identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
AB2E87C4D365FFD13DFAFADFFBE5F983.text	AB2E87C4D365FFD13DFAFADFFBE5F983.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lactifluus umbilicatus Silva-Filho, D. L. Komura & Wartchow 2020	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lactifluus umbilicatus Silva-Filho, D.L.Komura &amp; Wartchow ,  sp. nov. (Figs. 2–3–6a) </p>
            <p>Mycobank:—MB832851</p>
            <p>Genbank accession nrITS: MK929291</p>
            <p> Type:— BRAZIL. Pará: Belterra, Floresta Nacional do Tapajós, Trilha da Comunidade Maguari, 2°48’14” S, 54°59’50” W, on soil close to  Tachigali myrmecophila , 30 March 2014, D.L. Komura, T.S. Cabral, I.R. Fonseca DLK1964 (INPA 284001 holotype, JPB 64507 isotype). </p>
            <p>Diagnosis:—Distinguished from other species by: pileus umbilicate, orange, surface slightly wrinkly, margin slightly striate; lamellae slightly decurrent and whitish; stipe orange. Basidiospores 7–8.5 × 6–7 µm; ornamentations up to 1 µm high, composed of irregular short warts connected by fine lines; pseudocystidia absent; macrocystidia (pleuro- and cheilo-) fusoid to slightly fusiform; pileipellis a lampropalisade with frequent to abundant thick-walled terminal elements and frequent to abundant lactifers, and a unique ITS sequence.</p>
            <p>Description:—Pileus 55–63 mm diam., plane convex, umbilicate, dark orange (5A8), brownish orange (5C6) to grayish orange (6B7); surface slightly wrinkly, dry, slightly opaque; margin slightly striate, straight to decurved; edge sometimes entire, sometimes eroded (Figs. 2a–d); context firm, 4–6 mm at the disc to very thin towards margin, light orange (5A4), unchanging. Lamellae short decurrent, distant, white (1A1) to yellowish white (1A2); edge even, concolorous with the face; lamellulae frequent, with three lengths (Figs. 2b–c). Stipe 35–41 × 6–9 mm, central, cylindrical, equal to slightly tapered towards the base, dry, light orange (5A4/5) to orange (5A6); surface smooth, slightly ribbed (Figs. 2b–c); context solid. Veil absent. Latex not found. Odor and taste not determined.</p>
            <p>Basidiospores 7–8.5(–9) × (4–)6–7 µm; L = 7.5 µm, W = 6.2 µm; Q = 1.14–1.26, Qm = 1.21; subglobose to broadly ellipsoid; predominantly broadly ellipsoid, thin-walled, hyaline, ornamentation amyloid, up to 1 µm high, composed of irregular short warts connected by fine lines, not forming a complete reticulum; plage non-amyloid; hilar appendix up to 3.5 µm long, inamyloid (Figs 3a, 6a). Basidia 53–64 × 7‒10 µm, cylindrical, slightly clavate, sometimes slightly fusiform, 1–2- and 4-spored, predominantly 4-spored, thin-walled, hyaline, sometimes with refractive contents; sterigmata up to 7 µm long (Fig. 3b). Pleuromacrocystidia abundant, 55–75 × 7–10 µm, fusoid to slightly fusiform, thin-walled, with refractive contents, projecting up to 10 µm above the hymenium (Fig. 3c). Pleuropseudocystidia absent. Lamella edge sterile, composed of abundant cheilomacrocystidia and marginal cells: cheilomacrocystidia 45–52 × 6–8 µm, fusoid to slightly fusiform, thin-walled, with refractive contents (Fig 3d); marginal cells 10–30 × 4–7 µm, cylindrical to clavate, thin-walled, hyaline. (Fig. 3f). Hymenophoral trama composed of abundant sphaerocytes, 11–33 µm diam. and scattered lactifers, 7‒10 µm diam., thin-walled. Subhymenium cellular. Pileipellis a lampropalisade up to 75 µm thick, consisting of a layer of isodiametric cells with frequent to abundant lactifers and frequent to abundant thick-walled elements (Fig. 3h): isodiametric cells, 7–17 µm diam., thin-walled; lactifers 7‒13 µm diam, thin-walled, with refractive contents, sometimes emergent, arising deeply from pileus trama, clinal to oblique oriented (Figs. 3e,h); thick-walled terminal elements 37–98 × 3–6 µm, aciculate, filiform, cylindrical, sometimes flexuous, sometimes septate, sometimes forked, thick-walled (up to 2 µm thick), hyaline, clinal to oblique oriented (Figs. 3g,h). Pileus trama composed of abundant sphaerocytes 9–30 µm diam., thin-walled, cylindrical 2‒4.5 µm wide hyphae, and frequent, thin-walled, 7–12 µm wide lactifers. Stipitipellis a lampropalisade similar to pileipellis. Clamp connections absent from all tissues examined.</p>
            <p>Etymology:—From Lat. ‘umbilicatus’. In reference to the umbilicate pileus.</p>
            <p> Habitat:—Scattered, on clay soil in dense ombrophilous forest in Amazon, close to  Tachigali myrmecophila (  Fabaceae ). </p>
            <p>Distribution:—Known only from type locality.</p>
            <p> Additional material examined:—  Lactifluus amazonensis : Brazil. Amazonas: Manaus, Manaus-Caracaraí road, km 125, 20 July 1978, R. Singer B11315 (holotype INPA 82756). </p>
            <p> Comment:—  Lactifluus umbilicatus belongs to Lf. subg. Pseudogymnocarpi (De Crop et al. 2017) based on both molecular and morphological evidence, such as: its orange pileus color, unchanging context and the lampropalisade structure of the pileipellis. Phylogenetic analysis places the species in Lf. sect. Polysphaerophori, a clade/section composed of Neotropical entities, but not yet characterized morphologically.This new species clusters with  Lf. ceraceus from French Guiana and two undescribed species (Th678) from Guyana and (AMV1874) from Colombia respectively. Despite being phylogenetically closely related,  Lf. ceraceus has a more robust basidiomes, (pileus 64–98 mm diam., and stipe 83–112 × 18–26 mm), smaller basidiospores (5.4–8.1 × 4.4–6.2 μm), smaller thick-walled elements on the pileipellis (8–42 × 3.5–6 μm) that are predominantly cylindrical or subclavate and it lacks lactifers on the pileipellis (Crous et al. 2017). </p>
            <p> Also related are ‘  Lactarius pegleri ’, a species from Martinique, still to be recombined into  Lactifluus , and  Lf. veraecrucis from Mexico. These two species have similar basidiospore sizes, but ‘  Lactarius pegleri ’ has more fragile basidiomata, with a smaller pileus (25–57 mm in diam.) and shorter stipe (25–38 mm long), and absence of true pleurocystidia (Lalli &amp; Pacioli 1992);  Lactifluus veraecrucis differs in the smaller pileus (25–45 mm diam.), lower basidiospore ornamentation (up to 0.5 µm high), shorter thick-walled elements in the pileipellis (20–44 × 2.5–5.5 µm) and thick-walled isodiametric cells in the pileipellis (Montoya et al. 1996). </p>
            <p> Lactifluus amazonensis ,  Lf. brasiliensis and  Lf. rupestri s also have an yellowish to orange pileus, unchanging context and latex and a trichoderm to (lampro)palisade pileipellis, suggesting the placement of these species in Lf. subg. Pseudogymnocarpi (De Crop et al. 2017). Molecular data for these taxa are not yet available.  Lactifluus amazonensi s is the only species that has thick-walled elements in the pileipellis, similar to those of  Lf. umbilicatus , differing in more fragile basidiomata with smaller pileus (33–45 mm diam.) and shorter stipe (19–48 mm length) (Singer et al. 1983). In addition, we analyzed the holotype (R. Singer B11315), which exhibits larger (8.5–10.5 × 7–8.0 μm) and predominantly subglobose basidiospores, abundant cylindrical to subclavate thick-walled elements in pileipellis and absence of lactifers in the pileipellis (see in Silva-Filho &amp; Wartchow 2019, p. 219). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AB2E87C4D365FFD13DFAFADFFBE5F983	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Silva-Filho, Alexandre G. S.;Sá, Mariana C. A.;Komura, Dirce L.;Moncalvo, Jean-Marc;Margaritescu, Simona;Roy, Mélanie;Wartchow, Felipe	Silva-Filho, Alexandre G. S., Sá, Mariana C. A., Komura, Dirce L., Moncalvo, Jean-Marc, Margaritescu, Simona, Roy, Mélanie, Wartchow, Felipe (2020): Two novel species of Lactifluus subg. Pseudogymnocarpi (Russulaceae) from Brazil. Phytotaxa 436 (3): 222-236, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.436.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.436.3.2
AB2E87C4D362FFDC3DFAF9F5FCDEFA5B.text	AB2E87C4D362FFDC3DFAF9F5FCDEFA5B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lactifluus venosellus Silva-Filho, Sa & Wartchow 2020	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lactifluus venosellus Silva-Filho, Sá &amp; Wartchow ,  sp. nov. (Figs. 4–5–6b,c) </p>
            <p>Mycobank:—MB832852</p>
            <p>Genbank accession nrITS: MK929292</p>
            <p>Type:— BRAZIL. Paraíba: Mamanguape, Reserva Biológica Guaribas, 6°44’27.89” S 35°8’53.82” W, on soil, 30 June 2012, M.C.A Sá MS37 (UFRN-fungos 2197 holotype).</p>
            <p>Diagnosis:—Distinguished from other species by:pileus convex to slightly depressed, plane-depressed,infundibuliform, surface slightly velutinous, rivulose, reddish brown; lamellae slightly decurrent, distant. Basidiospores 8‒9 × 6‒7 µm, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid; ornamentation up to 0.3 µm high, composed of irregular short ridges; cystidia absent; scattered to abundant cylindrical, fusoid to slightly fusiform pseudocystidia; pileipellis a palisade with scattered lactifers, and an unique ITS sequence.</p>
            <p>Description:—Pileus 20–40 mm, convex slightly depressed, becoming plane-depressed to infundibuliform, reddish brown (8E4) with dark brown (8F7) spots; surface slightly velutinous, rivulose near margin, slightly cracked, dry, dull; edge even to slightly eroded, incurved (Figs. 4a–c); context firm, 4–5 mm at the disc, very thin towards margin, pastel red (7A4), unchanging (Fig. 4c). Lamellae short decurrent, distant, brownish (7D5/6); edge even, concolorous with the face; lamellulae frequent with two lengths, sometimes forked. (Figs. 4a–c). Stipe 15–20 × 7–9 mm, central, cylindric, equal to tapered to the base, dry, reddish brown (8E4), dull red (8B3) sometimes with brown (6E6) spots; surface smooth, sometimes veined (Figs. 4a–c); context solid. Veil absent. Latex not found. Odor and taste not determined.</p>
            <p>Basidiospores (7.5‒)8‒9(‒10) × (5.5‒)6‒7(‒7.5) µm; L = 8.5 µm, W = 6.5 µm; Q = 1.18‒1.47, Qm = 1.37; broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, thin-walled, hyaline; ornamentation amyloid, up to 0.3 µm high, composed of irregular short ridges and warts; plage non-amyloid; hilar appendix up to 1 µm long (Figs. 5a, 6b,c). Basidia 53.5‒80 × 6–8 µm cylindrical to slightly clavate, 4-spored, thin-walled, hyaline, sometimes with refractive contents; sterigmata up to 6 µm high (Fig. 5b). Pleuromacrocystidia absent. Pleuropseudocystidia abundant, 5.5‒10 µm diam., cylindrical to slightly fusiform, thin-walled, with refractive contents; projecting up to 35 µm above the hymenium; arising deeply from hymenophoral trama (Fig. 5c). Lamellae edge sterile, composed of scattered cheilopseudocystidia and common marginal cells: cheilopseudocystidia 4‒8 µm diam., cylindrical and fusoid, thin-walled, with refractive contents, projecting up to 18 µm above the hymenium, arising deeply from hymenophoral trama (Fig. 5d); marginal cells 28–35 × 7.5–7 µm, clavate, cylindro-clavate, sphaeropendunculate, catenulate, sometimes flexuous, thin-walled, hyaline (Fig. 5e). Hymenophoral trama composed of abundant sphaerocytes 9‒17 µm diam. and frequent, thin-walled, 7–12 µm wide lactifers. Pileipellis a palisade up to 85 µm thick, composed of isodiametric cells with cylindrical, clavate and obclavate terminal cells and scattered lactifers: isodiametric cells, 9–22 µm diam., thin-walled; lactifers, 7‒10 µm diam., with refractive contents, sometimes emergent, arising deeply from pileus trama (Figs. 5f,g); terminal cells 12.5– 50 × 3.5–11.5 µm, cylindrical, clavate sometimes obclavate, thin-walled, hyaline (Fig. 5g). Pileus trama composed of abundant sphaerocytes 6–21 µm diam., cylindrical hyphae, 2‒5 µm diam., and frequent to abundant, 7‒12 µm wide, thin-walled lactifers,. Stipitipellis a palisade similar to pileipellis. Clamp connections absent from all tissues examined.</p>
            <p>Etymology:—From Latin ‘venosellus’ (with small veins), in reference to the veined surface of the pileus.</p>
            <p> Habitat:—Scattered, on sandy soil, in a savanna area of Atlantic forest, under unknown host, but growing surrounded by the following tree species:  Coccoloba alnifolia ,  C. laevis ,  C. mollis ,  C. ramosissima , and  C. scandens . </p>
            <p>Distribution:—Known only from type locality.</p>
            <p>Materials examined:— BRAZIL. Paraíba: Mamanguape, Reserva Biológica Guaribas, 5 July 2015, FW 15/2017 (JPB).</p>
            <p>  Aditional material examined:—  Lactifluus brasiliensis : BRAZIL.  Amazonas : Manaus, road Manaus-Caracaraí Km 45, 28 February 1978  ;   St. John , Araujo and R. Singer B10729 (holotype INPA 77475), ibid., 12 January 1979, R. Singer B 11479 (paratype INPA 82380)  . </p>
            <p> Comment:—  Lactifluus venosellus also belongs to Lf. subg. Pseudogymnocarpi based on molecular and morphological evidence. In our phylogeny  Lf. venosellus clusters with five undescribed South American species, and forms a branch in Lf. sect. Polysphaerophori. The collection (TH7677) from Guyana was identified as  Lf. aff. brasiliensis .  Lactifluus brasiliensis , as mentioned above, perhaps belongs to Lf. subg. Pseudogymnocarpi (Singer et al. 1983). Both species share a similar pileipellis structure, but  Lf. brasiliensis differs in the larger pileus (20–40 mm diam.) and stipe (15–20 × 7–9 mm) (Singer et al. 1983). We also analyzed the holotype and paratype of  Lf. brasiliensi s, which possess globose to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores with higher ornamentation (up to 1 µm high); they lack pleuropseudocystidia. ‘  Lactifluus rupestris ’ described from Caatinga, is distinguished from  Lf. venosellus by a larger pileus (60–70 mm) with red tint, larger stipe (35–45 × 18–21 mm), crowded lamellae, scarce pleuropseudocystidia and a trichoderm as pileipelis (Wartchow &amp; Cavalcanti 2010). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AB2E87C4D362FFDC3DFAF9F5FCDEFA5B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Silva-Filho, Alexandre G. S.;Sá, Mariana C. A.;Komura, Dirce L.;Moncalvo, Jean-Marc;Margaritescu, Simona;Roy, Mélanie;Wartchow, Felipe	Silva-Filho, Alexandre G. S., Sá, Mariana C. A., Komura, Dirce L., Moncalvo, Jean-Marc, Margaritescu, Simona, Roy, Mélanie, Wartchow, Felipe (2020): Two novel species of Lactifluus subg. Pseudogymnocarpi (Russulaceae) from Brazil. Phytotaxa 436 (3): 222-236, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.436.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.436.3.2
