitalia), 3 (uncus), 4 (valva), 5 (cornuti) [holotype], syn. nov. T.l.: [China], Jilin, Huinan. Junior subjective synonym of Brahmaea tancrei tancrei . T.s.l.: Entomological Museum of the Jilin Agricultural University .</p><p>Material examined. ZIN: Russia: Khabarovskii Krai: 1♀, Schrenk. | Amur | coll.Acad. Petrop.; 1♂, 2903 | Ussuri | coll. A. Meinhardt; 1♂, St. Kozakevicheva nizh. tech. Usuri Bykov 91. | 17 [the date illegible] [Kozakevichevo, 48°16′N 134°44′E, Bykov leg.]; 1♂, Ussuriyskaya zh.d. St.Vyazemskaya E. Borzov | kol. Chetverikova [Vyazemskii, 47°32′N 134°45′E, E. Borzov leg., Chetverikov col.]. Primorskii Krai: 1♂, Primorskiy kray Pozharskiy rayon s. Verkhniy Pereval Nikiforova 17.07.[1]990 [Verkhnii Pereval viilage, 46°34′N 134°40′E, O. Nikiforova leg.]; 3♂, 1♀, Primor’ye, Novopokrovka, na ostrove po r. Iman, 35 verst ot der. Kartun Buyanova 24.07.1913 [Novopokrovka, on the island on the Iman river 45°51′N 134°29′E, Buyanova leg.]; 1♂,Yevseyevka, Prim. obl. Shingarev”. 12.06.[1]910 | Bram. certhia F ♂ Filipjev det. [Yevseyevka, 44°24′N 132°53′E, Shingarev leg.]; 3♂, Vinogradovka, Ussur. kr. 11- 12.07.[1]929 D’yakonov Filip. / 4y lug | Bram. certhia F ♂ Filipjev det. [Vinogradovka, 43°45′N 132°57′E, fourth meadow, A.M. Djakonov &amp; N.N. Filipjev leg.]; 1♂, Vinogradovka, Ussur. kr. 3.06.[1]929 D’yakonov Filip. / Pad’ Kalugina na svet | Bram certhia F ♂ Filipjev det. [Vinogradovka, 43°45′N 132°57′E, Pad′ Kalugina, on light, A.M. Djakonov &amp; N. N. Filipjev leg.]; 8 ♂, 1♀, Primorsk. kray s. Muraveyka 22, 25, 27, 28.06.[19]77 Brameya Kaabak / Brameya | iz kollektsii L. V. Kaabaka [Muraveyka, 43°50′N 133°13′E, L. V. Kaabak leg. &amp; coll.]; 3♀, Nikol′sk- Ussur Baran. polig. Andriyevskiy [1]913 [Banivurovo vicinity, 43°42′N 131°58′E, Andriyevskii leg.]; 2♂, 1♀, GTS, okr. Ussuriyska Primorskiy kray Sinev S.Yu. 14.07.1982, 18.07.1985 [Gorno-Tayezhnaya Station, 43°42′N 132°09′E, S.Yu. Sinev leg.]; 1♂, Primorskiy kray 20 km V Ussuriyska Gornotayezhnoye svet Sinov 8.07.[1]985 [Gorno-Tayezhnaya Station, 43°42′N 132°09′E, S.Yu. Sinev leg.]; 1♂, Kondratenk. sr. t. r. Suputinki Samoylov 14.06.[1]934 [Kondratenkovka, 43°37′N 132°09′E, Samoilov Leg.]; 1♂, Primor’ye Suputinskiy zapovednik na svet PRK 21.07.1964 Kolomiyets | iz kollektsii V. V. Dubatolova (Novosibirsk) [Ussuriiskii Nature Reserve, 43°38′N 132°20′E, Kolomiyets leg., V. V. Dubatolov coll.]; 1♂, Bramea 30.06.[19]35 Zimov. kl. [Ussuriiskii Nature Reserve, Zimoveinyi Kluch, A.I. Kurentsov leg.]; 1♂, Suchanskii rayon—[19] 22 g. Kurentsov | 1040 Bram. certhia F ♀ N Filipjev det. [territory between Anisimovka and Tigrovoi, A.I. Kurentsov leg.]; 2♂, 1♀, Ussur. kray Suchan ist. r. Sitsy Kurentsov 20, 23.06, 14.07.[19]28 | Bram. certhia F ♂ Filipjev det. [Tigrovoi vicinity, sources of the river Tigrovaya, ~ 43°08′N 132°50′E, A.I. Kurentsov leg.]; 1♂, Ussuri mer. Distr. Sutshanensis loc. Derzhanovo A. Kurentsov | kol. Chetverikova [Tigrovoi vicinity, vanished Derzhanovo settlement, 43°10′N 132°50′E,A.I. Kurentsov leg., Chetverikov coll.]; 1♂, Suchanskiy rayon Fanza 15.06.[19]22 A. Kurentsov”. | 1040 Br. certhia F ♂ NF det. | Brahmaea certhia F. / mikr. prep. 13804 ♂ [Tigrovoi vicinity, vanished Ruch’i settlement, 43°10′N 132°50′E, A.I. Kurentsov leg.]; 3 ♂, 2♀, Suchanskiy rayon s. Tigrovoye 20, 25.06, 11, 30.07.[19]22 A. Kurentsov | 1040 Br. certhia F ♂ NF det. [Tigrovoi, 43°11′N 132°54′E, A.I. Kurentsov leg.]; 1♀, Suchanskiy rayon s. Tigrovoye 6.06.[19]22 A. Kurentsov | 1040 Bram. certhia F ♀ NF det. | Brahmaea certhia F. / mikr. prep. 13804 ♀ [Tigrovoi, 43°11′N 132°54′E, A.I. Kurentsov leg.]; 1♂, Primorskiy kr. Tigrovoy Chistyakov 23.06.1975 | Brahmaea certhia lunulata Brem. Grey [Tigrovoi, 43°11′N 132°54′E, Yu.A. Tschistjakov leg.]; 1♀, Suchanskiy rudn. Ussur. kr. Dolgikh 10.07. [year missing] [Partizansk, 43°08′N 133°08′E, Dolgikh leg.]; 1♀, Ussur. kr. Suchansk. Rudnik 20.06.[1] 913 M. Kazantseva | Br. certhia F ♂ Filipjev det. 1924 06.21 [Partizansk, 43°08′N 133°08′E, M. Kazantseva leg.]; 2♂, 1♀, Suchanskiy rudnik Ussur. kr. Palshkov 18.06.[1]931, 28.06., 15.07.[1]936 [Partizansk, 43°08′N 133°08′E, Palshkov leg.]; 1♀, Wladiwostock | coll. Dieckmann (Graeser legit); 1♂, Wladiwostock / Rieck | coll Dieckmann (Graeser legit) | Kol. Vel. Kn. Nikolaya Mikhaylovicha; 1♂, Okr. Vladivostoka Moltrekht [Vladivostok suburb, A. Moltrekht leg.]; 1♂, Okr. Vladivostoka, Okeanskaya A. Zagulajev 4.06.[1]952 / na svet [Vladivostok, Okeanskaya, 43°14′N 132°00′E, at light,A.K. Zagulajev leg.]; 2♂,Ussuri merid. Sedanka 26.06.1928 | Kollektsiya A.A.Bundelya |Brahmea certhia F [Vladivostok, Sedanka, 43°12′N 131°57′E, A.A. Bundel coll.]; 1♀, Vladivostok Sedanka 1916.08. Kriger-Voynovsk. | Bram. certhia F ♂ Filipjev det. [Vladivostok, Sedanka, 43°12′N 131°57′E, Kriger-Voynovskii leg.]; 1♀, Sedanka Ussur. kr. 5.07.[1]919 Kriger-Voynovsk. | Bram. certhia F ♂ N. Filipjev det. [Vladivostok, Sedanka, 43°12′N 131°57′E, Kriger-Voynovskii leg.]; 1♀, Vladivostok II Rechka 26.07.1913. Cherskiy [Vladivostok, Vtoraya Rechka, 43°10′N 131°55′E, Cherskiy leg.]; 1♂, Russk. ostr. Ussur. kr. 1914 g. Kriger-Voynovsk. | Br. certhia F ♂ Filipjev det. [Vladvostok, Russkii Island, 43°00′N 131°50′E, Kriger-Voynovskii leg.]; 1♀, 1925 07.28 Ussuri mer. Insula Rossica A. Shorygin | kol. Chetverikova [Vladivostok, Russkii Island, 43°00′N 131°50′E, Shorygin leg., Chetverikov coll.]; 1♂, 2♀, Primorskiy kr. zap. Kedrovaya pad’ na svet L’vovskiy 22, 28.07.1988, [Kegrovaya Pad Nature Reserve, 43°05′N 131°30′E, A.L. Lvovskiy leg.]; 1♀, Yuzhnoye Primor’ye, zapov. Kedrovaya pad’ Filippova 07-08.1975 [Kegrovaya Pad Nature Reserve, 43°05′N 131°30′E, Filippova leg.]; 1♀, Primorskiy kr. zap. Kedrovaya pad’ svet Sinev 29.07.1988 [Kegrovaya Pad Nature Reserve, 43°05′N 131°30′E, S.Yu. Sinev leg.]; 1♂, Primorskiy kray Kedrovaya pad’ V. Zlobin 07.1983 [Kegrovaya Pad Nature Reserve, 43°05′N 131°30′E, V. Zlobin leg.]. China: 1♂, St. Imyan’po Man’chzhur. Yemel’yanov 18.07.[1]91 [Heilongjiang, Yimianpo, 45°03′N 128°03′E, Yemel’yanov leg.]; 1♀, St. Pogranichnaya, Vostochn.-Kitaysk. dor. 1910 Martenson | coll. Acad. Petrop. [Heilongjiang, Suifenhe, 44°23′N 131°09′E, Martenson leg., Acad. Petrop. coll.]. FSCB: Russia: Primorskii Krai: 1♂, Roshchino, 45°54′N, 134°53′E, 12.07.1967, L.A. Ivliev leg.; 1♂, Ugodinza [Pshenitsyno], 44°05N 133°39′E, 28.05.1957, D.G. Kononov leg.; 1♂, Barabash-Levada, 44°45′N 131°25′E, 15.06.1978; 1♂, Gorno-Tayezhnaya Station, 43°42′N 132°09′E, 9.06.1956, A.I. Kurentsov leg.; 1♂, Ussuriiskii Nature Reserve, 43°38′N 132°20′E, valley broadleaf forest, 11.06.1950; 1♂, Ussuriiskii Nature Reserve, Egerskii Kluch, 43°38′N 132°27′E, 22.06.1966, D.G. Kononov leg.; 3 ♂, ditto, Pinus koraiensis —broadleaf forest, 20.07.1966; 3♂, ditto, 21.07.1966; 1♂, ditto, 22.07.1966; 1♀, ditto, 1.08.1966; 2♂, 1♀, Ussuriiskii Nature Reserve, Zimoveinyi Kluch, 43°38′N 132°26′E, 30.06.1968; 1♂, ditto, 3.07.1968; 1♂, Kangauz station [Anisimovka], 43°10′N 132°47′E, 1.07.1967; 1♂, Anisimovka vicinity 43°10′N 132°47′E, 23.06.1975 Yu.A. Tschistjakov leg.; 1♂, Tigrovaya station, 43°11′N 132°54′E, 28.06.1921, A.I. Kurentsov leg.; 2♂, Tigrovoi, 43°11′N 132°54′E, 18.07.1989, Yu.A. Tschistjakov; 1♂, Chandalaz [Livadiiskii ridge], 16.06.1964; 1♂, Vladivostok, Okeanskaya station, 43°14′N 132°00′E, 1965 [no exact data], Z.A. Konovalova leg.; 1♂, Vladivostok, Akademicheskaya, 43°11′N 131°55′E, 15.07.1969, Z.A. Konovalova leg.; 1♂, Kedrovaya Pad Nature Reserve, 43°05′N 131°30′E, 18.06.1976, Yu.A. Tschistjakov leg. A.A. Kuzmin private collection: Russia: Amurskaya Oblast: 2♂, Tarmanchukan station vicinity, 49°14′11″N 130°38′05″E, at light, 10.07.2010, A.A. Kuzmin leg. Additional visual observations by E.A. Beljaev: Khabarovskii Kra i: 1♂, Imeni Lazo Raion, the upper left tributary of the Akhbio river, 47°00′60″N 136°27′56″E, 800 m a.s.l., 2.08.2007; 1♂, Primorskii Krai: 1♂, Chuguevskii Raion, 16 km SE of Yasnoe village, Ussuri river, 43°36′N 134°06′E, 09.07.2013; Khasanskii Rayon, Ryazanovka river, 17.vii.1997. Moth web photographs: Table 4. Molecular samples: Table 5.</p><p>Taxonomic notes. Evidently, Yoon (1991) was the first to synonymise Brahmaea tancrei and Brahmaea magnificentia, but it was widely overlooked because it was published in Korean. Here we support this synonymy. According to the original description, Brahmaea jilinensis is morphologically completely consistent with the specimens of Brahmaea tancrei tancrei from the Russian Far East and have to be considered its junior subjective synonym also.</p><p>In Zolotuhin (2016), the male genitalia on fig. 10: “ B. l. carpenteri Butl., 1883, Korea (MWM 29321)”, morphologically deviate greatly from the typical Brahmaea tancrei tancrei in having uncus wide and clearly biapical, valvae wide and with vestigial harpe (Fig. 16), that is similar to the characters of Brahmaea certhia . It is possible that this moth is a natural hybrid of these species.</p><p>Distribution. Southeast of Russian Federation (extreme southeast of Amurskaya Oblast, Evreiskaya A.O., south of Khabarovskii Krai, Primorskii Krai), Northeastern China (east of Heilongjiang, east of Jilin, northeast of Liaoning), North Korea, South Korea (mountains) (Fig. 19).</p><p>The BOLD samples SARBB1309-09 and SARBB1310-09 from “ Russia, Sakha-Yakutiya Republic, Inkagirskoje Pioskogorie” [evidently, Yukagirskoye Ploskogorye (Yukaghir Highlands), 66°25′0″N, 154°0′0″E] are undoubtedly mislabeled. The region is located on the Arctic Circle in the tundra and forest-tundra zones, where these moths cannot live. The sample SARBB943-09 from “ Vietnam, Lai Chau ” (originally determined as “ Brahmaea certhia ”), the samples LTOL202-07 (larva) and LTOL312-07 (pupa) from “ China, Shanghai ”, and sample LTOL892-08 (larva) from “ China ” are clustered together with samples from Russia, North Korea and South Korea, and they must belong to Brahmaea tancrei tancrei . The region of origin of these samples is probably indicated incorrectly. The characters of moths of the sample SARBB943-09 from “ Vietnam ” also correspond well to those of Brahmaea tancrei tancrei .</p><p>Ecology and preimaginal stages. In Russia, the species develops in one generation per year. In nature, in Primorskii Krai moths occur from late May to beginning of August (original data), and on the Amur river—from mid-June to beginning of August (Dubatolov &amp; Dolgikh 2007). Judging from the literature and internet data, in South Korea the species also develops in one generation (Yoon 1991), and moths fly at the similar period as in Primorskii Krai. In Russia, the species clearly prefers mesophilic coniferous-broadleaf valley and low mountain forests, but moths were occasionally found at altitudes of up to 800 m a.s.l. in the Sikhote-Alin ridge in the belt of boreal coniferous forests. The north-easternmost known location of Brahmaea tancrei tancrei (also the northernmost) is in the Kiselevka village (51°24′N 138°59′E) in Lover Amur, the north-westernmost location is in the vicinity of the Tarmanchukan station (49°14′N 130°48′E) in the Middle Amur area in the Lesser Khingan Mountains. Both localities are characterised by severe winters with average January temperatures below -25 °C and absolute minimums down to -45 °C … -50 °C. In South Korea it is a mountain species which occurs in the south of the country at altitudes above 400 m a.s.l. (based on the iNatiralist website data).</p><p>Larvae feed on Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr., Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance and Syringa amurensis Rupr. (Graeser 1888; Kozlov 1985; Tschistjakov 1992), but in culture larvae prefer leaves of the last species (personal observation by the first author). In South Korea, feeding of larvae on Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold &amp; Zucc. was indicated (Yoon 1991; Lee 2015). Pupation occurs in plant litter on the soil without a cocoon under some cover (usually deadwood). Egg, larva and pupa are described in detail in literatures (Kozlov 1985; Owada 1987; Paukstadt &amp; Ragus 1990; Yoon 1991; Lee 2015; Paukstadt &amp; Paukstadt 2017b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A7062B66FFF06721FF22FD9548C7DFED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A.;Makhov, Ilya A.	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A., Makhov, Ilya A. (2025): A study on the taxonomy and distribution of Brahmaea certhia species group (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae) using an integrative approach and websites data. Zootaxa 5715 (1): 53-105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7
A7062B66FFF76722FF22FAC649DEDAA1.text	A7062B66FFF76722FF22FAC649DEDAA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brahmaea tancrei subsp. diastemata (Zhang & Yang 1993) Beljaev & Makhov 2025	<div><p>Brahmaea tancrei diastemata (Zhang &amp; Yang, 1993), stat. nov.</p><p>(Figs 4, 10, 15)</p><p>Brachygnatha diastemata Zhang &amp; Yang, 1993: 49 (Chinese), 50 (English), figs 1 (male genitalia), 2 (gnathos), 5 (moth dorsally), 6 (moth ventrally) [holotype] . T.l.: [China], Shaanxi, Taibaishan, Haoping . T.s.l.: Insect Collection of the Beijing Agricultural University .</p><p>Material examined. ZIN: China: 1♀, 100 km W of Beijing 6–8 VII 2006 V. Krivokhatsky | Taihang Mts., 1100 m <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=115.48333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 115.48333/lat 39.95)">Xiao Longmeng Nat. Forest Park</a> [Beijing, Xiaolongmen, 39°57′N 115°29′E, V. Krivokhatsky leg.]. Moth web photographs: Table 6. Molecular samples: Table 7 .</p><p>Distribution. China (Hebei, Beijing, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan; Chu &amp; Wang (1977) indicated Zhejiang (Tianmushan) for “B rahmaea ledereri ”, Zhangn et al. (1999) also indicated Ningxia for “ Brachygnatha ”; the mention of “ Brahmaea ledereri ” from Shanghai by Conte (1911) may refer to Brahmaea tancrei diastemata, but it is unlikely that this specimen could have been collected directly in Shanghai) (Fig. 19).</p><p>Ecology and preimaginal stages. From the literatures and internet data, moths occur from end of April to mid-August, and possibly the subspecies develops in two generations per year. Mountain subspecies, observed on elevations from 800 up to 2750 m, mostly— 900–1600 m a.s.l. The physical-geographical boundary separating the areas of Brahmaea tancrei tancrei and Brahmaea tancrei diastemata is the Liaohe Plain in Liaoning Province.</p><p>Data on the preimaginal stages are insufficient. Yang (1978) noted that larvae of “ Brahmaea undulata ” (= Brahmaea tancrei diastemata) were collected in Baihushan (Beijing) from the Syringa oblata Lindl. Zhu &amp; Wang (1983) briefly described larva of “ Brahmaea christophi ” (= Brahmaea tancrei diastemata) from the same locality: “The larvae are lighter in colour than the above species [ Brahmaea certhia], almost white with light black spots, with bright red spots on the back of the third segment, and red spiracles; the larvae live scattered in shaded and moist places, and damage the genus Fraxinus L. in July and August. The pupa is black and thick, with two tubercles on the back of the chest, and pupates in mosses or under stones” (Zhu &amp; Wang 1983: 414, in Chinese). This description corresponds to Brahmaea tancrei . However, description of larva of “ Brahmaea ledereri ” from Xitianmushan (Zhu &amp; Wang 1983: 415) corresponds to Brahmaea certhia, whereas the photograph of the moth (Zhu &amp; Wang 1983: fig. 2987) agrees with Brahmaea tancrei diastemata .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A7062B66FFF76722FF22FAC649DEDAA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A.;Makhov, Ilya A.	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A., Makhov, Ilya A. (2025): A study on the taxonomy and distribution of Brahmaea certhia species group (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae) using an integrative approach and websites data. Zootaxa 5715 (1): 53-105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7
A7062B66FFF4673FFF22FE0A4881DAA1.text	A7062B66FFF4673FFF22FE0A4881DAA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brahmaea certhia (Fabricius 1793)	<div><p>Brahmaea certhia (Fabricius, 1793)</p><p>(Figs 5–8, 11, 13, 17)</p><p>Bombyx certhia Fabricius, 1793: 412 . T.l.: Island of Chusan [China, Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan Island], based on the image of moths in Petiver 1709: tab. 18, fig. 3 (moth). T.s.l.: Natural History Museum (London), but the specimen was not found (Butler 1880: 189).</p><p>Saturnia lunulata Bremer &amp; Grey, 1853 (Bremer &amp; Grey 1853a): 64, stat. resurr. T.l.: aux environs de Pekin [China, Beijing vicinity]. Junior subjective synonym of Brahmaea certhia . T.s.l.: Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. St. Petersburg, Russia. Holotype image: Ménétriès 1863: pl. 15, fig. 5 (moth, as Brahmaea lunulata). Holotype photograph: Zolotuhin 2016: [pl.] 2, fig. 4).</p><p>Saturnia undulata Bremer &amp; Grey, 1853 (Bremer &amp; Grey 1853b): 16, pl. 5, fig. 3 (moth) [holotype], stat. resurr. Unnecessary replacement name and junior objective synonym of Saturnia lunulata, junior subjective synonym of Brahmaea certhia .</p><p>Brahmaea petiveri Butler, 1866: p. 120, fig. 3 (moth) [reproduction of the Petiver’s figure]. T.l.: Island of Chusan [China, Zhejiang, Zhoushan Island]. Junior objective synonym of Brahmaea certhia .</p><p>Brahmaea carpenteri Butler, 1883: 114, stat. resurr. T.l.: Corea, Chosan Harbour [South Korea, Busan Port]. Junior subjective synonym Brahmaea certhia . T.s.l.: Тatural History Museum, London. Holotype photograph: Zolotuhin 2016: [pl.] 2, fig. 3.</p><p>Brahmaea bicolor Matsumura, 1921: 935, pl. 64, fig. 1 (moth) [holotype], stat. resurr. T.l.: Formosa [Taiwan Island] [mainland China?]. Junior subjective synonym of Brahmaea certhia . T.s.l.: Entomological department of the Sapporo University, Japan. Holotype photograph: Zolotuhin 2016: [pl.] 2, fig. 5.</p><p>Brahmaea porphyria Chu &amp; Wang, 1977: 83, 84, fig. 4 (moth) [not indicated holotype or paratype]. T.l.: China, Chekiang [Zhejiang], Tienmushan [Tianmushan]. Junior subjective synonym of Brahmaea certhia . T.s.l.: Insect Museum of Peking Institute of Zoology (Insect Collection of the Institute of Zoology), Academia Sinica. First synonymisation: Yang 1978: 426.</p><p>Brahmaea separata Yang &amp; Zhang in Zhang &amp; Yang, 1994 (1994a): 112, figs 1 (uncus), 2 (valva), 5 (moth dorsally), 6 (moth ventrally) [holotype], syn. nov. of Brahmaea certhia . T.l.: [China], Hubei, Wuchang. T.s.l.: Insect Collection of Beijing Agricultural University .</p><p>Brahmaea recta Yang &amp; Zhang in Zhang &amp; Yang, 1994 (1994a): 112, figs 3 (uncus), 4 (valva), 7 (moth dorsally), 8 (moth ventrally) [holotype], syn. nov. of Brahmaea certhia . T.l.: [China], Zhejiang, Xitianmushan [West Tianmu Mountain, Tianmushan] . T.s.l.: Insect Collection of Beijing Agricultural University .</p><p>Brahmaea goniata Zhang &amp;Yang, 1994 (Zhang &amp;Yang 1994b): 276, figs 1 (moth dorsally), 2 (moth ventrally), 3 (valva), 4 (uncus) [not indicated holotype or paratype], syn. nov. of Brahmaea certhia . T.l.: [China], Shaanxi, Zhenan. T.s.l.: Insect Collection of Beijing Agricultural University .</p><p>Material examined. ZIN: China: 1♂, Berg Paoschan b.[ei] Nanking, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.133335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.1/lat 32.133335)">China</a> sept. or. | Kollektsiya A.A. Bundelya [Jiangsu, Jurong, Baohua Mountain, 32°08′N 119°06′E, A.A. Bundel coll.] ; 1♂, 39. | coll. O. John [China, locality unknown]. North Korea: 1♂, Pung Tung / 20.06.[18]84 Herz | Kol. Vel. Kn. Nikolaya Mikhaylovicha [? <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=127.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.416668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 127.6/lat 38.416668)">Nungdong</a>, 38°23′N 127°38′E, ~ 4 km SE of Kimhwa-up, 38°25′N 127°36′E, Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich coll.]. Moth web photographs: Table 8. Molecular samples: Table 9 .</p><p>Taxonomic notes. Brahmaea separata and Brahmaea recta are described based on the single specimens, slightly deviating from the typical moths of Brahmaea certhia in the wing pattern. But they have all the key diagnostic characters of the species both in external features and in the structure of the male genitalia. Brahmaea goniata, judging by the description and illustrations, is a typical Brahmaea certhia . Therefore, we synonymise Brahmaea separata, Brahmaea recta and Brahmaea goniata with Brahmaea certhia .</p><p>For Brahmaea bicolor Matsumura, 1921, the type locality was originally indicated as “Formosa” with remarks that “exact habitat being not well known” (Matsumura 1921: 936). However, there is no other data on the Brahmaea certhia from Taiwan Island. Zolotuhin (2016) proposed “ Korea ” as a type locality for the Matsumura’s taxon, but here are no reasons for this decision. The holotype has on the forewing a rather deep notch of postmedial pocket of bands between the veins CuA2–1A+2A, which is typical for moths from continental China, but in moths from South Korea this notch is noticeably less deep. It is possible that the type specimen could have been brought to Taiwan from China by a ship with goods, since similar modern introduction of Brahmaea certhia to South Korea probably from China is known (Kang et al. 2019).</p><p>Distribution. China (south of Liaoning, Hebei, Beijing, Shandong, Shaanxi, Jiangsu, Hubei, Anhui, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Yunnan; Leech (1898) and Mell (1930) reported this species from northwest Jiangxi, from “Kiukiang” (Jiujiang) and “Kuling” (Guling) respectively; Yang (1978) indicated also Henan), south of North Korea, South Korea (except Ulleungdo and Jeju) (Fig. 19).</p><p>Ecology and preimaginal stages. From the literatures and internet data, in China the moths were recorded from mid-March to early September, which is consistent with Mell’s (1930) reports of 2–3 generations of Brahmaea certhia in Shanghai (citing a written communication from Höne). In South Korea, moths were recorded from late May to late August, and the species develops in two generations (Yoon 1991). Based on the iNatiralist website data, the species occurs from plains to mid-mountains mostly up to 400–500 m a.s.l., in China on the south of its area up to 800 m a.s.l. in Ningbo (iNatiralist observation 18707388) and at 1500 and 2400 m s.a.l. in Yunnan (BOLD sequences ID SARBB937-09 and SARBB1306-09). Mell (1930) reported this species from “Kuling [Guling], 1200 m ” (northwest Jiangxi). The northern border of Brahmaea certhia distribution is located near the line Beijing —Liaodong—Pyongyang—Wonsan, which runs approximately along 39°– 40° north latitude. These areas are characterised by moderately cold winters with average January temperatures of -3 °C … -5 °C and absolute minimums of not lower than -20 °C … -25 °C.</p><p>Egg, larva and pupa are described in detail in literatures (Mell 1930; Owada 1987; Heo 2012; Paukstadt &amp; Paukstadt 2017a; Wu 2017). In China larvae feed on Ligustrum japonicum Thunb., “ Ligustrum ibota amurense Carr. ” (= Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold &amp; Zucc.) (Mell 1930), Ligustrum lucidum W. T. Aiton and Ligustrum quihoui Carrière (Wu 2017), in South Korea on Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold &amp; Zucc., Syringa oblata subsp. dilatata (Nakai) P.S. Green &amp; M.C. Chang, Forsythia koreana Nakai and Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance (Yoon 1991; Heo 2012). Yoon (1991) noted that after eating all the leaves on the typical host plants, the larvae then ate leaves on the shrubs of Euonymus japonicus Thunb., growing around them.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A7062B66FFF4673FFF22FE0A4881DAA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A.;Makhov, Ilya A.	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A., Makhov, Ilya A. (2025): A study on the taxonomy and distribution of Brahmaea certhia species group (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae) using an integrative approach and websites data. Zootaxa 5715 (1): 53-105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7
