taxonID	type	description	language	source
B81ED206FFCEFF89FCB28DF5FA20A1CF.taxon	discussion	Three species with phrase names: D. sp. (Charters Towers E. J. Thompson + CHA 554), D. (Miles E. J. Thompson EJT 906), D. (Mt Cooper R. J. Cumming 18623).	en	Thompson, E. J. (2022): Simonachne, a new genus for Australia segregated from Ancistrachne s. l. (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae) and a new subtribe Cleistochloinae. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (1): 19-62, DOI: 10.1071/SB20024, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb20024
B81ED206FFCEFF89FF17880EFABEA7B4.taxon	type_taxon	Type: Cleistochloa C. E. Hubb	en	Thompson, E. J. (2022): Simonachne, a new genus for Australia segregated from Ancistrachne s. l. (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae) and a new subtribe Cleistochloinae. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (1): 19-62, DOI: 10.1071/SB20024, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb20024
B81ED206FFCEFF89FF17880EFABEA7B4.taxon	description	‘ The cleistogamy group’ of Thompson and Fabillo (2021). Plants stoloniferous, rhizomatous or decumbent. Collar of leaves with or without a contraligule. Inflorescences of two types; Type 1 terminal, a reduced spike-like panicle or raceme, and Type 2, reduced racemes, clandestine axillary, or exposed apical on short sub-branches. Spikelets of corresponding inflorescences relatively similar or markedly dissimilar; terminal spikelets chasmogamous or uncommonly mixed with cleistogamous spikelets; Type 2 spikelets cleistogamous. Spikelets slightly dorsi-ventrally compressed; lower glume absent or vestigial, upper glume and lower lemma, chartaceous, usually as long as the spikelet; lower floret barren without a palea; upper lemma chartaceous to cartilaginous, slightly hardened, papery texture, loosely overlapping the caryopsis. Anatomical type: C 3.	en	Thompson, E. J. (2022): Simonachne, a new genus for Australia segregated from Ancistrachne s. l. (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae) and a new subtribe Cleistochloinae. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (1): 19-62, DOI: 10.1071/SB20024, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb20024
B81ED206FFCEFF8AFC118A16FD04A763.taxon	type_taxon	Type: Simonachne maidenii (A. A. Ham.) E. J. Thomps. (= Eriochloa maidenii A. A. Ham.)	en	Thompson, E. J. (2022): Simonachne, a new genus for Australia segregated from Ancistrachne s. l. (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae) and a new subtribe Cleistochloinae. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (1): 19-62, DOI: 10.1071/SB20024, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb20024
B81ED206FFCEFF8AFC118A16FD04A763.taxon	description	Stoloniferous perennials with ascending fertile culms. Culm with pith. Leaf sheath with one margin pilose. Ligule and contraligule a fringe of hairs. Leaf blades lanceolate, base truncate, pseudopetiolate, proximal margins white, ciliate and one margin undulate. Inflorescences of two types, the terminal ones spike-like panicles with short proximal branches or raceme, and axillary racemes partly concealed within leaf sheath. Axes of inflorescence branches lacking pulvinii. Pedicel apices a shallow cup with thin walls. Spikelets of two similar types, falling entire except for proximal ones of axillary racemes trapped in leaf sheath terminal spikelets chasmogamous and axillary spikelets cleistogamous; adaxial, slightly dorsally compressed, elliptical in outline. Lower glume much reduced; upper glume 7 - veined, woolly with mostly appressed tubercular-based hairs. Lower lemma 5 - veined, similar in shape, size and indumentum to upper glume. Lower palea absent. Upper lemma subequal to lower lemma; 5 - veined, chartaceous, body glabrous; margins hyaline, apex with flattened cilia; minutely longitudinally ridged, without papillae; apex mucronate; germination lid a crescent-shaped depression. Upper palea 2 - veined. Anthers 3. Caryopsis dorsi-ventrally compressed; hilum punctiform.	en	Thompson, E. J. (2022): Simonachne, a new genus for Australia segregated from Ancistrachne s. l. (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae) and a new subtribe Cleistochloinae. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (1): 19-62, DOI: 10.1071/SB20024, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb20024
B81ED206FFCEFF8AFC118A16FD04A763.taxon	etymology	Etymology The genus is named in memory and honour of Bryan Kenneth Simon (1943 – 2015), curator of Poaceae at BRI for nearly 40 years and author of numerous publications on grasses, and achne from the Greek for scale in reference to the spikelets.	en	Thompson, E. J. (2022): Simonachne, a new genus for Australia segregated from Ancistrachne s. l. (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae) and a new subtribe Cleistochloinae. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (1): 19-62, DOI: 10.1071/SB20024, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb20024
B81ED206FFCDFF8BFFF88DA3FB77A110.taxon	description	Eriochloa maidenii A. A. Ham., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 37: 709 (1912); Ancistrachne maidenii (A. A. Ham.) Vickery, Contrib. N. S. W. Natl. Herb. 3 (2): 83 (1961). Type: New South Wales. Hawkesbury River, 3 May 1912, A. A. Hamilton s. n. (holo: NSW [NSW 52514, JSTOR photo!]; iso: BRI [AQ 540088,!], NSW [NSW 520052, JSTOR photo!]). Fertile branches ascending to 40 cm high, copiously branched with up to ~ 12 nodes. Fertile culm internodes up to 4.5 cm long. Mature fertile leaf sheaths retained, convolute, pilose; outer margin ciliate with ascending tuberculate-based simple trichomes upto 0.5 mm long. Leaf blades upto 4.5 cm long and 7 mm wide; lower margin with tuberculate-based simple trichomes upto 3 mm long. Ligule 0.3 mm long. Contraligule 0.1 mm long. Mid-culm leaf blades 2.5 – 4.5 cm long, 2.5 – 4.0 mm wide, apex tapering, base truncate, margins white; both surfaces sparsely pubescent with simple trichomes upto 0.8 mm long. Terminal inflorescences on axes 1.5 – 5.5 cm long, 8 – 32 - flowered; 0 – several branches, appressed, rachis upto 1 cm long, 1 – 6 - flowered. Spikelets 2.6 – 2.9 mm long, 1.0 – 1.1 mm wide; lateral pedicels 0.4 – 1.0 mm long, ultimate pedicel 0.5 – 2.0 mm long. Lower glume lunar, ~ 0.2 mm long, apex obtuse. Upper glume ovate, 2.6 – 2.9 mm long, apex acute, margins inrolled. Lower lemma ovate, 2.6 – 3.0 mm long; apex acute, margins inrolled. Upper lemma 2.4 – 2.6 mm long; apical cilia 60 – 90 µm long, mucronate to shortly awned. Lodicules ∼ 0.2 mm long. Upper palea 2.4 – 2.6 mm long; apex acute. Anthers 1.5 mm long. Caryopsis ~ 1.7 mm long, ~ 0.8 mm wide, rarely present. Axillary inflorescences usually present below apical 2 or 3 internodes; 3 - or 4 - flowered, lowest 1 or 2 enclosed in leaf sheath. Spikelets 2.8 – 3.2 mm long, 1.2 – 1.3 mm wide. Lower glume vestigial upto 0.1 mm long. Upper glume ovate, 2.8 – 3.2 mm long, chartaceous, villous with woolly hairs upto 0.2 mm long; apex obtuse. Lower lemma ovate, 2.7 – 3.2 mm long; apex revolute. Upper lemma 2.2 – 2.4 mm long; apex revolute, cilia 60 – 90 µm long, mucronate to shortly awned. Upper palea 2.2 – 2.4 mm long; apex revolute. Anthers 0.2 mm long. Caryopsis 1.4 – 1.9 mm long, 0.7 – 0.9 mm wide; surface minutely longitudinally striate; light brown. Fig. 1, 2, Appendix 19. Illustrations D. J. B. Wheeler, S. W. L. Jacobs and B. E. Norton, Grasses of New South Wales 93 (1982); S. W. L. Jacobs and C. A. Wall in G. J. Harden (ed.), Flora of New South Wales 4: 452 - 3 (1993).	en	Thompson, E. J. (2022): Simonachne, a new genus for Australia segregated from Ancistrachne s. l. (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae) and a new subtribe Cleistochloinae. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (1): 19-62, DOI: 10.1071/SB20024, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb20024
B81ED206FFCDFF8BFFF88DA3FB77A110.taxon	materials_examined	Additional specimens examined NEW SOUTH WALES. Along an ephemeral creekline close to Old Great North Road, Devines Hill, 29 January 1999, P. Pike s. n. (NSW 427980); Singleton Road, Wiseman Ferry, 23 January 1999, P. Pike s. n. (NSW 427981); Erskine Creek downstream from Jack Evans track in the Blue Mountains National Park, 6 March 1999, R. G. Coveny 17686 & Hind (BRI AQ 681893); 20 m E of Glenreagh – Grafton road, 7 km N of Glenreagh, 6 July 2001, G. Elks s. n. (NSW 488035); ~ 5 km along Stockyard Creek Road from Punchbowl Road, ~ 25 km NW by N of Grafton, 28 November 2005, Edwards 3 (NSW 618071); on left-hand side of track along Marramarra Creek ~ 20 m from Smugglers Ridge and Marramarra Ridge track exits, 17 November 2006, P. Pike s. n. (NSW 772920); Sandstone Drive, S of Bull paddock, Orara River, 3 January 2011, G. Clancy s. n. (NSW 882378); Porto Ridge, SW of Brooklyn, May 2011, R. G. Coveny 19454 (NSW 891751); Stockyard Creek, along Stockyard Creek Rd, ~ 30 km NNW of Grafton, 5 June 2013, E. J. Thompson EJT 936 (BRI AQ 1012262); near Whiporie, along Summerland Way, ~ 55 km N of Grafton, 5 June 2013, E. J. Thompson EJT 939 (BRI AQ 1012263); Coaldale, edge of Coaldale Rd nr. junction with Stockyard Creek Rd, ~ 31 km NNW of Grafton, 22 June 2013, E. J. Thompson EJT 945 & G. P. Guymer (BRI AQ 1012265); along Benowie walking track adjacent to Sams Creek, Berowa, September 2015, E. J. Thompson EJT 1038 & G. P. Guymer (BRI AQ 971047). CULTIVATED. Ashgrove (ex Stockyard Creek Road), April 2017, E. J. Thompson MOR 815 (BRI AQ 1022226).	en	Thompson, E. J. (2022): Simonachne, a new genus for Australia segregated from Ancistrachne s. l. (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae) and a new subtribe Cleistochloinae. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (1): 19-62, DOI: 10.1071/SB20024, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb20024
B81ED206FFCDFF8BFFF88DA3FB77A110.taxon	distribution	Distribution Occurs in two disjunct populations on the New South Wales coastline (Fig. 3). Habitat and ecology Under a canopy of trees or shrubs on sandy soils derived from sandstone. Phenology Dates of herbarium collections indicate that S. maidenii flowers throughout the year. Cultivated plants flower mostly in summer. Conservation status Listed as Vulnerable under the Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016, New South Wales. Notes	en	Thompson, E. J. (2022): Simonachne, a new genus for Australia segregated from Ancistrachne s. l. (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae) and a new subtribe Cleistochloinae. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (1): 19-62, DOI: 10.1071/SB20024, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb20024
B81ED206FFCDFF8BFFF88DA3FB77A110.taxon	description	Simonachne maidenii shares morphological characters with all of the other taxa in subtribe Cleistochloinae (Table 1). Notable similarities include S. maidenii and Calyptochloa spp. having a contraligule and the stoloniferous growth habit, giving plants a very similar appearance in the field. Breeding system The type of CL manifested by Simonachne maidenii fits the category of dimorphic anthers with amphigamy in the classification of CL by Thompson (2017). Axillary CL in S. maidenii is obligate, whereas in Ancistrachne, CL is facultative with the CL and CH anthers, the same size fitting the type ‘ monomorphic CH and CL anthers’ on the same plant as defined by Thompson (2017). Micromorphology and macromorphology of the lemmas and palea Simonachne maidenii and Ancistrachne s. s. differ in the lower lemmas by S. maidenii having absence of prickles and film of epicuticular wax. Upper lemmas of S. maidenii have minute longitudinal ridges and lack papillae. Upper lemmas of the terminal spikelets of S. maidenii are chartaceous to slightly hardened and loosely clasping the caryopsis, whereas for Ancistrachne s. s. they are hardened, glossy and tightly clasping the caryopsis. Simonachne maidenii, as for other species in Cleistochloinae, lacks a lower palea, whereas species of Ancistrachne, members of Neurachninae s. s. and the species of Panicum have a lower palea. Simonachne maidenii differs from Ancistrachne by the indumentum on the upper glume and lower lemma and differs from other members of Cleistochloinae by having an indistinct germination flap on the upper lemma (Tables 1, 3, Fig. 4; Appendices 8, 10 – 13). Abaxial leaf-blade epidermis Costal−intercostal zonation conspicuous. Papillae absent. Costal long cells rectangular, much narrower than intercostal; anticlinal walls of intercostal long cells Ω-shaped. Anticlinal walls of intercostal long cells moderately undulating, often irregular with short-wave length. Stomata 38 – 43 µm long with low triangular subsidiaries, in 2 rows separated by 5 – 6 files of long cells. Bicellular microhairs 52 – 56 µm long, proximal cell longer than distal, occasional. Silica bodies in single rows, bilobate and polylobate, 16 – 25 µm long, common. Hooks present (Appendices 14, 15). The shape of the anticlinal walls of long cells in the upper lemmas and the abaxial leaf surface in A. maidenii differ from those in A. uncinulata, and, in A. maidenii, the shapes of these walls differ from each other (Table 3). Such differences in the shape of anticlinal walls of long cells have been reported for some other panicoid grasses (Lu et al. 2009; Harun et al. 2020). Transverse section of leaf blade C 3; XyMS +. Mesophyll with radiate chlorenchyma; adaxial pallisade chlorenchyma present. Midrib not prominent; with a double bundle sheath; outer complete ring of parenchyma cells and partial inner ring of thick-walled cells with adaxial arc of clear parenchyma cells. Bulliform cells in discrete regular groups; in simple fans. Sclerenchyma accompanying all vascular bundles as adaxial strands and abaxial girders (Appendix 16). Transverse section of culm Culm examined 0.6 mm in diameter. Outer smallest vascular bundles adjacent to tangential girder sclerenchyma and imbedded in large-celled sclerenchyma. Vascular bundles with a ring of clear parenchyma; three sizes in separate circles, smallest to the periphery. Chlorenchyma in rectangular blocks, 2 or 3 cells deep by up to 10 cells wide; cells with regular size and shape, more or less circular. Inner ground tissue consisting of large thin-walled cells. (Appendix 17). The distribution of the bundle sheath parenchyma of S. maidenii has similarities to the fresh culm sections of Entolasia spp. prepared for this study. Surface of inflorescence culm Pilose with tuberculate-based macrohairs up to 2 mm long, muriculate with hooks and scabridulous with prickles. Stomata frequent, similar to those on the abaxial leaf surface. Bicellar microhairs, ~ 44 μm long, occasional. Silica bodies absent. (Appendix 18).	en	Thompson, E. J. (2022): Simonachne, a new genus for Australia segregated from Ancistrachne s. l. (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae) and a new subtribe Cleistochloinae. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (1): 19-62, DOI: 10.1071/SB20024, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb20024
