taxonID	type	description	language	source
A7062B66FFFF6729FF22FF464AA7DAA1.taxon	distribution	Distribution: most of China (reliably known from the provinces of Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Yunnan, Shaanxi), South Korea.	en	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A., Makhov, Ilya A. (2025): A study on the taxonomy and distribution of Brahmaea certhia species group (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae) using an integrative approach and websites data. Zootaxa 5715 (1): 53-105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7
A7062B66FFFF6729FF22FD5E4875DD5D.taxon	distribution	Distribution: East of the Russian Federation (East Siberia, Amur Region, Primorye), North Korea, South Korea, North China. The synonymy proposed by Zolotuhin was adopted in a number of fundamental works (Kitching et al. 2018; Sinev 2019; Paukstadt & Paukstadt 2021 b, 2021 c, 2021 e, 2022). The following should be noted regarding the system by Zolotuhin. Fabricius (1793) introduced the name certhia as the binomen “ Bombyx certhia ”, but not “ Phalaena certhia ”. The holotypes of the taxa were identified by geographic association of their type localities with the corresponding clades of the COI tree, without morphological identification. Yang (1978) was the first to synonymise Brahmaea porphyria and Brahmaea certhia. Brahmaea lunulata tancrei, Brahmaea bicolor and Brahmaea magnificentia have never been synonymised with Brahmaea carpenteri before, and so their reference in this status should be considered as new synonyms. There are no reasons for the indication of “ Korea ” as the type locality for Brahmaea bicolor. The Beijing area is traditionally considered to be North China rather than East China. The inclusion of East Siberia in the distribution of “ Brahmaea lunulata carpenteri ” is clearly based on mislabelling of the moths (see below). Thus, Zolotukhin made nomenclatural decisions based on molecular genetic analysis of non-type specimens of taxa and without establishing their morphological accordance either with each other or with the genetically studied samples. Having studied the publications, internet sources and available collections on Brahmaea certhia species group, including the holotype of Saturnia lunulata, we did not agree with Zolotukhin’s conclusion about the impossibility of species determination in this taxonomic group by external characters. Since the molecular COI phylogeny published by Zolotuhin (2016: fig. 4) does not allow associating terminal branches of the tree with specific moths or with the data in Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) or GenBank (NCBI), we conducted a new genetic study of the group based on the BOLD database.	en	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A., Makhov, Ilya A. (2025): A study on the taxonomy and distribution of Brahmaea certhia species group (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae) using an integrative approach and websites data. Zootaxa 5715 (1): 53-105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7
A7062B66FFFF6729FF22FE0A4F41D949.taxon	description	= Saturnia undulata Bremer & Grey, 1853 T. l.: “ aux environs de Pekin ”, junior objective synonym.	en	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A., Makhov, Ilya A. (2025): A study on the taxonomy and distribution of Brahmaea certhia species group (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae) using an integrative approach and websites data. Zootaxa 5715 (1): 53-105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7
A7062B66FFFF6729FF22FE0A4F41D949.taxon	distribution	Distribution: East China, also reaches the provinces of Shaanxi and Sichuan.	en	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A., Makhov, Ilya A. (2025): A study on the taxonomy and distribution of Brahmaea certhia species group (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae) using an integrative approach and websites data. Zootaxa 5715 (1): 53-105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7
A7062B66FFF06721FF22FD9548C7DFED.taxon	description	(Figs 1 – 3, 9, 12, 14)	en	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A., Makhov, Ilya A. (2025): A study on the taxonomy and distribution of Brahmaea certhia species group (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae) using an integrative approach and websites data. Zootaxa 5715 (1): 53-105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7
A7062B66FFF06721FF22FD9548C7DFED.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. ZIN: Russia: Khabarovskii Krai: 1 ♀, Schrenk. | Amur | coll. Acad. Petrop.; 1 ♂, 2903 | Ussuri | coll. A. Meinhardt; 1 ♂, St. Kozakevicheva nizh. tech. Usuri Bykov 91. | 17 [the date illegible] [Kozakevichevo, 48 ° 16 ′ N 134 ° 44 ′ E, Bykov leg.]; 1 ♂, Ussuriyskaya zh. d. St. Vyazemskaya E. Borzov | kol. Chetverikova [Vyazemskii, 47 ° 32 ′ N 134 ° 45 ′ E, E. Borzov leg., Chetverikov col.]. Primorskii Krai: 1 ♂, Primorskiy kray Pozharskiy rayon s. Verkhniy Pereval Nikiforova 17.07. [1] 990 [Verkhnii Pereval viilage, 46 ° 34 ′ N 134 ° 40 ′ E, O. Nikiforova leg.]; 3 ♂, 1 ♀, Primor’ye, Novopokrovka, na ostrove po r. Iman, 35 verst ot der. Kartun Buyanova 24.07.1913 [Novopokrovka, on the island on the Iman river 45 ° 51 ′ N 134 ° 29 ′ E, Buyanova leg.]; 1 ♂, Yevseyevka, Prim. obl. Shingarev ”. 12.06. [1] 910 | Bram. certhia F ♂ Filipjev det. [Yevseyevka, 44 ° 24 ′ N 132 ° 53 ′ E, Shingarev leg.]; 3 ♂, Vinogradovka, Ussur. kr. 11 - 12.07. [1] 929 D’yakonov Filip. / 4 y lug | Bram. certhia F ♂ Filipjev det. [Vinogradovka, 43 ° 45 ′ N 132 ° 57 ′ E, fourth meadow, A. M. Djakonov & N. N. Filipjev leg.]; 1 ♂, Vinogradovka, Ussur. kr. 3.06. [1] 929 D’yakonov Filip. / Pad’ Kalugina na svet | Bram certhia F ♂ Filipjev det. [Vinogradovka, 43 ° 45 ′ N 132 ° 57 ′ E, Pad′ Kalugina, on light, A. M. Djakonov & N. N. Filipjev leg.]; 8 ♂, 1 ♀, Primorsk. kray s. Muraveyka 22, 25, 27, 28.06. [19] 77 Brameya Kaabak / Brameya | iz kollektsii L. V. Kaabaka [Muraveyka, 43 ° 50 ′ N 133 ° 13 ′ E, L. V. Kaabak leg. & coll.]; 3 ♀, Nikol′sk- Ussur Baran. polig. Andriyevskiy [1] 913 [Banivurovo vicinity, 43 ° 42 ′ N 131 ° 58 ′ E, Andriyevskii leg.]; 2 ♂, 1 ♀, GTS, okr. Ussuriyska Primorskiy kray Sinev S. Yu. 14.07.1982, 18.07.1985 [Gorno-Tayezhnaya Station, 43 ° 42 ′ N 132 ° 09 ′ E, S. Yu. Sinev leg.]; 1 ♂, Primorskiy kray 20 km V Ussuriyska Gornotayezhnoye svet Sinov 8.07. [1] 985 [Gorno-Tayezhnaya Station, 43 ° 42 ′ N 132 ° 09 ′ E, S. Yu. Sinev leg.]; 1 ♂, Kondratenk. sr. t. r. Suputinki Samoylov 14.06. [1] 934 [Kondratenkovka, 43 ° 37 ′ N 132 ° 09 ′ E, Samoilov Leg.]; 1 ♂, Primor’ye Suputinskiy zapovednik na svet PRK 21.07.1964 Kolomiyets | iz kollektsii V. V. Dubatolova (Novosibirsk) [Ussuriiskii Nature Reserve, 43 ° 38 ′ N 132 ° 20 ′ E, Kolomiyets leg., V. V. Dubatolov coll.]; 1 ♂, Bramea 30.06. [19] 35 Zimov. kl. [Ussuriiskii Nature Reserve, Zimoveinyi Kluch, A. I. Kurentsov leg.]; 1 ♂, Suchanskii rayon — [19] 22 g. Kurentsov | 1040 Bram. certhia F ♀ N Filipjev det. [territory between Anisimovka and Tigrovoi, A. I. Kurentsov leg.]; 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Ussur. kray Suchan ist. r. Sitsy Kurentsov 20, 23.06, 14.07. [19] 28 | Bram. certhia F ♂ Filipjev det. [Tigrovoi vicinity, sources of the river Tigrovaya, ~ 43 ° 08 ′ N 132 ° 50 ′ E, A. I. Kurentsov leg.]; 1 ♂, Ussuri mer. Distr. Sutshanensis loc. Derzhanovo A. Kurentsov | kol. Chetverikova [Tigrovoi vicinity, vanished Derzhanovo settlement, 43 ° 10 ′ N 132 ° 50 ′ E, A. I. Kurentsov leg., Chetverikov coll.]; 1 ♂, Suchanskiy rayon Fanza 15.06. [19] 22 A. Kurentsov ”. | 1040 Br. certhia F ♂ NF det. | Brahmaea certhia F. / mikr. prep. 13804 ♂ [Tigrovoi vicinity, vanished Ruch’i settlement, 43 ° 10 ′ N 132 ° 50 ′ E, A. I. Kurentsov leg.]; 3 ♂, 2 ♀, Suchanskiy rayon s. Tigrovoye 20, 25.06, 11, 30.07. [19] 22 A. Kurentsov | 1040 Br. certhia F ♂ NF det. [Tigrovoi, 43 ° 11 ′ N 132 ° 54 ′ E, A. I. Kurentsov leg.]; 1 ♀, Suchanskiy rayon s. Tigrovoye 6.06. [19] 22 A. Kurentsov | 1040 Bram. certhia F ♀ NF det. | Brahmaea certhia F. / mikr. prep. 13804 ♀ [Tigrovoi, 43 ° 11 ′ N 132 ° 54 ′ E, A. I. Kurentsov leg.]; 1 ♂, Primorskiy kr. Tigrovoy Chistyakov 23.06.1975 | Brahmaea certhia lunulata Brem. Grey [Tigrovoi, 43 ° 11 ′ N 132 ° 54 ′ E, Yu. A. Tschistjakov leg.]; 1 ♀, Suchanskiy rudn. Ussur. kr. Dolgikh 10.07. [year missing] [Partizansk, 43 ° 08 ′ N 133 ° 08 ′ E, Dolgikh leg.]; 1 ♀, Ussur. kr. Suchansk. Rudnik 20.06. [1] 913 M. Kazantseva | Br. certhia F ♂ Filipjev det. 1924 06.21 [Partizansk, 43 ° 08 ′ N 133 ° 08 ′ E, M. Kazantseva leg.]; 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Suchanskiy rudnik Ussur. kr. Palshkov 18.06. [1] 931, 28.06., 15.07. [1] 936 [Partizansk, 43 ° 08 ′ N 133 ° 08 ′ E, Palshkov leg.]; 1 ♀, Wladiwostock | coll. Dieckmann (Graeser legit); 1 ♂, Wladiwostock / Rieck | coll Dieckmann (Graeser legit) | Kol. Vel. Kn. Nikolaya Mikhaylovicha; 1 ♂, Okr. Vladivostoka Moltrekht [Vladivostok suburb, A. Moltrekht leg.]; 1 ♂, Okr. Vladivostoka, Okeanskaya A. Zagulajev 4.06. [1] 952 / na svet [Vladivostok, Okeanskaya, 43 ° 14 ′ N 132 ° 00 ′ E, at light, A. K. Zagulajev leg.]; 2 ♂, Ussuri merid. Sedanka 26.06.1928 | Kollektsiya A. A. Bundelya | Brahmea certhia F [Vladivostok, Sedanka, 43 ° 12 ′ N 131 ° 57 ′ E, A. A. Bundel coll.]; 1 ♀, Vladivostok Sedanka 1916.08. Kriger-Voynovsk. | Bram. certhia F ♂ Filipjev det. [Vladivostok, Sedanka, 43 ° 12 ′ N 131 ° 57 ′ E, Kriger-Voynovskii leg.]; 1 ♀, Sedanka Ussur. kr. 5.07. [1] 919 Kriger-Voynovsk. | Bram. certhia F ♂ N. Filipjev det. [Vladivostok, Sedanka, 43 ° 12 ′ N 131 ° 57 ′ E, Kriger-Voynovskii leg.]; 1 ♀, Vladivostok II Rechka 26.07.1913. Cherskiy [Vladivostok, Vtoraya Rechka, 43 ° 10 ′ N 131 ° 55 ′ E, Cherskiy leg.]; 1 ♂, Russk. ostr. Ussur. kr. 1914 g. Kriger-Voynovsk. | Br. certhia F ♂ Filipjev det. [Vladvostok, Russkii Island, 43 ° 00 ′ N 131 ° 50 ′ E, Kriger-Voynovskii leg.]; 1 ♀, 1925 07.28 Ussuri mer. Insula Rossica A. Shorygin | kol. Chetverikova [Vladivostok, Russkii Island, 43 ° 00 ′ N 131 ° 50 ′ E, Shorygin leg., Chetverikov coll.]; 1 ♂, 2 ♀, Primorskiy kr. zap. Kedrovaya pad’ na svet L’vovskiy 22, 28.07.1988, [Kegrovaya Pad Nature Reserve, 43 ° 05 ′ N 131 ° 30 ′ E, A. L. Lvovskiy leg.]; 1 ♀, Yuzhnoye Primor’ye, zapov. Kedrovaya pad’ Filippova 07 - 08.1975 [Kegrovaya Pad Nature Reserve, 43 ° 05 ′ N 131 ° 30 ′ E, Filippova leg.]; 1 ♀, Primorskiy kr. zap. Kedrovaya pad’ svet Sinev 29.07.1988 [Kegrovaya Pad Nature Reserve, 43 ° 05 ′ N 131 ° 30 ′ E, S. Yu. Sinev leg.]; 1 ♂, Primorskiy kray Kedrovaya pad’ V. Zlobin 07.1983 [Kegrovaya Pad Nature Reserve, 43 ° 05 ′ N 131 ° 30 ′ E, V. Zlobin leg.]. China: 1 ♂, St. Imyan’po Man’chzhur. Yemel’yanov 18.07. [1] 91 [Heilongjiang, Yimianpo, 45 ° 03 ′ N 128 ° 03 ′ E, Yemel’yanov leg.]; 1 ♀, St. Pogranichnaya, Vostochn. - Kitaysk. dor. 1910 Martenson | coll. Acad. Petrop. [Heilongjiang, Suifenhe, 44 ° 23 ′ N 131 ° 09 ′ E, Martenson leg., Acad. Petrop. coll.]. FSCB: Russia: Primorskii Krai: 1 ♂, Roshchino, 45 ° 54 ′ N, 134 ° 53 ′ E, 12.07.1967, L. A. Ivliev leg.; 1 ♂, Ugodinza [Pshenitsyno], 44 ° 05 N 133 ° 39 ′ E, 28.05.1957, D. G. Kononov leg.; 1 ♂, Barabash-Levada, 44 ° 45 ′ N 131 ° 25 ′ E, 15.06.1978; 1 ♂, Gorno-Tayezhnaya Station, 43 ° 42 ′ N 132 ° 09 ′ E, 9.06.1956, A. I. Kurentsov leg.; 1 ♂, Ussuriiskii Nature Reserve, 43 ° 38 ′ N 132 ° 20 ′ E, valley broadleaf forest, 11.06.1950; 1 ♂, Ussuriiskii Nature Reserve, Egerskii Kluch, 43 ° 38 ′ N 132 ° 27 ′ E, 22.06.1966, D. G. Kononov leg.; 3 ♂, ditto, Pinus koraiensis — broadleaf forest, 20.07.1966; 3 ♂, ditto, 21.07.1966; 1 ♂, ditto, 22.07.1966; 1 ♀, ditto, 1.08.1966; 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Ussuriiskii Nature Reserve, Zimoveinyi Kluch, 43 ° 38 ′ N 132 ° 26 ′ E, 30.06.1968; 1 ♂, ditto, 3.07.1968; 1 ♂, Kangauz station [Anisimovka], 43 ° 10 ′ N 132 ° 47 ′ E, 1.07.1967; 1 ♂, Anisimovka vicinity 43 ° 10 ′ N 132 ° 47 ′ E, 23.06.1975 Yu. A. Tschistjakov leg.; 1 ♂, Tigrovaya station, 43 ° 11 ′ N 132 ° 54 ′ E, 28.06.1921, A. I. Kurentsov leg.; 2 ♂, Tigrovoi, 43 ° 11 ′ N 132 ° 54 ′ E, 18.07.1989, Yu. A. Tschistjakov; 1 ♂, Chandalaz [Livadiiskii ridge], 16.06.1964; 1 ♂, Vladivostok, Okeanskaya station, 43 ° 14 ′ N 132 ° 00 ′ E, 1965 [no exact data], Z. A. Konovalova leg.; 1 ♂, Vladivostok, Akademicheskaya, 43 ° 11 ′ N 131 ° 55 ′ E, 15.07.1969, Z. A. Konovalova leg.; 1 ♂, Kedrovaya Pad Nature Reserve, 43 ° 05 ′ N 131 ° 30 ′ E, 18.06.1976, Yu. A. Tschistjakov leg. A. A. Kuzmin private collection: Russia: Amurskaya Oblast: 2 ♂, Tarmanchukan station vicinity, 49 ° 14 ′ 11 ″ N 130 ° 38 ′ 05 ″ E, at light, 10.07.2010, A. A. Kuzmin leg. Additional visual observations by E. A. Beljaev: Khabarovskii Kra i: 1 ♂, Imeni Lazo Raion, the upper left tributary of the Akhbio river, 47 ° 00 ′ 60 ″ N 136 ° 27 ′ 56 ″ E, 800 m a. s. l., 2.08.2007; 1 ♂, Primorskii Krai: 1 ♂, Chuguevskii Raion, 16 km SE of Yasnoe village, Ussuri river, 43 ° 36 ′ N 134 ° 06 ′ E, 09.07.2013; Khasanskii Rayon, Ryazanovka river, 17. vii. 1997. Moth web photographs: Table 4. Molecular samples: Table 5. Taxonomic notes. Evidently, Yoon (1991) was the first to synonymise Brahmaea tancrei and Brahmaea magnificentia, but it was widely overlooked because it was published in Korean. Here we support this synonymy. According to the original description, Brahmaea jilinensis is morphologically completely consistent with the specimens of Brahmaea tancrei tancrei from the Russian Far East and have to be considered its junior subjective synonym also. In Zolotuhin (2016), the male genitalia on fig. 10: “ B. l. carpenteri Butl., 1883, Korea (MWM 29321) ”, morphologically deviate greatly from the typical Brahmaea tancrei tancrei in having uncus wide and clearly biapical, valvae wide and with vestigial harpe (Fig. 16), that is similar to the characters of Brahmaea certhia. It is possible that this moth is a natural hybrid of these species.	en	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A., Makhov, Ilya A. (2025): A study on the taxonomy and distribution of Brahmaea certhia species group (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae) using an integrative approach and websites data. Zootaxa 5715 (1): 53-105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7
A7062B66FFF06721FF22FD9548C7DFED.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Southeast of Russian Federation (extreme southeast of Amurskaya Oblast, Evreiskaya A. O., south of Khabarovskii Krai, Primorskii Krai), Northeastern China (east of Heilongjiang, east of Jilin, northeast of Liaoning), North Korea, South Korea (mountains) (Fig. 19). The BOLD samples SARBB 1309 - 09 and SARBB 1310 - 09 from “ Russia, Sakha-Yakutiya Republic, Inkagirskoje Pioskogorie ” [evidently, Yukagirskoye Ploskogorye (Yukaghir Highlands), 66 ° 25 ′ 0 ″ N, 154 ° 0 ′ 0 ″ E] are undoubtedly mislabeled. The region is located on the Arctic Circle in the tundra and forest-tundra zones, where these moths cannot live. The sample SARBB 943 - 09 from “ Vietnam, Lai Chau ” (originally determined as “ Brahmaea certhia ”), the samples LTOL 202 - 07 (larva) and LTOL 312 - 07 (pupa) from “ China, Shanghai ”, and sample LTOL 892 - 08 (larva) from “ China ” are clustered together with samples from Russia, North Korea and South Korea, and they must belong to Brahmaea tancrei tancrei. The region of origin of these samples is probably indicated incorrectly. The characters of moths of the sample SARBB 943 - 09 from “ Vietnam ” also correspond well to those of Brahmaea tancrei tancrei.	en	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A., Makhov, Ilya A. (2025): A study on the taxonomy and distribution of Brahmaea certhia species group (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae) using an integrative approach and websites data. Zootaxa 5715 (1): 53-105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7
A7062B66FFF06721FF22FD9548C7DFED.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology and preimaginal stages. In Russia, the species develops in one generation per year. In nature, in Primorskii Krai moths occur from late May to beginning of August (original data), and on the Amur river — from mid-June to beginning of August (Dubatolov & Dolgikh 2007). Judging from the literature and internet data, in South Korea the species also develops in one generation (Yoon 1991), and moths fly at the similar period as in Primorskii Krai. In Russia, the species clearly prefers mesophilic coniferous-broadleaf valley and low mountain forests, but moths were occasionally found at altitudes of up to 800 m a. s. l. in the Sikhote-Alin ridge in the belt of boreal coniferous forests. The north-easternmost known location of Brahmaea tancrei tancrei (also the northernmost) is in the Kiselevka village (51 ° 24 ′ N 138 ° 59 ′ E) in Lover Amur, the north-westernmost location is in the vicinity of the Tarmanchukan station (49 ° 14 ′ N 130 ° 48 ′ E) in the Middle Amur area in the Lesser Khingan Mountains. Both localities are characterised by severe winters with average January temperatures below - 25 ° C and absolute minimums down to - 45 ° C … - 50 ° C. In South Korea it is a mountain species which occurs in the south of the country at altitudes above 400 m a. s. l. (based on the iNatiralist website data). Larvae feed on Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr., Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance and Syringa amurensis Rupr. (Graeser 1888; Kozlov 1985; Tschistjakov 1992), but in culture larvae prefer leaves of the last species (personal observation by the first author). In South Korea, feeding of larvae on Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & Zucc. was indicated (Yoon 1991; Lee 2015). Pupation occurs in plant litter on the soil without a cocoon under some cover (usually deadwood). Egg, larva and pupa are described in detail in literatures (Kozlov 1985; Owada 1987; Paukstadt & Ragus 1990; Yoon 1991; Lee 2015; Paukstadt & Paukstadt 2017 b).	en	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A., Makhov, Ilya A. (2025): A study on the taxonomy and distribution of Brahmaea certhia species group (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae) using an integrative approach and websites data. Zootaxa 5715 (1): 53-105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7
A7062B66FFF76722FF22FAC649DEDAA1.taxon	description	(Figs 4, 10, 15)	en	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A., Makhov, Ilya A. (2025): A study on the taxonomy and distribution of Brahmaea certhia species group (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae) using an integrative approach and websites data. Zootaxa 5715 (1): 53-105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7
A7062B66FFF76722FF22FAC649DEDAA1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. ZIN: China: 1 ♀, 100 km W of Beijing 6 – 8 VII 2006 V. Krivokhatsky | Taihang Mts., 1100 m Xiao Longmeng Nat. Forest Park [Beijing, Xiaolongmen, 39 ° 57 ′ N 115 ° 29 ′ E, V. Krivokhatsky leg.]. Moth web photographs: Table 6. Molecular samples: Table 7.	en	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A., Makhov, Ilya A. (2025): A study on the taxonomy and distribution of Brahmaea certhia species group (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae) using an integrative approach and websites data. Zootaxa 5715 (1): 53-105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7
A7062B66FFF76722FF22FAC649DEDAA1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Hebei, Beijing, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan; Chu & Wang (1977) indicated Zhejiang (Tianmushan) for “ B rahmaea ledereri ”, Zhangn et al. (1999) also indicated Ningxia for “ Brachygnatha ”; the mention of “ Brahmaea ledereri ” from Shanghai by Conte (1911) may refer to Brahmaea tancrei diastemata, but it is unlikely that this specimen could have been collected directly in Shanghai) (Fig. 19).	en	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A., Makhov, Ilya A. (2025): A study on the taxonomy and distribution of Brahmaea certhia species group (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae) using an integrative approach and websites data. Zootaxa 5715 (1): 53-105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7
A7062B66FFF76722FF22FAC649DEDAA1.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology and preimaginal stages. From the literatures and internet data, moths occur from end of April to mid-August, and possibly the subspecies develops in two generations per year. Mountain subspecies, observed on elevations from 800 up to 2750 m, mostly — 900 – 1600 m a. s. l. The physical-geographical boundary separating the areas of Brahmaea tancrei tancrei and Brahmaea tancrei diastemata is the Liaohe Plain in Liaoning Province. Data on the preimaginal stages are insufficient. Yang (1978) noted that larvae of “ Brahmaea undulata ” (= Brahmaea tancrei diastemata) were collected in Baihushan (Beijing) from the Syringa oblata Lindl. Zhu & Wang (1983) briefly described larva of “ Brahmaea christophi ” (= Brahmaea tancrei diastemata) from the same locality: “ The larvae are lighter in colour than the above species [Brahmaea certhia], almost white with light black spots, with bright red spots on the back of the third segment, and red spiracles; the larvae live scattered in shaded and moist places, and damage the genus Fraxinus L. in July and August. The pupa is black and thick, with two tubercles on the back of the chest, and pupates in mosses or under stones ” (Zhu & Wang 1983: 414, in Chinese). This description corresponds to Brahmaea tancrei. However, description of larva of “ Brahmaea ledereri ” from Xitianmushan (Zhu & Wang 1983: 415) corresponds to Brahmaea certhia, whereas the photograph of the moth (Zhu & Wang 1983: fig. 2987) agrees with Brahmaea tancrei diastemata.	en	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A., Makhov, Ilya A. (2025): A study on the taxonomy and distribution of Brahmaea certhia species group (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae) using an integrative approach and websites data. Zootaxa 5715 (1): 53-105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7
A7062B66FFF4673FFF22FE0A4881DAA1.taxon	description	(Figs 5 – 8, 11, 13, 17)	en	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A., Makhov, Ilya A. (2025): A study on the taxonomy and distribution of Brahmaea certhia species group (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae) using an integrative approach and websites data. Zootaxa 5715 (1): 53-105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7
A7062B66FFF4673FFF22FE0A4881DAA1.taxon	description	Brahmaea petiveri Butler, 1866: p. 120, fig. 3 (moth) [reproduction of the Petiver’s figure]. T. l.: Island of Chusan [China, Zhejiang, Zhoushan Island]. Junior objective synonym of Brahmaea certhia.	en	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A., Makhov, Ilya A. (2025): A study on the taxonomy and distribution of Brahmaea certhia species group (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae) using an integrative approach and websites data. Zootaxa 5715 (1): 53-105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7
A7062B66FFF4673FFF22FE0A4881DAA1.taxon	description	Brahmaea recta Yang & Zhang in Zhang & Yang, 1994 (1994 a): 112, figs 3 (uncus), 4 (valva), 7 (moth dorsally), 8 (moth ventrally) [holotype], syn. nov. of Brahmaea certhia. T. l.: [China], Zhejiang, Xitianmushan [West Tianmu Mountain, Tianmushan]. T. s. l.: Insect Collection of Beijing Agricultural University. Brahmaea goniata Zhang & Yang, 1994 (Zhang & Yang 1994 b): 276, figs 1 (moth dorsally), 2 (moth ventrally), 3 (valva), 4 (uncus) [not indicated holotype or paratype], syn. nov. of Brahmaea certhia. T. l.: [China], Shaanxi, Zhenan. T. s. l.: Insect Collection of Beijing Agricultural University.	en	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A., Makhov, Ilya A. (2025): A study on the taxonomy and distribution of Brahmaea certhia species group (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae) using an integrative approach and websites data. Zootaxa 5715 (1): 53-105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7
A7062B66FFF4673FFF22FE0A4881DAA1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. ZIN: China: 1 ♂, Berg Paoschan b. [ei] Nanking, China sept. or. | Kollektsiya A. A. Bundelya [Jiangsu, Jurong, Baohua Mountain, 32 ° 08 ′ N 119 ° 06 ′ E, A. A. Bundel coll.]; 1 ♂, 39. | coll. O. John [China, locality unknown]. North Korea: 1 ♂, Pung Tung / 20.06. [18] 84 Herz | Kol. Vel. Kn. Nikolaya Mikhaylovicha [? Nungdong, 38 ° 23 ′ N 127 ° 38 ′ E, ~ 4 km SE of Kimhwa-up, 38 ° 25 ′ N 127 ° 36 ′ E, Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich coll.]. Moth web photographs: Table 8. Molecular samples: Table 9. Taxonomic notes. Brahmaea separata and Brahmaea recta are described based on the single specimens, slightly deviating from the typical moths of Brahmaea certhia in the wing pattern. But they have all the key diagnostic characters of the species both in external features and in the structure of the male genitalia. Brahmaea goniata, judging by the description and illustrations, is a typical Brahmaea certhia. Therefore, we synonymise Brahmaea separata, Brahmaea recta and Brahmaea goniata with Brahmaea certhia.	en	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A., Makhov, Ilya A. (2025): A study on the taxonomy and distribution of Brahmaea certhia species group (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae) using an integrative approach and websites data. Zootaxa 5715 (1): 53-105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7
A7062B66FFF4673FFF22FE0A4881DAA1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (south of Liaoning, Hebei, Beijing, Shandong, Shaanxi, Jiangsu, Hubei, Anhui, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Yunnan; Leech (1898) and Mell (1930) reported this species from northwest Jiangxi, from “ Kiukiang ” (Jiujiang) and “ Kuling ” (Guling) respectively; Yang (1978) indicated also Henan), south of North Korea, South Korea (except Ulleungdo and Jeju) (Fig. 19).	en	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A., Makhov, Ilya A. (2025): A study on the taxonomy and distribution of Brahmaea certhia species group (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae) using an integrative approach and websites data. Zootaxa 5715 (1): 53-105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7
A7062B66FFF4673FFF22FE0A4881DAA1.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology and preimaginal stages. From the literatures and internet data, in China the moths were recorded from mid-March to early September, which is consistent with Mell’s (1930) reports of 2 – 3 generations of Brahmaea certhia in Shanghai (citing a written communication from Höne). In South Korea, moths were recorded from late May to late August, and the species develops in two generations (Yoon 1991). Based on the iNatiralist website data, the species occurs from plains to mid-mountains mostly up to 400 – 500 m a. s. l., in China on the south of its area up to 800 m a. s. l. in Ningbo (iNatiralist observation 18707388) and at 1500 and 2400 m s. a. l. in Yunnan (BOLD sequences ID SARBB 937 - 09 and SARBB 1306 - 09). Mell (1930) reported this species from “ Kuling [Guling], 1200 m ” (northwest Jiangxi). The northern border of Brahmaea certhia distribution is located near the line Beijing — Liaodong — Pyongyang — Wonsan, which runs approximately along 39 ° – 40 ° north latitude. These areas are characterised by moderately cold winters with average January temperatures of - 3 ° C … - 5 ° C and absolute minimums of not lower than - 20 ° C … - 25 ° C. Egg, larva and pupa are described in detail in literatures (Mell 1930; Owada 1987; Heo 2012; Paukstadt & Paukstadt 2017 a; Wu 2017). In China larvae feed on Ligustrum japonicum Thunb., “ Ligustrum ibota amurense Carr. ” (= Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & Zucc.) (Mell 1930), Ligustrum lucidum W. T. Aiton and Ligustrum quihoui Carrière (Wu 2017), in South Korea on Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & Zucc., Syringa oblata subsp. dilatata (Nakai) P. S. Green & M. C. Chang, Forsythia koreana Nakai and Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance (Yoon 1991; Heo 2012). Yoon (1991) noted that after eating all the leaves on the typical host plants, the larvae then ate leaves on the shrubs of Euonymus japonicus Thunb., growing around them.	en	Beljaev, Еvgeniy A., Makhov, Ilya A. (2025): A study on the taxonomy and distribution of Brahmaea certhia species group (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae) using an integrative approach and websites data. Zootaxa 5715 (1): 53-105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7
