identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
AE362B3FFF8F8226FF0F968F1F76DC47.text	AE362B3FFF8F8226FF0F968F1F76DC47.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Codium schmiederi P. C. Silva, F. F. Pedroche, M. E. Chacana	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Codium schmiederi P.C. Silva, F.F. Pedroche, M.E. Chacana (Figures 1 and 2) </p>
            <p>Thallus prostrate, pulvinate, with erect or repent portions branched irregularly or subdichotomously (Figure 1). Branches cylindrical or compressed, 3–12 mm wide at interdichotomies, 20 mm broad at dichotomies, intertwining, anastomosing, attached to substrate here and there; pulvinate portion 3–5 mm thick, spongy, adhering loosely to the substrate. Thallus easy to dissect, mature utricles cylindrical, (900–) 1000–1300 (–1800) µm long, (89–) 110– 190 (–390) µm in diameter. Utricles from adherent portion of thallus showing much reduced sympodial growth, resulting in groups of utricles, most with two septa, one for each medullary filament (Figure 2A). Utricles of the branched portion of the thallus showing less compact growth (Figure 2B). Apices truncate or slightly rounded with thin walls (no more than 2–4 µm in thickness). Hairs (or hair scars) common in zone 110–280 µm below apex. Medullary filaments 30–60 µm diameter. Gametangia fusiform or lanceolate, (150–) 210–300 (–350) µm long, (45–) 60–90 (–120) µm diameter, several per utricle borne on cylindrical pedicel 15–30 µm long in zone 330–540 µm below apex.</p>
            <p>Holotype</p>
            <p>  Isla Guadalupe, Baja California, Mexico, on shore, 2.5 miles N of South Bluff, E. Y.  Dawson 8518, 20.xii.1949 (UC 1718021). Isotype at US (USNM 230805) (Figure 1). </p>
            <p>UC specimens and label information may be viewed by entering the collection number at: //ucjeps.cspace. berkeley.edu/ucjeps_project/public/publicsearch/.</p>
            <p>Specimens examined</p>
            <p>Isla Guadalupe: UC 1718024, AHFH 79209 in UC (UC 1831543), UC 1718018, UC 1718019, UC 1718020, AHFH 72024 in UC (UC 1831545). Rocas Alijos: UC 1946216, UC 1946217.</p>
            <p> Codium schmiederi is dimorphic in habit, with a prostrate base from which upright or repent axes arise. The utricles are also dimorphic, differing in basal and upright portions (Figure 2A, B). This morphological and anatomical dimorphism is unique among known species of  Codium . </p>
            <p> In  Codium , all primary utricles are formed by enlargement of deflected apices of sympodially growing filaments. In most species, the development of secondary utricles follows one of two paths. In erect dichotomously branched thalli, primary utricles produce additional utricles by emitting basally a filament that grows periclinally, enlarging terminally, and deflecting anticlinally to form a new utricle. A plug is always formed at or very close to the point of origin of the filament. (For examples, see Silva and Womersley 1956, figs. 8–16; Silva 1959, figs. 10–21.) </p>
            <p> In  C. schmiederi , by contrast, the adherent portion of the thallus, which initially resembles a thallus of  Codium hubbsii , does not produce “families” of utricles typical of adherent species. Instead, small groups of utricles result from greatly reduced sympodial growth in which interutricular filaments are eliminated. Perversely, the intertwining branches produce small groups of utricles resembling families typical of adherent species. </p>
            <p> The pattern of utricle formation described above as being typical of  Codium has many exceptions, depending on the length of the interutricular filament. The pattern most closely similar to that of  C. schmiederi is that of  Codium coralloides (Kützing) P.C. Silva. In that species, however, the branches are rudimentary. In  Codium pelliculare P.C. Silva (1959) , in which the thallus is membraniform, secondary utricles bud off the lower or middle portion of an existing utricle, but most do not develop rhizoids. In  Codium picturatum F.F. Pedroche et P.C. Silva (1996) , which has an extremely thin adherent thallus with a tightly woven medulla, some interutricular filaments are so short that clusters of secondary utricles are formed. In some parts of the thallus, the distribution of secondary utricles, interutricular filaments, and plugs is chaotic (Pedroche and Silva 1996, figs. 3, 4). </p>
            <p> Previous records: as  C. schmiederi Silva ined. in Schmieder (1996: 235); as  C. schmiederi Silva, Pedroche et Chacana ined. in Pedroche et al. (2002: 30, figs. 24–28), Pedroche et al. (2005: 76). </p>
            <p> In 1952, after returning from an expedition to islands off the coast of Baja California on board the RV  Orca, Silva undertook a study of the collections of  Codium and intended to name this species  Codium seftonii in honor of Joseph W. Sefton, Jr., a San Diego banker and owner of the ship. Prior to the publication of this species, however, Mr. Sefton died. The intended honor was transferred to Robert W. Schmieder, the remarkably enterprising explorer who organized the expedition to Rocas Alijos. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AE362B3FFF8F8226FF0F968F1F76DC47	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Silva, Paul C.;Pedroche, Francisco F.;Chacana, Max E.;Miller, Kathy Ann	Silva, Paul C., Pedroche, Francisco F., Chacana, Max E., Miller, Kathy Ann (2014): Validation of the names of two new species of Codium (Chlorophyta, Bryopsidales) from Isla Guadalupe and Rocas Alijos, Pacific Mexico and the southern California Channel Islands, with some remarks on insular endemism. Botanica Marina (Warsaw, Poland) 57 (4): 243-250, DOI: 10.1515/bot-2014-0024, URL: https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2014-0024
AE362B3FFF898224FF0F91221F3ADDA8.text	AE362B3FFF898224FF0F91221F3ADDA8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Codium dawsonii P. C. Silva, F. F. Pedroche, M. E. Chacana et K. A. Miller	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Codium dawsonii P.C. Silva, F.F. Pedroche, M.E. Chacana et K.A. Miller (Figures 3 and 4) </p>
            <p>Thallus erect, profusely branched to 10 orders, delicate (Figure 3). Branching usually dichotomous or subdichotomous, but often irregular, giving monopodial aspect to thallus. Branches cylindrical to compressed, especially at the dichotomies and apices, 4 (–5) mm diameter at base, 1.5– 2 mm diameter distally, to 13 (–20) cm high. Thallus attached to substrate (rocks or shells) by discoid holdfast. Color olive green to grass green. Thallus dissecting out into individual utricles. Utricles claviform or campanulate, slightly constricted below the apex, (69–) 100–170 (–200) µm diameter, (370–) 400–500 (–580) µm long in upper portion of thallus, (40–) 60–90 (–110) µm diameter basally. Apices of utricles truncate or rounded, apical wall slightly thickened (to 13 µm thick). Hairs or hair scars borne in zone 45–100 µm below apex of utricle. Medullary filaments 20–30 µm diameter (Figure 4). Gametangia lanceolate or fusiform, (58–) 62–75 (–85) µm diameter, (140–) 160–190 (–210) µm long, borne singly on short pedicel in zone 200–300 µm below apex of utricle.</p>
            <p>  Holotype: Mosquito Cove, San Clemente Island, California, on shallow boulders and reefs with dense algal cover, 6–9 m depth, K. A.  Miller SC V-012-88, 22.v.1988 (UC 1718035) (Figure 3). </p>
            <p>Specimens examined (north to south)</p>
            <p>Channel Islands, California</p>
            <p>Santa Cruz Island: UC1612968, UC1574488, UC1574797, UC1574793, UC1996200. Anacapa Island: UC1996201. Santa Barbara Island: UC1574796, UC1718036, UC1996198, UC1996199, UC1996197. Santa Catalina Island: UC1574794, UC1819304, UC1985389, UC1883562, UC1819309, UC1985388, UC1985390; UC1985392, UC1985391, UC1883561, UC1996193. San Clemente Island: UC1574789, UC1717994, UC1996196, UC1996195.</p>
            <p>Baja California, Mexico (insular)</p>
            <p>Islas Los Coronados: UC1965988, UC1574387. Isla Guadalupe: UC1818855, UC1818854, UC1818857, UC1718031.</p>
            <p>Baja California, Mexico (mainland)</p>
            <p>Ten miles west of Punta Malarrimo, Bahía Viscaino: UC1918822.</p>
            <p> Previous records: as  Codium dawsonii Silva ined. in Goff et al. (1992: 1280); Schmieder (1996: 235); as  C. dawsonii Silva, Pedroche et Chacana ined. in Pedroche et al. (2002: 49, figs. 59, 60), Pedroche et al. (2005: 71). </p>
            <p> Following a preliminary study of  C. dawsonii from Isla UC1735228, UC1935031, UC1935033, UC1823617. San Clem- Guadalupe, Silva (1951) published a monograph of the ente Island: UC1953502.  Codium of California, but failed to recognize the presence San Diego County: UC1953501, UC1953498, UC1953497. of  C. dawsonii in the Channel Islands. Instead, he assigned a collection from Santa Cruz Island and one from Santa Catalina Island to  Codium cuneatum Setchell et Gardner Baja California (insular) (1924) a species originally described from the Gulf of Cali- Islas Los Coronados: UC1831528, UC1604008, UC1831529, fornia that was merged with  Codium simulans Setchell et UC 1604010. Islas Guadalupe: UC1716828, UC1718017.  Gardner (1924) by Pedroche (1998). Silva included in C. Rocas Alijos: UC1946214, UC1946215.  cuneatum a disparate array of specimens from southern California and northern Baja California. In the 1980s, Kathy Ann Miller began making sublitto- Baja California (mainland) </p>
            <p> ral surveys of the Channel Islands and discovered that C. Tres Hermanas, Bahía de Todos Santos: growing on rocks  dawsonii grows abundantly and luxuriantly in the south- in intertidal zone, R. Aguilar-Rosas s.n., 30.x.1982, CMMEX ern Channel Islands at depths of 9– 12 m. In an attempt 1000, 2005. Campito, 19 km east of Punta San Eugenio, to determine whether the Gulf species,  C. simulans (= C. Bahía Vizcaino: UC1831470. Bahía Asunción: UC1604007.  cuneatum ), occurs in California, Miller provided material This species is one of several adherent forms distinfrom the type specimens of all species described by Setch- guished from one another by anatomical characters that ell and  Gardner (1924) from the Gulf of California to Jeffrey may seem trivial to the nonspecialist. The differences are, R. Hughey. On the basis of comparison of nucleotide in fact, sufficiently large to suggest that these species consequences obtained from these specimens, he concluded stitute a distinct phylogenetic group. On the Pacific coast (pers. comm.) that  C. dawsonii is distinct from all species of North America, the only adherent species other than of  Codium described from the Gulf of California by Setch-  Codium hubbsii is  Codium setchellii Gardner (1919: 489 , ell and  Gardner (1924). pl. 42: figs. 10, 11; type locality Pacific Grove, California),  Codium dawsonii can be distinguished from  Codium which is readily distinguished by the lack of hairs or hair  fragile subsp. californium C. Maggs et J. Kelly by its scars and by the smooth, unornamented apical walls of lighter color, shorter internodes, and numerous orders of the utricles. In contrast, utricles of  C. hubbsii frequently branching. The compressed dichotomies and apices are bear hairs and have apical walls that are usually at least diagnostic. slightly alveolate. </p>
            <p> On the mainland of California,  C. setchellii usually grows on the sides of boulders partly buried in sand, in the lowest intertidal zone. The thallus forms a tightly </p>
            <p> Codium hubbsii E.Y. Dawson</p>
            <p>adherent carpet that spreads out in all directions. The advent of SCUBA, however, has led to the discovery of a</p>
            <p> Codium hubbsii E.Y. Dawson 1950: 151 , fig. 14. Silva, 1951: </p>
            <p> subtidal adherent  Codium that is anatomically indistin- </p>
            <p>85, pl. 1, text-figs. 3, 6–9. Dawson et al. 1960a: 26. Dawson</p>
            <p>guishable from the intertidal form. According to Dawson</p>
            <p>et al. 1960b: 5–12. Silva et al. 1996: 235. Pedroche et al.</p>
            <p> et al. (1960a,b),  C. hubbsii and  C. setchellii are common </p>
            <p>2002: 20, figs. 7–14. Pedroche et al. 2005: 74.</p>
            <p>inhabitants of kelp beds in Baja California at depths of</p>
            <p>9–23 m, where they have the same habit and habitat and are macroscopically indistinguishable.</p>
            <p>Holotype</p>
            <p> Whereas  C. setchellii survives cold water as far north as Sitka, Alaska, and thrives in upwelling areas in Baja </p>
            <p>Islas San Benito, Baja California: Hubbs46-205, 18.viii.1946</p>
            <p>California as far south as Punta Baja (Dawson 1953: 109),</p>
            <p>(AHFH 36930 in UC).</p>
            <p> C. hubbsii requires a higher optimal temperature. It occurs as far north as the southern Channel Islands of California, proceeding southward through the Mexican coastal </p>
            <p> Specimens examined (from north to south) islands and thence along the coast of Baja California Sur as far as Punta Abreojos. At Isla Guadalupe,  C. hubbsii</p>
            <p> Channel Islands, California grows both intertidally and subtidally (to depths of 25 m). Santa Cruz Island: UC 1819291. Santa Barbara Island: The attribution of  C. setchellii to Isla Guadalupe, Isla UC 1823623. Santa Catalina Island: UC 1819289, UC 1823612, Asunción, and other localities south of Punta Baja by Pedroche (1998) and Pedroche et al. (2002, 2005) is based on a misidentification of  C. hubbsii . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AE362B3FFF898224FF0F91221F3ADDA8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Silva, Paul C.;Pedroche, Francisco F.;Chacana, Max E.;Miller, Kathy Ann	Silva, Paul C., Pedroche, Francisco F., Chacana, Max E., Miller, Kathy Ann (2014): Validation of the names of two new species of Codium (Chlorophyta, Bryopsidales) from Isla Guadalupe and Rocas Alijos, Pacific Mexico and the southern California Channel Islands, with some remarks on insular endemism. Botanica Marina (Warsaw, Poland) 57 (4): 243-250, DOI: 10.1515/bot-2014-0024, URL: https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2014-0024
