identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
AD4F87ACFF83FFF8FF72F93C598BAF7F.text	AD4F87ACFF83FFF8FF72F93C598BAF7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diploschistes Norman 1853	<div><p>The genus Diploschistes</p><p>Diploschistes is widespread genus with about 30 species worldwide, characterised by apothecioid ascomata, brown, muriform ascospores and, critically, a trebouxioid photobiont, a character that sets it apart within a family where the photobiont is otherwise trentepohlioid (Aptroot et al. 2023b). Of the 17 species recorded for Australia by McCarthy (2023), nine are known from Tasmania. With the exception of the widespread and frequently alpine D. scruposus (Schreb.) Norman and D. bartlettii (Lumbsch) Lücking, the remainder are restricted to low rainfall areas where they colonise exposed rocks or dry, consolidated soil. Whereas most species of the genus are free-living, two, D. muscorum (Scop.) R.Sant. and D. bartlettii, commence their life cycle as parasites on other lichens, usually on species of Cladonia (Lumbsch 1987; Aptroot et al. 2023b) but rarely also on other lichen genera (Zhurbenko 2010). A further lichenicolous species is described here.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD4F87ACFF83FFF8FF72F93C598BAF7F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kantvilas, Gintaras	Kantvilas, Gintaras (2025): Further notes on and additions to the thelotremoid Graphidaceae (lichenised fungi) in Tasmania, with the description of six new species. Phytotaxa 715 (2): 101-116, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.715.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.715.2.1
AD4F87ACFF80FFFAFF72FF315D0AA11E.text	AD4F87ACFF80FFFAFF72FF315D0AA11E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diploschistes infestans Kantvilas 2025	<div><p>Diploschistes infestans Kantvilas, sp. nov. (Figs 1–2)</p><p>MycoBank #MB 860367</p><p>Infecting the thalli of Stereocaulon species and distinguished from both D. muscorum (Scop.) R.Sant. and D. bartlettii (Lumbsch) Lücking by the smaller, urceolate apothecia to 0.8 mm wide, and the larger, ellipsoid, richly muriform ascospores, 26–46 × 12–22 µm, with 5–7(–8) transverse and 1–3 longitudinal septa.</p><p>Type: — AUSTRALIA. Tasmania, Mt Rufus, Gingerbread Track, 42°08’S 146°06’E, 1220 m, on the thallus of Stereocaulon on alpine sandstone outcrops, 18 March 2012, G. Kantvilas 254/12 (holotype —HO 565067)</p><p>Thallus absent, entirely contained within the podetia of Stereocaulon and detectable only by the apothecia. Apothecia urceolate, commencing as a small hole or crack, expanding to 0.5–0.8 mm diam., immersed throughout development and at most causing a slight bulge or deformity in the host thallus; disc only slightly exposed at maturity, mostly obscured by the incurved margin, concave, dark grey to blackish; thalline margin unevenly to c. 60–110 µm thick when well developed, usually abraded in the upper part; proper exciple opaque dark brown, fused to the thalline margin in the lower part, in the upper part usually free and extending a little above the thalline exciple, dark grey and usually becoming radially split, abraded and whitish, in section 60–120 µm thick apically, 20–40 µm thick at the base; periphyses indistinct. Hypothecium 15–30 µm thick, hyaline to pale yellowish brown. Hymenium 110–160 µm thick, overlain by a brownish, granular epithecium; asci (2–)4–6(–8)-spored, (80–)120–140 × 20–30 µm. Ascospores ellipsoid, with rounded apices, never attenuated at the apices, 26– 33.4 –40(–46) × (12–)13.5– 16.9 –20(–22) µm (n = 60), with 5–7(–8) transverse and 1–3 longitudinal septa; septa I+ purple; wall c. 0.5 µm thick. Pycnidia not seen.</p><p>Chemistry: —containing traces of lecanoric acid and diploschistesic acid, determined by LCMS; chemical extracts and spot tests are dominated and confounded by the chemical composition of the Stereocaulon host.</p><p>Etymology: —The specific epith et al ludes to the lichenicolous habit of the new species.</p><p>Remarks: —Hitherto only two species of Diploschistes, D. muscorum and D. bartlettii, are known to be lichenicolous. Both occur principally on the thallus of Cladonia, beginning their life cycles as parasites but eventually developing a widespreading thallus. The former is also recorded occurring on Stereocaulon (Zhurbenko 2010) . The new species differs from these two taxa in that it does not appear to develop any thallus at all, and remains entirely within the thallus of its host where it can cause little more than gall-like swellings where the apothecia are formed, or it may cause the host podetia to become flattened to squamule-like. Furthermore, its apothecia generally remain deeply immersed and urceolate, whereas those of the other taxa become emergent, as much as 2 mm wide, and develop a widely exposed disc. More critically, the ascospores of the new species are considerably larger and more septate (Fig. 2). In D. muscorum, these are cited, for example by Aptroot et al. (2023b), as (20–)25–35(–40) × 12–15(–18) µm, with 5 transverse and 1–2 longitudinal septa, whereas in D. bartlettii, they are (17–)20– 24.8– 30(–31) × (8–)9– 10.4 –13 µm, with 3–5(–6) transverse and 0–1(–2) longitudinal septa (this study). Furthermore, whereas the ascospores in D. bartlettii and D. muscorum are frequently attenuated and tapered at the distal end, those of D. infestans are not, and are neatly ellipsoid to almost oblong, a shape difference also seen in the saxicolous species pair, D. gyrophoricus Lumbsch &amp; Elix and D. sticticus (Körb.) Müll.Arg.</p><p>The single Tasmanian specimen seen was found on the thalli of Stereocaulon caespitosum Redinger and S. corticatulum Nyl., two common and widespread species in alpine areas. Another specimen is known from New Zealand, parasitising S. ramulosum (Sw.) Räuschel, the most common Australasian species of this genus. Two further specimens are known from subantarctic Macquarie Island, also inhabiting S. ramulosum . In all specimens, the chemical composition of extracts is dominated by the chemistry of the host (atranorin and protocetraric acid in S. caespitosum; atranorin and fatty acids in S. corticatulum; and atranorin and perlatolic acid in S. ramulosum).</p><p>Stereocaulon is known to be a favourable host for lichenicolous parasites, with 22 species recorded from the Holarctic by Zhurbenko (2010). It remains an uninvestigated habitat in Tasmania, although the discovery of and search for more material of Diploschistes infestans revealed at least one taxon of unknown affinities, as well as the first Southern Hemisphere record of Catillaria stereocaularum (Th.Fr.) H. Oliver [AUSTRALIA: Tasmania, eastern slopes of Turrana Heights, 41°45’S 146°23’E, 1290 m, on thallus of Stereocaulon corticatulum, growing on dolerite pebbles, 1 January 2025, G. Kantvilas 33/25 (HO)].</p><p>Specimens examined: — NEW ZEALAND: Waipori Road, 2 November 1972, G.C. Bratt 72/1504 (HO). MACQUARIE ISLAND: Green Gorge, 54°30S 158°57’E, 50 m, 1980, R.D. Seppelt 11355, 11357 (HO).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD4F87ACFF80FFFAFF72FF315D0AA11E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kantvilas, Gintaras	Kantvilas, Gintaras (2025): Further notes on and additions to the thelotremoid Graphidaceae (lichenised fungi) in Tasmania, with the description of six new species. Phytotaxa 715 (2): 101-116, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.715.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.715.2.1
AD4F87ACFF81FFFAFF72F9305B3FAF4E.text	AD4F87ACFF81FFFAFF72F9305B3FAF4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thelotrema	<div><p>The genus Thelotrema</p><p>Thelotrema comprises more than 100 species, mostly restricted to the tropics or subtropics. With 43 species recognised for Australia (McCarthy 2023), including four for Tasmania (Mangold et al. 2009), and with Tasmania being very much at the geographical and ecological periphery of the distribution envelope of this essentially tropical-subtropical genus, it is remarkable to discover as many as three previously unrecorded taxa. Thelotrema has been the subject of considerable taxonomic study, and several regional revisions have been published, including for Sri Lanka (Hale 1981), southern U.S.A. (Florida) (Harris 1990; 1995), Africa (Frisch 2006), Europe (Purvis et al. 1995), subantarctic regions (Lumbsch et al. 2010), the British Isles (Aptroot et al. 2023), Central America (Costa Rica) (Sipman et al. 2012); India (Joshi et al. 2018) and, critically, Australia (Mangold et al. 2009) and New Zealand (Galloway 2007). A world-wide key is also available (Rivas Plata et al. 2010).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD4F87ACFF81FFFAFF72F9305B3FAF4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kantvilas, Gintaras	Kantvilas, Gintaras (2025): Further notes on and additions to the thelotremoid Graphidaceae (lichenised fungi) in Tasmania, with the description of six new species. Phytotaxa 715 (2): 101-116, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.715.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.715.2.1
AD4F87ACFF86FFFCFF72FF3259BDAF43.text	AD4F87ACFF86FFFCFF72FF3259BDAF43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thelotrema oleariae Kantvilas 2025	<div><p>Thelotrema oleariae Kantvilas, sp. nov. (Figs 3A, 4A)</p><p>MycoBank #MB 860368</p><p>Superficially most similar to T. suecicum (H.Magn.) P.James, and likewise with lepadinoid apothecia 0.3–1 mm wide, but distinguished from that species and indeed all others by the combination of 8-spored asci and the fusiform, faintly amyloid, grey-brown to brown, sparingly muriform ascospores, 35–78 × 9–15 µm, with 10–15 transverse and 0–1 longitudinal septa.</p><p>Type: — AUSTRALIA. Tasmania, Seagers Lookout, 42°40’S 146°38’E, 1190 m, on old Olearia pinifolia in subalpine woodland, 8 July 2024, G. Kantvilas 242/24 (holotype — HO 621327)</p><p>Thallus whitish grey, effuse, smooth, c. 40–100 µm thick, to 15 cm wide; medulla I + red, inspersed with calcium oxalate crystals. Apothecia lepadinoid, to 0.3–0.8(–1) mm diam., scattered or crowded and fused together, initially semi-immersed and perithecioid, soon emergent, subglobose to hemispherical and mostly broadly adnate, with a round, ostiole-like opening c. 0.1–0.3 mm wide with an entire or radially cracked and scabrid margin; disc ± obscured entirely throughout development by the incurved thalline margin and/or the proper exciple, plane, grey-black, sometimes a little whitish-pruinose; proper exciple whitish or grey, usually with a ragged margin, in section 20–25 µm thick basally, to 50–60 µm thick apically, hyaline to pale yellowish, sometimes intensifying yellow in K, I + red; periphyses 10–15 µm long, 1.5–3 µm thick. Hypothecium 10–20 µm thick. Hymenium 130–170 µm thick, overlain by greyish granules that partly dissolve in K; paraphyses 1–1.5 µm thick, with apices not enlarged; asci 8-spored, elongate-clavate, 90–140 × 16–30 µm. Ascospores soon becoming grey-brown to brown, muriform at maturity, with 10–15 transverse and 0–1 longitudinal septa, fusiform, (35–)38– 56.0 –72(–78) × (9–)10– 12.5 –15 µm (n = 65), faintly amyloid; locules roundish to ellipsoid; wall gelatinous, to 1.5–2 µm thick, swelling markedly in K, becoming undulate in post-mature spores.</p><p>Chemistry: —nil.</p><p>Etymology: —The specific epithet refers to the host of the new species, Olearia pinifolia ( Asteraceae).</p><p>Remarks: —At first glance, with its neatly subglobose to hemispherical, emergent apothecia, this species resembles T. suecicum (H.Magn.) P.James or indeed any number of other lepadinoid species of the genus. It is distinguished by its distinctive, brown ascospores, with their consistently single, longitudinal septum across the central cells of the spore (Fig. 4A). Within the broader context of the genus, this species is perhaps most similar to the tropical T. pachysporum Nyl., or at least tends to key into that species in various published accounts. Certainly, the two species have similar-sized, comparably weakly amyloid ascospores, but in T. pachysporum, the longitudinal septa are developed only occasionally (Mangold et al. 2009; Sipman et al. 2012). Furthermore, T. pachysporum also has inconspicuous, persistently immersed apothecia. A further taxon with brown, muriform ascospores is T. lepadodes Tuck., but here the spores are larger and richly muriform with up to 5 longitudinal septa.</p><p>Like T. subdefectum Kantvilas (described below), this species is rare (or possibly overlooked) in Tasmania and known only from the papery bark of Olearia pinifolia in subalpine woodland (Fig. 5). This tree has not been specifically investigated for its epiphytes in the past, although it tends to be richly and conspicuously colonised by wet forest macrolichens, as well as being festooned with species of Usnea, notably U. capillacea Motyka and U. oncodes Stirt. However, it is a host that clearly merits further attention and, in addition to the two species of Thelotrema described in this paper, it is also known to support an undescribed species of Phlyctis .</p><p>Specimen examined: — AUSTRALIA. Tasmania, Pelion Plains, 41°50’S 146°03’E, 850 m, 13 March 1992, G. Kantvilas 143/92 (HO).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD4F87ACFF86FFFCFF72FF3259BDAF43	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kantvilas, Gintaras	Kantvilas, Gintaras (2025): Further notes on and additions to the thelotremoid Graphidaceae (lichenised fungi) in Tasmania, with the description of six new species. Phytotaxa 715 (2): 101-116, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.715.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.715.2.1
AD4F87ACFF84FFF1FF72FBF85B14A25D.text	AD4F87ACFF84FFF1FF72FBF85B14A25D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thelotrema pinicola Kantvilas 2025	<div><p>Thelotrema pinicola Kantvilas, sp. nov. (Figs 4B, 6)</p><p>MycoBank #MB 860369</p><p>Distinguished by the combination of lepadinoid apothecia, with generally 8-spored asci and fusiform-ellipsoid, non-amyloid, brown to grey-brown, richly muriform ascospores, 44–130 × 14–30 µm, with c. 20–30 transverse and up to 5 longitudinal septa.</p><p>Type: — AUSTRALIA. Tasmania, Twisted Tarn, 42°40’S 146°34’E, 1120 m, on twigs of Athrotaxis cupressoides in coniferous heathland, 18 August 2024, G. Kantvilas 126/24 (holotype — HO 619651).</p><p>Thallus pale to dull grey, greyish brown or pale bronze-brown, smooth and effuse to endophloeodal, ecorticate, c. 40–90 µm thick around the apothecia, forming diffuse, discontinuous patches to c. 5 cm wide, frequently interrupted by other lichens; medulla I + red, sparsely inspersed with calcium oxalate crystals. Apothecia lepadinoid, at first entirely immersed and discernible as round holes c. 0.1–0.35 mm diam. in the thallus surface, becoming semi-emergent, perithecioid, then at maturity hemispherical, broadly adnate, 0.6–1.2 mm wide, scattered or, occasionally, fused together; thalline margin smooth, entire and incurved, with age sometimes becoming erect and abraded at the edges, often mottled pale brownish, in section c. 100–200 µm thick, I + red, inspersed with crystals of calcium oxalate, sometimes containing bark cells; disc plane, pale grey, obscured ± entirely throughout development by the incurved thalline margin and/or the proper exciple; proper exciple whitish, usually with a ragged margin, in section 50–80 µm thick laterally, 20–40 µm basally, hyaline to pale yellowish, I + red; periphyses 25–45 µm long, c. 3 µm thick. Hypothecium 15–20 µm thick. Hymenium 180–220 µm thick, overlain by a brown or greyish epithecial layer unchanged in K; paraphyses 1–1.5 µm thick, with apices not enlarged; asci 8-spored but sometimes with up to 6 spores aborted by maturity, elongate-clavate, 150–220 × 30–50 µm. Ascospores soon becoming brown or grey-brown, densely muriform, with c. 20–30 transverse and up to 5 longitudinal septa, fusiform-ellipsoid, (44–)56– 81.8 –115(–130) × (14–)15– 19.2 –24(–30) µm (n = 60), non-amyloid; locules irregularly roundish; wall thin and compact, to 0.5–1.5 µm thick, not swelling markedly in K.</p><p>Chemistry:—nil.</p><p>Etymology: —The specific epithet refers to the habitat of the new taxon on the twigs of two endemic Tasmanian conifers, Athrotaxis cupressoides (Pencil Pine) and A. selaginoides (King Billy Pine) .</p><p>Remarks: —Superficially, this species is very similar to T. subdefectum Kantvilas (described below) and T. oleariae, which also occur in alpine to subalpine habitats, albeit on a different host ( Olearia pinifolia). However, when well developed, the apothecia of T. pinicola tend to be a little larger. The three species differ markedly by their ascospores (Fig. 4): hyaline, muriform and 25–46 × 10–20 µm in the former, and grey-brown to brown, sparingly muriform and 35–78 × 9–15 µm in the latter. The diagnostic characters of the new species, notably the 8-spored asci and large, richly muriform, non-amyloid, grey to brown ascospores, are shared with relatively few other species of the genus (see Mangold et al. 2009; Rivas Plata et al. 2010). For example, the pantropical T. lepadodes Tuck., which in Australia has been recorded from mangroves and coastal vegetation in Queensland, has 2–8-spored asci and somewhat smaller, submuriform to muriform ascospores, 40–100 × 10–25(–30) µm (Mangold et al. 2009; Rivas Plata et al. 2010). The widespread corticolous or saxicolous T. saxatile C.Knight develops apothecioid ascomata and has 1–2- spored asci (Mangold et al. 2009; Lumbsch et al. 2010). Finally, T. monosporum Nyl., also known only from tropical latitudes, differs from the new species by its significantly smaller apothecia (to 0.6 mm wide) and 1–4-spored asci (Mangold et al. 2009; Sipman et al. 2012).</p><p>This species is known only from Tasmania and appears to be restricted to the dead twigs of both Athrotaxis cupressoides and A. selaginoides, where it occurs on bark, bare wood stripped of bark, and on the retained, dead, woody, scale leaves of its host (Fig. 7). It had been overlooked until very recently, mainly because this particular habitat did not appear to be intrinsically rich or interesting for lichens, especially when considered within a general environment (alpine coniferous woodland) where other microhabitats and substrata provide more enticingly diverse lichen habitats. It was first collected essentially by chance, but has since been found on several occasions and may well prove to be widespread. Its twig habitat is dominated mainly by depauperate or moribund thalli of species that are better developed on other parts of the host tree (small living branches and trunks). The more common associated species include Hypogymnia lugubris (Pers.) Krog, Menegazzia athrotaxidis Kantvilas, M. subtestacea Kantvilas, Mycoblastus campbellianus (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Pertusaria pertractata Stirt., Tasmidella subfuscescens (Hellb.) Kantvilas, Tephromela sorediata Kalb &amp; Elix and species of Usnea .</p><p>Specimens examined: — AUSTRALIA. Tasmania: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.36667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.36667/lat -41.766666)">Lake Lexie</a>, 41°46’S 146°22’E, 1265 m, 1 January 2025, G. Kantvilas 9/25 (HO) ; c. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.38333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.38333/lat -41.766666)">1 km S of Turrana Heights</a>, 41°46’S 146°23’E, 1270 m, 2 January 2025, G. Kantvilas 19/25 (HO) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.76666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.216667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.76666/lat -43.216667)">Lake Osborne</a>, 43°13’S 146°46’E, 910 m, 26 January 2025, G. Kantvilas 42/25 (HO) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.75/lat -43.2)">Lake Perry</a>, 43°12’S 146°45’E, 920 m, 26 January 2025, G. Kantvilas 43/25 (HO) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD4F87ACFF84FFF1FF72FBF85B14A25D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kantvilas, Gintaras	Kantvilas, Gintaras (2025): Further notes on and additions to the thelotremoid Graphidaceae (lichenised fungi) in Tasmania, with the description of six new species. Phytotaxa 715 (2): 101-116, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.715.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.715.2.1
AD4F87ACFF8AFFF0FF72FAF059ABA4C3.text	AD4F87ACFF8AFFF0FF72FAF059ABA4C3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thelotrema subdefectum Kantvilas 2025	<div><p>Thelotrema subdefectum Kantvilas, sp. nov. (Figs 3B, 4C)</p><p>MycoBank #MB 860370</p><p>Distinguished by the combination of lepadinoid apothecia, the (6–)8-spored asci and the ellipsoid, faintly amyloid, hyaline, muriform ascospores, 25–46 × 10–20 µm, with 5–8 transverse and 1–3 longitudinal septa.</p><p>Type: — AUSTRALIA. Tasmania, Lake Nicholls, slope north of hut, 42°39’S 146°38’E, 1000 m, on Olearia pinifolia in subalpine woodland, 27 December 2024, G. Kantvilas 263/24 (holotype — HO 621639).</p><p>Thallus whitish, smooth and effuse, ecorticate, c. 20–30 µm thick, to 10 cm wide; medulla I + red, sparsely inspersed with calcium oxalate crystals. Apothecia lepadinoid, at first entirely immersed, discernible as round holes in the thallus surface, 0.1–0.2 mm diam., becoming semi-emergent, perithecioid, then at maturity hemispherical, broadly adnate, 0.7–1 mm wide, scattered or crowded, occasionally fused together; thalline margin smooth and entire, incurved, discoloured pale brownish, heavily inspersed with crystals of calcium oxalate; disc plane, pale grey, obscured ± entirely throughout development by the incurved thalline margin and/or the proper exciple; proper exciple whitish, entire or with a ragged margin, in section 15–20 µm thick laterally, 20–60 µm basally, pale yellowish, I + red; periphyses 10–20 µm long, c. 3 µm thick. Hypothecium 10–15 µm thick. Hymenium 110–140 µm thick, overlain by a brown or greyish epithecial layer unchanged in K; paraphyses 1–1.5 µm thick, with apices not enlarged; asci (6–)8-spored, elongate-clavate, 100–120 × 18–30 µm. Ascospores hyaline, muriform at maturity, with 5–8 transverse and 1–3 longitudinal septa, ellipsoid, 25– 32.1 –40(–46) × 10– 14.2 –18(–20) µm (n = 65), weakly amyloid; locules irregularly roundish; wall gelatinous, to 0.5–2 µm thick, swelling markedly in K.</p><p>Chemistry:— nil.</p><p>Etymology: —The specific epith et al ludes to similarities between the new species and T. defectum Hale ex R.C.Harris.</p><p>Remarks: —This new species is characterised by its lepadinoid apothecia, and the relatively small, faintly amyloid, muriform ascospores. The common and widespread T. lepadinum (Ach.) Ach. differs by having 4–8-spored asci, and incrementally larger, non-amyloid ascospores, (50–)55.5– 80.7 –107(–110) × (10–)12– 18.1 –24(–30) µm, with up to 20 transverse and 5 longitudinal septa. Few species appear to possess a combination of characters similar to T. subdefectum . The North American T. defectum Hale ex R.C.Harris shares similar-sized ascospores (25–35(–45) × 12–15(–18) µm: Harris 1990, 1995), but differs clearly by its persistently rather immersed apothecia with a fissured, ± chroodiscoid, exfoliating thalline margin; its ascospores are also transversely septate up to 9–13 times. In the Australian flora, the most similar species is T. subadjectum Mangold, described from Queensland, which has similarly-sized, faintly amyloid ascospores but differs by having tiny, ± persistently immersed ascomata to 0.6 mm wide, with a split (rather than entire) thalline margin (Mangold et al. 2009).</p><p>This species is known only from Tasmania where it has been collected from the papery bark of twigs and trunks of the tall shrub Olearia pinifolia ( Asteraceae) in subalpine woodland (Fig. 5). This largely uninvestigated habitat is commonly dominated by typical wet forest lichens such as species of Pseudocyphellaria and the Pannariaceae . That this species has been long overlooked is in part due to its superficial resemblance to the common T. lepadinum, although its apothecia tend to be far less prominent and are immersed in thalline bulges that can sometimes be discoloured brownish. It is more likely to be confused with T. oleariae, which grows in identical habitats on the same host, but which differs by its greyish brown, sparingly muriform to submuriform ascospores.</p><p>Specimens examined: — AUSTRALIA. Tasmania: Pelion Plains, 0.5 km E of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.833332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.05/lat -41.833332)">New Pelion Hut</a>, 41°50’S 146°03’E, 850 m, 13 March 1992, G. Kantvilas 143/92 (HO) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.133335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.1/lat -42.133335)">Gingerbread Hut</a>, 42°08’S 146°06’E, 1260 m, 18 January 2025, G. Kantvilas 41/25 (HO) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD4F87ACFF8AFFF0FF72FAF059ABA4C3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kantvilas, Gintaras	Kantvilas, Gintaras (2025): Further notes on and additions to the thelotremoid Graphidaceae (lichenised fungi) in Tasmania, with the description of six new species. Phytotaxa 715 (2): 101-116, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.715.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.715.2.1
AD4F87ACFF88FFF3FF72FE655A23A34B.text	AD4F87ACFF88FFF3FF72FE655A23A34B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Topeliopsis	<div><p>The genus Topeliopsis</p><p>Within the broad group of thelotremoid lichens, Topeliopsis is characterised by urceolate to perithecioid apothecia with an exfoliating thalline margin fused to a non-carbonised proper exciple bearing periphyses, and by large, halonate, transversely septate or muriform, usually I+ purple-blue ascospores (Kantvilas &amp; Vězda 2000; Kalb 2001; Rivas Plata et al. 2010). When first described by Kantvilas &amp; Vĕzda (2000), Topeliopsis was recognised as heterogeneous, and two disparate species were soon transferred to a new genus, Melanotopelia, by Mangold et al. (2008b). Additional species were added to the genus by Kalb (2001), Aptroot (2002), Frisch &amp; Kalb (2006), Coppins &amp; Aptroot (2008), Mangold et al. (2009), Rivas Plata et al. (2010), Lumbsch et al. (2012), Weerakoon et al. (2015), Kantvilas (2020) and van den Boom et al. (2023), so that the genus currently contains about 20 species. However, some of these additions to the genus, including the Tasmanian species, T. kantvilasii Mangold &amp; Lumbsch, which has non-amyloid, pigmented ascospores, do not share all these characters. Other species, even though they generally fit Topeliopsis, display varying degrees of dark pigmentation in the exciple. Thus, Topeliopsis as currently applied remains heterogeneous, and the classification of all constituent species is yet to be resolved. The related genus Gintarasia differs chiefly by having chroodiscoid apothecia where the margin exfoliates in layers and the disc is plane and ultimately exposed, and by its non-amyloid ascospores. Schizotrema differs chiefly by having a multi-layered, carbonised proper exciple and nonhalonate, non-amyloid ascospores.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD4F87ACFF88FFF3FF72FE655A23A34B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kantvilas, Gintaras	Kantvilas, Gintaras (2025): Further notes on and additions to the thelotremoid Graphidaceae (lichenised fungi) in Tasmania, with the description of six new species. Phytotaxa 715 (2): 101-116, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.715.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.715.2.1
AD4F87ACFF88FFF5FF72FBFE5C93A6DB.text	AD4F87ACFF88FFF5FF72FBFE5C93A6DB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Topeliopsis obscura Kantvilas 2025	<div><p>Topeliopsis obscura Kantvilas, sp. nov. (Figs 4D, 8A)</p><p>MycoBank #MB 860371</p><p>Separated from the virtually morphologically identical T. fatiscens Kantvilas by the 4–8-spored asci, hyaline, fusiform to narrowly ellipsoid, non-amyloid ascospores, 50–122 × 9–22 µm, with 9–19 transverse septa, and by usually containing traces of stictic acid.</p><p>Type: — AUSTRALIA. Tasmania, saddle c. 600 m E of Turrana Heights, 41°46’S 146°23’E, 1290 m, on Athrotaxis cupressoides in a small copse, 2 January 2024, G. Kantvilas 33/24 (holotype — HO 618306).</p><p>Thallus crustose, discontinuous, forming diffuse patches many 10s of centimetres in extent, very thin and at most to c. 20 µm thick or, more typically, endophloeodal and discerned as a pale grey discoloration of the bark substratum; medulla I – or patchily I + pale violet-blue; photobiont Trentepohlia, with cells globose to ellipsoid, 11–18 × 7–17 µm, in clusters or short chains. Apothecia 0.5–1 mm wide, perithecioid, deeply immersed in the thallus and visible as elevated lumps pierced by a round, ostiole-like pore c. 0.05–1 mm wide, becoming emergent, with the pore widening and ultimately gaping; disc obscured throughout development, at length excavate and eroded; proper exciple fused to attached thallus fragments, ± free in the upper part, scabrid, brittle, dark grey, radially cracked, at length ± erect, dentate and exfoliating, in section 60–120 µm thick in the upper part, paraplectenchymatous, opaque dark brown, K ± olive-brown at the innermost and upper edges, less intensely pigmented to hyaline and I + pale violet within, basally opaque brown, 15–20(–35) µm thick; periphyses 10–25 µm long, 3–4 µm thick, often obscure. Hypothecium hyaline, 10–20 µm thick. Hymenium hyaline, non-amyloid, not inspersed, 180–220 µm thick; asci narrowly cylindrical to clavate, (125–)170–190 × 20–40 µm, 4–8-spored, non-amyloid, with a slightly thickened apex when young; paraphyses simple, 1.5–2 µm thick, straight to somewhat wavy, with apices unexpanded. Ascospores (50–)53– 82.8 –120(–122) × (9–)12– 16.8 –20(–22) µm (n = 80), hyaline, sometimes becoming brownish and uneven in outline when over-mature, fusiform to narrowly ellipsoid, thinly halonate, I + reddish, transversely 9–19-septate; locules ellipsoid; wall 1–2 µm thick. Pycnidia not found; conidia developing from the breakdown of overmature ascospores, ellipsoid, 4–6 × 1.5–2 µm.</p><p>Chemistry: —stictic acid (usually in trace concentrations only) or nil; spot tests are unreliable. Traces of an unknown yellow pigment were detected in some extracts, but could have been due to a contaminant.</p><p>Etymology: —The species epithet refers to the new taxon being highly inconspicuous as well as alluding to the difficulty of interpreting some of its characters.</p><p>Remarks: —This species is one of several taxa that colonise the fibrous or flaky bark of mature trunks of the endemic conifer Athrotaxis cupressoides in small stands and copses of montane woodland (Fig. 7), have an essentially endophloeodal thallus and emergent apothecia that open by a rather ragged pore, and potentially occur sympatrically. Its morphological look-alikes are: T. fatiscens Kantvilas ( Trentepohlia photobiont; usually 2-spored asci; large, hyaline, muriform, amyloid ascopores; salazinic acid), T. kantvilasii Mangold &amp; Lumbsch ( Trentepohlia photobiont; 8-spored asci; small, grey-brown, transversely septate, non-amyloid ascospores; stictic acid), Xerotrema megalosporum Sherwood &amp; Coppins (doubtfully lichenised; 1-spored asci; large, hyaline, muriform, non-amyloid ascospores; containing no lichen substances); and an unnamed lichen of as yet unknown affinities but possibly allied to Leucodecton ( Trentepohlia photobiont; 1–3-spored asci; an opaque exciple lacking periphyses; large, hyaline, richly muriform, non-amyloid ascospores, 60–120 ×20–35 µm; no lichen substances). The identification of T. obscura requires observation of the characteristic, large, transversely septate ascospores, a task complicated by the fact that many apothecia are usually excavate and lack well-developed asci.</p><p>Further afield, there are several species of Topeliopsis that bear some superficial resemblance to T. obscura and also contain stictic acid. For example, T. patagonica Mangold &amp; Lumbsch has similar-sized ascospores and 8-spored asci, but the apothecia are ± globose and superficial on the substratum, and its ascospores are amyloid (Lumbsch et al. 2010). Other stictic acid-containing species, such as T. guaiquinimae (Sipman) Rivas Plata &amp; Mangold, T. novaezelandiae (Szatala) Lumbsch &amp; Mangold and T. juniperina van den Boom &amp; Sipman differ by having muriform ascospores.</p><p>As with T. fatiscens and T. kantvilasii (Kantvilas 2020), the inclusion of the new species in Topeliopsis is undertaken with some caution, but after extensive comparison with other potential genera, Topeliopsis is seen as the “best fit” pending further study, preferably with molecular methods. Its general habit, excipular structure, chemical profile and anatomical details such as ascus type, paraphyses and presence of periphyses accord well with the genus as exemplified by the type, T. muscigena (Stizenb.) Kalb, T. decorticans (Müll.Arg.) Frisch &amp; Kalb and their close relatives. However, the non-amyloid ascospores and the rather heavily pigmented exciple (at least in part) do not. In the future, the new species, T. kantvilasii and the unnamed taxon mentioned above may well prove to be better removed to a separate genus or genera.</p><p>Specimens examined: — AUSTRALIA. Tasmania: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.28334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.28334/lat -41.783333)">George Howes Lake</a>, southern end, 41°47’S 146°17’E, 1150 m, 14 January 2022, G. Kantvilas 51/22 (HO) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.38333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.683334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.38333/lat -41.683334)">Lake Mackenzie</a>, near car park, 41°41’S 146°23’E, 1100 m, 2 January 2023, G. Kantvilas 4/23 (HO) ; Blue Peaks, southern slope overlooking <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.38333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.38333/lat -41.733334)">Middle Lake</a>, 41°44’S 146°23’E, 1240 m, 2 January 2023, G. Kantvilas 7/23 (HO) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.56667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.666668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.56667/lat -42.666668)">Twisted Tarn</a>, 42°40’S 146°34’E, 1120 m, 18 August 2024, G. Kantvilas 122/24 (HO) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.36667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.36667/lat -41.766666)">Lake Lexie</a>, 41°46’S 146°22’E, 1265 m, 1 January 2025, G. Kantvilas 6/25 (HO) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD4F87ACFF88FFF5FF72FBFE5C93A6DB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kantvilas, Gintaras	Kantvilas, Gintaras (2025): Further notes on and additions to the thelotremoid Graphidaceae (lichenised fungi) in Tasmania, with the description of six new species. Phytotaxa 715 (2): 101-116, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.715.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.715.2.1
AD4F87ACFF8EFFF5FF72FE4D5BAAA1AB.text	AD4F87ACFF8EFFF5FF72FE4D5BAAA1AB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Topeliopsis scopulana Kantvilas 2025	<div><p>Topeliopsis scopulana Kantvilas, sp. nov. (Figs 4E, 8B)</p><p>MycoBank #MB 860372</p><p>A saxicolous species with a continuous greyish white thallus to 0.5 mm thick, lacking lichen substances, persistently immersed apothecia, 2-spored asci, and hyaline, richly muriform, ellipsoid, intensely amyloid ascospores, 44–110 × 13–34 µm, with (8–)10–15 transverse and 1–4 longitudinal septa.</p><p>Type: — AUSTRALIA. Tasmania, Cape Pillar, 43°13’S 147°59’E, 290 m, on sheltered dolerite rocks along cliff edge, 5 April 2012, G. Kantvilas 284/12 (holotype — HO 565303).</p><p>Thallus crustose, rimose-areolate, verruculose, greyish white, forming extensive continuous patches, unevenly to c. 0.5 mm thick, with a rather scurfy and abraded surface; medulla I + violet in the vicinity of the apothecia, elsewhere I –, lacking calcium oxalate; photobiont Trentepohlia, with cells globose to ellipsoid, 8–18 × 7–14 µm, in short chains. Apothecia 0.3–0.8 mm wide, deeply and persistently immersed in the thallus and visible as a round, ostiole-like pore, initially c. 0.05 mm wide, at length widening to c. 0.5 mm; disc mostly obscured throughout development by over-arching thalline and excipular tissues, pale grey-pruinose; proper exciple fused to the thallus, whitish, cracked and abraded, in section 50–60(–100) µm thick in the upper part, indistinctly paraplectenchymatous, reddish brown, unchanged in K at the inner and outer edges, hyaline and I + violet within, basally pale reddish brown, 20–30 µm thick; periphyses 15–30(–40) µm long, 1.5–2 µm thick. Hypothecium hyaline, 15–20 µm thick. Hymenium hyaline, non-amyloid, not inspersed, 140–180 µm thick; asci narrowly cylindrical to clavate (c. 105 × 35 µm but only one intact ascus seen), 2-spored, non-amyloid, with a slightly thickened apex when young; paraphyses simple, c. 1 µm thick, straight to somewhat wavy, with apices unexpanded. Ascospores (44–)50– 75.2 –97(–110) × (13–)17– 25.0 –32(–34) µm (n = 25), hyaline, richly muriform, ellipsoid, thinly halonate, intensely I + purple, with (8–)10–15 transverse and 1–4 longitudinal septa; locules rhomboid, 4–7 µm wide; wall to 4 µm thick. Pycnidia immersed, very rare; conidia ellipsoid, 3–5 × 1–1.5 µm.</p><p>Chemistry: —no substances detected by TLC.</p><p>Etymology: —The species derives from the Latin scopulus (meaning a cliff) and refers to the habitat of the new taxon.</p><p>Remarks: —The combination of diagnostic characters of this new species, in particular the the saxicolous, littoral habitat, the thick, continuous thallus, the small, persistently immersed apothecia, 2-spored asci and large, amyloid, muriform ascospores, is unique for the genus Topeliopsis . The closest known species, based on a survey of literature (e.g. Mangold et al. 2009; Rivas Plata et al. 2010), appears to be T. azorica (P.James &amp; Purvis) Coppins &amp; Aptroot, but that taxon has prominent, emergent, subglobose apothecia, as illustrated by Purvis &amp; James (1993) and Mangold et al. (2009). The habitat of T. scopulana is highly unusual for a genus that is mostly associated with moist, montane or temperate habitats and usually grows over bark, bryophytes or dead plant material. As such, it is ascribed to this genus with some caution. However, this lichen is clearly very rare and highly unusual, and deserves placement in a genus of best fit if only to bring it to the attention of researchers in the future.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD4F87ACFF8EFFF5FF72FE4D5BAAA1AB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kantvilas, Gintaras	Kantvilas, Gintaras (2025): Further notes on and additions to the thelotremoid Graphidaceae (lichenised fungi) in Tasmania, with the description of six new species. Phytotaxa 715 (2): 101-116, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.715.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.715.2.1
