taxonID	type	description	language	source
A5DFA55DCB29587297D74EA7A4C114D2.taxon	description	Figs 1, 2	en	Clark, John L. (2025): Four new species of Drymonia (Gesneriaceae) from South America: Tributes to inspirational leaders. PhytoKeys 256: 37-59, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.148263
A5DFA55DCB29587297D74EA7A4C114D2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Differs from all other congeners by the presence of a conspicuous gelatinous residue often covering the inflorescence and flowers. The elongated tubular and laterally compressed flowers in Drymonia clavijoiae are similar to those in D. coccinea, but D. clavijoiae is also distinguished by an elongated inflorescence axis that often exceed 20 cm in length (versus consistently less than 10 cm in D. coccinea). Additionally, the inflorescences in D. coccinea lack a gelatinous residue, which is a defining feature of D. clavijoiae.	en	Clark, John L. (2025): Four new species of Drymonia (Gesneriaceae) from South America: Tributes to inspirational leaders. PhytoKeys 256: 37-59, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.148263
A5DFA55DCB29587297D74EA7A4C114D2.taxon	description	Description. Elongate scandent subwoody nomadic lianas with leaves in the subcanopy (ca. 10 m above ground) and flowers produced near the forest floor along a leafless portion of the stem. Stems elongate and subwoody, terete in cross section, 4 – 9 mm in diameter. Leaves opposite, equal in a pair; petiole 1 – 5 cm long, green, terete in cross-section; blade oblong to ovate, 8 – 22 × 2 – 9 cm, coriaceous, adaxially and abaxially green, apex acute to acuminate, base acute, margin entire, 5 – 7 pairs of secondary veins, sparsely pubescent with single-celled trichomes abaxially, adaxially glabrous. Inflorescences covered in a gelatinous residue, produced along a leafless region of stem near ground, of a pair-flowered cyme that elongates from displaced bracteoles, often reaching 30 cm in length, each inflorescence branch subtended by a pair of persistent bracts; each bract uniformly puberulent, oval and red, ca. 1.5 × 1.5 cm; inflorescence with one mature flower open at a time. Flowers tubular and laterally compressed; pedicels 5 – 8 mm long. Calyx white to white suffused with red, uniformly puberulent on outside and glabrous on inside, lobes 5, nearly free, fused at the base for 2 – 4 mm, overlapping, imbricate, and clasping corolla tube, each broadly ovate, apex rounded, base broadly ovate, margins entire, ventral and lower lobes ca. 2.5 × 1.8 cm, the dorsal lobe slightly smaller, ca. 1.4 × 1.3 cm. Corolla tube zygomorphic, protandrous, oblique relative to calyx, 4 – 5 cm long, gibbous at base, constricted laterally throughout, 1.0 – 1.3 cm wide, outside uniformly puberulent, inside mostly glabrous with minute glandular trichomes in the upper region of the throat, throat elliptic in cross section and nearly constricted laterally, lobes 5, subequal, margins entire to serrulate, lobes reflexed, 8 – 11 × 9 – 12 mm, upper lobes always yellow, lower and lateral lobes yellow with brown spots or uniformly yellow. Androecium of 4 didynamous stamens, included, filaments broad and flat, ca. 3.5 cm long, adnate to the corolla tube base for 4 mm, white, glabrous; anthers oblong, sagittate, coherent by the lateral walls, initially dehiscent by basal pores that later develop into longitudinal slits, 4.2 – 6.0 × 0.7 – 2.0 mm. Gynoecium with a single bilobed dorsal gland; ovary superior, 4.0 – 5.0 × 4.0 – 5.0 mm, cone-shaped, puberulent; style stout, included, 3.2 cm long; stigma stomatomorphic. Fruit a bivalved fleshy capsule, valves light red and reflexed when mature, each valve 1.3 × 1.3 cm. Seeds numerous, 0.8 – 10.0 × 0.4 – 0.5 mm, light brown, fusiform, ridged.	en	Clark, John L. (2025): Four new species of Drymonia (Gesneriaceae) from South America: Tributes to inspirational leaders. PhytoKeys 256: 37-59, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.148263
A5DFA55DCB29587297D74EA7A4C114D2.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet honors Dr. Laura Vibiana Clavijo Romero, a preeminent botanist whose doctoral dissertation significantly advanced our understanding of Drymonia systematics. Clavijo’s extensive, collections-based research has greatly enriched our knowledge of Andean plant diversity, with a particular focus on Colombia and members of the flowering plant family Gesneriaceae. Currently serving as the director of the National Herbarium of Colombia (COL) and as faculty member at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá, Dr. Clavijo has established herself as a leading authority on Drymonia. Her name has become synonymous with the study of this genus, and the specific epithet commemorates her invaluable contributions to the systematics and taxonomy of this group.	en	Clark, John L. (2025): Four new species of Drymonia (Gesneriaceae) from South America: Tributes to inspirational leaders. PhytoKeys 256: 37-59, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.148263
A5DFA55DCB29587297D74EA7A4C114D2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Drymonia clavijoiae is the most widespread of the four species described here (Table 1). It is relatively common on the eastern slopes of the Andes, especially in Ecuador, southern Colombia, and northern Peru in premontane wet forests. It grows in the shade of forest edges and is often observed along roads in secondary and primary forests.	en	Clark, John L. (2025): Four new species of Drymonia (Gesneriaceae) from South America: Tributes to inspirational leaders. PhytoKeys 256: 37-59, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.148263
485620A300235629877961C212E53A69.taxon	description	Figs 3, 4	en	Clark, John L. (2025): Four new species of Drymonia (Gesneriaceae) from South America: Tributes to inspirational leaders. PhytoKeys 256: 37-59, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.148263
485620A300235629877961C212E53A69.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Differs from Drymonia coccinea by corollas that are less than 2.5 cm long (vs. corollas> 3.5 cm in D. coccinea), orange corolla tubes (vs. yellow corolla tubes in D. coccinea), and relatively large leaves that often exceed 30 cm in length.	en	Clark, John L. (2025): Four new species of Drymonia (Gesneriaceae) from South America: Tributes to inspirational leaders. PhytoKeys 256: 37-59, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.148263
485620A300235629877961C212E53A69.taxon	description	Description. Elongate scandent subwoody nomadic lianas with leaves in the subcanopy (ca. 10 m above ground) and flowers produced near the forest floor along a leafless portion of the stem. Stems elongate and subwoody, terete in cross section, 3 – 6 mm in diameter. Leaves opposite, equal in a pair; petiole 2 – 8 cm long, green, terete in cross-section; blade broadly ovate to ovate, 13 – 27 × 5 – 10 cm, coriaceous, adaxially light green, abaxially green when alive and turning dark red when dry, apex acute to acuminate, base acute, sometimes slightly decurrent along the petiole, margin entire, 5 – 7 pairs of secondary veins, sparsely pubescent with single-celled trichomes abaxially, adaxially glabrous. Inflorescences of pair-flowered cymes that elongate from displaced bracteoles, produced along a leafless region of stem near ground, each often reaching 7 cm in length, with each inflorescence branch subtended by a pair of persistent bracts; bracts sparsely puberulent, oval and uniformly red, ca. 3.0 × 2.2 cm; each inflorescence with one open mature flower at a time. Flowers tubular and laterally compressed; pedicels 4 – 7 mm long. Calyx orange to orange suffused with red, glabrous, base of calyx with enations, lobes 5, nearly free, fused at the base for 2 – 4 mm, lobes overlapping, imbricate, and clasping corolla tube, broadly ovate, apex rounded, base broadly ovate, margins entire, ventral and lower lobes ca. 2.3 × 1.2 cm, the dorsal lobe slightly smaller, ca. 2.1 × 1.0 cm. Corolla tube zygomorphic, protandrous, oblique to perpendicular relative to calyx, ca. 3.2 cm long, gibbous at base, constricted laterally throughout, 7 – 10 mm wide, outside mostly glabrous at base and puberulent near apex, inside glabrous with minute glandular trichomes near apex, throat elliptic in cross section and constricted laterally, lobes 5, subequal, margins entire to erose, lobes reflexed, 5 – 6 × 7 – 8 mm, uniformly orange to orange suffused with red. Androecium of 4 didynamous stamens, included, filaments broad and flat, ca. 2.7 cm long, adnate to the corolla tube for 3 mm, white, glabrous; anthers oblong, sagittate, coherent by the lateral walls, initially dehiscent by basal pores that develop into longitudinal slits, 4 – 7 × 0.7 – 2.0 mm. Gynoecium with a single bilobed dorsal gland; ovary superior, 4.0 – 5.0 × 4.0 – 5.0 mm, cone-shaped, puberulent; style stout, included, 2.0 cm long; stigma stomatomorphic. Fruit a bivalved fleshy capsule, valves orange and reflexed when mature, each valve 1 × 1 cm. Seeds numerous, 0.8 – 10.0 × 0.4 – 0.5 mm, light brown, fusiform, ridged.	en	Clark, John L. (2025): Four new species of Drymonia (Gesneriaceae) from South America: Tributes to inspirational leaders. PhytoKeys 256: 37-59, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.148263
485620A300235629877961C212E53A69.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet honors Jeanne Katzenstein, a horticulturist and life-long promoter for the taxonomic study of Gesneriaceae. Katzenstein has held several leadership roles in the Gesneriad Society, most notably serving as editor of the society’s journal for two decades (1992 – 2012). She was the Conference Organizer for the 2010 World Gesneriad Research Conference (WGRC 2010) held at Marie Selby Botanical Gardens. A tireless supporter of multiple generations of Gesneriaceae systematists, Katzenstein participated in 18 expeditions across Latin America with the late Hans Wiehler (1930 – 2003), who honored her contributions with an eponym, Columnea katzensteiniae (Wiehler) L. E. Skog & L. P. Kvist. Katzenstein co-directed four study-abroad programs focused on Gesneriaceae with John L. Clark and collaborated closely with Laurence E. Skog (Smithsonian Institution) to curate the Wiehler collections at Marie Selby Botanical Gardens. The species described here was collected by the author and Katzenstein during a collaborative 2003 field research expedition in Ecuador (J. L. Clark & J. Katzenstein 8307).	en	Clark, John L. (2025): Four new species of Drymonia (Gesneriaceae) from South America: Tributes to inspirational leaders. PhytoKeys 256: 37-59, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.148263
485620A300235629877961C212E53A69.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Drymonia katzensteiniae is distributed in premontane wet forests along the eastern Andean slopes of Ecuador, particularly in the provinces of Morona-Santiago, Pastaza, and Napo (Table 1). Notably, it has not been recorded in the northern province of Orellana or the southern province of Zamora-Chinchipe. The species is typically found at elevations between 800 and 1200 meters, though some populations have been documented as low as 500 meters in Napo (e. g., J. L. Clark et al. 17496).	en	Clark, John L. (2025): Four new species of Drymonia (Gesneriaceae) from South America: Tributes to inspirational leaders. PhytoKeys 256: 37-59, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.148263
9736A180063759368243E8A81379A4B5.taxon	description	Figs 5, 6	en	Clark, John L. (2025): Four new species of Drymonia (Gesneriaceae) from South America: Tributes to inspirational leaders. PhytoKeys 256: 37-59, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.148263
9736A180063759368243E8A81379A4B5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Differs from Drymonia coccinea by having elongate inflorescences (greater than 30 cm long) with numerous persistent bracts (usually many more than 10). In contrast, inflorescences in D. coccinea rarely exceed 10 cm and are typically composed of fewer than 5 bracts.	en	Clark, John L. (2025): Four new species of Drymonia (Gesneriaceae) from South America: Tributes to inspirational leaders. PhytoKeys 256: 37-59, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.148263
9736A180063759368243E8A81379A4B5.taxon	description	Description. Elongate scandent subwoody nomadic lianas with leaves in the subcanopy (ca. 10 m above ground) and flowers produced near the forest floor along a leafless portion of the stem. Stems elongate and subwoody, terete in cross section, 4 – 7 mm in diameter. Leaves opposite, equal in a pair; petiole 2 – 8 cm long, green, terete in cross-section; blade ovate to broadly ovate, 10 – 26 × 4 – 12 cm, coriaceous, adaxially and abaxially light green, apex acute to broadly acuminate, base acute, margin usually entire or rarely finely serrate, 5 – 8 pairs of secondary veins, sparsely pubescent with single-celled trichomes abaxially, adaxially glabrous. Inflorescences produced along a leafless region of stem near ground or in the subcanopy region with the foliage of pair-flowered cymes that elongate from displaced bracteoles, reaching up to 45 cm in length, each inflorescence branch subtended by a pair of persistent bracts; bracts puberulent, more so along veins, ovate and uniformly red, ca. 3 × 2.5 cm; each inflorescence producing one mature open flower near the apex at a time. Flowers tubular; pediels 6 – 10 mm long. Calyx uniformly red, puberulous, lobes 5, nearly free, fused at the base for 2 – 3 mm, lobes folded lengthwise with margins slightly recurved, not overlapping, but clasping corolla tube, lobes broadly ovate, apex rounded, base broadly ovate, margins serrate, ventral and lower lobes ca. 2.5 × 1.1 cm, the dorsal lobe slightly smaller, ca. 1.4 × 0.9 cm. Corolla tube zygomorphic, protandrous, oblique relative to calyx, ca. 3.5 cm long, gibbous at base, constricted laterally throughout, 5 – 9 mm wide, outside mostly glabrous at base and pilose near apex, inside glabrous with minute glandular trichomes near apex, throat elliptic in cross section and nearly constricted laterally, lobes 5, subequal, margins entire to erose, lobes reflexed, 4 – 6 × 5 – 7 mm, upper lobes with red patch, lower lobes uniformly yellow, rarely yellow with horizontal red striations. Androecium of 4 didynamous stamens, included, filaments broad and flat, ca. 3.0 cm long, adnate to the corolla tube for 3 mm, white, glabrous; anthers oblong, sagittate, coherent by the lateral walls, dehiscent initially by basal pores that develop into longitudinal slits, 4.0 – 6.0 × 0.5 – 1.9 mm. Gynoecium with a single bilobed dorsal gland; style stout, included, 2.0 cm long. Fruit a bivalved fleshy capsule, valves dark red and reflexed when mature, each valve 1.5 × 1.5 cm. Seeds numerous, 0.8 – 10.0 × 0.4 – 0.5 mm, light brown, fusiform, ridged.	en	Clark, John L. (2025): Four new species of Drymonia (Gesneriaceae) from South America: Tributes to inspirational leaders. PhytoKeys 256: 37-59, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.148263
9736A180063759368243E8A81379A4B5.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet honors Jennifer O. Rominiecki, President and Chief Executive Officer of Marie Selby Botanical Gardens. Rominiecki previously held prominent positions in New York City at The Metropolitan Opera, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, and the New York Botanical Garden. Since assuming leadership of Selby Gardens in 2015, she has guided the institution through a period of remarkable growth, including the implementation of a three-phase Master Plan for rebuilding, which features the recently established Steinwachs Family Plant Research Center. At a time when many herbaria and collections-based research institutions across the USA and abroad have suffered setbacks, Selby Gardens has flourished under Rominiecki’s leadership, highlighted by the recent inauguration of a new herbarium that plays a vital role in advancing its mission.	en	Clark, John L. (2025): Four new species of Drymonia (Gesneriaceae) from South America: Tributes to inspirational leaders. PhytoKeys 256: 37-59, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.148263
9736A180063759368243E8A81379A4B5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Drymonia rominieckiae is distributed in premontane wet forests along the eastern Andean slopes of southern Ecuador and northern Peru at elevations between 800 and 1600 meters.	en	Clark, John L. (2025): Four new species of Drymonia (Gesneriaceae) from South America: Tributes to inspirational leaders. PhytoKeys 256: 37-59, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.148263
1E2A00352547557BB40BC4450A7DD8BE.taxon	description	Figs 7, 8	en	Clark, John L. (2025): Four new species of Drymonia (Gesneriaceae) from South America: Tributes to inspirational leaders. PhytoKeys 256: 37-59, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.148263
1E2A00352547557BB40BC4450A7DD8BE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Differs from all other congeners by the longitudinal red striations contrasting with white on the inside of the corolla tube. Shares similar nomadic climbing habit with D. coccinea but differs by the shorter corolla (<2.8 cm long vs corolla tube> 3.5 cm long) and relatively smaller leaves.	en	Clark, John L. (2025): Four new species of Drymonia (Gesneriaceae) from South America: Tributes to inspirational leaders. PhytoKeys 256: 37-59, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.148263
1E2A00352547557BB40BC4450A7DD8BE.taxon	description	Description. Elongate scandent subwoody nomadic vines with leaves in the subcanopy (ca. 10 m above ground) and flowers produced near the forest floor along a leafless portion of the stem. Stems elongate and subwoody, terete in cross section, 3 – 6 mm in diameter. Leaves opposite, equal in a pair; petiole 2 – 6 cm long, green, terete in cross-section; blade broadly elliptic to ovate, 13 – 27 × 5 – 10 cm, coriaceous, adaxially light green, abaxially green when alive and turning dark red when dry, apex acute to acuminate, base acute, sometimes slightly decurrent along the petiole, margin entire, 5 – 7 pairs of secondary veins, sparsely pubescent with single-celled trichomes abaxially, adaxially glabrous. Inflorescences produced along a leafless region of stem near ground, of pair-flowered cymes that elongate from displaced bracteoles, often reaching 5 cm in length, each inflorescence branch subtended by a pair of persistent bracts; bracts uniformly puberulent, oval and uniformly red, ca. 1.5 × 1.5 cm.; each inflorescence with one mature open flower at a time; Flowers campanulate and laterally compressed; pedicels 5 – 7 mm long. Calyx white to white suffused with red, glabrous, base of calyx with prominent enations, lobes 5, lobes nearly free, fused at the base for 2 – 4 mm, overlapping, imbricate, but clasping corolla tube, lobes broadly ovate, apex rounded, base broadly ovate, margins entire, ventral and lower lobes ca. 1.8 × 1.2 cm, the dorsal lobe slightly smaller, ca. 1.5 × 1.0 cm. Corolla tube zygomorphic, protandrous, oblique to perpendicular relative to calyx, to 2.8 cm long, gibbous at base, constricted laterally throughout, 5 – 8 mm wide, outside mostly glabrous at base and puberulent near apex, inside glabrous with minute glandular trichomes near apex, throat elliptic in cross section and nearly constricted laterally, lobes 5, subequal, margins entire to erose, lobes reflexed, 5 – 6 × 5 – 6 mm, each lobe white with prominent horizonal red striations that extend into the corolla throat. Androecium of 4 didynamous stamens, included, filaments broad and flat, ca. 1.8 cm long, adnate to the corolla tube for 3 mm, white, glabrous; anthers oblong, sagittate, coherent by the lateral walls, dehiscence initially by basal pores that develop into longitudinal slits, 4.2 – 7.0 × 0.7 – 2.0 mm. Gynoecium with a single bilobed dorsal gland; ovary superior, 4.0 – 5.0 × 4.0 – 5.0 mm, cone-shaped, puberulent to velutinous; style stout, included, 1.4 cm long; stigma stomatomorphic. Fruit and seeds not observed.	en	Clark, John L. (2025): Four new species of Drymonia (Gesneriaceae) from South America: Tributes to inspirational leaders. PhytoKeys 256: 37-59, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.148263
1E2A00352547557BB40BC4450A7DD8BE.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet honors Silvana G. Nazzaro Clark, Head of School at Princeton Junior School (Princeton, NJ). The name Silvana is of Latin origin, derived from silva, meaning “ forest ” or “ woodland, ” and translates roughly to “ woman of the forest ” or “ woodland maiden. ” This name reflects a connection to nature, wilderness, and vitality — qualities Silvana has exemplified since childhood and carried into adulthood. She has accompanied and supported the author in a lifelong pursuit of studying biodiversity. Through her current and previous leadership roles, she has championed programs that nurture a new generation of lifelong learners. Her efforts have inspired a deep appreciation for the natural world, fostering curiosity and environmental stewardship in others.	en	Clark, John L. (2025): Four new species of Drymonia (Gesneriaceae) from South America: Tributes to inspirational leaders. PhytoKeys 256: 37-59, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.148263
1E2A00352547557BB40BC4450A7DD8BE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Drymonia silvaniae is endemic to the Ecuadorian province of Zamora-Chinchipe along the eastern Andean slopes in southern Ecuador at elevations between 800 and 1000 meters.	en	Clark, John L. (2025): Four new species of Drymonia (Gesneriaceae) from South America: Tributes to inspirational leaders. PhytoKeys 256: 37-59, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.148263
