identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
232011730C3E5F038787A42BD223E573.text	232011730C3E5F038787A42BD223E573.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Penicillium chiangmaiense Thitla, Monkai, Lumyong & Hongsanan 2025	<div><p>Penicillium chiangmaiense Thitla, Monkai, Lumyong &amp; Hongsanan sp. nov.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet “ chiangmaiense ” refers to the type locality “ Chiang Mai Province, Thailand ”.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>Thailand • Chiang Mai Province, Mae Rim District,  Mae Sa, on soil in the forest dump-sites, 27 June 2024, T. Thitla &amp; J. Monkai; VR 005 (SZU 25-006, holotype); ex-type living culture, MBSZU 24-009, dried culture permanently preserved in a metabolically inactive state, SZU 25-006.</p><p>Colony diam.</p><p>(in mm) 7 days, 25 ° C: CREA 40–44, CYA 50–52, CYAS 35–38, CZ 48–49, DG 18 34–39, MEA 47–51, MEAbl 51–53, OA 53–54, PDA 49–50 and YES 32–38. 7 days, 30 ° C: CYA 59–61. 7 days, 37 ° C: CYA 55–56.</p><p>Culture characteristics.</p><p>Colonies at 25 ° C for 7 days on CREA thin colonies; acid production absent (Fig. 6 A). Colonies on CYA and CYAS wrinkled texture, velvety, circular, flat, entire margin; white mycelia; soluble pigment absent; reverse light brown (Fig. 6 B, C). On CZ, thin colonies, circular, flat, filamentous margin; white mycelia; soluble pigment absent; reverse white (Fig. 6 D). On DG 18, wrinkled texture, velvety, circular, flat, entire margin; white mycelia; soluble pigment absent; reverse white to pale yellow (Fig. 6 E). Colonies on MEA and MEAbl smooth texture, circular, flat, entire margin; pale yellow at the centre, white at the margin; soluble pigment absent; reverse pale brown to white (Fig. 6 F, G). On OA, smooth textured, velvety, circular, flat, entire margin; white mycelia; soluble pigment absent; reverse light yellow to white (Fig. 6 H). Colonies on PDA circular, flat, smooth texture, entire margin; white mycelia; soluble pigment absent; reverse white to light yellow (Fig. 6 I). Colonies on YES circular, flat, wrinkled texture, velvety, entire margin; white mycelia; soluble pigment absent; reverse brownish-yellow (Fig. 6 J). Sporulation abundantly produces on DG 18, MEA and MEAbl media. Sclerotia produces MEA, MEAbl and OA (Fig. 6 P).</p><p>Micromorphology.</p><p>Conidiophores monoverticillate, sometimes divaricate. Stipes hyaline, smooth – walled, 80–270 × 2–3 µm (Fig. 6 K – N). Phialides terminal, ampulliform, hyaline, smooth – walled 6–17 × 2–3.5 µm (Fig. 6 K – N). Conidia globose to subglobose, 2–4 µm diam., smooth, hyaline (Fig. 6 K – O). Sclerotia pale brown to brown, globose to irregular, 180–260 µm diam. (Fig. 6 P). Sexual morph absent.</p><p>Additional strain examined.</p><p>Thailand • Chiang Mai Province, Mae Rim District,  Mae Sa, on soil in the forest dump-sites, 27 June 2024, T. Thitla &amp; J. Monkai; CMUVR 005-2; living culture, MBSZU 24-010, dried culture permanently preserved in a metabolically inactive state, CMUVR 005-2  .</p><p>Habitat and distribution.</p><p>Soil; only known from Chiang Mai Province, Thailand.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Penicillium section Lanata -  Divaricata was established by Thom (1930) to include species with biverticillate conidiophores, which usually contain a main conidiophore axis and metulae that diverge (referred to as divaricate conidiophores), as well as broadly spreading colonies (Houbraken and Samson 2011; Pangging et al. 2021). Species within this section have been isolated from various sources, including soil, air, fluvial sediments and plants (Nóbrega et al. 2024). Currently, the section is divided into five series: Dalearum,  Janthinella, Oxalica, Rolfsiorum and  Simplicissima (Ansari et al. 2023; Visagie et al. 2024 a).</p><p>Penicillium chiangmaiense is classified within section  Lanata -  Divaricata, series  Janthinella . In the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 3), the new species is closely related to  P. brefeldianum,  P. limosum and  P. michoacanense . However,  P. brefeldianum produces sexual structures on cornmeal agar and  P. limosum produces on CZ, MEA and OA, while  P. chiangmaiense does not exhibit any sexual features (Dodge 1933; Ueda 1995). Furthermore, the growth rate of  P. limosum on MEA (42 mm in 14 days) was slower than that of  P. chiangmaiense (47–51 mm in 7 days) (Ueda 1995). In the case of  P. michoacanense, the stipes (15–60 × 1–1.5 µm) and phialides (4–5 × 1.5 µm) were shorter than those of  P. chiangmaiense (stipes 80–270 × 2–3 µm; phialides 6–17 × 2–3.5 µm) (Rodríguez-Andrade et al. 2021). Moreover,  P. michoacanense produced weak acid on CREA, while  P. chiangmaiense does not produce it (Rodríguez-Andrade et al. 2021). Additionally, the pairwise nucleotide comparison of  P. chiangmaiense with related species revealed significant differences. The comparison of  P. chiangmaiense to  P. brefeldianum showed 0.90 % (5 / 556 bp) difference in ITS, 4.73 % (21 / 444 bp) in TUB, 4.28 % (24 / 561 bp) in CAM and 1.46 % (11 / 755 bp) in RPB 2, including gaps. Differences in  P. chiangmaiense and  P. limosum were 1.09 % (6 / 548 bp) in ITS, 5.00 % (22 / 440 bp) in TUB, 6.28 % (35 / 557 bp) in CAM and 0.93 % (7 / 755 bp) in RPB 2, including gaps. In comparison between  P. chiangmaiense and  P. michoacanense, the differences were 0.73 % (4 / 548 bp) in ITS, 2.84 % (11 / 388 bp) in TUB, 8.35 % (34 / 407 bp) in CAM and 1.61 % (12 / 745 bp) in RPB 2, including gaps.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/232011730C3E5F038787A42BD223E573	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Thitla, Tanapol;Monkai, Jutamart;Meng, Weiqian;Khuna, Surapong;Xie, Ning;Hongsanan, Sinang;Lumyong, Saisamorn	Thitla, Tanapol, Monkai, Jutamart, Meng, Weiqian, Khuna, Surapong, Xie, Ning, Hongsanan, Sinang, Lumyong, Saisamorn (2025): Two new species of Penicillium and a new genus in Xylariomycetidae from the forest dump-sites in Chiang Mai, Thailand. MycoKeys 116: 275-301, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.116.150635
09B14EF1E0CB59F9911DB9D8B1C175F1.text	09B14EF1E0CB59F9911DB9D8B1C175F1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Penicillium terrae Thitla, Monkai, Lumyong & Hongsanan 2025	<div><p>Penicillium terrae Thitla, Monkai, Lumyong &amp; Hongsanan sp. nov.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet terrae refers to the soil substrate, from which this species was isolated.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>Thailand • Chiang Mai Province, Mae Taeng District,  Papae, on soil in the forest dump-sites, 20 June 2024, T. Thitla &amp; J. Monkai; VR 040 (SZU 25-005, holotype); ex-type living culture, MBSZU 24-008, dried culture permanently preserved in a metabolically inactive state, SZU 25-005.</p><p>Colony diam.</p><p>(in mm) 7 days, 25 ° C: CREA 8–11, CYA 13–18, CYAS 7–9, CZ 11–15, DG 18 12–16, MEA 15–19, MEAbl 16–19, OA 13–19, PDA 12–15 and YES 9–13. 7 days, 30 ° C: CYA 10–15. 7 days, 37 ° C: CYA no growth.</p><p>Culture characteristics.</p><p>Colonies at 25 ° C for 7 days on CREA thin colonies; acid production absent (Fig. 5 A). Colonies on CYA circular, convex, wrinkled texture, entire margin; white mycelia; soluble pigment absent; reverse yellowish-brown (Fig. 5 B). Colonies on CYAS barely growing, circular, raised, wrinkled texture, undulate margin; white mycelia; soluble pigment absent; reverse white (Fig. 5 C). On CZ thin colonies, circular, flat, entire margin; white mycelia; soluble pigment absent; reverse white (Fig. 5 D). On DG 18 circular, flat, wrinkled at the centre, margin smooth and entire; grey mycelia at the centre, white mycelia at the margin; soluble pigment absent; reverse greenish-grey to light yellow (Fig. 5 E). Colonies on MEA circular, flat, smooth texture, entire margin; light grey mycelia; soluble pigment absent; reverse light yellow to white (Fig. 5 F). On MEAbl circular, flat, wrinkled at the centre, margin smooth and entire; light grey at the centre, white at the margin; soluble pigment absent; reverse yellowish-brown (Fig. 5 G). On OA circular, flat, smooth textured, entire margin; light brown mycelia at the centre, white mycelia at the margin; soluble pigment absent; reverse white (Fig. 5 H). Colonies on PDA circular, flat, wrinkled texture, entire margin; white mycelia; soluble pigment absent; reverse white to light yellow (Fig. 5 I). Colonies on YES circular, convex, wrinkled texture, entire margin; white mycelia; soluble pigment absent; reverse light brown (Fig. 5 J). Sporulation abundantly produces on all media.</p><p>Micromorphology.</p><p>Conidiophores mononematous, growing out at right angles from hyphae, unbranched, smooth, hyaline, 3–14 × 1–3 µm (Fig. 5 K – P). Phialides solitary, terminal, ampulliform, smooth, hyaline, 5–12 × 1–4 µm (Fig. 5 K – P). Conidia globose to subglobose, 2–4 µm diam., smooth, hyaline (Fig. 5 K – N, Q). Sclerotia not observed. Sexual morph absent.</p><p>Additional strain examined.</p><p>Thailand • Chiang Mai Province, Mae Taeng District,  Papae, on soil in the forest dump-sites, 20 June 2024, T. Thitla &amp; J. Monkai; CMUVR 039; living culture, MBSZU 24-007, dried culture permanently preserved in a metabolically inactive state, CMUVR 039  .</p><p>Habitat and distribution.</p><p>Soil; only known from Chiang Mai Province, Thailand.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Penicillium section Exilicaulis was first established by Pitt (1980), with  P. restrictum as the type species. This section was initially proposed to accommodate  Penicillium species characterised by monoverticillate conidiophores and non-vesiculated stipes. Subsequently, phylogenetic studies expanded the section to include species with bi-verticillate conidiophores and those with conidiophores bearing solitary phialides (Houbraken and Samson 2011; Visagie et al. 2016 a, b; da Silva et al. 2023). Species of the sect.  Exilicaulis have been isolated from diverse environments, including soil, marine ecosystems, air, plants and insects (Ansari et al. 2023). Currently, this section comprises over 60 species across six series:  Alutacea, Citreonigra, Corylophila, Erubescentia,  Lapidosa and  Restricta (Ansari et al. 2023; Visagie et al. 2024 a).</p><p>Penicillium terrae is classified within section  Exilicaulis, series  Erubescentia . Phylogenetically, this species is closely related to  P. laeve and  P. ovatum (Fig. 2). However,  P. laeve and  P. ovatum were unable to grow on CREA and CYAS media, while  P. terrae can grow on these media. Regarding growth rates,  P. laeve exhibited slower growth than  P. terrae, including CYA (8–9 mm), DG 18 (5–7 mm), OA (7–8 mm) and YES (8–9 mm) at 25 ° C, as well as CYA at 30 ° C (4–5 mm) (Visagie et al. 2016 a). Similarly,  P. ovatum also demonstrated slower growth compared to  P. terrae on CYA (10–11 mm), DG 18 (9–11 mm), MEA (7–8 mm) and OA (10–11 mm) at 25 ° C (Visagie et al. 2016 a). Micromorphologically, the phialides of  P. laeve (4–6 µm × 2–3 µm) and  P. ovatum (4.5–7 µm × 2–3 µm) were shorter than  P. terrae (Visagie et al. 2016 a). In terms of conidia,  P. terrae produced globose to subglobose conidia with 2–4 µm, while  P. leave produced globose conidia measuring 2.5–3 µm diam. and  P. ovatum produced ellipsoidal conidia with 2–3 × 1.5–2 µm (Visagie et al. 2016 a). Furthermore, a pairwise nucleotide comparison between  P. terrae and  P. laeve showed differences of 0.86 % (5 / 581 bp, including gaps) in ITS, 2.87 % (13 / 453 bp, including gaps) in TUB, 2.62 % (13 / 497 bp, including gaps) in CAM and 1.39 % (13 / 938 bp, including gaps) in RPB 2. Similarly, the comparison between  P. terrae and  P. ovatum revealed nucleotide differences of 2.64 % (15 / 569 bp, including gaps) in ITS, 14.41 % (65 / 451 bp, including gaps) in TUB, 17.74 % (91 / 513 bp, including gaps) in CAM and 12.37 % (116 / 938 bp, including gaps) in RPB 2.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/09B14EF1E0CB59F9911DB9D8B1C175F1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Thitla, Tanapol;Monkai, Jutamart;Meng, Weiqian;Khuna, Surapong;Xie, Ning;Hongsanan, Sinang;Lumyong, Saisamorn	Thitla, Tanapol, Monkai, Jutamart, Meng, Weiqian, Khuna, Surapong, Xie, Ning, Hongsanan, Sinang, Lumyong, Saisamorn (2025): Two new species of Penicillium and a new genus in Xylariomycetidae from the forest dump-sites in Chiang Mai, Thailand. MycoKeys 116: 275-301, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.116.150635
12A6C18E1B925BE29E00013554B2933C.text	12A6C18E1B925BE29E00013554B2933C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudoleptodontidium chiangmaiense Thitla, Monkai, Lumyong & Hongsanan 2025	<div><p>Pseudoleptodontidium chiangmaiense Thitla, Monkai, Lumyong &amp; Hongsanan sp. nov.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet chiangmaiense refers to the type locality, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>Thailand • Chiang Mai Province, Mueang Chiang Mai District,  Su Thep, on soil in the forest dump-sites, 21 June 2024, T. Thitla &amp; J. Monkai; VR 044 (SZU 25-007, holotype); ex-type living culture, MBSZU 25-005, dried culture permanently preserved in a metabolically inactive state, SZU 25-007.</p><p>Colony diam.</p><p>(in mm) 14 days, 25 ° C: PDA 36–40 and MEA 31–38.</p><p>Culture characteristics.</p><p>Colonies at 25 ° C for 14 days on PDA velvety, circular, flat, entire margin; dark green at the centre, greenish-yellow at the middle, white at the margin; soluble pigment absent; reverse dark green to pale yellow, white at the margin (Fig. 7 A). Colonies on MEA velvety, circular, flat, entire margin; dark green to black at the centre, yellowish-green to white at the margin; soluble pigment absent; reverse dark green at the centre, pale yellow to white at the margin (Fig. 7 B).</p><p>Micromorphology.</p><p>Mycelium composed of hyaline to black, thin- to thick-walled, smooth, branched, septate, 2–4.5 µm diam. hyphae (Fig. 7 C – L). Conidiophores arising from hyphae, solitary, erect, cylindrical, pale brown to dark brown, thick-walled, occasionally roughened on lower part, septate, 7–70 × 2.5–5 µm (Fig. 7 C – G). Conidiogenous cells terminal and intercalary on conidiophores, occasionally lateral on hyphae, obclavate, sympodially proliferate, denticulate, hyaline to pale brown, smooth, 0-1 septate, 7.5–26 × 3–5 µm (Fig. 7 C – J). Conidia hyaline, smooth, aseptate, subglobose to ellipsoidal, slightly curved, 3–7.5 × 1.5–4 µm (Fig. 7 K). Chlamydospores solitary, terminal on hyphae, medium brown to dark brown, smooth, thick-walled, aseptate, subglobose, 6–8 × 4.5–6 µm (Fig. 7 L). Sexual morph absent.</p><p>Habitat and distribution.</p><p>Soil; only known from Chiang Mai Province, Thailand.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Pseudoleptodontidium chiangmaiense has a close relationship with  Neoleptodontidium aciculare and  N. aquaticum (Fig. 4). However, their morphological characteristics are distinct:  Ps. chiangmaiense has broader conidiogenous cells (7.5–26 × 3–5 µm) than  N. aciculare (15–30 × 2–3 µm) and  N. aquaticum (10–30 × 2–2.5 µm) and larger conidia (3–7.5 × 1.5–4 µm) than  N. aciculare (3–4 × 1–2 µm) and  N. aquaticum (3–4 × 1.5 µm) (Rao and De Hoog 1986; Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2017). The pairwise nucleotide comparison between  Ps. chiangmaiense and  N. aciculare revealed differences of 16.38 % (95 / 580 bp, including gaps) in the ITS region and 4.92 % (40 / 813 bp, including gaps) in the LSU region. Additionally, the comparison between  Ps. chiangmaiense and  N. aquaticum revealed differences of 16.23 % (87 / 536 bp, including gaps) in the ITS region and 4.80 % (39 / 813 bp, including gaps) in the LSU region.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/12A6C18E1B925BE29E00013554B2933C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Thitla, Tanapol;Monkai, Jutamart;Meng, Weiqian;Khuna, Surapong;Xie, Ning;Hongsanan, Sinang;Lumyong, Saisamorn	Thitla, Tanapol, Monkai, Jutamart, Meng, Weiqian, Khuna, Surapong, Xie, Ning, Hongsanan, Sinang, Lumyong, Saisamorn (2025): Two new species of Penicillium and a new genus in Xylariomycetidae from the forest dump-sites in Chiang Mai, Thailand. MycoKeys 116: 275-301, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.116.150635
3F28632965F954EA86137D59A9B3CE19.text	3F28632965F954EA86137D59A9B3CE19.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudoleptodontidium Thitla, Monkai, Lumyong & Hongsanan 2025	<div><p>Pseudoleptodontidium Thitla, Monkai, Lumyong &amp; Hongsanan gen. nov.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The name refers to its morphological similarity to Leptodontidium.</p><p>Classification.</p><p>Sordariomycetes,  Xylariomycetidae,  Amphisphaeriales, incertae sedis.</p><p>Asexual morph: Mycelium composed of hyaline to black, thin- to thick-walled, smooth, branched, septate. Conidiophores arising from hyphae, solitary, erect, cylindrical, pale brown to dark brown, thick-walled, occasionally roughened on lower part, septate. Conidiogenous cells terminal and intercalary on conidiophores, occasionally lateral on hyphae, obclavate, sympodially proliferate, denticulate, hyaline to pale brown, smooth, septate. Conidia hyaline, smooth, aseptate, subglobose to ellipsoidal, slightly curved. Chlamydospores solitary, terminal on hyphae, medium brown to dark brown, smooth, thick-walled, aseptate, subglobose. Sexual morph: absent.</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Pseudoleptodontidium chiangmaiense Thitla, Monkai, Lumyong &amp; Hongsanan,  sp. nov.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2017) established  Leptodontidium in  Leptodontidiaceae ( Helotiales,  Leotiomycetes), characterised by erect conidiophores and conidiogenous cells with a long rachis bearing denticles, as well as the presence of a  Beauveria - like synasexual morph. Neoleptodontidium was introduced by Crous et al. (2023) due to its morphological resemblance to  Leptodontidium, but it differs in having minute, terminal and lateral exophiala-like phialides. Based on LSU phylogeny, the type species of Neoleptodontidium ( N. aquaticum) clustered with  Leptodontidium aciculare (Crous et al. 2023) . Hence, Crous et al. (2023) transferred  L. aciculare to Neoleptodontidium as  N. aciculare by the morphological and phylogenetic congruence.</p><p>Pseudoleptodontidium is morphologically similar to Neoleptodontidium, sharing septate, subcylindrical conidiophores, terminal and lateral phialidic conidiogenous cells and aseptate subcylindrical conidia (Crous et al. 2023). However,  Pseudoleptodontidium can be distinguished from Neoleptodontidium by its obclavate, sympodially proliferating, denticulate conidiogenous cells and subglobose to ellipsoidal conidia. The phylogeny, based on a combined ITS, LSU, RPB 2 and TUB dataset, revealed that  Pseudoleptodontidium forms an independent lineage, sister to Neoleptodontidium with significant support (BS 96 % ML and PP 1.00; Fig. 4). Although Crous et al. (2023) placed Neoleptodontidium in  Xylariales genera incertae sedis, our phylogeny indicates that  Pseudoleptodontidium and Neoleptodontidium are closely related to the  Amphisphaeriaceae, Cylidriaceae,  Phlogicylindriaceae and  Amphisphaeriales genera incertae sedis ( Neoarthrinium,  Pidoplitchkoviella) (Fig. 4). Therefore, due to their distinct morphology and phylogeny,  Pseudoleptodontidium is introduced as a genus incertae sedis in  Amphisphaeriales, with  Ps. chiangmaiense designated as the type species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3F28632965F954EA86137D59A9B3CE19	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Thitla, Tanapol;Monkai, Jutamart;Meng, Weiqian;Khuna, Surapong;Xie, Ning;Hongsanan, Sinang;Lumyong, Saisamorn	Thitla, Tanapol, Monkai, Jutamart, Meng, Weiqian, Khuna, Surapong, Xie, Ning, Hongsanan, Sinang, Lumyong, Saisamorn (2025): Two new species of Penicillium and a new genus in Xylariomycetidae from the forest dump-sites in Chiang Mai, Thailand. MycoKeys 116: 275-301, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.116.150635
