taxonID	type	description	language	source
A66D87F5FFF7FF90FF49FBB25E5F1EC7.taxon	description	To detect pathogens in sand flies, primer sets on the basis of three genes were selected: Leishmania sp. (ITS 1), Trypanosoma sp. (SSU rRNA), and Bartonella sp. (gltA). Tese primer sets were chosen because of their high sensitivity and specificity, as well as their suitability for phylogenetic analysis. Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out using primers LeF (5 ′ - TCCGCCCGAAAGTTCACCGATA- 3 ′) and LeR (5 ′ - CCAAGTCATCCATCGCGACACG- 3 ′) that targeted the ITS 1 region of the ribosomal RNA gene for the detection of Leishmania [43]. PCR reagents and amplification conditions were described by Sunantaraporn et al. [24]. For Trypanosoma detection, PCR amplification of the Trypanosoma sp. SSU rRNA gene was performed using primers TRY 927 F (5 ′ - GAAACAAGAAACACGGGA G- 3 ′) and TRY 927 R (5 ′ - CTACTGGGCAGCTTGGA- 3 ′) [44]. Te PCR reaction and amplification were performed in accordance with those of Srisuton et al. [17]. Te estimated product size for Leishmania and Trypanosoma was approximately 379 and 900 bp, respectively. Te amplified products were separated on a 1.5 % (W / V) agarose gel electrophoresis. Te expected products were imaged with Quantity One Quantification Analysis Software Version 4.5.2 (Gel DocEQ System; Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA), after staining with ethidium bromide. Te presence of Bartonella DNA in sand flies was tested in all DNA samples targeting the citrate synthase (gltA) gene, using the primers BhCS 871 p (5 ′ - GGGGAC CAGCTCATGGTGG- 3 ′) and BhCS 1137 n (5 ′ - AAT GCAAAAAGAACAGTAAACA- 3 ′) [45]. Conventional PCR was performed following the methods previously described by Promrangsee et al. [32]. Te presence of an expected band of 379 bp was determined by 1.5 % (W / V) agarose gel electrophoresis. DNA extracted from L. martiniquensis promastigotes, Trypanosoma evansi DNA from blood-infected dogs, and Bartonella sp. detected from cattle lice DNA were used as positive controls and deionized distilled water was used as a negative control.	en	Sunantaraporn, Sakone, Somwang, Puckavadee, Khositharattanakool, Pathamet, Unchanam, Isaraporn, Saenchaiban, Nattiya, Wongkhut, Wilai, Sanum, Pinpinat, Pataradool, Thanapat, Boonserm, Rungfar, Depaquit, Jérôme, Siriyasatien, Padet (2024): Cave-dwelling phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in Thailand: population composition and pathogen detection of Bartonella and TrypanoSoma. Parasites & Vectors (523) 17 (1): 1-19, DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06616-8, URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-024-06616-8
A66D87F5FFF2FF94FCF3F8B25E341D47.taxon	description	A total of 557 female sand flies were tested for Leishmania and Trypanosoma DNA on the basis of ITS 1 and SSU rRNA amplifications, respectively. Te present study demonstrates that the TRY 927 F and TRY 927 R primer sets, targeted for the SSU rRNA gene, were able to successfully amplify all positive Trypanosoma DNA. Of these, 11 (1.97 %) samples for Trypanosoma DNA, 7 Trypanosoma positives belonged to Ph. mascomai from Lampang, and 2 Trypanosoma positives were detected in Se. anodontis from Chiang Rai (Table 1). BLASTn analysis demonstrated a Trypanosoma SSU rRNA sequence length of approximately 937 bp in eight samples (PT 82 - 10, PT 84 - 62, PT 96 - 49, PT 132 - 17, PT 144 - 69, PT 154 - 73, PT 158 - 28, and CR 110 - 13), showing the ranged 99.89 – 100 % sequence similarities with T. noyesi (accession number OP 022194) that is available in the GenBank database. Furthermore, sample CR 102 - 12 was consistent with the 930 bp length of Trypanosoma SSU rRNA sequence, the BLASTn result demonstrated a 99.89 % similarity with Trypanosoma sp. (accession number MH 989552), which was detected in sand flies from southern Tailand. From the detection of Trypanosoma in Songkhla, two samples (SK 4 - 23 and SD 33 - 33) were positively detected in Se. khawi. Te result demonstrated that the SSU rRNA sequences were approximately 974 bp and 931 bp in length, sharing 99.74 % (accession number MH 989543) and 100 % (accession number MH 989552) identities for SK 4 - 23 and SD 33 - 33, with unidentified Trypanosoma found in previously reported sand flies in the Songkhla province of southern Tailand. Te maximum likelihood tree demonstrated that eight positive Trypanosoma were genetically classified to T. noyesi of the T. cruzi clade, which was detected in the sand flies from Tailand, as previously recorded in the GenBank database. Moreover, two positive Trypanosoma sp. (CR 102 - 12 from Chiang Rai and SD 33 - 33 from Songkhla) were distinctively classified into the An 01 + An 02 / Frog 2 lineage, while a positive Trypanosoma in Songkhla (SK 4 - 23) was genetically clustered into the An 04 / Frog 1 lineage of the anuran clades (Supplementary 3: Fig. S 2). Using ITS 1 - PCR, Leishmania DNA was not detected in all sand flies tested in the present study. Te Trypanosoma SSU rRNA sequences were assigned to the GenBank database with following accession numbers: OP 861666 - OP 861676.	en	Sunantaraporn, Sakone, Somwang, Puckavadee, Khositharattanakool, Pathamet, Unchanam, Isaraporn, Saenchaiban, Nattiya, Wongkhut, Wilai, Sanum, Pinpinat, Pataradool, Thanapat, Boonserm, Rungfar, Depaquit, Jérôme, Siriyasatien, Padet (2024): Cave-dwelling phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in Thailand: population composition and pathogen detection of Bartonella and TrypanoSoma. Parasites & Vectors (523) 17 (1): 1-19, DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06616-8, URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-024-06616-8
A66D87F5FFF3FF94FCF3FED35EE01FA7.taxon	description	All female sand flies were tested for Bartonella DNA by PCR on the basis of the gltA gene. Te results showed that 16 (2.87 %) samples tested positive for Bartonella DNA (Table 1). Of these, 13 samples were detected in Se. anodontis (12 samples) and Se. barraudi s. l. (1 sample) collected from Chiang Rai. Additionally, two samples of Se. anodontis (PT 27 - 1 and PT 250 - 17) infected with Bartonella sp. were trapped in Lampang while only one sample (SD 39 - 8) was positive for Bartonella sp. in Se. khawi collected from Songkhla (Table 1). On the basis of BLASTn analysis, the gltA sequences of all samples were close to Bartonella sp. (accession number KP 100345) in the GenBank database with a range of 97.08 – 98.67 % identities. ML tree analysis demonstrated the presence of a new Bartonella sp. that was closely related to Bartonella sp. isolated from bats as previously reported in Vietnam and Tailand (Supplementary 4: Fig. S 3). Te gltA sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers OP 903128 - OP 903143.	en	Sunantaraporn, Sakone, Somwang, Puckavadee, Khositharattanakool, Pathamet, Unchanam, Isaraporn, Saenchaiban, Nattiya, Wongkhut, Wilai, Sanum, Pinpinat, Pataradool, Thanapat, Boonserm, Rungfar, Depaquit, Jérôme, Siriyasatien, Padet (2024): Cave-dwelling phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in Thailand: population composition and pathogen detection of Bartonella and TrypanoSoma. Parasites & Vectors (523) 17 (1): 1-19, DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06616-8, URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-024-06616-8
