identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
B36E6E7AFFEBFFA4FF9B5664DE14F918.text	B36E6E7AFFEBFFA4FF9B5664DE14F918.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Systoechus laevifrons (Loew 1855)	<div><p>Identification of Systoechus laevifrons from Finland</p><p>During a visit to Säkylänharju (61.011°N, 22.549°E), south-western Finland on 21.VI.2021, the authors of this paper were looking for the species that was, at the time, thought to be Systoechus gradatus . In the recent years the species have been observed rarely and only in single individuals in Finland. However, in 2021 dozens of individuals were observed and some were collected by hand netting for reference purposes. When examining the specimens, author JP noted that they differed markedly from the S. gradatus material he had collected in France and Greece. The Finnish specimens are notably larger (9–11 mm) than the southern European ones (&lt;8 mm) and they had a black frons covered predominantly with long black bristles (Figure 1A–F). The male specimens were not identifiable with the old Palearctic key (Engel 1937), but the females were easily determined as Systoechus laevifrons (Loew) due to the characteristic frontal calluses (Figure 1D), not present in any other Palearctic Systoechus species. The male of S. laevifrons was unknown at the time of writing of the Engel (1937), but it is included in the identification keys to the Bombyliidae of Russian Far East (Zaitzev 2004).</p><p>As the Finnish records are far outside the previously known distribution range of S. laevifrons, the Finnish specimens were compared with S. laevifrons collected from the Russian Far East. No notable morphological differences between the specimens were observed. Furthermore, we were successful in obtaining full Co1 DNA barcode sequences from both Finnish and Russian specimens. The DNA barcode sequences of the S. laevifrons specimens were almost identical and also distinct from the sequences of all other Systoechus species available in the Barcode of Life Database (BOLD) (Figure 2). It is noteworthy that the northern Nearctic species of Systoechus are more closely related to Systoechus laevifrons than any European species included in the analysis. Curiously, all the Co1 barcodes available in BOLD for S. candidulus and S. vulgaris are very similar and share the same BIN. The two species are apparently distinguished from the colour of the facial setuale (Hall &amp; Evenhuis 1981); the species pair might deserve a more detailed analysis.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B36E6E7AFFEBFFA4FF9B5664DE14F918	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pohjoismäki, Jaakko;Kahanpää, Jere	Pohjoismäki, Jaakko, Kahanpää, Jere (2022): Systoechus laevifrons (Loew, 1855) new to Finland and the Western Palearctic region (Diptera, Bombyliidae). Norwegian Journal of Entomology 69: 51-61, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15883406
B36E6E7AFFEEFFA1FF4450CED9C2FA73.text	B36E6E7AFFEEFFA1FF4450CED9C2FA73.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Systoechus (Evenhuis & Greathead 2015)	<div><p>An updated key to the European species of Systoechus .This provisional key is based on the keys and species descriptions in Engel (1937), Zaitzev (2004) and Andréu Rubio (1959).</p><p>1a. Anterior basal wing cell longer than the posterior basal cell; crossvein r-m thus closer to the center of the anterior margin of the discal cell. ........................................................................................................ 2</p><p>1b. Crossvein r-m situated at the proximal third of the discal cell. ................................................................. 3</p><p>2a. Only yellow setulae on the head and abdomen. Epistome prominent, protruding further than the first two antennal segments. Mesonotum dorsally with black longitudinal stripes. [no specimens examined] …. ............................................................................................................... S. gomezmenori Andréu Rubio, 1959</p><p>2b. Not as above. …............................................................................................................. Bombylius spp.</p><p>3a. Head densely covered by long pale yellow setulae from frons to the mouth margin. Setulae on the head ± equally long on all sides, giving it a furry rounded appearance. …........... Anastoechus spp.</p><p>3b. Frons and mouth margin clearly visible under the setulae. Peristomal setulae clearly shorter than the facial setuae. …................................................................................................................................ 4</p><p>4a. Long black marginal setae on the tergites. ...................................… S. ctenopterus (Mikan, 1796)</p><p>4b. No black marginal setae on the tergites. …............................................................................................... 5</p><p>5a. Alar section of the costa with pale hairs and pale, whitish to yellowish brown setae. …..................... 6</p><p>5b. Alar section of the costa with pale hairs and black setae. …..................................................................... 7</p><p>6a. Ground color of the body grey, posterior part of the scutellum reddish. Legs entirely orange in females, basal third of the femorae darkened in males. Generally, a larger species, body length 6.0- 10.5 mm. ….... .............................................................................................................................. S. autumnalis (Pallas, 1818)</p><p>6b. Ground color of the body grey-brown, including the scutellum. Legs orange in both sexes. Wing base opaque yellow. Generally, a pale yellow small species, body length 5.0-6.0 mm [no specimens examined] …................................................................................................................................... S. pumilio Becker, 1915</p><p>7a. Frons in males shiny black with thin yellowish microtomentum (Figure 1C). Female frons with two shiny calluses (Figure 1D). Frons dominated by black hairs. …................................ S. laevifrons (Loew, 1855)</p><p>7b. Male frons matt (Figure 1E), female frons without calluses (Figure 1F). Frons dominated by pale hairs ...... 8</p><p>8a. Proboscis almost 0.75 × of the body length (Figure 3A). Scutellum reddish brown in ground color, paler than rest of the thorax. Legs yellow, except for the dark tarsi. .................. S. longirostris Becker, 1916</p><p>8b. Proboscis shorter (Figure 3B). No color difference between the scutellum and rest of the thorax. At least the femorae darkened .................................................................................................................................... 9</p><p>9a. Males. Eyes narrowly separated (Figure 1E) ….................................................................................... 10</p><p>9b. Females. Eyes broadly separated (Figure 1F) ...................................................................................... 11</p><p>10a. Face and scape (basal antenna segment) with mixed black and yellow setulae. Femora darkened brown. …........................................................................................................ S. gradatus (Wiedeman in Meigen, 1820)</p><p>10b. Face with yellow setulae surrounded by black genal hairs. Scape extensively covered with black setulae. Femora black with reddish brown apex. [no specimens examined ....... S. microcephalus (Loew, 1855)</p><p>11a. Femora darkened brown. …........................................................ S. gradatus (Wiedeman in Meigen, 1820)</p><p>11b. Femora black with reddish brown apex. [Description in Engel (1937) is insufficient and measures for antenna dimensions and frons width are probably misleading. No specimens examined.] ........................... ......................................................................................................................... S. microcephalus (Loew, 1855)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B36E6E7AFFEEFFA1FF4450CED9C2FA73	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pohjoismäki, Jaakko;Kahanpää, Jere	Pohjoismäki, Jaakko, Kahanpää, Jere (2022): Systoechus laevifrons (Loew, 1855) new to Finland and the Western Palearctic region (Diptera, Bombyliidae). Norwegian Journal of Entomology 69: 51-61, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15883406
