taxonID	type	format	identifier	references	title	description	created	creator	contributor	publisher	audience	source	license	rightsHolder	datasetID
B66487E2F404934EFC89E4E46AE5A0B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14702180/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14702180	FIG. 2. Type locality of Ophisternon berlini, new species. (A) Vantage point view of the Destierro River within the premises of Las Brisas Nature Reserve near collecting sites. (B) One of the artificial lentic bodies of water inside the reserve near collecting sites. (C, D) Photographs of the 2021 collecting site (1087053.2200N, 83836011.9500W) displaying the muddy nature of the soil at the time of collection. (E) Live specimen of Ophisternon berlini, new species, freshly dug out from the abovementioned site.	FIG. 2. Type locality of Ophisternon berlini, new species. (A) Vantage point view of the Destierro River within the premises of Las Brisas Nature Reserve near collecting sites. (B) One of the artificial lentic bodies of water inside the reserve near collecting sites. (C, D) Photographs of the 2021 collecting site (1087053.2200N, 83836011.9500W) displaying the muddy nature of the soil at the time of collection. (E) Live specimen of Ophisternon berlini, new species, freshly dug out from the abovementioned site.	2024-10-02	Arroyave, Jairo;Angulo, Arturo;Mar-Silva, Adán Fernando;Stiassny, Melanie L. J.		Zenodo	biologists	Arroyave, Jairo;Angulo, Arturo;Mar-Silva, Adán Fernando;Stiassny, Melanie L. J.			
B66487E2F404934EFC89E4E46AE5A0B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14702184/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14702184	FIG. 3. Unearthing of specimens of Ophisternon berlini, new species. Photograph displaying the process of pulling out live specimens of the new species from a block of mud collected at the type locality.	FIG. 3. Unearthing of specimens of Ophisternon berlini, new species. Photograph displaying the process of pulling out live specimens of the new species from a block of mud collected at the type locality.	2024-10-02	Arroyave, Jairo;Angulo, Arturo;Mar-Silva, Adán Fernando;Stiassny, Melanie L. J.		Zenodo	biologists	Arroyave, Jairo;Angulo, Arturo;Mar-Silva, Adán Fernando;Stiassny, Melanie L. J.			
B66487E2F404934EFC89E4E46AE5A0B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14702188/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14702188	FIG. 4. Comparative osteology of the pectoral girdle. Posterior neurocrania and anterior vertebrae and pectoral girdles of: (A) Synbranchus marmoratus (AMNH 74542), (B) Ophisternon berlini, new species (holotype, AMNH 281169), (C) Ophisternon aenigmaticum (holotype, AMNH 32410), and (D) Ophisternon infernale (AMNH 277199). Not to scale.	FIG. 4. Comparative osteology of the pectoral girdle. Posterior neurocrania and anterior vertebrae and pectoral girdles of: (A) Synbranchus marmoratus (AMNH 74542), (B) Ophisternon berlini, new species (holotype, AMNH 281169), (C) Ophisternon aenigmaticum (holotype, AMNH 32410), and (D) Ophisternon infernale (AMNH 277199). Not to scale.	2024-10-02	Arroyave, Jairo;Angulo, Arturo;Mar-Silva, Adán Fernando;Stiassny, Melanie L. J.		Zenodo	biologists	Arroyave, Jairo;Angulo, Arturo;Mar-Silva, Adán Fernando;Stiassny, Melanie L. J.			
B66487E2F404934EFC89E4E46AE5A0B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14702190/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14702190	FIG. 5. Comparative (external) morphology of the head. Dorsal and ventral view of the head of: (A) Synbranchus marmoratus (AMNH 281172), (B) Ophisternon berlini, new species (paratype, AMNH 281170), (C) Ophisternon aenigmaticum (paratype, AMNH 32408), and (D) Ophisternon infernale (AMNH 32405). Scale bars ¼ 1 cm, arrows indicate branchial openings and right posterior nares.	FIG. 5. Comparative (external) morphology of the head. Dorsal and ventral view of the head of: (A) Synbranchus marmoratus (AMNH 281172), (B) Ophisternon berlini, new species (paratype, AMNH 281170), (C) Ophisternon aenigmaticum (paratype, AMNH 32408), and (D) Ophisternon infernale (AMNH 32405). Scale bars ¼ 1 cm, arrows indicate branchial openings and right posterior nares.	2024-10-02	Arroyave, Jairo;Angulo, Arturo;Mar-Silva, Adán Fernando;Stiassny, Melanie L. J.		Zenodo	biologists	Arroyave, Jairo;Angulo, Arturo;Mar-Silva, Adán Fernando;Stiassny, Melanie L. J.			
B66487E2F404934EFC89E4E46AE5A0B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14702196/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14702196	FIG. 6. Comparative osteology of the vertebral column. Vertebral column of: (A) Ophisternon berlini, new species (paratype, AMNH 281171), (B) Ophisternon infernale (AMNH 272952), and (C) Ophisternon aenigmaticum (holotype, AMNH 32410). Precaudal and caudal vertebrae dark- and light-colored, respectively. Not to scale.	FIG. 6. Comparative osteology of the vertebral column. Vertebral column of: (A) Ophisternon berlini, new species (paratype, AMNH 281171), (B) Ophisternon infernale (AMNH 272952), and (C) Ophisternon aenigmaticum (holotype, AMNH 32410). Precaudal and caudal vertebrae dark- and light-colored, respectively. Not to scale.	2024-10-02	Arroyave, Jairo;Angulo, Arturo;Mar-Silva, Adán Fernando;Stiassny, Melanie L. J.		Zenodo	biologists	Arroyave, Jairo;Angulo, Arturo;Mar-Silva, Adán Fernando;Stiassny, Melanie L. J.			
B66487E2F404934EFC89E4E46AE5A0B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14702198/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14702198	FIG. 7. Comparative osteology highlighting differences in dentition. Isolated premaxilla, lower jaw, and suspensorium (left side) of: (A) Ophisternon berlini, new species (holotype, AMNH 281169), (B) Ophisternon aenigmaticum (holotype, AMNH 32410), and (C) Ophisternon infernale (AMNH 272953). Not to scale.	FIG. 7. Comparative osteology highlighting differences in dentition. Isolated premaxilla, lower jaw, and suspensorium (left side) of: (A) Ophisternon berlini, new species (holotype, AMNH 281169), (B) Ophisternon aenigmaticum (holotype, AMNH 32410), and (C) Ophisternon infernale (AMNH 272953). Not to scale.	2024-10-02	Arroyave, Jairo;Angulo, Arturo;Mar-Silva, Adán Fernando;Stiassny, Melanie L. J.		Zenodo	biologists	Arroyave, Jairo;Angulo, Arturo;Mar-Silva, Adán Fernando;Stiassny, Melanie L. J.			
B66487E2F404934EFC89E4E46AE5A0B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14702202/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14702202	FIG. 8. External morphology of Ophisternon berlini, new species, in life and preservation. Holotype (AMNH 281169): (A) preserved and (B) immediately postmortem. (C) Paratype (AMNH 281170, female) preserved, including one of the eggs removed from ovary. Scale bars ¼ 1 cm.	FIG. 8. External morphology of Ophisternon berlini, new species, in life and preservation. Holotype (AMNH 281169): (A) preserved and (B) immediately postmortem. (C) Paratype (AMNH 281170, female) preserved, including one of the eggs removed from ovary. Scale bars ¼ 1 cm.	2024-10-02	Arroyave, Jairo;Angulo, Arturo;Mar-Silva, Adán Fernando;Stiassny, Melanie L. J.		Zenodo	biologists	Arroyave, Jairo;Angulo, Arturo;Mar-Silva, Adán Fernando;Stiassny, Melanie L. J.			
B66487E2F404934EFC89E4E46AE5A0B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14702206/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14702206	FIG. 9. Comparative osteology of the neurocranium. Neurocrania in lateral and dorsal views of: (A) Ophisternon berlini, new species (paratype, AMNH 281171, 162 mm TL), (B) Ophisternon infernale (AMNH 272953, 240 mm TL), (C) Ophisternon aenigmaticum (holotype, AMNH 32410, 358 mm TL), and (D) Ophisternon aenigmaticum (paratype, AMNH 32408, 154 mm TL). Not to scale.	FIG. 9. Comparative osteology of the neurocranium. Neurocrania in lateral and dorsal views of: (A) Ophisternon berlini, new species (paratype, AMNH 281171, 162 mm TL), (B) Ophisternon infernale (AMNH 272953, 240 mm TL), (C) Ophisternon aenigmaticum (holotype, AMNH 32410, 358 mm TL), and (D) Ophisternon aenigmaticum (paratype, AMNH 32408, 154 mm TL). Not to scale.	2024-10-02	Arroyave, Jairo;Angulo, Arturo;Mar-Silva, Adán Fernando;Stiassny, Melanie L. J.		Zenodo	biologists	Arroyave, Jairo;Angulo, Arturo;Mar-Silva, Adán Fernando;Stiassny, Melanie L. J.			
B66487E2F404934EFC89E4E46AE5A0B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14702208/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14702208	FIG. 10. Comparative osteology of the pharynx and hyoid apparatus. Gill arches (dorsal view) and left hyoid bar of: (A) Ophisternon berlini, new species (holotype, AMNH 281169), (B) Ophisternon aenigmaticum (holotype, AMNH 32410), and (C) Ophisternon infernale (AMNH 32405). Not to scale.	FIG. 10. Comparative osteology of the pharynx and hyoid apparatus. Gill arches (dorsal view) and left hyoid bar of: (A) Ophisternon berlini, new species (holotype, AMNH 281169), (B) Ophisternon aenigmaticum (holotype, AMNH 32410), and (C) Ophisternon infernale (AMNH 32405). Not to scale.	2024-10-02	Arroyave, Jairo;Angulo, Arturo;Mar-Silva, Adán Fernando;Stiassny, Melanie L. J.		Zenodo	biologists	Arroyave, Jairo;Angulo, Arturo;Mar-Silva, Adán Fernando;Stiassny, Melanie L. J.			
B66487E2F404934EFC89E4E46AE5A0B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14702212/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14702212	FIG. 11. Phylogenetic relationships among synbranchid species with available complete mitochondrial genomes (including all Neotropical species of Ophisternon), inferred from a concatenated alignment of all 13 mitochondrial PCGs. Outgroup (Mastacembelus armatus) not shown. Bootstrap support ¼ 100 for all nodes. See Data Accessibility for tree file.	FIG. 11. Phylogenetic relationships among synbranchid species with available complete mitochondrial genomes (including all Neotropical species of Ophisternon), inferred from a concatenated alignment of all 13 mitochondrial PCGs. Outgroup (Mastacembelus armatus) not shown. Bootstrap support ¼ 100 for all nodes. See Data Accessibility for tree file.	2024-10-02	Arroyave, Jairo;Angulo, Arturo;Mar-Silva, Adán Fernando;Stiassny, Melanie L. J.		Zenodo	biologists	Arroyave, Jairo;Angulo, Arturo;Mar-Silva, Adán Fernando;Stiassny, Melanie L. J.			
B66487E2F404934EFC89E4E46AE5A0B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14702177/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14702177	FIG. 1. Geographic distribution of Ophisternon berlini, new species. Location of the type locality at the (A) continental scale (highlighting Costa Rica), (B) national scale (northern Cost Rica, with Pacific versant basins in white, the Reventazón-Parismina drainage basin highlighted in dark green, and the remaining Atlantic versant basins highlighted in light green), and local scale via (C) map and (D) satellite image (from Google Earth; images copyright 2024 CNES/Airbus and 2024 Maxar Technologies). Point localities from the different collecting events in the premises of Las Brisas Nature Reserve (located on the east bank of the Destierro River) can be seen in C and D. The aerial satellite photograph (D) displays the striking differences in land use and land cover between the reserve (well-preserved secondary forest) and the surrounding areas (mainly agricultural). Basemap layers of major rivers and drainage basins of Costa Rica downloaded from the Ríos de Costa Rica ArcGIS Hub (https://hub.arcgis.com/datasets/geotec::ríos-decosta-rica/about) and the Sistema Nacional de Información Territorial de Costa Rica (https://www.snitcr.go.cr), respectively.	FIG. 1. Geographic distribution of Ophisternon berlini, new species. Location of the type locality at the (A) continental scale (highlighting Costa Rica), (B) national scale (northern Cost Rica, with Pacific versant basins in white, the Reventazón-Parismina drainage basin highlighted in dark green, and the remaining Atlantic versant basins highlighted in light green), and local scale via (C) map and (D) satellite image (from Google Earth; images copyright 2024 CNES/Airbus and 2024 Maxar Technologies). Point localities from the different collecting events in the premises of Las Brisas Nature Reserve (located on the east bank of the Destierro River) can be seen in C and D. The aerial satellite photograph (D) displays the striking differences in land use and land cover between the reserve (well-preserved secondary forest) and the surrounding areas (mainly agricultural). Basemap layers of major rivers and drainage basins of Costa Rica downloaded from the Ríos de Costa Rica ArcGIS Hub (https://hub.arcgis.com/datasets/geotec::ríos-decosta-rica/about) and the Sistema Nacional de Información Territorial de Costa Rica (https://www.snitcr.go.cr), respectively.	2024-10-02	Arroyave, Jairo;Angulo, Arturo;Mar-Silva, Adán Fernando;Stiassny, Melanie L. J.		Zenodo	biologists	Arroyave, Jairo;Angulo, Arturo;Mar-Silva, Adán Fernando;Stiassny, Melanie L. J.			
