identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
C436E549FF803263A8DBFA65FC8D7D0E.text	C436E549FF803263A8DBFA65FC8D7D0E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gecarcinucidae Rathbun 1904	<div><p>Family  Gecarcinucidae Rathbun, 1904</p><p>Genus  Travancoriana Bott, 1969</p><p>(Figs. 2, 3)</p><p>Travancoriana Bott, 1969: 361 .</p><p>Travancoriana – Bott 1970b: 40.— Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: 316.— Ng et al. 2008: 68 (list).— Srivastava 2005: 117 (list); 2009: 29 (list).— Pati &amp; Sharma 2013: 275.— Klaus et al. 2014: 654 (list).— Prabakar 2017: 28 (list).— Rajesh et al. 2017: 134 (list).—Pati 2020: 162 (list).— Pati &amp; Pradhan 2020: 555836 (list).— Pati &amp; Yeo 2022: 2 (list).— Sruthi &amp; Thirunavukkarasu 2022: 460 (list).</p><p>Type species.  Travancoriana schirnerae Bott, 1969, by original designation; gender of genus feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis. Large sized crabs (maximum CW 55.3 mm). Carapace relatively broad (CW/CL = ca. 1.3–1.5), relatively low (CH /CW = ca. 0.4), with moderately convex lateral margins; frontal medial triangle incomplete, lateral margins indiscernible; postorbital cristae well-developed, reaching lateral margins of carapace; external orbital angle broadly triangular, with long outer margin, ca. 4 times length of inner margin; epibranchial tooth low, located at same level of postorbital cristae; epistome posterior margin with well-developed, trapezoidal medial tooth and strongly sinuous lateral lobes (Fig. 2A, B). Maxilliped 3 with well-developed flagellum on exopod (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 7C). Chelipeds relatively stouter in adult males (Fig. 2A). Ambulatory legs relatively stout, shorter, glabrous (Fig. 2A). Male s2/s3 visible as broad groove, not reaching edge of sternum; male s3/s4 visible as shallow, complete groove, reaching edge of sternum (Fig. 2C). Male sternopleonal cavity relatively short, reaching to imaginary line joining anterior part of cheliped coxae (Fig. 2C). Male pleon relatively narrow, with strongly concave lateral margins; pleonal somite 6 subquadrate, relatively narrow, proximal width ca. 1.1 times medial length (Fig. 2C). Male telson longer than broad, medial length ca. 1.2 times proximal width (Fig. 2C). G1 relatively slender; ultimate article conical, relatively slender, distally gently curved inwards, relatively short, ca. 0.3–0.4 times length of penultimate article; penultimate article moderately stout (Fig. 3A, B). G2 as long as G1, ca. 1.0 times G1 length; ultimate article long, ca. 0.5–0.6 times length of penultimate article (Fig. 3C).</p><p>Remarks. Bott (1969) established  Travancoriana with a new species,  Travancoriana schirnerae, as the type species. Subsequently, Bott (1970b) included  Paratelphusa (Barytelphusa) carli Roux, 1931,  Paratelphusa (Barytelphusa) pollicaris Alcock, 1909, and  Paratelphusa (Liotelphusa) malabarica Henderson, 1912, in  Travancoriana .  Paratelphusa (Liotelphusa) travancorica Henderson, 1913, was already added to the genus by Bott (1970a). Bahir &amp; Yeo (2007) revised  Travancoriana and recognised five species (including  Paratelphusa (Barytelphusa) pollicaris) in it, as they have assigned  Paratelphusa (Barytelphusa) carli to  Vela Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007, and  Paratelphusa (Liotelphusa) malabarica and  Paratelphusa (Liotelphusa) travancorica to  Vanni . Pati &amp; Sharma (2013) later described a new species of  Travancoriana .  Paratelphusa (Barytelphusa) napaea (Alcock, 1909) (originally in  Potamon Savigny, 1816) was included in the checklist of Ng et al. (2008) without explanation. The generic position of  Potamon napaeum Alcock, 1909, was recently clarified by Pati &amp; Yeo (2022) who transferred it to  Maydelliathelphusa Bott, 1969, instead. The following six species are thus known in  Travancoriana s. lat.:  T. charu Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007;  T. convexa (Roux, 1931);  T. granulata Pati &amp; Sharma, 2013;  T. kuleera Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007;  T. pollicaris (Alcock, 1909); and  T. schirnerae Bott, 1969 (type species) (Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007; Pati &amp; Sharma 2013).</p><p>All the known species of  Travancoriana s. lat. recognised by Bahir &amp; Yeo (2007) and Pati &amp; Sharma (2013) possess a distinctly transverse carapace, well-developed postorbital cristae, a broadly triangular external orbital angle with a long outer margin, and a long ultimate article of the G1 (Figs. 2A, 3A, 4A, B, E, F, 5A, D, 6A, F, 7A, 8A, 9A, F, 10A, 11A, 12A, B, E, H, 13A).  Travancoriana, however, is polyphyletic, with both  T. charu and “  T. pollicaris ” [=  Palaniana convexa (Roux, 1931) comb. nov.; see remarks below for  Po. pollicaris (Alcock, 1909) comb. nov. and see remarks of Bahir &amp; Yeo (2007) for  T. convexa] forming separate clades from  T. schirnerae in the phylogenetic tree of Klaus et al. (2014: fig. 1). Some species of  Vanni also possess the diagnostic characters of  Travancoriana sensu Bahir &amp; Yeo (2007) (see remarks section for  Vanni). It is, therefore, necessary to redefine the genus with additional generic suite of characters and also taking into consideration the geographical distribution of the congeners.</p><p>Travancoriana charu and  T. pollicaris possess a male s3/s4 only visible as two short lateral depressions (Figs. 4D, H, 6C), with the G1 penultimate article being distinctly slender (Figs. 5A, B, D, E, 6F, G); in contrast, the male s3/s4 is visible as a complete groove (Figs. 2C, 7C, 9C, 10D, 12D), and the G1 penultimate article is much stouter in other species of  Travancoriana s. lat. (Figs. 3A, B, 8A, B, 9F, G, 11A, B, 12H, I, 13A, B). These two species can be further distinguished from  Travancoriana s. str., which only includes the type species,  T. schirnerae, by the trapezoidal and relatively broad male pleonal somite 6, with the proximal width ca. 1.3 times the medial length (Figs. 4D, H, 6C, E) (versus subquadrate and relatively narrow male pleonal somite 6, with the proximal width ca. 1.1 times the medial length; Fig. 2C). As a result,  T. charu and  T. pollicaris are hereby transferred to a new genus,  Ponmudiana gen. nov., with the former species as the type herein designated. Although  Ponmudiana gen. nov. and  Travancoriana s. str. are both known from the Western Ghats,  Ponmudiana gen. nov. is restricted to the hills of Ponmudi and adjoining areas in the southern Western Ghats (cf. Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007; Rajesh et al. 2017; present study), and  Travancoriana s. str. is restricted to the Nilgiri Hills in the central Western Ghats (cf. Rathbun 1905; Bott 1969, 1970a, 1970b; Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007; present study), with the prominent Palghat Gap acting as a geographical barrier between the central and southern Western Ghats (Fig. 1A).</p><p>Travancoriana convexa is separated from  Travancoriana s. str. and assigned to  Palaniana gen. nov. due to the presence of a relatively broader male pleon, with almost straight lateral margins and a trapezoidal, relatively broad pleonal somite 6 with its proximal width ca. 1.5 times the medial length (Figs. 7C, 9C, E) (versus male pleon relatively narrower, with strongly concave lateral margins and a subquadrate, relatively narrow pleonal somite 6 with its proximal width ca. 1.1 times the medial length; Fig. 2C), and the relatively stout G1, with the ultimate article being relatively stout, straight, long, ca. 0.5–0.6 times the penultimate article (Figs. 8A, B, 9F, G) (versus G1 relatively slender, with the ultimate article being relatively slender, inwardly curved, short, ca. 0.3–0.4 times the penultimate article; Fig. 3A, B). The geographical range of  Palaniana gen. nov. (southern Western Ghats) does not overlap with that of  Travancoriana s. str. (central Western Ghats), with the Palghat Gap acting as a barrier in between those isolated mountains (cf. Rathbun 1905; Roux 1931; Bott 1969, 1970a, 1970b; Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007; Pati et al. 2014; Rajesh et al. 2017; present study) (Fig. 1A).</p><p>Travancoriana granulata can be easily distinguished from  Travancoriana s. str. by the relatively slender adult male chelipeds (see Pati &amp; Sharma 2013: figs. 2A–C, 3E) (versus adult male chelipeds relatively stouter; Fig. 2A), the male s2/s3 being distinct as narrow groove reaching the edge of the sternum (Fig. 10D) (versus male s2/s3 being visible as broad groove not reaching the edge of the sternum; Fig. 2C), the relatively shorter male sternopleonal cavity reaching to the imaginary line joining the medial part of the cheliped coxae (Fig. 10D) (versus male sternopleonal cavity relatively longer reaching to the imaginary line joining the anterior part of the cheliped coxae; Fig. 2C), the relatively broad male pleonal somite 6 with its proximal width ca. 1.5 times the medial length (Fig. 10D, E) (versus male pleonal somite 6 relatively narrow with its proximal width ca. 1.1 times the medial length; Fig. 2C), and the outwardly curved and relatively shorter G1 ultimate article, ca. 0.25 times the length of the penultimate article (Fig. 11A, B) (versus G1 ultimate article inwardly curved and relatively longer, ca. 0.3–0.4 times the length of the penultimate article; Fig. 3A, B).  Travancoriana granulata is, therefore, assigned in this study to  Anamudiana gen. nov. In addition to the morphological differences,  Anamudiana gen. nov. is separable from  Travancoriana s. str. geographically. This new genus is limited in distribution to the southern Western Ghats further south of the Palghat Gap, whereas  Travancoriana s. str. is precisely known only from the central Western Ghats further north of the Palghat Gap (cf. Rathbun 1905; Bott 1969, 1970a, 1970b; Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007; Pati &amp; Sharma 2013; present study) (Fig. 1A).</p><p>Travancoriana kuleera is assigned to a new genus,  Naduganiana gen. nov., because it can be separated from  Travancoriana s. str. by its medium size (maximum CW 28.0 mm) (versus large size, maximum CW 55.3 mm), the relatively broader male telson with the medial length ca. 1.0 times the proximal width (Fig. 12D, G) (versus male telson relatively narrower with the medial length ca. 1.2 times the proximal width; Fig. 2C), and the relatively stouter G1 with the distally distinctly outwardly curved ultimate article (Figs. 12H, I, 13A, B) (versus G1 relatively slenderer with the distally gently inwardly curved ultimate article; Fig. 3A, B). Although both  Naduganiana gen. nov. and  Travancoriana s. str. are from the central Western Ghats (Fig. 1A), members of the new genus dwell at relatively lower elevations (651–800 m a.s.l.) (cf. Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007; present study), whereas those of  Travancoriana s. str. are so far known only from the higher elevations (917–1883 m a.s.l.) (cf. Rathbun 1905; Bott 1969, 1970a, 1970b; Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007).</p><p>Travancoriana Bott, 1969, is thus restricted to its type species, i.e.,  T. schirnerae Bott, 1969 . Among the gecarcinucid genera of southern India,  Travancoriana can be recognised mainly by the following suite of morphological characters: large size (maximum CW 55.3 mm); the relatively broad and low carapace (CW/CL = ca. 1.3–1.5; CH /CW = ca. 0.4) (Fig. 2A, B); the well-developed postorbital cristae reaching lateral margins of carapace (Fig. 2A); the broadly triangular external orbital angle with a relatively longer outer margin, ca. 4 times the length of the inner margin (Fig. 2A); the low epibranchial tooth, located at the same level of the postorbital cristae (Fig. 2A); the well-developed flagellum on the exopod of the maxilliped 3 (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 7C); a complete male s3/s4 (Fig. 2C); the relatively narrow male pleon with the subquadrate and relatively narrow pleonal somite 6 (Fig. 2C); the relatively narrower male telson (Fig. 2C); the relatively slender G1 with the distally gently inwardly curved and relatively short ultimate article, ca. 0.3–0.4 times length of penultimate article (Fig. 3A, B); and the equally long G1 and G2 (Fig. 3A, C).</p><p>Geographical distribution.  Travancoriana s. str. is precisely known only from the higher elevations (917– 1883 m a.s.l.) of the central Western Ghats in the Tamil Nadu state (Nilgiris district) of southern India (Rathbun 1905; Bott 1969, 1970a, 1970b; Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007) (Fig. 1A).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C436E549FF803263A8DBFA65FC8D7D0E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Z, Sameer Kumar Pati	Z, Sameer Kumar Pati (2025): Taxonomic revision of the freshwater crab genera Travancoriana Bott, 1969, and Vanni Bahir & Yeo, 2007 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Gecarcinucidae), with descriptions of eight new genera and two new species from the Western Ghats, southern India. Zootaxa 5634 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5634.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5634.1.1
C436E549FF8C3260A8DBFA40FC6B7F73.text	C436E549FF8C3260A8DBFA40FC6B7F73.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Travancoriana schirnerae Bott 1969	<div><p>Travancoriana schirnerae Bott, 1969</p><p>[Schirner’s Nilgiri crab]</p><p>(Figs. 2, 3)</p><p>Travancoriana schirnerae Bott, 1969: 361 .</p><p>Travancoriana schirnerae – Bott 1970a: 336; 1970b: 41, pl. 4 figs. 38–41, pl. 26 figs. 19, 20.— Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: 317, figs. 6– 8.— Ng et al. 2008: 68 (list).— Srivastava 2009: 29 (list).— Klaus et al. 2014: 653 (list).— Pati &amp; Sharma 2013: 280 (list, in key).—Pati 2020: 162 (list).— Pati &amp; Pradhan 2020: 555836 (list).— Pati &amp; Yeo 2022: 3 (list).— Sruthi &amp; Thirunavukkarasu 2022: 460 (list).</p><p>Not  Potamon (Potamonautes) cunicularis – Rathbun 1904: pl. 15 fig. 10; 1905: 184 (part).</p><p>Not  Paratelphusa (Barytelphusa) cunicularis – Alcock 1910: 83, pl. 12 fig. 56 (part).— Roux 1931: 46.</p><p>Type material.   Holotype: male (CW 45.1 mm, CL 31.6 mm) (MHNG, uncatalogued), India, Tamil Nadu State, Nilgiris District, Coonoor, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.831&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.338" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.831/lat 11.338)">Hillgrove</a>, 11.338° N, 76.831° E, elev. 938 m a.s.l., coll. J. Carl, collection date unknown.</p><p>Diagnosis. As for genus.</p><p>Remarks. As mentioned by Bahir &amp; Yeo (2007),  T. schirnerae was described by Bott (1969, 1970a, 1970b) based on the specimens, which were earlier misidentified as  Potamon (Potamonautes) cunicularis by Rathbun (1905) or as  Paratelphusa (Barytelphusa) cunicularis by Alcock (1910) and Roux (1931). The records of the species from Karnataka, Kerala, and other districts of Tamil Nadu by Rathbun (1905), Alcock (1910), Srivastava (2005, 2007, 2013), Prabakar (2017), and Rajesh et al. (2017) are doubtful.</p><p>Ecological notes.  Travancoriana schirnerae can inhabit small, shallow, steep, rocky streams in shaded areas, with juveniles occurring within tea gardens (Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007).</p><p>Geographical distribution. As for genus.</p><p>Genus  Ponmudiana gen. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 4–6)</p><p>Type species.  Travancoriana charu Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007, by present designation; gender of genus feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis. Large sized crabs (maximum CW 52.1 mm). Carapace relatively broad (CW/CL = ca. 1.2–1.4), relatively low (CH /CW = ca. 0.4), with moderately convex lateral margins; frontal medial triangle incomplete, lateral margins indiscernible; postorbital cristae well-developed, reaching lateral margins of carapace; external orbital angle broadly triangular, with long outer margin, ca. 5 times length of inner margin; epibranchial tooth low, located at same level of postorbital cristae; epistome posterior margin with well-developed, triangular medial tooth and concave lateral lobes (Figs. 4A–C, E–G, 6A, B). Maxilliped 3 with well-developed flagellum on exopod (Fig. 6D). Chelipeds relatively stouter in adult males (Figs. 4A, E, 6A, C). Ambulatory legs relatively stout, shorter, glabrous (Figs. 4A, E, 6A, C). Male s2/s3 visible as narrow, shallow groove, not reaching edge of sternum; male s3/ s4 only visible as 2 short lateral depressions (Figs. 4D, H, 6C). Male sternopleonal cavity relatively short, reaching to imaginary line joining anterior part of cheliped coxae (Figs. 4D, H, 6C). Male pleon relatively narrow, with concave lateral margins; pleonal somite 6 trapezoidal, relatively broad, proximal width ca. 1.3 times medial length (Figs. 4D, H, 6C, E). G1 relatively slender; ultimate article conical or subcylindrical, relatively slender, relatively short, ca. 0.3–0.4 times length of penultimate article; penultimate article slender (Figs. 5A, B, D, E, 6F, G). G2 slightly longer than G1, ca. 1.1 times G1 length; ultimate article long, ca. 0.5–0.6 times length of penultimate article (Figs. 5C, F, 6H). Vulvae relatively widely located from each other (VD/SW = ca. 0.2) (Fig. 6I).</p><p>Etymology. The genus name is derived from the Ponmudi Hills of the southern Western Ghats of India, where the congeners live. The gender of this genus is feminine.</p><p>Remarks.  Ponmudiana gen. nov. is separated from  Travancoriana s. str. and established for two species, viz.,  Po. charu (Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007) comb. nov. (type species herein designated) and  Po. pollicaris (Alcock, 1909) comb. nov., based on the character states in male s3/s4, male pleonal somite 6 and G1 penultimate article (see Remarks for  Travancoriana).</p><p>Ponmudiana gen. nov. is unique among the gecarcinucid genera of southern India mainly due to its relatively low carapace (CH /CW = ca. 0.4) (Figs. 4C, G, 6B); the well-developed postorbital cristae reaching the lateral margins of the carapace (Figs. 4A, B, E, F, 6A); the broadly triangular external orbital angle with a long outer margin, ca. 5 times the length of the inner margin (Figs. 4A, B, E, F, 6A); the low epibranchial tooth located at the same level of the postorbital cristae (Figs. 4A, B, E, F, 6A); the well-developed flagellum on the exopod of the maxilliped 3 (Fig. 6D); the male s3/s4 only visible as two short lateral depressions (Figs. 4D, H, 6C); the relatively slender G1 with a slender penultimate article (Figs. 5A, B, D, E, 6F, G); the slightly longer G2 than the G1 (Figs. 5, 6F–H); and the relatively widely located vulvae (VD/SW = ca. 0.2) (Fig. 6I).</p><p>Geographical distribution.  Ponmudiana gen. nov. is distributed in the southern Western Ghats of Kerala (Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram districts) and Tamil Nadu (Kanyakumari and Tirunelveli districts) of southern India (Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007; Rajesh et al. 2017; present study) (Fig. 1A).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C436E549FF8C3260A8DBFA40FC6B7F73	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Z, Sameer Kumar Pati	Z, Sameer Kumar Pati (2025): Taxonomic revision of the freshwater crab genera Travancoriana Bott, 1969, and Vanni Bahir & Yeo, 2007 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Gecarcinucidae), with descriptions of eight new genera and two new species from the Western Ghats, southern India. Zootaxa 5634 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5634.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5634.1.1
C436E549FF893267A8DBFA2BFB907B62.text	C436E549FF893267A8DBFA2BFB907B62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ponmudiana charu (Bahir & Yeo 2007) Z 2025	<div><p>Ponmudiana charu (Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007) comb. nov.</p><p>[Beautiful Ponmudi crab]</p><p>(Figs. 4A–D, 5A–C)</p><p>Travancoriana charu Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007: 324, figs. 16, 17.</p><p>Travancoriana charu – Pati &amp; Sharma 2013: 281 (list, in key).— Klaus et al. 2014: table S1 (list).— Rajesh et al. 2017: 144, fig. 21.—Pati 2020: 162 (list).— Pati &amp; Pradhan 2020: 555836 (list).</p><p>Type material examined.   Holotype: male (CW 40.4 mm, CL 30.7 mm) (ZRC 2003.0241), India, Kerala State, Thiruvananthapuram District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.11936&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.73861" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.11936/lat 8.73861)">Ponmudi</a>, 8.73861° N, 77.11936° E, elev. 339 m a.s.l., collector and collection date unknown.</p><p>Other material examined.   India– Tamil Nadu State: female (CW 28.7 mm, CL 21.7 mm, CH 11.2 mm, FW 8.0 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.2164), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.38&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.493" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.38/lat 8.493)">Kanyakumari District</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.38&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.493" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.38/lat 8.493)">Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve</a>, Upper Kodayar Range, Muthukulivayal, 8.493° N, 77.380° E, elev. 1324 m a.s.l., coll. R. Babu et al., 23 August 2019; 2 males (CW 21.1 –26.0 mm, CL 16.2–19.1 mm, CH 8.3–10.2 mm, FW 6.1 –7.0 mm) ,   female (CW 16.5 mm, CL 12.0 mm, CH 6.3 mm, FW 4.9 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.2165), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.349&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.538" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.349/lat 8.538)">Kanyakumari District</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.349&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.538" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.349/lat 8.538)">Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve</a>, Upper Kodayar Range, Kanthapanai Odai, 8.538° N, 77.349° E, elev. 1292 m a.s.l., coll. R. Babu et al., 24 August 2019 ;   female (CW 16.5 mm, CL 13.3 mm, CH 6.6 mm, FW 5.1 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.2321), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.375&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.547" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.375/lat 8.547)">Tirunelveli District</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.375&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.547" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.375/lat 8.547)">Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve</a>, Ambasamudram Range, near Marapalam, 8.547° N, 77.375° E, elev. 1276 m a.s.l., coll. R. Babu et al., 25 August 2019  .</p><p>Diagnosis. Large sized crabs (maximum CW 40.4 mm). Carapace transversely broad (CW/CL = ca. 1.2–1.4) (Fig. 4A, B); epigastric cristae slightly anterior to postorbital cristae (Fig. 4A, B); male s2/s3 visible as narrow, shallow groove, not reaching edge of sternum (Fig. 4D); male telson relatively broad, medial length ca. 1.1 times proximal width, with concave lateral margins (Fig. 4D); G1 ultimate article conical, short, ca. 0.3–0.4 times length of penultimate article, with straight tip (Fig. 5A, B); G2 ultimate article long, ca. 0.5–0.6 times length of penultimate article (Fig. 5C).</p><p>Remarks.  Ponmudiana charu comb. nov. can be distinguished from the only known congener,  Po. pollicaris comb. nov., by the concave lateral margins of the male telson (Fig. 4D) (versus male telson with almost straight lateral margins; Figs. 4H, 6C, E) and the conical G1 ultimate article with a straight tip (Fig. 5A, B) (versus G1 ultimate article subcylindrical with a conspicuously bent tip; Figs. 5D, E, 6F, G).</p><p>Ecological notes.  Ponmudiana charu comb. nov. is known to dwell under boulders of streamlets in well shaded areas (Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007).</p><p>Geographical distribution.  Ponmudiana charu comb. nov. is an endemic species of the southern Western Ghats in southern India and is known only from Kerala (Thiruvananthapuram district) and Tamil Nadu (Kanyakumari and Tirunelveli districts) (Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007; Rajesh et al. 2017; present study) (Fig. 1A).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C436E549FF893267A8DBFA2BFB907B62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Z, Sameer Kumar Pati	Z, Sameer Kumar Pati (2025): Taxonomic revision of the freshwater crab genera Travancoriana Bott, 1969, and Vanni Bahir & Yeo, 2007 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Gecarcinucidae), with descriptions of eight new genera and two new species from the Western Ghats, southern India. Zootaxa 5634 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5634.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5634.1.1
C436E549FF88327BA8DBFCEDFCC9796A.text	C436E549FF88327BA8DBFCEDFCC9796A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ponmudiana pollicaris (Alcock 1909) Z 2025	<div><p>Ponmudiana pollicaris (Alcock, 1909) comb. nov.</p><p>[Alcock’s Ponmudi crab]</p><p>(Figs. 4E–H, 5D–F, 6)</p><p>Paratelphusa (Barytelphusa) pollicaris Alcock, 1909: 377 .  Paratelphusa (Barytelphusa) pollicaris – Alcock 1910: 89, pl. 6 fig. 22.  Travancoriana pollicaris – Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: 318, figs. 9, 10.— Pati &amp; Sharma 2013: 281 (list, in key).— Rajesh et al. 2017: 145,</p><p>fig. 25.—Pati 2020: 162 (list).— Pati &amp; Pradhan 2020: 555836 (list).— Pati &amp; Yeo 2022: 3 (list).— Sruthi &amp; Thirunavukkarasu</p><p>2022: 460 (list).</p><p>Type material.  Lectotype: male (CW 52.1 mm, CL 38.1 mm) (ZSIK 1779–87 /10), south India, “presented by Travancore Museum”, collector and collection date unknown.</p><p>Other material examined.  India – Kerala State:  3 males (CW 43.1–47.1 mm, CL 32.1–36.2 mm, CH 18.3–20.6 mm, FW 10.5–11.5 mm),   2 females (CW 42.8 –45.0 mm, CL 33.3–33.8 mm, CH 19.3–20.0 mm, FW 10.6–10.9 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.1185), Thiruvananthapuram District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.10972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.76556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.10972/lat 8.76556)">Ponmudi</a>, 8.76556° N, 77.10972° E, elev. 945 m a.s.l., coll. V. U. Sheeja, 11 August 2014 ;   male (CW 17.7 mm, CL 14.1 mm, CH 7.3 mm, FW 5.2 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.1883), Thiruvananthapuram District, Seethakundu, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.108&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.772" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.108/lat 8.772)">Ponmudi</a>, 8.772° N, 77.108° E, elev. 1032 m a.s.l., coll. Md. Jafer Palot et al., 18 January 2019 ;   3 males (CW 19.4–28.2 mm, CL 14.8–21.8 mm, CH 8.3–11.9 mm, FW 5.5–7.9 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.1878), Kollam District, Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.217&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.828" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.217/lat 8.828)">Pondimotta</a>, 8.828° N, 77.217° E, elev. 1235 m a.s.l., coll. Md. Jafer Palot et al., 23 January 2019  .</p><p>Diagnosis. Large sized crabs (maximum CW 52.1 mm). Carapace transversely broad (CW/CL = ca. 1.3–1.4) (Figs. 4E, F, 6A); epigastric cristae in line with postorbital cristae (Figs. 4E, F, 6A); male s2/s3 visible as broad groove, not reaching edge of sternum (Figs. 4H, 6C); male telson relatively narrow, medial length ca. 1.3 times proximal width, with almost straight lateral margins (Figs. 4H, 6C, E); G1 ultimate article subcylindrical, short, ca. 0.4 times length of penultimate article, with conspicuously bent tip (Figs. 5D, E, 6F, G); G2 ultimate article long, ca. 0.5 times length of penultimate article (Figs. 5F, 6H); vulvae subovate, large, occupying ca. 0.5 times length of s6, located some distance from s5/s6 (Fig. 6I).</p><p>Remarks.  Ponmudiana pollicaris comb. nov. was described by Alcock (1909) as  Paratelphusa (Barytelphusa) pollicaris from south India, probably from “Travancore” as it was presented by the Travancore Museum. Roux (1931) reported the species, with the same name, from the Anamalai Hills. Bott (1970a, 1970b) included the species in  Travancoriana, with  Paratelphusa (Barytelphusa) pollicaris convexa Roux, 1931, as a junior synonym. Bott (1970a, 1970b), however, did not examine the actual species as his figures (Bott 1970b: pl. 4 figs. 42–44, pl. 26 fig. 21) were that of the  Paratelphusa (Barytelphusa) pollicaris convexa, which Bahir &amp; Yeo (2007) regarded as  Travancoriana convexa . In addition to the figures of Bott (1970b), the geographical origins (“Anaimalais” or “Palnis”) of the species, reported by Roux (1931) as  Paratelphusa (Barytelphusa) pollicaris and by Bott (1970a, 1970b) and Klaus et al. (2014) as  Travancoriana pollicaris, suggest that they were conspecific belonging to  Travancoriana convexa . In this study,  T. convexa is assigned to its own genus  Palaniana gen. nov. (see remarks for  Travancoriana). The assumption of Alcock (1909), that  Po. pollicaris comb. nov. was supposed to be originated from “Travancore” [mostly covering southern Kerala of the present-day], is justified here with recent collections from Bonacaud and Ponmudi of the Thiruvananthapuram district, and the adjoining Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary of the Kollam district (Rajesh et al. 2017; present study). The identity of  T. pollicaris, reported in Srivastava (2007) from the Bannerghatta National Park of Karnataka and in Pati et al. (2014) from the Aralam and Parambikulam wildlife sanctuaries of northern/central Kerala, is uncertain as the species is unlikely to occur beyond southern Kerala.</p><p>Ponmudiana pollicaris comb. nov. is differentiated from its lone congener,  Ponmudiana charu comb. nov., mainly by the shapes of the male telson and G1 ultimate article (see remarks for the latter species).</p><p>Ecological notes.  Ponmudiana pollicaris comb. nov. was reported by Rajesh et al. (2017) to be found under a boulder of a small stream. The present specimens were collected from elevations of 945–1235 m a.s.l.</p><p>Geographical distribution.  Ponmudiana pollicaris comb. nov. is precisely known from the southern Western Ghats of Kerala in Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram districts (Rajesh et al. 2017; present study) (Fig. 1A).</p><p>Key to the species of  Ponmudiana gen. nov.</p><p>1. Male telson with concave lateral margins (Fig. 4D); G1 ultimate article conical, with straight tip (Fig. 5A, B).......................................................................  Ponmudiana charu (Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007) comb. nov. [Kerala (Thiruvananthapuram district) and Tamil Nadu (Kanyakumari and Tirunelveli districts); southern Western Ghats only]</p><p>– Male telson with almost straight lateral margins (Figs. 4H, 6C, E); G1 ultimate article subcylindrical, with conspicuously bent tip (Figs. 5D, E, 6F, G)........................................  Ponmudiana pollicaris (Alcock, 1909) comb. nov. [Kerala (Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram districts); southern Western Ghats only]</p><p>Genus  Palaniana gen. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 7–9)</p><p>Type species.  Paratelphusa (Barytelphusa) pollicaris convexa Roux, 1931, by present designation; gender of genus feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis. Large sized crabs (maximum CW 54.6 mm). Carapace relatively broad (CW/CL = ca. 1.2–1.4), relatively low (CH /CW = ca. 0.4), with moderately convex lateral margins; frontal medial triangle incomplete, lateral margins indiscernible; postorbital cristae well-developed, reaching lateral margins of carapace; external orbital angle broadly triangular, with long outer margin, ca. 4 times length of inner margin; epibranchial tooth low, located at same level of postorbital cristae; epistome posterior margin with well-developed, triangular medial tooth and sinuous lateral lobes (Figs. 7A, B, 9A, B). Maxilliped 3 with well-developed flagellum on exopod (Fig. 9D). Chelipeds relatively stouter in adult males (Figs. 7A, 9A, C). Ambulatory legs relatively stout, shorter, glabrous (Figs. 7A, 9A, C). Male s2/s3 distinct as narrow groove, reaching edge of sternum; male s3/s4 distinct as shallow, complete groove, reaching edge of sternum (Figs. 7C, 9C). Male sternopleonal cavity relatively short, reaching to imaginary line joining anterior part of cheliped coxae (Figs. 7C, 9C). Male pleon relatively broad, with almost straight lateral margins; pleonal somite 6 trapezoidal, relatively broad, proximal width ca. 1.5 times medial length (Figs. 7C, 9C, E). G1 relatively stout; ultimate article conical, relatively stout, relatively long, ca. 0.5–0.6 times length of penultimate article; penultimate article stout (Figs. 8A, B, 9F, G). G2 slightly longer than G1, ca. 1.1 times G1 length; ultimate article long, ca. 0.6 times length of penultimate article (Figs. 8C, 9H). Vulvae relatively widely located from each other (VD/SW = ca. 0.2) (Fig. 9I).</p><p>Etymology. The genus name is derived from the Palani Hills of the southern Western Ghats of India, which is the type locality of the type species. The gender of this genus is feminine.</p><p>Remarks.  Palaniana gen. nov. is recognised here for a subspecies described by Roux (1931), i.e.,  Paratelphusa (Barytelphusa) pollicaris convexa, which was synonymised by Bott (1970a, 1970b) with  T. pollicaris but reinstated by Bahir &amp; Yeo (2007) as a distinct species, viz.,  T. convexa (also see remarks for  Po. pollicaris comb. nov.).</p><p>Palaniana gen. nov., with its only species  Palaniana convexa (Roux, 1931) comb. nov., cannot be confused among the gecarcinucid genera of southern India because of the following suite of morphological features: the relatively low carapace (CH /CW = ca. 0.4) (Figs. 7B, 9B); the well-developed postorbital cristae reaching the lateral margins of the carapace (Figs. 7A, 9A); the broadly triangular external orbital angle, with a long outer margin, ca. 4 times the length of the inner margin (Figs. 7A, 9A); the low epibranchial tooth located at the same level of the postorbital cristae (Figs. 7A, 9A); the well-developed flagellum on the maxilliped 3 exopod (Fig. 9D); the complete groove of the male s3/s4 reaching the edge of the sternum (Figs. 7C, 9C); the broad male pleon, with almost straight lateral margins and the trapezoidal pleonal somite 6 (Figs. 7C, 9C, E); the relatively stout G1 with the stout and long ultimate article, ca. 0.5–0.6 times the length of the penultimate article (Figs. 8A, B, 9F, G); the slightly longer G2 as compared to the G1 (Figs. 8, 9F–H); and the relatively widely located vulvae (VD/SW = ca. 0.2) (Fig. 9I).</p><p>Geographical distribution.  Palaniana gen. nov. is currently known from the southern Western Ghats of Kerala (Idukki, Palakkad, Pathanamthitta, and Thrissur districts) and Tamil Nadu (Coimbatore, Dindigul, and Theni districts), which are all contiguous areas of southern India (Roux 1931; Bott 1970a, 1970b; Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007; Pati et al. 2014; Rajesh et al. 2017; present study) (Fig. 1A).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C436E549FF88327BA8DBFCEDFCC9796A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Z, Sameer Kumar Pati	Z, Sameer Kumar Pati (2025): Taxonomic revision of the freshwater crab genera Travancoriana Bott, 1969, and Vanni Bahir & Yeo, 2007 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Gecarcinucidae), with descriptions of eight new genera and two new species from the Western Ghats, southern India. Zootaxa 5634 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5634.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5634.1.1
C436E549FF97327EA8DBFF1CFB737F5F.text	C436E549FF97327EA8DBFF1CFB737F5F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Palaniana convexa (Roux 1931) Z 2025	<div><p>Palaniana convexa (Roux, 1931) comb. nov.</p><p>[Roux’s Palani crab]</p><p>(Figs. 7–9)</p><p>Paratelphusa (Barytelphusa) pollicaris convexa Roux, 1931: 49 .</p><p>Travancoriana convexa – Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: 321, figs. 11–13.— Pati &amp; Sharma 2013: 281 (list, in key).—Pati et al. 2014: 656, pl. 1 figs. 10–12, pl. 3 figs. 7–9 (part).— Rajesh et al. 2017: 144, fig. 22.—Pati 2020: 162 (list).— Pati &amp; Pradhan 2020: 555836 (list).— Sruthi &amp; Thirunavukkarasu 2022: 460 (list).</p><p>Not  Paratelphusa (Barytelphusa) pollicaris – Roux 1931: 48.</p><p>Not  Travancoriana pollicaris – Bott 1970a: 336; 1970b: 41, pl. 4 figs. 42–44, pl. 26 fig. 21.— Klaus et al. 2014: table S1 (list).</p><p>Type material.   Lectotype: male (CW 51.2 mm, CL 37.8 mm) (MHNG, uncatalogued), India, Tamil Nadu State, Dindigul District, Palani, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.643&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.31" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.643/lat 10.31)">Thandikudi</a>, 10.310° N, 77.643° E, elev. 1500 m a.s.l., coll. J. Carl, 26 April 1927.</p><p>Other material examined.   India – Kerala State: male (CW 25.2 mm, CL 19.2 mm, CH 10.3 mm, FW 7.8 mm) (ZSI-WGRC IR/INV/9182), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.0576&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.142" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.0576/lat 10.142)">Idukki District</a>, Munnar, Kadalar Shola, 10.1420° N, 77.0576° E, elev. 1738 m a.s.l., coll. K.G. Emiliyamma, 22 September 2014 ;   2 males (CW 12.7–27.7 mm, CL 9.1–20.8 mm, CH 5.0– 11.7 mm, FW 4.3–7.7 mm), female (CW 29.2 mm, CL 21.5 mm, CH 11.8 mm, FW 8.0 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.611), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.01072&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.16049" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.01072/lat 10.16049)">Idukki District</a>, Eravikulam National Park, Meenathotti, gravel bank, 10.16049° N, 77.01072° E, elev. 1708 m a.s.l., coll. R. M. Sharma, 27 February 1995 ;   2 males (CW 17.5–23.2 mm, CL 13.5–18.2 mm, CH 7.5–9.8 mm, FW 5.2–6.4 mm), female (CW 21.4 mm, CL 16.7 mm, CH 8.9 mm, FW 6.2 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.2361), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.135&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.29" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.135/lat 10.29)">Idukki District</a>, Marayoor Forest Division, Nagamala Shola, 10.290° N, 77.135° E, elev. 1724 m a.s.l., coll. Md. Jafer Palot, 14 March 2023 ;   2 males (CW 15.5–22.3 mm, CL 12.0– 17.3 mm, CH 6.3–9.5 mm, FW 4.9–6.8 mm) (ZSI-WGRC IR/INV/9887), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.71545&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.4492" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.71545/lat 10.4492)">Palakkad District</a>, Nelliyampathi, Thoothampara, 10.44920° N, 76.71545° E, elev. 693 m a.s.l., coll. K.G. Emiliyamma, 1 March 2017 ;   male (CW 35.4 mm, CL 26.9 mm, CH 15.3 mm, FW 9.8 mm) (ZSI-WGRC IR/INV/9892), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.68265&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.47275" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.68265/lat 10.47275)">Palakkad District</a>, Nelliyampathi, Victoria, 10.47275° N, 76.68265° E, elev. 980 m a.s.l., coll. K.G. Emiliyamma, 27 February 2017 ;   male (CW 16.5 mm, CL 13.2 mm, CH 7.0 mm, FW 5.2 mm), 3 females (CW 16.2–17.2 mm, CL 12.9–13.6 mm, CH 6.7–7.1 mm, FW 5.2–5.4 mm) (ZSI-WGRC IR/INV/9890), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.683&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.508" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.683/lat 10.508)">Palakkad District</a>, Nelliyampathi, Pothumala, 10.508° N, 76.683° E, elev. 977 m a.s.l., coll. K.G. Emiliyamma, 2 March 2017 ;   male (CW 26.7 mm, CL 20.7 mm, CH 10.8 mm, FW 7.5 mm) (ZSI-WGRC IR/INV/9153), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.16577&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.43585" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.16577/lat 9.43585)">Pathanamthitta District</a>, Gavi, 9.43585° N, 77.16577° E, elev. 1190 m a.s.l., coll. P.M. Sureshan, 5 September 2015  . –   Tamil Nadu State: male (CW 14.1 mm, CL 11.0 mm, CH 5.4 mm, FW 4.2 mm), 3 females (CW 9.9–21.9 mm, CL 8.1–16.9 mm, CH 4.1–8.5 mm, FW 3.2–5.9 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.2155), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.583" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.335/lat 9.583)">Theni District</a>, Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Upper Manalaru, 9.583° N, 77.335° E, elev. 1664 m a.s.l., coll. R. Venkitesan et al., 27 June 2019 ;   male, juvenile (ZSI-WRC C.2341), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.331&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.584" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.331/lat 9.584)">Theni District</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.331&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.584" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.331/lat 9.584)">Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.331&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.584" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.331/lat 9.584)">Chinnamannur Range</a>, Upper Manalar, Vattaparai, 9.584° N, 77.331° E, elev. 1666 m a.s.l., coll. R. Babu et al., 4 March 2019 ;   2 females (CW 18.4–26.6 mm, CL 14.3–20.5 mm, CH 7.0– 11.1 mm, FW 5.1–6.9 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.2156), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.331&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.585" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.331/lat 9.585)">Theni District</a>, Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Vattaparai, 9.585° N, 77.331° E, elev. 1662 m a.s.l., coll. R. Venkitesan et al., 27 June 2019 ;   male, juvenile (ZSI-WRC C.2338), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.342&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.589" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.342/lat 9.589)">Theni District</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.342&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.589" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.342/lat 9.589)">Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, Upper Manalar, stream near Suruli Colony, 9.589° N, 77.342° E, elev. 1536 m a.s.l., coll. R. Babu et al., 17 September 2016 ;   male (CW 38.7 mm, CL 28.4 mm, CH 15.3 mm, FW 10.0 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.2157), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.33&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.615" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.33/lat 9.615)">Theni District</a>, Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Venniyaru Forest, 9.615° N, 77.330° E, elev. 1536 m a.s.l., coll. R. Venkitesan et al., 28 June 2019 ;   3 males (CW 8.5–20.9 mm, CL 7.0– 15.8 mm, CH 3.3–8.0 mm, FW 2.9–6.3 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.2340), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.358&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.638" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.358/lat 9.638)">Theni District</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.358&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.638" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.358/lat 9.638)">Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, Highwavys, shola forest near Forest Rest House, 9.638° N, 77.358° E, elev. 1540 m a.s.l., coll. R. Babu et al., 3 March 2019 ;   3 males (CW 21.7–26.5 mm, CL 17.4–20.6 mm, CH 8.6–10.9 mm, FW 6.1–7.5 mm), 2 females (CW 11.9–16.8 mm, CL 9.7–13.4 mm, CH 4.2–6.8 mm, FW 3.7–5.0 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.2158), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.401&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.692" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.401/lat 9.692)">Theni District</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.401&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.692" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.401/lat 9.692)">Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, Mannoothu, Kadana Estate, 9.692° N, 77.401° E, elev. 1541 m a.s.l., coll. R. Venkitesan et al., 29 June 2019 ;   4 males, juveniles (ZSI-WRC C.2339), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.401&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.698" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.401/lat 9.698)">Theni District</a>, Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary, stream near Kadana Estate, 9.698° N, 77.401° E, elev. 1453 m a.s.l., coll. R. Babu et al., 18 September 2016  .</p><p>Diagnosis. As for new genus.</p><p>Remarks.  Palaniana convexa comb. nov. was formerly reported as  Paratelphusa (Barytelphusa) pollicaris by Roux (1931: 48) and as  Travancoriana pollicaris by Bott (1970a: 336; 1970b: 41, pl. 4 figs. 42–44, pl. 26 fig. 21) and Klaus et al. (2014: table S1), which is now regarded as  Pa. convexa comb. nov. (see remarks for  Po. pollicaris comb. nov.). The records of the species from the Kodagu district of Karnataka and Kollam district of Kerala by Pati et al. (2014) appear to be misidentification of the specimens; the remaining specimens examined by Pati et al. (2014), however, belong to  Pa. convexa comb. nov.</p><p>Ecological notes.  Palaniana convexa comb. nov. is generally found in high mountains (elevation up to 1738 m a.s.l.) (Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007; present study); it is also recorded from an elevation as low as 600 m a.s.l. (present study). The species is known to occupy small and shallow streams, especially underneath boulders, in addition to paddy fields and muddy canals (Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007).</p><p>Geographical distribution. As for new genus.</p><p>Genus  Anamudiana gen. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 10, 11)</p><p>Type species.  Travancoriana granulata Pati &amp; Sharma, 2013, by present designation; gender of genus feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis. Large sized crabs (maximum CW 44.4 mm). Carapace relatively broad (CW/CL = ca. 1.2–1.4), relatively low (CH /CW = ca. 0.3–0.4), with moderately convex lateral margins; frontal medial triangle incomplete, lateral margins indiscernible; postorbital cristae well-developed, reaching lateral margins of carapace; external orbital angle broadly triangular, with long outer margin, ca. 4 times length of inner margin; epibranchial tooth low, located at same level of postorbital cristae; epistome posterior margin with well-developed, semicircular medial tooth and gently sinuous lateral lobes (Fig. 10A, B). Maxilliped 3 with well-developed flagellum on exopod (Fig. 10C). Chelipeds relatively slender in adult males (see Pati &amp; Sharma 2013: figs. 2A–C, 3E). Ambulatory legs relatively stout, shorter, glabrous (Fig. 10A; see Pati &amp; Sharma 2013: fig. 2A, C). Male s2/s3 distinct as narrow groove, reaching edge of sternum; male s3/s4 distinct as deep, complete groove, reaching edge of sternum (Fig. 10D). Male sternopleonal cavity relatively shorter, reaching to imaginary line joining medial part of cheliped coxae (Fig. 10D). Male pleon relatively narrow, with strongly concave lateral margins; pleonal somite 6 subquadrate, relatively broad, proximal width ca. 1.5 times medial length (Fig. 10D, E). G1 relatively slender; ultimate article conical, relatively slender, relatively short, ca. 0.25 times length of penultimate article; penultimate article moderately stout (Fig. 11A, B). G2 longer than G1, ca. 1.2 times G1 length; ultimate article long, ca. 0.4 times length of penultimate article (Fig. 10C). Vulvae relatively widely located from each other (VD/SW = ca. 0.3) (Fig. 10F).</p><p>Etymology. Crabs of the new genus are found in the high mountains of the southern Western Ghats of India. The genus name is thus derived from Anamudi, the highest peak in the Western Ghats. The gender of this genus is feminine.</p><p>Remarks.  Anamudiana gen. nov. comprises only one species,  A. granulata (Pati &amp; Sharma, 2013) comb. nov., which was described as  T. granulata by Pati &amp; Sharma (2013). The new genus can be differentiated from  Travancoriana s. str. by the characters in the male chelipeds, male s2/s3, male sternopleonal cavity, male pleonal somite 6, and G1 ultimate article (see remarks for  Travancoriana).</p><p>From other gecarcinucid genera of southern India,  Anamudiana gen. nov. can be distinguished by the following morphological characters: the relatively low carapace (CH /CW = ca. 0.3–0.4) (Fig. 10B); the well-developed postorbital cristae reaching the lateral margins of the carapace (Fig. 10A); the broadly triangular external orbital angle, with a long outer margin, ca. 4 times the length of the inner margin (Fig. 10A); the low epibranchial tooth located at the same level of the postorbital cristae (Fig. 10A); the well-developed flagellum on the exopod of the maxilliped 3 (Fig. 10C); the deep, complete groove of the male s3/s4 reaching the edge of the sternum (Fig. 10D); the relatively shorter male sternopleonal cavity, reaching to the imaginary line joining the medial part of the cheliped coxae (Fig. 10D); the relatively narrow male pleon, with the strongly concave lateral margins (Fig. 10D, E); the subquadrate and relatively broad male pleonal somite 6 with proximal width ca. 1.5 times the medial length (Fig. 10D, E); the relatively slender and short G1 ultimate article, ca. 0.25 times the length of the penultimate article (Fig. 11A, B); the relatively stouter G1 penultimate article (Fig. 11A, B); the longer G2 as compared to the G1 (Fig. 11); and the relatively widely located vulvae (VD/SW = ca. 0.3) (Fig. 10F).</p><p>Geographical distribution.  Anamudiana gen. nov. is known only from the southern Western Ghats in the Idukki district of Kerala, southern India, where it is endemic (Pati &amp; Sharma 2013) (Fig. 1A).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C436E549FF97327EA8DBFF1CFB737F5F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Z, Sameer Kumar Pati	Z, Sameer Kumar Pati (2025): Taxonomic revision of the freshwater crab genera Travancoriana Bott, 1969, and Vanni Bahir & Yeo, 2007 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Gecarcinucidae), with descriptions of eight new genera and two new species from the Western Ghats, southern India. Zootaxa 5634 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5634.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5634.1.1
C436E549FF923273A8DBFF1CFB5A7912.text	C436E549FF923273A8DBFF1CFB5A7912.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anamudiana granulata (Pati & Sharma 2013) Z 2025	<div><p>Anamudiana granulata (Pati &amp; Sharma, 2013) comb. nov.</p><p>[Anamudi crab]</p><p>(Figs. 10, 11)</p><p>Travancoriana granulata Pati &amp; Sharma, 2013: 276, figs. 2–4.</p><p>Travancoriana granulata – Rajesh et al. 2017: 145, fig. 23.—Pati 2020: 162 (list).— Pati &amp; Pradhan 2020: 555836 (list).</p><p>Type material examined.   Holotype: male (CW 33.7 mm, CL 26.1 mm, CH 15.0 mm, FW 10.3 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.1132), India, Kerala State, Idukki District, Eravikulam National Park, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.08647&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.19545" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.08647/lat 10.19545)">Bheemanada</a>, 10.19545° N, 77.08647° E, elev. 2209 m a.s.l., coll. K.C. Gopi et al., 12 April 1994  . –  Paratypes: male (CW 35.4 mm, CL 26.9 mm, CH 16.4 mm, FW 10.1 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.579), same collection data as for holotype;  2 males (CW 14.1–32.4 mm, CL 11.0– 23.9 mm, CH 5.7–13.3 mm, FW 4.9–9.7 mm),   3 females (CW 16.2–39.7 mm, CL 12.5–29.7 mm, CH 5.9–17.4 mm, FW 5.4–11.1 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.572), India, Kerala State, Idukki District, Eravikulam National Park, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.064&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.16969" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.064/lat 10.16969)">Anamudi</a>, 10.16969° N, 77.06400° E, elev. 2472 m a.s.l., coll. K.C. Gopi et al., 5 April 1994  .</p><p>Other material examined.   India– Kerala State: male (CW 44.4 mm, CL 33.5 mm, CH 19.5 mm, FW 12.9 mm), female (CW 14.4 mm, CL 11.9 mm, CH 4.7 mm, FW 5.3 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.598), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.21555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.05652" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.21555/lat 10.05652)">Idukki District</a>, Eravikulam National Park, Kolukkumalai, 10.05652° N, 77.21555° E, elev. 1725 m a.s.l., coll. M.S. Pradhan et al., 4 September 1993 ;  female (CW 44.1 mm, CL 33.5 mm, CH 19.6 mm, FW 13.0 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.584), same collection data as for preceding, coll. K.C. Gopi et al., 10 April 1994;   male (CW 19.0 mm, CL 13.9 mm, CH 8.2 mm, FW 6.1 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.574), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.01072&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.16049" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.01072/lat 10.16049)">Idukki District</a>, Eravikulam National Park, Meenathotti, 10.16049° N, 77.01072° E, elev. 1708 m a.s.l., coll. K.C. Gopi et al., 6 April 1994 ;   male (CW 22.2 mm, CL 16.3 mm, CH 9.0 mm, FW 7.0 mm), female (CW 16.1 mm, CL 11.9 mm, CH 6.4 mm, FW 5.1 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.610), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.064&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.16968" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.064/lat 10.16968)">Idukki District</a>, Eravikulam National Park, Anamudi, 10.16968° N, 77.06400° E, elev. 2472 m a.s.l., coll. R. M. Sharma, 28 February 1995 ;   female (CW 21.2 mm, CL 15.6 mm, CH 8.5 mm, FW 6.7 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.573), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.00903&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.17366" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.00903/lat 10.17366)">Idukki District</a>, Eravikulam National Park, Rajamalai, 10.17366° N, 77.00903° E, elev. 2072 m a.s.l., coll. K.C. Gopi et al., 3 April 1994 ;  male (CW 22.2 mm, CL 16.5 mm, CH 9.2 mm, FW 7.2 mm), female (CW 22.8 mm, CL 16.9 mm, CH 9.7 mm, FW 7.2 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.575), same collection data as for preceding, 4 April 1994;   male (CW 38.6 mm, CL 28.2 mm, CH 16.4 mm, FW 11.1 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.635), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.07854&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.22164" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.07854/lat 10.22164)">Idukki District</a>, Eravikulam National Park, Eravikulam Hut, 10.22164° N, 77.07854° E, elev. 2150 m a.s.l., coll. R. M. Sharma, 25 February 1995  .</p><p>Diagnosis. As for new genus.</p><p>Remarks. The two high mountain dwellers,  A. granulata comb. nov. and  Pa. convexa comb. nov., share the same locality at Meenathotti of the Eravikulam National Park but might have different ecological requirements or habitat preferences. For instance,  Pa. convexa comb. nov. was collected from the gravel bank of a fast-flowing stream at a relatively lower elevation (1708 m a.s.l.; see other material examined for  Pa. convexa comb. nov.); while  A. granulata comb. nov. generally prefers stagnant water bodies or slow-flowing streams at relatively higher elevations (1708–2472 m a.s.l.; see ecological notes below).</p><p>Although both these above species can occupy the same general area and may have similar physiognomy (e.g., low carapace and broadly triangular external orbital angle with long outer margin; Figs. 7A, 9A, 10A),  A. granulata comb. nov. can be easily differentiated from  Pa. convexa comb. nov., by the shallower cervical grooves (Fig. 10A) (versus cervical grooves relatively deep; Figs. 7A, 9A); the semicircular medial tooth of the epistome posterior margin (Fig. 10B) (versus epistome posterior margin with a triangular medial tooth; Figs. 7B, 9B); the relatively slender adult male chelipeds (see Pati &amp; Sharma 2013: figs. 2A–C, 3E) (versus adult male chelipeds relatively stouter; Figs. 7A, 9A, C); the relatively shorter male sternopleonal cavity reaching to the imaginary line joining the medial part of the cheliped coxae (Fig. 10D) (versus male sternopleonal cavity relatively longer reaching to the imaginary line joining the anterior part of the cheliped coxae; Figs. 7C, 10C); the relatively narrower male pleon with strongly concave lateral margins and a subquadrate pleonal somite 6 (Fig. 10D, E) (versus male pleon relatively broader with almost straight lateral margins and a trapezoidal pleonal somite 6; Figs. 7C, 9C, E); and the relatively slender G1, with a short ultimate article, ca. 0.25 times the length of the penultimate article (Fig. 11A, B) (versus G1 stout, with a long ultimate article, ca. 0.5–0.6 times the length of the penultimate article; Figs. 8A, B, 9F, G).</p><p>Ecological notes.  Anamudiana granulata comb. nov. is an inhabitant of the high-rolling plateau of the Eravikulam National Park, which is situated at an isolated mountain range of the southern Western Ghats (Pati &amp; Sharma 2013). The highest peak of the Western Ghats, Anamudi (elevation 2690 m a.s.l.), is located within the national park. This species is known for occupying higher elevations of the Eravikulam National Park, including that at Anamudi (1708–2472 m a.s.l.). Crabs of this species were found in a small and swampy waterbody where small streams adjoin; individuals were also recorded from several streams within the national park (Pati &amp; Sharma 2013). As opined by Pati &amp; Sharma (2013),  A. granulata comb. nov. might have evolved as a distinct species [now a distinct new genus] as it remains isolated and adapted for a unique ecosystem with higher elevations, shola forest, heavy rainfall during the monsoon and very low temperature during the winter.</p><p>Geographical distribution. As for new genus.</p><p>Genus  Naduganiana gen. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 12, 13)</p><p>Type species.  Travancoriana kuleera Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007, by present designation; gender of genus feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis. Medium sized crabs (maximum CW 28.0 mm). Carapace relatively broad (CW/CL = ca. 1.3–1.4), relatively low (CH /CW = ca. 0.4), with moderately convex lateral margins; frontal medial triangle incomplete, lateral margins indiscernible; postorbital cristae well-developed, reaching lateral margins of carapace; external orbital angle broadly triangular, with long outer margin, ca. 3 times length of inner margin; epibranchial tooth low, located at same level of postorbital cristae; epistome posterior margin with well-developed, trapezoidal medial tooth and strongly sinuous lateral lobes (Fig. 12A–C, E). Maxilliped 3 with well-developed flagellum on exopod (Fig. 12F). Chelipeds relatively slender in adult males (Fig. 12A). Ambulatory legs relatively stout, shorter, glabrous (Fig. 12A, E). Male s2/s3 distinct as broad, deep groove, not reaching edge of sternum; male s3/s4 distinct as deep, complete groove, reaching edge of sternum (Fig. 12D). Male sternopleonal cavity relatively short, reaching to imaginary line joining anterior part of cheliped coxae (Fig. 12D). Male pleon relatively narrow, with strongly concave lateral margins; pleonal somite 6 subquadrate, relatively narrow, proximal width ca. 1.2 times medial length, with gently concave lateral margins (Fig. 12D, G). Male telson as long as broad, medial length ca. 1.0 times proximal width, with gently concave lateral margins (Fig. 12D, G). G1 relatively stout; ultimate article conical, relatively slender, distally distinctly curved outwards, relatively short, ca. 0.4 times length of penultimate article, tip blunt and bent; penultimate article stout, with sinuous outer margin (Figs. 12H, I, 13A, B). G2 longer than G1, ca. 1.2 times G1 length; ultimate article long, ca. 0.5 times length of penultimate article (Figs. 12J, 13C). Vulvae relatively widely located from each other (VD/SW = ca. 0.3) (Fig. 12K).</p><p>Etymology. The genus name is derived from the Nadugani Hills, which are located in the central Western Ghats of India bordering Kerala and Tamil Nadu states. The gender of this genus is feminine.</p><p>Remarks. The species described by Bahir &amp; Yeo (2007) as  Travancoriana kuleera is assigned to  Naduganiana gen. nov. after comparing with  Travancoriana s. str. (see remarks for  Travancoriana).  Naduganiana gen. nov. includes a lone species,  Naduganiana kuleera (Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007) comb. nov.</p><p>Naduganiana gen. nov. can be differentiated from the gecarcinucid genera of southern India by the following suite of morphological characters in addition to the medium sizes of the crabs (maximum CW 28.0 mm): the relatively low carapace (CH /CW = ca. 0.4) (Fig. 12C); the well-developed postorbital cristae reaching the carapace lateral margins (Fig. 12A, E); the broadly triangular external orbital angle, with the long outer margin, ca. 3 times the inner margin length (Fig. 12A, E); the low epibranchial tooth located at the same level of the postorbital cristae (Fig. 12A, E); the maxilliped 3 exopod with a well-developed flagellum (Fig. 12F); the relatively deep male s2/s3 and s3/s4 with the latter suture distinct as a deep, complete groove, reaching the sternum edge (Fig. 12D); the subquadrate and relatively narrow male pleonal somite 6, with the proximal width ca. 1.2 times the medial length (Fig. 12D, G); the stout G1 with a bent tip, the ultimate article being relatively slenderer and shorter, ca. 0.4 times the length of the penultimate article (Figs. 12H, I, 13A, B); the distinctly longer G 2 in relation to the G1 length (Figs. 12H–J, 13); and the relatively widely positioned vulvae (VD/SW = ca. 0.3) (Fig. 12K).</p><p>Naduganiana gen. nov. (see Figs. 12, 13) might be confused with  Vanni (see Figs. 14–21) as did Pati et al. (2014, 2019b) (see remarks for  Naduganiana kuleera comb. nov.). This is mainly because of their subequal size, equally broad and low carapace, more or less equally long outer margin of the external orbital angle (ca. 2–3 times the length of the inner margin), and low epibranchial tooth (Figs. 12A–C, E, 14A, B, 16A, B, 18A–C, E, 20A–C, E).  Naduganiana gen. nov. is nevertheless separated from  Vanni s. str. especially by the glabrous ambulatory legs (Fig. 12A, E) (versus ambulatory legs setose; Figs. 14A, 16A, C, 18A, E, 20A, E), the distinct, deep, complete male s3/s4 (Fig. 12D) (versus male s3/s4 indiscernible; Figs. 14C, 16C, G, 18D, 20D), and the relatively stouter G1 with a bent tip and the relatively longer ultimate article, ca. 0.4 times the length of the penultimate article (Figs. 12H, I, 13A, B) (versus G1 relatively slenderer with a straight tip and the relatively shorter ultimate article, ca. 0.2–0.3 times the length of the penultimate article; Figs. 15A, B, 17A, B, 18H, I, 19A, B, 20H, I, 21A, B).</p><p>Geographical distribution.  Naduganiana gen. nov.  is restricted in distribution to the Nadugani Hills at the lower elevations (651–800 m a.s.l.) of the  central Western Ghats, bordering Malappuram district of Kerala and Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu, southern India (Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007; present study) (Fig. 1A)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C436E549FF923273A8DBFF1CFB5A7912	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Z, Sameer Kumar Pati	Z, Sameer Kumar Pati (2025): Taxonomic revision of the freshwater crab genera Travancoriana Bott, 1969, and Vanni Bahir & Yeo, 2007 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Gecarcinucidae), with descriptions of eight new genera and two new species from the Western Ghats, southern India. Zootaxa 5634 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5634.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5634.1.1
C436E549FF9C3274A8DBFE3DFC167D0E.text	C436E549FF9C3274A8DBFE3DFC167D0E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Naduganiana kuleera (Bahir & Yeo 2007) Z 2025	<div><p>Naduganiana kuleera (Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007) comb. nov.</p><p>[Nadugani crab]</p><p>(Figs. 12, 13)</p><p>Travancoriana kuleera Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007: 323, figs. 14, 15.</p><p>Travancoriana kuleera – Rajesh et al. 2017: 145, fig. 24.—Pati 2020: 162 (list).— Pati &amp; Pradhan 2020: 555836 (list).— Sruthi &amp; Thirunavukkarasu 2022: 460.</p><p>Type material examined.   Holotype: male (CW 28.0 mm, CL 19.7 mm) (ZRC 2003.0240), India, Kerala State, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.37961&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.42536" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.37961/lat 11.42536)">Malappuram District</a>, “ between Gudalur and Manjery, Tamil Nadu ” [between Gudalur and Manjeri], 11.42536° N, 76.37961° E, elev. 800 m a.s.l., collector and collection date unknown.</p><p>Other material examined.   India– Tamil Nadu State: 3 males (CW 13.6–19.3 mm, CL 10.4–14.6 mm, CH 5.8–8.5 mm, FW 4.6–6.1 mm), 4 females (CW 11.4–19.3 mm, CL 8.9–14.5 mm, CH 4.7–8.4 mm, FW 3.8–5.9 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.2470), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.393&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.438" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.393/lat 11.438)">Nilgiris District</a>, Nilambur-Nadugani road, 11.438° N, 76.393° E, elev. 651 m a.s.l., coll. B. Tripathy et al., 24 November 2023  .</p><p>Diagnosis. As for new genus.</p><p>Remarks. The records of the species as  Travancoriana kuleera by Pati et al. (2014, 2019b) from the Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary of the Kozhikode district of Kerala are a clear case of misidentification; the species appears like a species of  Vanni instead (see Pati et al. 2014: pl. 1 figs. 13–15, pl. 3 figs. 10–12; 2019b: pl. 1 fig. 4).</p><p>The type locality of  Naduganiana kuleera comb. nov. was stated as “between Gudalur and Manjery, Tamil Nadu ” by Bahir &amp; Yeo (2007). Based on the verbatim geographic coordinates provided by Bahir &amp; Yeo (2007), Pati et al. (2014) confirmed that the holotype and male paratypes were originated from the Malappuram district of Kerala, while the female paratypes were from the Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu. Some specimens of this species have also been collected from a stream that acts as a political boundary between Kerala and Tamil Nadu (see other material examined). The species is thus distributed in the Nadugani Hills on both sides of these two states.</p><p>From the above-mentioned stream, crabs of  Barytelphusa cunicularis (Westwood in Sykes, 1836) were also collected along with  Na. kuleera comb. nov. (see ecological notes below). The subadult crabs (CW &lt;44 mm) of  B. cunicularis superficially resemble the adult crabs of  Na. kuleera comb. nov. The male adults/subadults of  B. cunicularis can be easily recognised from the male crabs of  Na. kuleera comb. nov. (see remarks for  Naduganiana gen. nov. on the differences among the new genus and other gecarcinucid genera of southern India). The female subadults of  B. cunicularis, however, are likely to be confused with the females of  Na. kuleera comb. nov., especially due to the presence of a more or less equally long outer margin of the external orbital angle (Fig. 12A, E; see Pati &amp; Yeo 2022: fig. 1A). In such cases, the females of  Na. kuleera comb. nov. can be differentiated from the subadult females of  B. cunicularis by the following non-sexual characteristics: the epibranchial tooth is very low, almost indiscernible, and inseparable from the postorbital crista by the cervical groove (Fig. 12A, E) (versus epibranchial tooth low but distinct, and separated from the postorbital crista by the deep cervical groove; see Pati &amp; Yeo 2022: fig. 1A); and the epistome posterior margin possesses a trapezoidal medial tooth, and the strongly sinuous lateral lobes (Fig. 12C) (versus epistome posterior margin possessing a triangular medial tooth, and the concave lateral lobes with the outer parts sloping downwards; see Pati &amp; Yeo 2022: fig. 1B).</p><p>Ecological notes.  Naduganiana kuleera comb. nov. was reported by Bahir &amp; Yeo (2007) to occur underneath small stones of a very shallow stream in a well-shaded area. The present specimens from the same general area were collected from under small stones and boulders of a stream in an open area. Two other gecarcinucid species,  Barytelphusa cunicularis and  Vela carli (Roux, 1931), were also found to inhabit the same and nearby streams.</p><p>Geographical distribution. As for new genus.</p><p>Genus  Vanni Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007</p><p>(Figs. 14–21)</p><p>Vanni Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007: 336 .</p><p>Vanni – Klaus et al. 2014: 654 (list).— Rajesh et al. 2017: 134 (list).— Pati et al. 2019c: e2019006 (list).—Pati 2020: 162 (list).— Pati &amp; Pradhan 2020: 555836 (list).— Sruthi &amp; Thirunavukkarasu 2022: 460 (list).</p><p>Type species.  Paratelphusa (Liotelphusa) malabarica var. travancorica Henderson, 1913, by original designation; gender of genus feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis. Medium sized crabs (maximum CW 27.4 mm). Carapace relatively broad (CW/CL = ca. 1.2–1.4), relatively low (CH /CW = ca. 0.4–0.5), with moderately convex lateral margins; frontal medial triangle incomplete, lateral margins indiscernible; postorbital cristae well-developed, reaching lateral margins of carapace; external orbital angle triangular, with short outer margin, ca. 2–2.5 times length of inner margin; epibranchial tooth indiscernible or low, located at same level of postorbital cristae; epistome posterior margin with well-developed, triangular medial tooth and gently sinuous lateral lobes (Figs. 14A, B, 16A, B, 18A–C, E, 20A–C, E). Maxilliped 3 with well-developed flagellum on exopod (Figs. 14D, 16E, 18F, 20F). Chelipeds relatively slender in adult males (Figs. 14A, 16A, C, F, 18A, E, 20A, E). Ambulatory legs relatively stout, shorter, setose (Figs. 14A, 16A, C, 18A, E, 20A, E). Male s2/s3 visible as groove, not reaching edge of sternum; male s3/s4 indiscernible (Figs. 14C, 16C, G, 18D, 20D). Male sternopleonal cavity relatively short, reaching to imaginary line joining anterior part of cheliped coxae (Figs. 14C, 16C, G, 18D, 20D). Male pleon relatively narrow, with strongly concave lateral margins; pleonal somite 6 subquadrate, relatively narrow, proximal width ca. 1.1–1.2 times medial length (Figs. 14C, E, 16C, H, 18D, G, 20D, G). G1 relatively slender; ultimate article conical, relatively slender, relatively short, ca. 0.2–0.3 times length of penultimate article; penultimate article slender to moderately stout (Figs. 15A, B, 17A, B, 18H, I, 19A, B, 20H, I, 21A, B). G2 longer than G1, ca. 1.1–1.2 times G1 length; ultimate article long, ca. 0.4 times length of penultimate article (Figs. 15C, 17C, 18J, 19C, 20J, 21C). Vulvae relatively widely located from each other (VD/SW = ca. 0.2) (Figs. 14F, 16J, 18K, 20K).</p><p>Remarks.  Vanni was recognised as a new genus by Bahir &amp; Yeo (2007), who included seven species:  V. ashini Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007;  V. deepta Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007;  V. giri Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007;  V. malabarica (Henderson, 1912);  V. nilgiriensis (Roux, 1931);  V. pusilla (Roux, 1931); and  V. travancorica (Henderson, 1913) (the type species).  Vanni, however, is a polyphyletic genus, with  V. nilgiriensis and  V. malabarica forming separate clades from the clade comprising  V. travancorica and  V. deepta in the phylogenetic tree of Klaus et al. (2014: fig. 1). Morphologically,  V. nilgiriensis and  V. malabarica are also so distinct from  Vanni s. str. (which includes the type species  V. travancorica, as well as  V. ashini,  V. deepta, and a new species,  V. gracilis sp. nov.) that each of these species requires new generic names as do  V. giri and  V. pusilla . The key identifying characters used by Bahir &amp; Yeo (2007) to distinguish  Vanni s. lat. from the other genera of southern India require amendment, especially since the genus is now known to be polyphyletic (Klaus et al. 2014).</p><p>According to the identification key to the southern Indian freshwater crab genera provided by Bahir &amp; Yeo (2007),  Vanni possesses a set of key characters that includes a relatively squarish carapace, usually less strongly developed postorbital cristae, a less broad external orbital angle with a short outer margin (ca. 1.5–2 times the inner margin), and a proportionately shorter G1 ultimate article (ca. 0.2–0.3 times the penultimate article), which differentiates it from  Travancoriana that has a distinctly transverse carapace, usually strongly developed postorbital cristae, a distinctly broader external orbital angle with a long outer margin (ca. 3–5 times the inner margin), and a proportionately longer G1 ultimate article (ca. 0.3–0.6 times the penultimate article). This set of key characters does not apply to all species of  Vanni s. lat. For instance, the carapace is slightly to distinctly broad (CW/CL = ca. 1.2–1.4) in  Vanni s. lat. (Figs. 14A, 18A, B, E, 20A, B, E, 22A, B, E, F, 23A; see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: figs. 32A, 34A, 36A, 38A, 40A, 42A, 44A), which is comparable to that of  Travancoriana s. lat. (CW/CL = ca. 1.2–1.4) (Figs. 2A, 4A, B, E, F, 6A, 7A, 9A, 10A, 12A, B, E). The postorbital cristae are usually less strongly developed only in  V. malabarica,  V. nilgiriensis, and  V. pusilla (Figs. 22A, B, E, F, 23A; see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: figs. 34A, 36A, 38A). The external orbital angle is broadly triangular with a long outer margin (ca. 3.5–5 times the inner margin) in  V. pusilla,  V. nilgiriensis, and  V. giri (Figs. 22A, B, E, F, 23A; see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: figs. 36A, 38A, 44A). The ratios between the ultimate and penultimate articles of the G 1 in the species of  Vanni s. lat. (0.2–0.4) (Figs. 15A, 17A, 18H, 19A, 20H, 21A, 24A; see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: figs. 35C, 37D, 43A) overlap with those of  Travancoriana s. lat. (0.25–0.4) (Figs. 3A, 5A, D, 6F, 11A, 12H, 13A) except for  Travancoriana convexa (Figs. 8A, 9F).</p><p>Vanni s. str. is thus redefined by the following combination of characters, which separates it from all other gecarcinucid genera of southern India: the carapace is relatively low (Figs. 14B, 16B, 18C, 20C); the postorbital cristae are well-developed, each reaching the lateral margins of the carapace (Figs. 14A, 16A, 18A, B, E, 20A, B, E); the external orbital angle is triangular, with a short outer margin, ca. 2–2.5 times the length of the inner margin (Figs. 14A, 16A, 18A, B, E, 20A, B, E); the epibranchial tooth is indiscernible or low (Figs. 14A, 16A, 18A, B, E, 20A, B, E); the maxilliped 3 possesses a distinct flagellum on the exopod (Figs. 14D, 16E, 18F, 20F); the ambulatory legs are relatively stout, shorter, setose (Figs. 14A, 16A, C, 18A, E, 20A, E); the male s2/s3 is discernible as groove, while the male s3/s4 is indiscernible (Figs. 14C, 16C, G, 18D, 20D); the male sternopleonal cavity is relatively short, reaching to the imaginary line joining the anterior part of the cheliped coxae (Figs. 14C, 16C, G, 18D, 20D); the G2 is longer than G1 (Figs. 15, 17, 18H–J, 19, 20H–J, 21); and the vulvae are relatively widely located from each other (VD/SW = ca. 0.2) (Figs. 14F, 16J, 18K, 20K).</p><p>Vanni s. str. currently includes four species:  V. ashini Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007;  V. deepta Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007;  V. gracilis sp. nov.; and  V. travancorica (Henderson, 1913) (type species). The generic status of the remaining four species of  Vanni s. lat. ( V. malabarica,  V. pusilla,  V. nilgiriensis, and  V. giri) is discussed below.</p><p>Vanni malabarica is morphologically most closely related but distinct from  Vanni s. str. because of the posterolaterally weakly developed postorbital cristae, which do not reach the lateral margins of the carapace (Figs. 22A, B, E, F, 23A) (versus postorbital cristae well-developed reaching the lateral margins; Figs. 14A, 16A, 18A, B, E, 20A, B, E); the low, broadly triangular medial tooth of the epistome posterior margin (Fig. 22C, G) (versus epistome posterior margin with a well-developed, triangular medial tooth; Figs. 14A, 16A, 18A, B, E, 20A, B, E); the indiscernible male s2/s3 (Fig. 22D, H) (versus male s2/s3 visible as groove; Figs. 14C, 16C, G, 18D, 20D); the relatively long male sternopleonal cavity, which reaches up to the imaginary line joining the bases of the maxilliped 3 (Fig. 22D, H) (versus male sternopleonal cavity relatively short, reaching to the imaginary line joining the anterior part of the cheliped coxae; Figs. 14C, 16C, G, 18D, 20D); and the relatively short G2 ultimate article, ca. 0.3 times the length of the penultimate article (Fig. 24C) (versus G2 ultimate article relatively long, ca. 0.4 times the length of the penultimate article; Figs. 15C, 17C, 18J, 19C, 20J, 21C). In fact,  V. malabarica formed a distinct clade from  Vanni s. str. in the phylogenetic tree of Klaus et al. (2014: fig. 1).  Vanni malabarica is, therefore, assigned to a new genus,  Santanusus gen. nov., which is hereby described. Moreover,  Vanni s. str. is widely distributed in the central Western Ghats (as far north as Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka) and southern Western Ghats (as far south as Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu), at both lower and higher elevations (46–1235 m a.s.l.) (cf. Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007; Pati &amp; Sharma 2011, 2014; Pati et al. 2014, 2019b; Rajesh et al. 2017; Pati &amp; Sureshan 2022; present study) (Fig. 1B). The new genus,  Santanusus gen. nov., is also found in the central and southern Western Ghats but restricted only to northern and central Kerala and the Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu (cf. Henderson 1912; Roux 1931; Bott 1970a, 1970b; Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007; Klaus et al. 2014; Pati et al. 2014, 2019b; Rajesh et al. 2017; present study) (Fig. 1B).</p><p>Vanni pusilla is placed in its own new genus,  Pusillosa gen. nov., since it can be differentiated from  Vanni s. str. by its small size (maximum CW 12.9 mm) (in contrast to medium sized crabs, maximum CW 27.4 mm) and the following morphological features: the weakly developed postorbital cristae (Fig. 25A, B; see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: figs. 37A, 38A) (versus postorbital cristae well-developed; Figs. 14A, 16A, 18A, B, E, 20A, B, E); the broadly triangular external orbital angle, with a long outer margin, ca. 4 times the length of the inner margin (Fig. 25A, B; see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: figs. 37A, 38A) (versus external orbital angle triangular, with a short outer margin, ca. 2–2.5 times the length of the inner margin; Figs. 14A, 16A, 18A, B, E, 20A, B, E); the relatively slenderer and longer ambulatory legs (Fig. 25A, H; see Roux 1931: fig. 16) (versus ambulatory legs relatively stouter and shorter; Figs. 14A, 16A, C, 18A, E, 20A, E); the indiscernible male s2/s3 (Fig. 25D; see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: figs. 37B, 38C) (versus male s2/s3 visible as groove; Figs. 14C, 16C, G, 18D, 20D); the relatively broader male pleon, with the trapezoidal and conspicuously broad pleonal somite 6, proximal width ca. 1.5 times the medial length (Fig. 25D, I; see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: figs. 37C, 38C) (versus male pleon relatively narrower, with the subquadrate and conspicuously narrow pleonal somite 6, proximal width ca. 1.1–1.2 times the medial length; Figs. 14C, E, 16C, H, 18D, G, 20D, G); and the relatively stouter G1, with a stout penultimate article (Fig. 26A, B; see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 37D, E) (versus G1 relatively slenderer, with slender to moderately stout penultimate article; Figs. 15A, B, 17A, B, 18H, I, 19A, B, 20H, I, 21A, B).  Pusillosa gen. nov. is endemic to the central Western Ghats and restricted to the higher elevations (2100–2315 m a.s.l.) of the Nilgiris district in Tamil Nadu (cf. Roux 1931; Bott 1970a, 1970b; Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007; present study) (Fig. 1B), whereas  Vanni s. str. is a widely distributed genus in both the central and southern Western Ghats, occurring at lower as well as higher elevations (cf. Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007; Pati &amp; Sharma 2011, 2014; Pati et al. 2014, 2019b; Rajesh et al. 2017; Pati &amp; Sureshan 2022; present study) (Fig. 1B).</p><p>Vanni nilgiriensis and a new species, with affinities to it, are transferred to a new genus,  Nilgiriana gen. nov., with the following morphological characters separating them from  Vanni s. str.: the weakly developed postorbital cristae (Figs. 27A, B, E, F, 30A) (versus postorbital cristae well-developed; Figs. 14A, 16A, 18A, B, E, 20A, B, E); the broadly triangular external orbital angle, with a long outer margin, ca. 4–5 times the length of the inner margin (Figs. 27A, B, E, F, 30A) (versus external orbital angle triangular, with a short outer margin, ca. 2–2.5 times the length of the inner margin; Figs. 14A, 16A, 18A, B, E, 20A, B, E); the glabrous ambulatory legs (Fig. 27A, E) (versus ambulatory legs setose; Figs. 14A, 16A, C, 18A, E, 20A, E); the trapezoidal and relatively broader male pleonal somite 6, proximal width ca. 1.3–1.9 times the medial length (Figs. 27D, H, 29D) (versus male pleonal somite 6 subquadrate and relatively narrower, proximal width ca. 1.1–1.2 times the medial length; Figs. 14C, E, 16C, H, 18D, G, 20D, G); and the subconical, inverted funnel-shaped, distally suddenly tapered ultimate article of the G1 (Figs. 28A, B, D, E, 29E, G) (versus G1 ultimate article conical, gradually tapered distally; Figs. 15A, B, 17A, B, 18H, I, 19A, B, 20H, I, 21A, B).  Nilgiriana gen. nov. is currently known only from the central Western Ghats of Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu (cf. Roux 1931; Bott 1970a, 1970b; Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007; Pati et al. 2019c; present study) (Fig. 1B), while  Vanni s. str. is widely distributed in both the central and southern Western Ghats (cf. Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007; Pati &amp; Sharma 2011, 2014; Pati et al. 2014, 2019b; Rajesh et al. 2017; Pati &amp; Sureshan 2022; present study) (Fig. 1B).</p><p>Vanni giri is also placed in the present study in  Idukkiana gen. nov., as the species possesses the following characters differing from  Vanni s. str.: the broadly triangular external orbital angle, with a long outer margin, ca. 3.5 times the length of the inner margin (Fig. 31A) (versus external orbital angle triangular, with a short outer margin, ca. 2–2.5 times the length of the inner margin; Figs. 14A, 16A, 18A, B, E, 20A, B, E); the male s3/s4 visible as the shallow, complete groove, reaching the sternum edge (Fig. 31C) (versus male s3/s4 indiscernible; Figs. 14C, 16C, G, 18D, 20D); and the straight lateral margins of the male pleonal somite 6 (Fig. 31C) (versus male pleonal somite 6 with gently to strongly concave lateral margins; Figs. 14C, E, 16C, H, 18D, G, 20D, G).  Idukkiana gen. nov. is a high mountain dweller (elevation of 1570 m a.s.l.) and is currently restricted only to the Idukki district of Kerala in the southern Western Ghats (cf. Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007) (Fig. 1B). In contrast,  Vanni s. str. has a wider distribution, occurring at both lower and higher elevations of the central and southern Western Ghats (cf. Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007; Pati &amp; Sharma 2011, 2014; Pati et al. 2014, 2019b; Rajesh et al. 2017; Pati &amp; Sureshan 2022; present study) (Fig. 1B).</p><p>Geographical distribution.  Vanni s. str. is certainly known from both lower and higher elevations (46–1235 m a.s.l.) of the southern Western Ghats in Kerala (Ernakulam, Idukki, Kollam, Pathanamthitta, and Thiruvananthapuram districts) and Tamil Nadu (Kanyakumari and Tirunelveli districts), southern India (Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007; Rajesh et al. 2017; Pati &amp; Sureshan 2022; present study) (Fig. 1B).  Vanni s. str. is also known from the central Western Ghats of Kerala (including Kozhikode, Palakkad, and Wayanad districts) and Karnataka (as far north as Uttara Kannada district) (cf. Pati &amp; Sharma 2011, 2014; Pati et al. 2014, 2019b) (Fig. 1B).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C436E549FF9C3274A8DBFE3DFC167D0E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Z, Sameer Kumar Pati	Z, Sameer Kumar Pati (2025): Taxonomic revision of the freshwater crab genera Travancoriana Bott, 1969, and Vanni Bahir & Yeo, 2007 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Gecarcinucidae), with descriptions of eight new genera and two new species from the Western Ghats, southern India. Zootaxa 5634 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5634.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5634.1.1
C436E549FF9B324BA8DBFA40FEC77FB0.text	C436E549FF9B324BA8DBFA40FEC77FB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vanni travancorica (Henderson 1913)	<div><p>Vanni travancorica (Henderson, 1913)</p><p>[Travancore forest crab]</p><p>(Figs. 14, 15)</p><p>Paratelphusa (Liotelphusa) malabarica var. travancorica Henderson, 1913: 47, fig. 2.</p><p>Vanni travancorica – Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: 338, figs. 31, 32.—Pati et al. 2014: 658, pl. 2 figs. 1–3, pl. 3 figs. 16–18.— Rajesh et al. 2017: 146, fig. 30.—Pati 2020: 162 (list).— Pati &amp; Pradhan 2020: 555836 (list).— Sruthi &amp; Thirunavukkarasu 2022: 461 (list).</p><p>Vanni “ travancoriana ” [sic]– Klaus et al. 2014: 658, table S1 (list).</p><p>Not  Travancoriana malabarica – Bott 1970b: 42 (part).</p><p>Material examined.   India– Kerala State: 7 males (CW 7.9–21.1 mm, CL 6.9–16.5 mm, CH 3.5–10.2 mm, FW 3.1– 6.9 mm), 3 females (CW 10.5–11.7 mm, CL 8.7–9.9 mm, CH 5.2–5.6 mm, FW 4.0– 4.2 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.1877), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.217&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.828" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.217/lat 8.828)">Kollam District</a>, Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary, Pondimotta, 8.828° N, 77.217° E, elev. 1235 m a.s.l., coll. Md. Jafer Palot et al., 23 January 2019 ;   7 males (CW 13.9 –22.0 mm, CL 10.9–16.3 mm, CH 6.6–10.0 mm, FW 5.1–7.3 mm), 5 females (CW 13.9–21.7 mm, CL 10.1–16.7 mm, CH 6.1–9.9 mm, FW 5.3–7.5 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.1874), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.115&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.87" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.115/lat 8.87)">Kollam District</a>, Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary, Rockwood Estate, 8.870° N, 77.115° E, elev. 627 m a.s.l., coll. Md. Jafer Palot et al., 24 January 2019 ;   2 males (CW 12.9 mm each, CL 10.0– 10.3 mm, CH 5.8–6.3 mm, FW 4.7– 4.8 mm), 2 females (CW 9.2–13.5 mm, CL 7.4–10.9 mm, CH 4.3–6.6 mm, FW 3.6–5.0 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.1888), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.11&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.915" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.11/lat 8.915)">Kollam District</a>, Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary, Kattilapara, 8.915° N, 77.110° E, elev. 190 m a.s.l., coll. Md. Jafer Palot et al., 21 January 2019 ;   2 males (CW 16.2–19.2 mm, CL 12.4–14.1 mm, CH 7.5–8.8 mm, FW 5.9–6.6 mm), 2 females (CW 17.9 –18.0 mm, CL 13.5–13.7 mm, CH 8.1–8.6 mm, FW 6.2 mm each) (ZSI-WGRC IR/INV/9143), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.1744&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.91845" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.1744/lat 8.91845)">Kollam District</a>, Rosemala, 8.91845° N, 77.17440° E, elev. 355 m a.s.l., coll. K. Rajmohana, 18 December 2015 ;   4 males (CW 14.0– 19.4 mm, CL 11.4–14.4 mm, CH 6.5–8.9 mm, FW 5.4–6.9 mm), 2 females (CW 14.7–15.4 mm, CL 11.8–12.3 mm, CH 6.6–7.4 mm, FW 5.7 mm each) (ZSI-WGRC IR/INV/9146), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.1633&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.67452" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.1633/lat 8.67452)">Thiruvananthapuram District</a>, Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, Vayavanthol, 8.67452° N, 77.16330° E, elev. 340 m a.s.l., coll. K. Rajmohana, 14 December 2015 ;   3 males (CW 13.4–17.8 mm, CL 10.5–13.5 mm, CH 6.1–8.4 mm, FW 5.1–6.1 mm), female (CW 14.3 mm, CL 11.1 mm, CH 6.3 mm, FW 5.2 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.1879), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.108&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.772" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.108/lat 8.772)">Thiruvananthapuram District</a>, near Ponmudi, Seethakundu, 8.772° N, 77.108° E, elev. 1032 m a.s.l., coll. Md. Jafer Palot et al., 18 January 2019  .</p><p>Diagnosis. Medium sized crabs (maximum CW 22.6 mm). Carapace relatively broad (CW/CL = ca. 1.2–1.4), relatively low (CH /CW = ca. 0.4–0.5) (Fig. 14A, B); external orbital angle triangular, with short outer margin, ca. 2.5 times length of inner margin (Fig. 14A); epibranchial tooth indiscernible (Fig. 14A); male sternopleonal cavity reaching to imaginary line joining anterior part of cheliped coxae (Fig. 14C); male pleonal somite 6 subquadrate, relatively narrower, appearing elongated, proximal width ca. 1.1 times medial length, as long as telson, with strongly concave lateral margins (Fig. 14C, E); male telson relatively more narrow, medial length ca. 1.3 times proximal width (Fig. 14C, E); G1 relatively stouter (Fig. 15A, B); G1 ultimate article relatively slenderer, straight, relatively shorter, ca. 0.2 times length of penultimate article (Fig. 15A, B); G1 penultimate article with distal portion conspicuously narrow than basal portion, outer margin gently sinuous, basally straight (Fig. 15A, B); G2 longer than G1, ca. 1.2 times G1 length, ultimate article long, ca. 0.4 times length of penultimate article (Fig. 15C); vulvae subovate, relatively large, occupying ca. 0.5 times length of s6, located clearly away from s5/s6 (Fig. 14F).</p><p>Remarks.  Vanni travancorica was described by Henderson (1913) as a new variety of  Paratelphusa (Liotelphusa) malabarica . Roux (1931), however, recognised the variety as a distinct species,  Paratelphusa (Barytelphusa) travancorica . Bott (1970a) included the species in  Travancoriana . Both Roux (1931) and Bott (1970a) supposedly examined the specimens of  Santanusus malabaricus (Henderson, 1912) comb. nov., not  V. travancorica (see remarks for  S. malabaricus comb. nov.). Bott (1970b) changed his mind later and considered the species a junior subjective synonym of  Travancoriana malabarica (Henderson, 1912) . The figures in Bott (1970b: pl. 5 figs. 45–47, pl. 26 fig. 22) suggest that the species was actually  S. malabaricus comb. nov. (see remarks for  S. malabaricus comb. nov.), while it also includes the male syntype of  V. travancorica from the NHM. Subsequently, Bahir &amp; Yeo (2007) removed the species from the synonym of  Travancoriana malabarica and treated it as a valid taxon and the type species for their new genus,  Vanni . Pati &amp; Sharma (2011, 2014) erroneously reported the species from the Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka as evident from their figures (Pati &amp; Sharma 2014: 30, fig. 6A–G), and the fact that the said locality (Jog-Honnavar road) is far away (approximately 665 km) from the type locality of  V. travancorica (i.e., Ponmudi); it is likely that their specimens belong to an unknown species of  Vanni .</p><p>Vanni travancorica is unique among known congeners in having a relatively more narrow male telson, with the medial length ca. 1.3 times the proximal width (Fig. 14C, E) (versus male telson relatively less narrow, with the medial length ca. 1.0–1.1 times the proximal width; Figs. 16C, H, 18D, G, 20D, G); in having a conspicuously narrow distal portion of the G1 penultimate article as compared to its basal portion (Fig. 15A, B) (versus G1 penultimate article with the distal portion relatively less narrow than the basal portion; Figs. 17A, B, 18H, I, 19A, B, 20H, I, 21A, B); and in having the vulvae located clearly away from the s5/s6 (Fig. 14F) (versus vulvae located relatively close to s5/s6; Figs. 16J, 18K, 20K).</p><p>Vanni travancorica can be further distinguished from  V. deepta and  V. gracilis sp. nov. mainly by virtue of its relatively shorter G1 ultimate article, ca. 0.2 times the length of the penultimate article (Fig. 15A) (versus G1 ultimate article relatively long, ca. 0.3 times the length of the penultimate article; Figs. 17A, 18H, 19A) and by the basally straight outer margin of the G1 penultimate article (Fig. 15A, B) (versus G1 penultimate article with the basally concave to strongly concave outer margin; Figs. 17A, B, 18H, I, 19A, B); and from  V. ashini by virtue of its indiscernible epibranchial tooth (Figs. 14A) (versus epibranchial tooth low but discernible; Fig. 20A, B, E) and by the relatively slenderer G1 ultimate article (Fig. 15A, B) (versus G1 ultimate article relatively stouter; Figs. 20H, I, 21A, B).</p><p>Ecological notes.  Vanni travancorica prefers to inhabit shady areas and was reported to dwell in shallow burrows in wet soil, underneath small stones and under leaf litters adjacent to small streams, and under stones and logs in wet soil (Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007; Rajesh et al. 2017). The species was also reported to be very common at the type locality (Rajesh et al. 2017). The species can occupy both lower and higher elevations (100–1235 m a.s.l.) of the Western Ghats (cf. Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007; present study).</p><p>Geographical distribution.  Vanni travancorica is currently found in the southern Western Ghats of Kerala (Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram districts), southern India (Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007; Rajesh et al. 2017; present study) (Fig. 1B).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C436E549FF9B324BA8DBFA40FEC77FB0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Z, Sameer Kumar Pati	Z, Sameer Kumar Pati (2025): Taxonomic revision of the freshwater crab genera Travancoriana Bott, 1969, and Vanni Bahir & Yeo, 2007 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Gecarcinucidae), with descriptions of eight new genera and two new species from the Western Ghats, southern India. Zootaxa 5634 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5634.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5634.1.1
C436E549FFA7324DA8DBFF1CFE6C79DB.text	C436E549FFA7324DA8DBFF1CFE6C79DB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vanni gracilis Z 2025	<div><p>Vanni gracilis sp. nov.</p><p>[Thattekkad forest crab]</p><p>(Figs. 16, 17)</p><p>Not  Vanni travancorica – Pati &amp; Sureshan 2022: 187, pl. 5 fig. 5.</p><p>Type material examined.   Holotype: male (CW 23.8 mm, CL 17.5 mm, CH 10.4 mm, FW 7.5 mm) (ZSI-WGRC IR/INV/9192A), India, Kerala State, Ernakulam District, Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.74864&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.12275" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.74864/lat 10.12275)">Knachery</a>, 10.12275° N, 76.74864° E, elev. 256 m a.s.l., coll. Md. Jafer Palot, 21 September 2016  . –  Paratypes: 2 males (CW 21.2–25.3 mm, CL 15.4–18.0 mm, CH 9.2–10.5 mm, FW 7.3–8.2 mm), female (CW 20.2 mm, CL 14.7 mm, CH 9.0 mm, FW 6.7 mm) (ZSI-WGRC IR/INV/9192B), same collection data as for holotype;  9 males (CW 13.9–21.2 mm, CL 10.7–15.9 mm, CH 5.6–9.2 mm, FW 5.0– 7.4 mm),  7 females (CW 12.1–20.9 mm, CL 9.8–15.3 mm, CH 5.4–9.2 mm, FW 4.6–7.0 mm) (ZSI-WGRC IR/INV/9192C), same collection data as for holotype .</p><p>Other material examined.   India– Kerala State: 7 males (CW 12.7–21.5 mm, CL 10.2–15.6 mm, CH 6.0– 9.7 mm, FW 4.9–7.4 mm), 10 females (CW 11.4–25.1 mm, CL 9.4–18.0 mm, CH 4.7–11.0 mm, FW 4.2–8.3 mm) (ZSI-WGRC IR/INV/9159), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.70175&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.11517" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.70175/lat 10.11517)">Ernakulam District</a>, Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary, Ovumkal, 10.11517° N, 76.70175° E, elev. 46 m a.s.l., coll. K.G. Emiliyamma, 27 October 2015 ;   3 males (CW 12.9–17.5 mm, CL 10.3–13.2 mm, CH 5.7–7.7 mm, FW 5.2–6.1 mm), 3 females (CW 15.7–23.5 mm, CL 12.1–16.7 mm, CH 6.9–9.8 mm, FW 5.7–8.1 mm) (ZSI-WGRC IR/INV/9151), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.70936&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.11464" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.70936/lat 10.11464)">Ernakulam District</a>, Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary, Kolumba, 10.11464° N, 76.70936° E, elev. 58 m a.s.l., coll. Md. Jafer Palot, 27 February 2014 ;  5 males (CW 14.7 –20.0 mm, CL 11.3–14.9 mm, CH 6.4–9.0 mm, FW 5.4–6.9 mm), female (CW 24.5 mm, CL 17.4 mm, CH 10.7 mm, FW 8.0 mm) (ZSI-WGRC IR/INV/9157), same collection data as for preceding, coll. P.M. Sureshan, 21 April 2015;  3 males (CW 19.3–19.4 mm, CL 14.2– 14.5 mm, CH 8.2–9.1 mm, FW 6.8–7.3 mm), 2 females (CW 16.4–16.5 mm, CL 12.6–12.7 mm, CH 7.1–7.6 mm, FW 6.1–6.3 mm) (ZSI-WGRC IR/INV/9187), same collection data as for preceding, coll. P.M. Sureshan, 18 June 2016;  6 males (CW 9.8–23.2 mm, CL 8.0– 16.7 mm, CH 4.2–10.3 mm, FW 3.9–8.0 mm), 8 females (CW 12.2–23.8 mm, CL 9.4–16.9 mm, CH 5.1–10.3 mm, FW 4.6–8.3 mm) (ZSI-WGRC IR/INV/9189), same collection data as for preceding, coll. Md. Jafer Palot, 20 September 2016;  female (CW 20.1 mm, CL 15.2 mm, CH 9.0 mm, FW 7.0 mm) (ZSI-WGRC IR/INV/9874), same collection data as for preceding, coll. K. Rajmohana, 5 February 2017;   8 males (CW 13.8–23.3 mm, CL 11.0–17.0 mm, CH 6.1–10.3 mm, FW 5.2–7.9 mm), female (CW 18.3 mm, CL 13.8 mm, CH 8.3 mm, FW 6.9 mm) (ZSI-WGRC IR/INV/9148), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.74864&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.12275" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.74864/lat 10.12275)">Ernakulam District</a>, Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary, Knachery, 10.12275° N, 76.74864° E, elev. 256 m a.s.l., coll. K.G. Emiliyamma, 29 October 2015 ;   3 males (CW 15.5–17.5 mm, CL 11.6–13.3 mm, CH 6.7–7.6 mm, FW 6.1–6.7 mm), 3 females (CW 12.7–18.6 mm, CL 9.8–14.0 mm, CH 5.0– 8.8 mm, FW 5.0– 7.1 mm) (ZSI-WGRC IR/INV/9163), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.75106&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.12594" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.75106/lat 10.12594)">Ernakulam District</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.75106&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.12594" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.75106/lat 10.12594)">Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary</a>, Urulanthanni, Pullasserykkuthu, 10.12594° N, 76.75106° E, elev. 81 m a.s.l., coll. K.G. Emiliyamma, 29 October 2015 ;   male (CW 19.9 mm, CL 14.6 mm, CH 8.9 mm, FW 7.0 mm), female (CW 11.0 mm, CL 8.9 mm, CH 4.3 mm, FW 4.2 mm) (ZSI-WGRC IR/INV/9175), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.131" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.75/lat 10.131)">Ernakulam District</a>, Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary, Urulanthanni, 10.131° N, 76.750° E, elev. 120 m a.s.l., coll. Md. Jafer Palot, 25 February 2014 ;  2 females (CW 18.4–24.1 mm, CL 14.1– 17.3 mm, CH 8.8–11.3 mm, FW 6.6–8.0 mm) (ZSI-WGRC IR/INV/9155), same collection data as for preceding, coll. P.M. Sureshan, 22 April 2015;  2 males (CW 11.4–19.1 mm, CL 9.2–14.3 mm, CH 5.0– 8.2 mm, FW 4.5–7.1 mm) (ZSI-WGRC IR/INV/9878), same collection data as for preceding, coll. K. Rajmohana, 4 February 2017;   3 males (CW 15.7–17.8 mm, CL 12.2–13.4 mm, CH 6.8–8.0 mm, FW 5.9–6.5 mm), 4 females (CW 9.6–15.2 mm, CL 7.7–12.1 mm, CH 4.2–6.8 mm, FW 3.7–5.8 mm) (ZSI-WGRC IR/INV/9173), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.7495&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.1305" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.7495/lat 10.1305)">Ernakulam District</a>, Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary, between Urulanthanni-Thampakachodu, 10.1305° N, 76.7495° E, elev. 120 m a.s.l., coll. K.G. Emiliyamma, 6 January 2015 ;   2 males (CW 9.5–18.1 mm, CL 7.6–14.0 mm, CH 4.7–8.2 mm, FW 3.8–6.2 mm), 2 females (CW 15.5–16.1 mm, CL 12.1–12.6 mm, CH 6.8–7.1 mm, FW 5.5–5.7 mm) (ZSI-WGRC IR/INV/9188), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.72643&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.13579" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.72643/lat 10.13579)">Ernakulam District</a>, Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary, Kallippara, 10.13579° N, 76.72643° E, elev. 85 m a.s.l., coll. Md. Jafer Palot, 22 September 2016 ;   7 males (CW 9.7–20.8 mm, CL 7.7–15.8 mm, CH 4.3–9.7 mm, FW 3.9–7.5 mm), female (CW 15.2 mm, CL 11.6 mm, CH 6.7 mm, FW 5.5 mm) (ZSI-WGRC IR/INV/9171), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.73822&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.1385" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.73822/lat 10.1385)">Ernakulam District</a>, Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary, Koottampara, 10.1385° N, 76.73822° E, elev. 68 m a.s.l., coll. K.G. Emiliyamma, 28 October 2015 ;  2 males (CW 19.6–20.9 mm, CL 14.6–15.3 mm, CH 7.4–9.2 mm, FW 7.2– 7.1 mm), 4 females (CW 15.3–18.5 mm, CL 11.7–13.7 mm, CH 6.7–8.7 mm, FW 5.8–6.4 mm) (ZSI-WGRC IR/INV/9185), same collection data as for preceding, coll. P.M. Sureshan, 19 June 2016 .</p><p>Diagnosis. Medium sized crabs (maximum CW 25.3 mm). Carapace relatively broad (CW/CL = ca. 1.2–1.4), relatively low (CH /CW = ca. 0.4–0.5) (Fig. 16A, B); external orbital angle triangular, with short outer margin, ca. 2 times length of inner margin (Fig. 16A); epibranchial tooth indiscernible (Fig. 16A); male sternopleonal cavity reaching to imaginary line joining anterior part of cheliped coxae (Fig. 16C, G); male pleonal somite 6 subquadrate, slightly broad, proximal width ca. 1.2 times medial length, as long as telson, with strongly concave lateral margins (Fig. 16C, H); male telson relatively less narrow, medial length ca. 1.1 times proximal width (Fig. 16C, H); G1 relatively slenderer (Fig. 17A, B); G1 ultimate article relatively slenderer, gently curved outwards at ca. 10° from longitudinal axis of G1, relatively longer, ca. 0.3 times length of penultimate article (Fig. 17A, B); G1 penultimate article with distal portion relatively less narrow than basal portion, outer margin sinuous, basally strongly concave (Fig. 17A, B); G2 slightly longer than G1, ca. 1.1 times G1 length, ultimate article long, ca. 0.4 times length of penultimate article (Fig. 17C); vulvae subovate, relatively large, occupying ca. 0.6 times length of s6, located relatively close to s5/s6 (Fig. 16J).</p><p>Description of male holotype. Medium sized crab (CW 23.8 mm). Carapace transversely subovate, broader than long (CW/CL = ca. 1.3), low (CH /CW = ca. 0.4); dorsal surface glabrous, generally smooth except for epigastric and postorbital cristae and lateral surfaces; anterolateral surface low in frontal view; anterolateral margins gently convex, subcristate, shorter than posterolateral margins; posterolateral margins converging posteriorly, strongly concave medially; front broad (FW/CW = ca. 0.3), deflexed anteriorly, trapezoidal, anterior margin cristate, smooth, gently concave medially in dorsal view; frontal medial triangle incomplete, with dorsal margin only, lateral margins indiscernible; epigastric cristae well-developed, rugose, slightly anterior to postorbital cristae; postorbital cristae well-developed, sharp, reaching lateral margins of carapace; external orbital angle triangular, with short outer margin, ca. 2 times length of inner margin; epibranchial tooth low, indiscernible; postorbital region concave; branchial regions low; cervical grooves shallow, broad, discontinuous, not reaching level of postorbital cristae; mesogastric groove deep, narrow, short, bifurcated posteriorly; H-shaped groove distinct; subhepatic region rugose, glabrous; suborbital region smooth, glabrous; pterygostomial region smooth, glabrous; supraorbital margin cristate, smooth; suborbital margin concave, cristate with low granules, discontinuous with supraorbital margin; epistome posterior margin with well-developed, triangular medial tooth and gently sinuous lateral lobes (Fig. 16A–C). Eyes large; eyestalk short, moderately stout; cornea moderately large, pigmented (Fig. 16B).</p><p>Antennules long, folded in longitudinally broad fossae; antennae shorter than eyestalk (Fig. 16B). Mandibular palp with 2 articles; terminal article bilobed, anterior lobe narrow, long, posterior lobe broad, short, ca. 0.5 times length of anterior lobe (Fig. 16D). Maxillipeds 1, 2 each with long flagellum on exopod (Fig. 16D). Maxilliped 3 cover most of buccal cavity, when closed; ischium subrectangular, longer than broad, longitudinal medial groove indiscernible; merus subrectangular, broader than long, anterolateral corner rounded; exopod slender, distally narrow, reaching proximal third length of ischium, with well-developed flagellum, exceeding merus width (Fig. 16B, C, E).</p><p>Chelipeds slender, smooth, glabrous, unequal, left chela larger (Fig. 16A, C, F). Major chela with 2 distinct, blunt teeth on dactylus and 3 distinct, blunt, basally fused teeth on fixed finger, remaining teeth on fingers small, low, distinct gape when fingers closed; dactylus curved, moderately stout, longer than upper margin of palm, smooth; fixed finger stout, forming concave margin with ventral margin of palm; palm smooth, inflated, longer than high; carpus smooth, gently inflated, with prominent, broad, acute inner distal tooth and low, blunt basal tooth; merus smooth except for rugose or granular margins, lacking subterminal spine (Fig. 16A, C, F).</p><p>Ambulatory legs generally smooth, slender, long, P3 longest; merus long, lacking subdistal spine; carpus setose; propodus and dactylus setose, with distinct, long, sharp chitinous spines on margins; dactylus (P3, P4) recurved, longer than propodus (Fig. 16A, C).</p><p>Thoracic sternites smooth, glabrous; s1 and s2 completely fused; s2/s3 visible as very shallow groove, not reaching edge of sternum; s3/s4 indiscernible; s4/s5, s5/s6, s6/s7 shallow, narrow, medially interrupted; s7/s8 shallow, narrow, medially interrupted by longitudinal groove of s7, lacking transverse ridge; s8 completely covered by pleon, narrowed medially, longitudinal medial groove distinct (Fig. 16C, G). Pleonal locking mechanism with prominent tubercle on medial part of s5 (Fig. 16G). Sternopleonal cavity deep, short, reaching to imaginary line joining anterior part of cheliped coxae (Fig. 16C, G).</p><p>Pleon narrow, T-shaped, with strongly concave lateral margins; pleonal somites 1, 2 subrectangular, narrower than pleonal somite 3; pleonal somite 3 trapezoidal, broadest, with convex lateral margins; pleonal somites 4 and 5 trapezoidal, with straight and gently concave lateral margins, respectively; pleonal somite 6 subquadrate, slightly broader than long (proximal width ca. 1.2 times medial length), distinctly longer than preceding pleonal somites, subequal in length to telson, with strongly concave lateral margins (Fig. 16C, H). Telson bell-shaped, slightly longer than broad (medial length ca. 1.1 times proximal width), with straight lateral margins, apex broad, rounded (Fig. 16C, H).</p><p>G1 slender, short, tip reaching beyond s6/s7 up to distal third of s 6 in situ; ultimate article conical, slender, short, ca. 0.3 times length of penultimate article, gently curved outwards at ca. 10° from longitudinal axis of G1, tip blunt; penultimate article sinuous, slender, slightly broad at base, inner margin sinuous, outer margin sinuous, basally strongly concave; groove for G2 marginal (Figs. 16G, 17A, B). G2 slightly longer than G1, ca. 1.1 times G1 length; ultimate article long, ca. 0.4 times length of penultimate article, with acute tip; penultimate article stouter at proximal third (Fig. 17C).</p><p>Colour in life. The dorsal surface of the carapace is characterised by a mostly orange colour with dark purplish-brown blotches posteriorly; the chelipeds are entirely orange; and the ambulatory legs are light purplish-brown (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/163961294).</p><p>Etymology. The species epithet is from the Latin word  “ gracilis ”, meaning slender, which alludes to the fact that the slender male first gonopod of the species has the slenderest ultimate article among the known congeners. The species name is treated here as a Latin adjective in the nominative singular.</p><p>Remarks. The male paratypes of  V. gracilis sp. nov., especially the adults, closely resemble the holotype in all diagnostic characters. The subadult male and female paratypes have a relatively less broad carapace (CW/CL = ca. 1.2–1.3). The female paratypes exhibit most of the non-sexual character states, similar to the holotype.</p><p>In the adult females of  V. gracilis sp. nov., the pleon and telson together form a broadly ovate outline and cover the thoracic sternum except for the lateral edges, when closed (Fig. 16I). Their pleonal somite 1 is the shortest; pleonal somites 2–5 are progressively longer; and pleonal somite 6 is the longest, conspicuously broader than long, subequal in length to the telson, with gently convex lateral margins (Fig. 16I). Their female telson is broadly triangular, conspicuously broader than long, with almost straight lateral margins and broad apex (Fig. 16I). The vulvae are widely located from each other (VD/SW = ca. 0.2) on the s6; each vulva opens ventrally and is subovate, large, ca. 0.6 times the length of the s6, located some distance from the s5/s6, not touching the s5/s6, surrounded by a low rim, and covered by a soft membranous operculum (Fig. 16J).</p><p>Vanni gracilis sp. nov. can be distinguished by the relatively slenderer G1 (Fig. 17A, B) against the relatively stouter G1 of the known congeners (Figs. 15A, B, 18H, I, 19A, B, 20H, I, 21A, B). Otherwise, the new species bears a strong resemblance to  V. travancorica in many aspects of carapace morphology and gonopod structures. The similarities between the two species led Pati &amp; Sureshan (2022) to mistakenly identify  V. gracilis sp. nov. as  V. travancorica . All the specimens reported in Pati &amp; Sureshan (2022) have been re-examined, and the following key differences between  V. gracilis sp. nov. and  V. travancorica were noted: the slightly broad male pleonal somite 6, with the proximal width ca. 1.2 times the medial length in  V. gracilis sp. nov. (Fig. 16C, H) (versus male pleonal somite 6 relatively narrower, appearing elongated, with the proximal width ca. 1.1 times the medial length in  V. travancorica; Fig. 14C, E); the relatively less narrow male telson, with the medial length ca. 1.1 times the proximal width in  V. gracilis sp. nov. (Fig. 16C, H) (versus male telson relatively more narrow, with the medial length ca. 1.3 times the proximal width in  V. travancorica; Fig. 14C, E); the relatively slenderer G1, with the relatively long G1 ultimate article, ca. 0.3 times the length of the penultimate article in  V. gracilis sp. nov. (Fig. 17A, B) (versus G1 relatively stouter, with the relatively short ultimate article, ca. 0.2 times the length of the penultimate article in  V. travancorica; Fig. 15A, B); the relatively less narrow distal portion of the G1 penultimate article as compared to its basal portion in  V. gracilis sp. nov. (Fig. 17A, B) (versus G1 penultimate article with the distal portion conspicuously narrow than the basal portion in  V. travancorica; Fig. 15A, B); the basally strongly concave outer margin of the G1 penultimate article in  V. gracilis sp. nov. (Fig. 17A, B) (versus G1 penultimate article with the basally straight outer margin in  V. travancorica; Fig. 15A, B); and the vulvae located relatively close to s5/s 6 in  V. gracilis sp. nov. (Fig. 16J) (versus vulvae located clearly away from the s5/s 6 in  V. travancorica; Fig. 15F).</p><p>Vanni gracilis sp. nov. can also be confused with  V. deepta, especially in the G1 structure, since their G1 ultimate articles are equally long (ca. 0.3 times the length of the penultimate article), and the G1 penultimate article has a basally concave outer margin (Figs. 17A, B, 18H, I, 19A, B).  Vanni gracilis sp. nov. is nevertheless differentiated from  V. deepta by the strongly concave lateral margins of the male pleonal somite 6 (Fig. 16C, H) (versus male pleonal somite 6 with gently concave lateral margins; Fig. 18D, G) and the relatively slenderer ultimate and penultimate articles of the G1 (Fig. 17A, B) (versus G1 ultimate and penultimate articles relatively stouter; Figs. 18H, I, 19A, B).</p><p>Ecological notes.  Vanni gracilis sp. nov. are found in degraded semi-evergreen forest patches of the Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary at lower elevations (46–256 m a.s.l.) of the southern Western Ghats. Crabs of this new species can be found underneath small boulders in moist areas and along stream banks. They are very abundant in the sanctuary. The new species was also found coexisting alongside either  Karkata ghanarakta Pati, Rajesh, Raj, Sheeja, Kumar &amp; Sureshan, 2017, or  Pilarta punctatissima Pati, Rajesh, Raj, Sheeja, Kumar &amp; Sureshan, 2017 .</p><p>Geographical distribution.  Vanni gracilis sp. nov. is currently known only from the Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary in the Ernakulam district of Kerala, southern India (Fig. 1B). The sanctuary is situated in the foothills of the southern Western Ghats (Fig. 1B).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C436E549FFA7324DA8DBFF1CFE6C79DB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Z, Sameer Kumar Pati	Z, Sameer Kumar Pati (2025): Taxonomic revision of the freshwater crab genera Travancoriana Bott, 1969, and Vanni Bahir & Yeo, 2007 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Gecarcinucidae), with descriptions of eight new genera and two new species from the Western Ghats, southern India. Zootaxa 5634 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5634.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5634.1.1
C436E549FFA2324DA8DBFE75FB297FDF.text	C436E549FFA2324DA8DBFE75FB297FDF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vanni deepta Bahir & Yeo 2007	<div><p>Vanni deepta Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007</p><p>[Golden forest crab]</p><p>(Figs. 18, 19)</p><p>Vanni deepta Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007: 344, figs. 41, 42.</p><p>Vanni deepta – Klaus et al. 2014: 658, table S1 (list).— Rajesh et al. 2017: 146, fig. 28.—Pati 2020: 162 (list).— Pati &amp; Pradhan 2020: 555836 (list).</p><p>Type material examined.   Holotype: male (CW 17.8 mm, CL 12.8 mm) (ZRC 2003.0233), India, Kerala State, Idukki District, Kaduwappara, on <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.96111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.55722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.96111/lat 9.55722)">Mundakayam-Kumily</a>, 9.55722° N, 76.96111° E, elev. 685 m a.s.l., collector and collection date unknown.</p><p>Other material examined.  India – Kerala State: 7 males (CW 11.9–21.5 mm, CL 9.5–15.8 mm, CH 5.3–9.3 mm, FW 4.5–7.1 mm),  3 females (CW 12.7–15.4 mm, CL 10.1–12.0 mm, CH 5.8–7.0 mm, FW 4.7–5.6 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.2108),   Pathanamthitta District, Ranni Forest Division, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.132&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.291" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.132/lat 9.291)">Moozhiyar</a>, 9.291° N, 77.132° E, elev. 1138 m a.s.l., coll. Md. Jafer Palot, 31 October 2021 ;  2 males (CW 15.9–17.2 mm, CL 12.3–12.8 mm, CH 7.1–7.4 mm, FW 5.4– 5.9 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.2169),   Pathanamthitta District, Ranni Forest Division, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.04&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.04/lat 9.3)">Veluthode</a>, 9.300° N, 77.040° E, elev. 155 m a.s.l., coll. K.A. Subramanian &amp; R. Babu, 30 October 2021 ;  male (CW 14.8 mm, CL 11.5 mm, CH 6.9 mm, FW 5.2 mm),  female (CW 22.2 mm, CL 16.5 mm, CH 10.2 mm, FW 7.0 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.2168),   Pathanamthitta District, Ranni Forest Division, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.029&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.318" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.029/lat 9.318)">Pannikunnu</a>, 9.318° N, 77.029° E, elev. 63 m a.s.l., coll. K.A. Subramanian &amp; R. Babu, 30 October 2021  .</p><p>Diagnosis. Medium sized crabs (maximum CW 22.2 mm). Carapace relatively broad (CW/CL = ca. 1.3– 1.4), relatively low (CH /CW = ca. 0.4–0.5) (Fig. 18A–C, E); external orbital angle triangular, with short outer margin, ca. 2 times length of inner margin (Fig. 18A, B, E); epibranchial tooth indiscernible (Fig. 18A, B, E); male sternopleonal cavity reaching to imaginary line joining anterior part of cheliped coxae (Fig. 18D); male pleonal somite 6 subquadrate, slightly broad, proximal width ca. 1.2 times medial length, as long as telson, with gently concave lateral margins (Fig. 18D, G); male telson relatively less narrow, medial length ca. 1.1 times proximal width (Fig. 18D, G); G1 relatively stouter (Figs. 18H, I, 19A, B); G1 ultimate article relatively slenderer, straight, relatively longer, ca. 0.3 times length of penultimate article (Figs. 18H, I, 19A, B); G1 penultimate article with distal portion relatively less narrow than basal portion, outer margin gently sinuous, basally concave (Figs. 18H, I, 19A, B); G2 slightly longer than G1, ca. 1.1 times G1 length, ultimate article long, ca. 0.4 times length of penultimate article (Figs. 18J, 19C); vulvae subovate, relatively large, occupying ca. 0.5 times length of s6, located relatively close to s5/s6 (Fig. 18K).</p><p>Remarks.  Vanni deepta can be differentiated from the known congeners by the gently concave lateral margins of the male pleonal somite 6 (Fig. 18D, G) (versus male pleonal somite 6 with the strongly concave lateral margins; Figs. 14C, E, 16C, H, 20D, G). This species can be also distinguished from the morphologically close  V. gracilis sp. nov. mainly by the relatively stouter ultimate and penultimate articles of the G1 (Figs. 18H, I, 19A, B) (versus G1 ultimate and penultimate articles relatively slenderer; Fig. 17A, B).</p><p>Ecological notes.  Vanni deepta is typically found inhabiting areas under stones and in moist soil, adjacent to streams (Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007). The species can be found at lower as well as higher elevations (63–1138 m a.s.l.).</p><p>Geographical distribution.  Vanni deepta appears to be restricted to the southern Western Ghats in the Idukki and Pathanamthitta districts of Kerala, southern India (Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007; present study) (Fig. 1B).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C436E549FFA2324DA8DBFE75FB297FDF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Z, Sameer Kumar Pati	Z, Sameer Kumar Pati (2025): Taxonomic revision of the freshwater crab genera Travancoriana Bott, 1969, and Vanni Bahir & Yeo, 2007 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Gecarcinucidae), with descriptions of eight new genera and two new species from the Western Ghats, southern India. Zootaxa 5634 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5634.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5634.1.1
C436E549FFAF3245A8DBFF1CFD147FF2.text	C436E549FFAF3245A8DBFF1CFD147FF2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vanni ashini Bahir & Yeo 2007	<div><p>Vanni ashini Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007</p><p>[Discoverer forest crab]</p><p>(Figs. 20, 21)</p><p>Vanni ashini Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007: 343, figs. 39, 40.</p><p>Vanni ashini – Rajesh et al. 2017: 146, fig. 27.—Pati 2020: 162 (list).— Pati &amp; Pradhan 2020: 555836 (list).</p><p>Type material examined.   Holotype: male (CW 24.1 mm, CL 18.5 mm) (ZRC 2003.0232), India, Kerala State, Thiruvananthapuram District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.11047&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.76872" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.11047/lat 8.76872)">Ponmudi</a>, 8.76872° N, 77.11047° E, elev. 975 m a.s.l., collector and collection date unknown.</p><p>Other material examined.  India – Kerala State: female (CW 16.9 mm, CL 13.4 mm, CH 7.7 mm, FW 5.6 mm) (ZSI-WGRC IR/INV/9158), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.16733&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.68071" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.16733/lat 8.68071)">Thiruvananthapuram District</a>, Bonacaud, Pandipath, 8.68071° N, 77.16733° E, elev. 547 m a.s.l., coll. K. Rajmohana, 15 December 2015  . –  Tamil Nadu State: male (CW 16.5 mm, CL 12.9 mm, CH 7.3 mm, FW 5.4 mm),  female (CW 15.3 mm, CL 12.0 mm, CH 6.8 mm, FW 5.1 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.2322), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.383&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.476" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.383/lat 8.476)">Kanyakumari District</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.383&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.476" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.383/lat 8.476)">Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve</a>, way to Muthukulivayal II Bend, 8.476° N, 77.383° E, elev. 994 m a.s.l., coll. Varadaraju, 16 February 2020 ;  female (CW 23.0 mm, CL 16.7 mm, CH 10.3 mm, FW 6.6 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.2323), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.447&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.523" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.447/lat 8.523)">Tirunelveli District</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.447&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.523" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.447/lat 8.523)">Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.447&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.523" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.447/lat 8.523)">Kalakad Range</a>, Sengaltheri, Tiger Cave, 8.523° N, 77.447° E, elev. 1170 m a.s.l., coll. R. Babu et al., 15 March 2022 ;  male (CW 16.4 mm, CL 12.3 mm, CH 6.9 mm, FW 5.1 mm),  3 females (CW 21.0– 27.4 mm, CL 15.2–19.9 mm, CH 9.0– 11.8 mm, FW 6.1–7.9 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.2166), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.446&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.53" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.446/lat 8.53)">Tirunelveli District</a>, Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.446&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.53" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.446/lat 8.53)">Kalakad Range</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.446&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.53" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.446/lat 8.53)">Shengaltheri</a>, Karumandi Amman Kovil, Manimuthar River, 8.530° N, 77.446° E, elev. 983 m a.s.l., coll. R. Babu et al., 14 August 2019 ;  2 males (CW 19.4–23.6 mm, CL 14.3–17.0 mm, CH 8.3–9.7 mm, FW 5.7–6.9 mm),  5 females (CW 22.7–26.6 mm, CL 16.7–18.9 mm, CH 9.7–11.1 mm, FW 6.6–7.5 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.2324), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.456&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.531" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.456/lat 8.531)">Tirunelveli District</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.456&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.531" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.456/lat 8.531)">Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.456&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.531" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.456/lat 8.531)">Kalakad Range</a>, Sengalteri, Kulirati, 8.531° N, 77.456° E, elev. 962 m a.s.l., coll. R. Babu et al., 16 March 2022 ;  male (CW 14.3 mm, CL 11.2 mm, CH 6.5 mm, FW 4.8 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.2167), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.375&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.544" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.375/lat 8.544)">Tirunelveli District</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.375&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.544" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.375/lat 8.544)">Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve</a>, Ambasamudram Range, Marapalam, 8.544° N, 77.375° E, elev. 1169 m a.s.l., coll. R. Babu et al., 21 August 2019  .</p><p>Diagnosis. Medium sized crabs (maximum CW 27.4 mm). Carapace relatively broad (CW/CL = ca. 1.3–1.4), relatively low (CH /CW = ca. 0.4–0.5) (Fig. 20A–C, E); external orbital angle triangular, with short outer margin, ca. 2 times length of inner margin (Fig. 20A, B, E); epibranchial tooth low, discernible (Fig. 20A, B, E); male sternopleonal cavity reaching to imaginary line joining submedial part of cheliped coxae (Fig. 20D); male pleonal somite 6 subquadrate, slightly broad, proximal width ca. 1.1 times medial length, longer than telson, with strongly concave lateral margins (Fig. 20D, G); male telson as long as broad, medial length ca. 1.0 times proximal width (Fig. 20D, G); G1 relatively stouter (Figs. 20H, I, 21A, B); G1 ultimate article relatively stouter, gently curved outwards at ca. 10° from longitudinal axis of G1, relatively shorter, ca. 0.2 times length of penultimate article (Figs. 20H, I, 21A, B); G1 penultimate article with distal portion relatively less narrow than basal portion, outer margin gently sinuous (Figs. 20H, I, 21A, B); G2 longer than G1, ca. 1.2 times G1 length, ultimate article long, ca. 0.4 times length of penultimate article (Figs. 20J, 21C); vulvae subovate, relatively large, occupying ca. 0.6 times length of s6, located relatively close to s5/s6 (Fig. 20K).</p><p>Remarks.  Vanni ashini was reported by Pati et al. (2014) at a lower elevation (118 m a.s.l.) of the central Western Ghats, north of the Palghat Gap, in the Palakkad district of Kerala, which is an erroneous record as evident from their figures (Pati et al. 2014: pl. 2 figs. 7–9, pl. 4 figs. 3–5). Its occurrence there is highly unlikely as the species lives at the relatively higher elevations of the southern Western Ghats (see ecological notes and geographic distribution below).</p><p>Vanni ashini can be distinguished from the other species of the same genus by the low but distinct epibranchial tooth (Fig. 20A, B, E) (versus epibranchial tooth indiscernible; Figs. 14A, 16A, 18A, B, E); the longer male pleonal somite 6 as compared to telson length (Fig. 20D, G) (versus male pleonal somite 6 as long as telson; Figs. 14C, E, 16C, H, 18D, G); the male telson being equally long as broad, the medial length ca. 1.0 time the proximal width (Fig. 20D, G) (versus male telson longer than broad, the medial length ca. 1.1–1.3 time the proximal width; Figs. 14C, E, 16C, H, 18D, G); and the relatively stouter G1 ultimate article (Figs. 20H, I, 21A, B) (versus G1 ultimate article relatively slenderer; Figs. 15A, B, 17A, B, 18H, I, 19A, B).</p><p>Ecological notes.  Vanni ashini inhabits shady and dry stream margins underneath stones in moist soil (Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007). The recent specimens were collected from drying to shallow and slow-flowing streams at relatively higher elevations (547–1170 m a.s.l.) of the southern Western Ghats.</p><p>Geographical distribution.  Vanni ashini is endemic to the southernWestern Ghats of Kerala (Thiruvananthapuram district) and Tamil Nadu (Kanyakumari and Tirunelveli districts) in southern India (Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007; Rajesh et al. 2017; present study) (Fig. 1B).</p><p>Key to the species of  Vanni Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007</p><p>1. Epibranchial tooth low but discernible (Fig. 20A, B, E); male pleonal somite 6 longer than telson (Fig. 20D, G); male telson as long as broad, medial length ca. 1.0 × proximal width (Fig. 20D, G); G1 ultimate article relatively stouter (Figs. 20H, I, 21A, B).........................................................................  Vanni ashini Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007 [Kerala (Thiruvananthapuram district) and Tamil Nadu (Kanyakumari and Tirunelveli districts); southern Western Ghats only]</p><p>– Epibranchial tooth indiscernible (Figs. 14A, 16A, 18A, B, E); male pleonal somite 6 as long as telson (Figs. 14C, E, 16C, H, 18D, G); male telson longer than broad, medial length ca. 1.1–1.3 × proximal width (Figs. 14C, E, 16C, H, 18D, G); G1 ultimate article relatively slenderer (Figs. 15A, B, 17A, B, 18H, I, 19A, B).............................................. 2</p><p>2. Male pleonal somite 6 relatively narrower, elongated, proximal width ca. 1.1 × medial length (Fig. 14C, E); male telson relatively more narrow, medial length ca. 1.3 × proximal width (Fig. 14C, E); G1 ultimate article relatively shorter, ca. 0.2 × length of penultimate article (Fig. 15A); G1 penultimate article with distal portion conspicuously narrow than basal portion, outer margin basally straight (Fig. 15A, B); vulvae located clearly away from s5/s6 (Fig. 14F)..............................................................................................  Vanni travancorica (Henderson, 1913) [Kerala (Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram districts); southern Western Ghats only]</p><p>– Male pleonal somite 6 relatively broader, shorter, proximal width ca. 1.2 × medial length (Figs. 16C, H, 18D, G); male telson relatively less narrow, medial length ca. 1.1 × proximal width (Figs. 16C, H, 18D, G); G1 ultimate article relatively longer, ca. 0.3 × length of penultimate article (Figs. 17A, 18H, 19A); G1 penultimate article with distal portion relatively less narrow than basal portion, outer margin basally concave (Figs. 17A, B, 18H, I, 19A, B); vulvae located relatively close to s5/s6 (Figs. 16J, 18K)............................................................................................... 3</p><p>3. Male pleonal somite 6 with gently concave lateral margins (Fig. 18D, G); G1 relatively stouter, with relatively stouter ultimate and penultimate articles (Figs. 18H, I, 19A, B).....................................  Vanni deepta Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007 [Kerala (Idukki and Pathanamthitta districts); southern Western Ghats only]</p><p>– Male pleonal somite 6 with strongly concave lateral margins (Fig. 16C, H); G1 relatively slenderer, with relatively slenderer ultimate and penultimate articles (Fig. 17A, B)............................................  Vanni gracilis sp. nov. [Kerala (Ernakulam district); southern Western Ghats only]</p><p>Genus  Santanusus gen. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 22–24)</p><p>Type species.  Paratelphusa (Liotelphusa) malabarica Henderson, 1912, by present designation; gender of genus masculine.</p><p>Diagnosis. Medium sized crabs (maximum CW 21.6 mm). Carapace relatively broad (CW/CL = ca. 1.3–1.4), relatively low (CH /CW = ca. 0.4–0.5), with moderately convex lateral margins; frontal medial triangle incomplete, lateral margins indiscernible; postorbital cristae weakly developed posterolaterally, not reaching lateral margins of carapace; external orbital angle triangular, with short outer margin, ca. 2.5 times length of inner margin; epibranchial tooth low, located at same level of postorbital cristae; epistome posterior margin with low, broadly triangular medial tooth and gently sinuous lateral lobes (Figs. 22A–C, E–G, 23A). Maxilliped 3 with well-developed flagellum on exopod. Chelipeds relatively slender in adult males (Figs. 22A, E, 23A). Ambulatory legs relatively stout, shorter, setose (Figs. 22A, E, 23A). Male s2/s3 and s3/s4 indiscernible (Fig. 22D, H). Male sternopleonal cavity relatively long, reaching to imaginary line joining bases of maxilliped 3 (Fig. 22D, H). Male pleon relatively narrow, with strongly concave lateral margins; pleonal somite 6 subquadrate, relatively narrow, proximal width ca. 0.9 times medial length (Fig. 22H). G1 relatively slender; ultimate article conical, relatively slender, relatively short, ca. 0.25 times length of penultimate article; penultimate article moderately stout (Fig. 24A, B). G2 as long as G1, ca. 1.0 times G1 length; ultimate article relatively short, ca. 0.3 times length of penultimate article (Fig. 24C). Vulvae relatively widely located from each other (VD/SW = ca. 0.2) (Fig. 23C).</p><p>Etymology. The genus is named in honour of Santanu Mitra of the  Crustacea Section of the Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, for his contributions to the taxonomy of Indian freshwater crabs, in an arbitrary combination with the ending of  Thelphusa Latreille, 1819 . The gender of this genus is masculine.</p><p>Remarks.  Santanusus gen. nov. is differentiated from the morphologically most closely related  Vanni s. str. (see Remarks for  Vanni) and herein designated  Paratelphusa (Liotelphusa) malabarica described by Henderson (1912) as the type species. This new genus thus contains only one species, i.e.,  S. malabaricus (Henderson, 1912) comb. nov.</p><p>Santanusus gen.nov. is distinct from other freshwater crab genera of southern India in the following morphological features: the relatively low carapace (CH /CW = ca. 0.4–0.5) (Fig. 22C, G); the weakly developed postorbital cristae, posterolaterally not reaching the carapace margin (Figs. 22A, B, E, F, 23A); the triangular external orbital angle, with outer margin short, ca. 2.5 times the inner margin length (Figs. 22A, B, E, F, 23A); the low epibranchial tooth (Figs. 22A, B, E, F, 23A); the low, broadly triangular medial tooth of the epistome posterior margin (Fig. 22C, G); the well-developed flagellum on the maxilliped 3 exopod; the relatively stout and shorter ambulatory legs (Figs. 22A, E, 23A); the indiscernible male s2/s3 and s3/s4 (Fig. 22D, H); the relatively long male sternopleonal cavity, reaching to the imaginary line joining the bases of the maxilliped 3 (Fig. 22D, H); the relatively slender G1, with the conical and short ultimate article, ca. 0.25 times the length of the penultimate article (Fig. 24A, B); the equally long G2 and G1 (Fig. 24); the relatively shorter ultimate article of the G2, ca. 0.3 times the length of the penultimate article (Fig. 24C); and the relatively widely located vulvae (VD/SW = ca. 0.2) (Fig. 23C).</p><p>Geographical distribution.  Santanusus gen. nov. is currently known from the central and southern Western Ghats of Kerala (Kozhikode, Palakkad, and Thrissur districts) and Tamil Nadu (Coimbatore district) of southern India (Henderson 1912; Roux 1931; Bott 1970a, 1970b; Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007; Klaus et al. 2014; Pati et al. 2014, 2019b; Rajesh et al. 2017; present study) (Fig. 1B).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C436E549FFAF3245A8DBFF1CFD147FF2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Z, Sameer Kumar Pati	Z, Sameer Kumar Pati (2025): Taxonomic revision of the freshwater crab genera Travancoriana Bott, 1969, and Vanni Bahir & Yeo, 2007 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Gecarcinucidae), with descriptions of eight new genera and two new species from the Western Ghats, southern India. Zootaxa 5634 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5634.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5634.1.1
C436E549FFB53258A8DBFF1CFD1A7D0E.text	C436E549FFB53258A8DBFF1CFD1A7D0E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Santanusus malabaricus (Henderson 1912) Z 2025	<div><p>Santanusus malabaricus (Henderson, 1912) comb. nov.</p><p>[Santanu’s forest crab]</p><p>(Figs. 22–24)</p><p>Paratelphusa (Liotelphusa) malabarica Henderson, 1912: 111 .</p><p>Paratelphusa malabarica – Henderson 1913: 47 (list).</p><p>Travancoriana malabarica – Bott 1970b: 42, pl. 5 figs. 45–47, pl. 26 fig. 22 (part).— Srivastava 2009: 29 (list).</p><p>Vanni malabarica – Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: 340, figs. 33, 34.— Klaus et al. 2014: table S1 (list).—Pati et al. 2014: 659, pl. 2 figs. 4–6, pl. 4 figs. 1, 2; 2019b: 14, pl. 1 fig. 5.— Rajesh et al. 2017: 146, fig. 29.—Pati 2020: 162 (list).— Pati &amp; Pradhan 2020: 555836 (list).</p><p>Not  Paratelphusa (Barytelphusa) travancorica – Roux 1931: 53.</p><p>Not  Travancoriana travancorica – Bott 1970a: 336.</p><p>Type material.   Lectotype: male (CW 13.6 mm, CL 10.1 mm) (NHM 1913.2.11.1), India, Kerala State, “Cochin State Forest” [Thrissur District, Cochin State Forest, stream near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.387" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.555/lat 10.387)">Kavalai</a>], [ca. 10.387° N, 76.555° E], “elev. ca. 305 m a.s.l. ”, presented by J. R. Henderson, “ October 2011 ”.</p><p>Other type material examined.  Paralectotypes: male (CW 18.0 mm, CL 13.2 mm, FW 6.9 mm, CH 8.3 mm), 2 females (CW 18.5–21.6 mm, CL 14.4–16.2 mm; smaller female FW 7.2 mm, CH 8.6 mm) (ZSIK 7936 /10), same collection data as for lectotype, coll. J. R. Henderson .</p><p>Other material examined.  India – Kerala State: male (CW 14.4 mm, CL 10.9 mm, CH 6.6 mm, FW 5.4 mm) (ZSI-WGRC IR/INV/10509),   Kozhikode District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.974&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.493" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.974/lat 11.493)">Kakkavayal</a>, 11.493° N, 75.974° E, elev. 50 m a.s.l., coll. P. Girish Kumar, 8 January 2018  .</p><p>Diagnosis. As for new genus.</p><p>Remarks. Henderson (1912) obtained nine males and eleven females and mentioned in the original publication that “the type ( Crustacea Reg. No. 7936/10) is preserved in the Indian Museum”.Although he discussed the deposition of type specimens in the Indian Museum (= ZSIK), he did not specify their exact number. The present investigation, however, recovered only one male and two females as the types, with the catalogue number ZSIK 7936/10. The other two type specimens (male and female) were already presented to the NHM, likely by J.R. Henderson, and the male syntype (“MLo 1913-2-11-1-2 ” [NHM 1913.2.11.1]) was listed by Bott (1970b). The male syntype (NHM 1913.2.11.1) was designated as the lectotype by Bahir &amp; Yeo (2007), which was supposedly examined by Bott (1970b) as stated in Bahir &amp; Yeo (2007). Bott (1970b: pl. 5 figs. 45–47, pl. 26 fig. 22), however, illustrated a nontype male (from MHNG) of  V. malabarica from the Aliyar River, Anamalai. In the species account, however, Bott (1970b) cited “MBa 798a” [NMB 798a] for a specimen from the Aliyar River; he also cited a juvenile male (“MBa 798b” [NMB 798b]) from the Naduar River. These specimens of  V. malabarica from Aliyar and/or Naduar rivers were previously identified by Roux (1931) as  Paratelphusa (Barytelphusa) travancorica and by Bott (1970a) as  Travancoriana travancorica . The same juvenile male (NMB 798b) from the Naduar River again appeared in the phylogenetic study of Klaus et al. (2014) under the name,  Vanni malabarica . The specimens from the Aliyar and Naduar rivers and adjoining areas of the Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu are those of  S. malabaricus comb. nov., not  V. travancorica .</p><p>The type locality of  S. malabaricus comb. nov. is the Cochin State Forest, and the types were collected from a stream near Kavalai, which was reported to be at an elevation of about 1000 feet (305 m a.s.l.) (see Henderson 1912). Pati et al. (2014) and Rajesh et al. (2017) mentioned that the type locality falls in “ Kochi ” [Ernakulam] and Palakkad districts, respectively. There was a tramway in the Cochin State Forest, which had been in operation during 1907-1963 between Parambikulam of Palakkad district and Chalakudy of Thrissur district, with Kavalai as a transitional location (Vimal Kumar 2019). The approximate geographic coordinates (10.387° N, 76.555° E) of the stream near Kavalai are now traced based on the elevation data provided by Henderson (1912). The stream near Kavalai actually falls in the Thrissur district of Kerala.</p><p>Ecological notes.  Santanusus malabaricus comb. nov. was found to be living underneath stones at the edge of a stream, preferring relatively dry zones, with few individuals actually observed in the water (Henderson 1912). Rajesh et al. (2017) reported that their collection of specimens included those found underneath the stones of a small stream, as well as larger individuals that inhabited the areas between plant roots along the banks of fast-flowing streams.</p><p>Geographical distribution. As for new genus.</p><p>Genus  Pusillosa gen. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 25, 26)</p><p>Type species.  Paratelphusa (Liotelphusa) pusilla Roux, 1931, by present designation; gender of genus feminine. Diagnosis. Small sized crabs (maximum CW 12.9 mm). Carapace relatively broad (CW/CL = ca. 1.2–1.4), relatively low (CH /CW = ca. 0.4), with moderately convex lateral margins; frontal medial triangle incomplete, lateral margins indiscernible; postorbital cristae weakly developed posterolaterally, not reaching lateral margins of carapace; external orbital angle broadly triangular, with long outer margin, ca. 4 times length of inner margin; epibranchial tooth low, located at same level of postorbital cristae; epistome posterior margin with well-developed, triangular medial tooth and sinuous lateral lobes (Fig. 25A–C; see Roux 1931: fig. 16; Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: figs. 37A, 38A, B). Maxilliped 3 with well-developed flagellum on exopod (Fig. 25F). Chelipeds relatively slender in adult males (Fig. 25A, G; see Roux 1931: fig. 16). Ambulatory legs relatively slender, longer, setose (Fig. 25A, H; see Roux 1931: fig. 16). Male s2/s3 and s3/s4 indiscernible (Fig. 25D; see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: figs. 37B, 38C). Male sternopleonal cavity relatively short, reaching to imaginary line joining anterior part of cheliped coxae (Fig. 25D; see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: figs. 37B, 38C). Male pleon relatively broad, with strongly concave, rather angular lateral margins; pleonal somite 6 trapezoidal, relatively broad, proximal width ca. 1.5 times medial length (Fig. 25D, I; see Roux 1931: fig. 17; Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: figs. 37C, 38C). G1 relatively stout; ultimate article conical, relatively slender, relatively short, ca. 0.4 times length of penultimate article; penultimate article stout (Fig. 26A, B; see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 37D, E). G2 longer than G1, ca. 1.2 times G1 length; ultimate article long, ca. 0.4 times length of penultimate article (Fig. 26C). Vulvae relatively widely located from each other (VD/SW = ca. 0.2) (Fig. 25J).</p><p>Etymology. The genus name is an arbitrary combination of ‘ pusillus ’ (Latin for very small) and the genus name  Thelphusa, which alludes to the very small size of the crabs. The gender of this genus is feminine.</p><p>Remarks.  Pusillosa gen. nov. can be set apart from  Vanni s. str. by the very small size of the crabs and the characters in postorbital cristae, external orbital angle, ambulatory legs, male s2/s3, male pleon, and G1 (see Remarks for  Vanni). This new genus currently includes the lone species,  Pu. pusilla (Roux, 1931) comb. nov.</p><p>Pusillosa gen. nov. can be recognised from the gecarcinucid genera of southern India mainly by the relatively low carapace (CH /CW = ca. 0.4), with moderately convex lateral margins (Fig. 25A–C; see Roux 1931: fig. 16; Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: figs. 37A, 38A, B); the weakly developed postorbital cristae (Fig. 25A, B; see Roux 1931: fig. 16; Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: figs. 37A, 38A); the broadly triangular external orbital angle, with outer margin long, ca. 4 times the inner margin length (Fig. 25A, B; see Roux 1931: fig. 16; Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: figs. 37A, 38A); the low epibranchial tooth (Fig. 25A, B; see Roux 1931: fig. 16; Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: figs. 37A, 38A); the distinct flagellum on the exopod of maxilliped 3 (Fig. 25F); the relatively slender pereiopods, with the ambulatory legs being longer and setose (Fig. 25A, G, H; see Roux 1931: fig. 16); the indiscernible male s2/s3 and s3/s4 (Fig. 25D; see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: figs. 37B, 38C); the strongly concave lateral margins of the male pleon, appearing rather angular (Fig. 25D, I; see Roux 1931: fig. 17; Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: figs. 37C, 38C); the relatively stout G1, with the conical and relatively short ultimate article (ca. 0.4 times the length of the penultimate article), and the relatively stouter penultimate article (Fig. 26A, B; see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 37D, E); and the longer G2 than G1 (Fig. 26).</p><p>Geographical distribution.  Pusillosa gen. nov. is endemic to the central Western Ghats and known only from the higher elevations (2100–2315 m a.s.l.) of Nilgiris district in Tamil Nadu, southern India (Roux 1931; Bott 1970a, 1970b; Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007; present study) (Fig. 1B).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C436E549FFB53258A8DBFF1CFD1A7D0E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Z, Sameer Kumar Pati	Z, Sameer Kumar Pati (2025): Taxonomic revision of the freshwater crab genera Travancoriana Bott, 1969, and Vanni Bahir & Yeo, 2007 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Gecarcinucidae), with descriptions of eight new genera and two new species from the Western Ghats, southern India. Zootaxa 5634 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5634.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5634.1.1
C436E549FFB7325DA8DBFA41FB787CB2.text	C436E549FFB7325DA8DBFA41FB787CB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pusillosa pusilla (Roux 1931) Z 2025	<div><p>Pusillosa pusilla (Roux, 1931) comb. nov.</p><p>[Tiny Nilgiri crab]</p><p>(Figs. 25, 26)</p><p>Paratelphusa (Liotelphusa) pusilla Roux, 1931: 58, figs. 16, 17.</p><p>Gubernatoriana pusilla – Bott 1970a: 336: 1970b: 46, pl. 6 figs. 57–59, pl. 27 fig. 26.— Srivastava 2009: 29 (list).</p><p>Vanni pusilla – Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: 342, figs. 37, 38.—Pati 2020: 162 (list).— Pati &amp; Pradhan 2020: 555836 (list).— Sruthi &amp; Thirunavukkarasu 2022: 461 (list).</p><p>Type material.   Lectotype (designated herein based on illustrations of Bahir &amp; Yeo (2007: figs. 37, 38)): male (CW 12.0 mm, CL 8.4 mm) (NMB 801 a), India, Tamil Nadu State, Nilgiris District, Nilgiris, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.599&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.315" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.599/lat 11.315)">Avalanche</a>, 11.315° N, 76.599° E, “elev. 2100 m a.s.l. ”, coll. J. Carl, 18 January 1927.</p><p>Other material examined.   India– Tamil Nadu State: 4 males (CW 3.9–9.3 mm, CL 3.2–6.9 mm, CH 1.3–3.7 mm, FW 1.5–3.2 mm), 2 females (CW 8.2–8.3 mm, CL 6.4–6.5 mm, CH 3.3–3.4 mm, FW 3.1 mm each) (ZSI-WRC C.2343), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.526&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.259" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.526/lat 11.259)">Nilgiris District</a>, Nilgiris, Mukurthi Range, hill stream near earthen dam, 11.259° N, 76.526° E, elev. 2276 m a.s.l., coll. R. Babu et al., 14 February 2023 ;   4 males (CW 9.1–10.1 mm, CL 6.8–7.6 mm, CH 3.6–4.0 mm, FW 3.1–3.5 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.2342), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.518&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.391" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.518/lat 11.391)">Nilgiris District</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.518&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.391" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.518/lat 11.391)">Nilgiris</a>, on the way to Mukurthi Peak, Mukurthi Forest hill stream, 11.391° N, 76.518° E, elev. 2315 m a.s.l., coll. R. Babu et al., 12 February 2023  .</p><p>Diagnosis. As for new genus.</p><p>Colour in life. The live colouration of the species was formerly not known.  Pusillosa pusilla comb. nov. exhibits a deep purple colour of the carapace and pereiopods, with the ventral surface relatively paler and the chelipeds red-violet ventrally (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/190552893).</p><p>Remarks. Bott (1970a, 1970b) assigned  Paratelphusa (Liotelphusa) pusilla Roux, 1931, to  Gubernatoriana without any indications, because he had limited material. Roux (1931) originally examined four females and two males. Bott (1970b) also mentioned the same number and gender of specimens, but one male and three females were from the MHNG without catalogue number, and one male and one female from the NMB with catalogue number NMB 801a. Bott (1970b) also designated the male from the MHNG as the lectotype (also see Bott 1970a). On the contrary, he illustrated the male from NMB (Bott 1970b: pl. 6, figs. 57–59) and mentioned it as the lectotype. The lectotype designation by Bott (1970a, 1970b) is, therefore, not clear. This discrepancy was also noted by Bahir &amp; Yeo (2007) while assigning the species to  Vanni, who specifically stated that Bott (1970b) supposedly designated the NMB male specimen as the lectotype, and the MHNG male specimen appeared as the lectotype in the text due to a typographical error. Bahir &amp; Yeo (2007), therefore, continued to provisionally regard the NMB male specimen as the paralectotype. Since Bott (1970a, 1970b) could not unambiguously select a particular syntype that acts as a unique name-bearing type as necessary according to Article 74.5 of the International Code of the Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999), and Bahir &amp; Yeo (2007) did not clearly identify a lectotype, the male specimen (12.0 × 8.4 mm) (NMB 801a) illustrated by Bahir &amp; Yeo (2007: figs. 37, 38) is hereby designated as the lectotype for the nomenclatural stability of  Pusillosa pusilla (Roux, 1931) comb. nov. The present designation of the lectotype based on illustrations is code-compliant as per Article 74.4 (ICZN 1999).</p><p>Pusillosa pusilla comb. nov. is likely to be confused with eye-catching, coloured small freshwater crabs, e.g.,most species of  Ghatiana Pati &amp; Sharma, 2014,  Gubernatoriana Bott, 1970,  Inglethelphusa Bott, 1970, and  Sahyadriana Pati &amp; Thackeray, 2018 . The species of  Ghatiana,  Gubernatoriana,  Inglethelphusa, and  Sahyadriana possess some morphological characters in common with those of  Pu. pusilla comb. nov., for instance, the indiscernible or weakly developed postorbital cristae, the low epibranchial tooth, the setose ambulatory legs, and the indiscernible male s2/s3 and s3/s4 (cf. Pati &amp; Thackeray 2018, 2021; Pati et al. 2022b, 2023c, 2024). These morphological similarities could have confused Bott (1970a, 1970b) in assigning the species to  Gubernatoriana .  Pusillosa pusilla comb. nov. need not be confused with any of the species of  Ghatiana,  Gubernatoriana,  Inglethelphusa, and  Sahyadriana because it possesses the well-developed flagellum on the maxilliped 3 exopod (Fig. 25F) (versus maxilliped 3 exopod completely lacking a flagellum; see Pati &amp; Thackeray 2018, 2021; Pati et al. 2022b, 2023c, 2024), and the distinctly longer G2, ca. 1.2 times the G1 length, with a long ultimate article, ca. 0.4 times the length of the penultimate article (Fig. 26) (versus G2 and its ultimate article conspicuously short; Pati &amp; Thackeray 2018, 2021; Pati et al. 2022b, 2023c, 2024).</p><p>Ecological notes.  Pusillosa pusilla comb. nov. is a high mountain dweller, living at elevations of 2100–2315 m a.s.l. (Roux 1931; present study). The recent specimens were collected underneath small stones at the margins of shallow and slow-flowing streams and adjacent areas.</p><p>Geographical distribution. As for new genus.</p><p>Genus  Nilgiriana gen. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 27–29, 30A)</p><p>Type species.  Paratelphusa (Liotelphusa) nilgiriensis Roux, 1931, by present designation; gender of genus feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis. Medium sized crabs (maximum CW 24.7 mm). Carapace relatively broad (CW/CL = ca. 1.3–1.5), relatively low (CH /CW = ca. 0.4), with moderately convex lateral margins; frontal medial triangle incomplete, lateral margins indiscernible; postorbital cristae weakly developed posterolaterally, not reaching lateral margins of carapace; external orbital angle broadly triangular, with long outer margin, ca. 4–5 times length of inner margin; epibranchial tooth low, located at same level of postorbital cristae; epistome posterior margin with well-developed, triangular medial tooth and gently to strongly sinuous lateral lobes (Figs. 27A–C, E–G, 30A). Maxilliped 3 with well-developed flagellum on exopod (Fig. 29B). Chelipeds relatively stouter in adult males (Figs. 27A, E, 30A). Ambulatory legs relatively stout, shorter, glabrous (Fig. 27A, E). Male s2/s3 visible as groove; male s3/s4 only visible as 2 short lateral depressions (Fig. 27D, H). Male sternopleonal cavity relatively short, reaching to imaginary line joining anterior part of cheliped coxae (Fig. 27D, H). Male pleon relatively narrow, with concave lateral margins; pleonal somite 6 trapezoidal, relatively broad, proximal width ca. 1.3–1.9 times medial length (Figs. 27D, H, 29D). G1 relatively slender; ultimate article subconical, inverted funnel-shaped, relatively slender, relatively short, ca. 0.3 times length of penultimate article; penultimate article slender (Figs. 28A, B, D, E, 29E, G). G2 longer than G1, ca. 1.2–1.4 times G1 length; ultimate article long, ca. 0.4–0.5 times length of penultimate article (Figs. 28C, F, 29F, H). Vulvae relatively widely located from each other (VD/SW = ca. 0.2) (Fig. 29J).</p><p>Etymology. The genus name is derived from the Nilgiri Hills of the central Western Ghats of India, which is the type locality of the type species. The gender of this genus is feminine.</p><p>Remarks.  Nilgiriana gen. nov. currently includes two species,  Ni. nilgiriensis (Roux, 1931) comb. nov., and a new species,  Ni. paloti sp. nov., described in the present study.</p><p>Nilgiriana gen. nov. can be separated from other freshwater crab genera of southern India by the relatively low carapace (CH /CW = ca. 0.4) (Figs. 27C, G, 30A); the posterolaterally weakly developed postorbital cristae (Fig. 27A, B, E, F); the broadly triangular external orbital angle, with the long outer margin, ca. 4–5 times the inner margin length (Fig. 27A, B, E, F); the low epibranchial tooth (Fig. 27A, B, E, F); the well-developed flagellum on the exopod of maxilliped 3 (Fig. 29B); the relatively stouter pereiopods, with the ambulatory legs being shorter and glabrous (Figs. 27A, E, 30A); the male s2/s3 discernible as groove (Fig. 27D, H); the relatively slender G1, with the subconical, inverted funnel-shaped and relatively short ultimate article (ca. 0.3 times the length of the penultimate article), and the relatively slenderer penultimate article (Figs. 28A, B, D, E, 29E, G); the distinctly longer G2, ca. 1.2–1.4 times the G1 length, with the long ultimate article, ca. 0.4–0.5 times length of penultimate article (Figs. 28, 29E–H); the relatively widely located vulvae (VD/SW = ca. 0.2) (Fig. 29J).</p><p>Nilgiriana gen. nov. is differentiated from  Vanni s. str. by the morphological features in postorbital cristae, external orbital angle, ambulatory legs, male pleonal somite 6, and G1 ultimate article (see Remarks for  Vanni). This new genus should not be confused with  Santanusus gen. nov. and  Pusillosa gen. nov. due to the relatively stouter adult male chelipeds (Figs. 27A, E, 30A) (versus adult male chelipeds relatively slenderer; Figs. 22A, E, 23A, 25A, G; see Roux 1931: fig. 16); the glabrous ambulatory legs (Fig. 27A, E) (versus ambulatory legs setose; Figs. 22A, E, 23A, 25A, H; see Roux 1931: fig. 16); and the subconical, inverted funnel-shaped G1 ultimate article, with the distal portion abruptly narrow (Figs. 28A, B, D, E, 29E, G) (versus G1 ultimate article conical, with the distal portion gradually narrow; Figs. 24A, B, 26A, B; see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 37D, E).</p><p>The general appearance of the carapace, especially the broadly triangular external orbital angle with the long outer margin, and the stouter, shorter and glabrous ambulatory legs, in  Nilgiriana gen. nov., resembles those of  Travancoriana s. lat. (now  Travancoriana s. str.,  Ponmudiana gen. nov.,  Palaniana gen. nov.,  Anamudiana gen. nov., and  Naduganiana gen. nov.).  Nilgiriana gen. nov. can be identified as distinct from these genera mainly by the weakly developed postorbital cristae, which do not reach the lateral margins of the carapace (Fig. 27A, B, E, F) (versus postorbital cristae well-developed, reaching the lateral margins of the carapace; Figs. 2A, 4A, B, E, F, 6A, 7A, 9A, 10A, 12A, B, E), and the subconical, distally abruptly narrow G1 ultimate article (Figs. 28A, B, D, E, 29E, G) (versus G1 ultimate article conical or subcylindrical, with the gradually narrow distal portion; Figs. 3A, B, 5A, B, D, E, 6F, G, 8A, B, 9F, G, 11A, B, 12H, I, 13A, B).</p><p>Geographical distribution.  Nilgiriana gen. nov. is distributed only in the central Western Ghats of Karnataka (Kodagu district), Kerala (Kannur and Wayanad districts), and Tamil Nadu (Nilgiris district) in southern India (Roux 1931; Bott 1970a, 1970b; Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007; Pati et al. 2019c; present study) (Fig. 1B).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C436E549FFB7325DA8DBFA41FB787CB2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Z, Sameer Kumar Pati	Z, Sameer Kumar Pati (2025): Taxonomic revision of the freshwater crab genera Travancoriana Bott, 1969, and Vanni Bahir & Yeo, 2007 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Gecarcinucidae), with descriptions of eight new genera and two new species from the Western Ghats, southern India. Zootaxa 5634 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5634.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5634.1.1
C436E549FFB23252A8DBFA9DFE8E7F0C.text	C436E549FFB23252A8DBFA9DFE8E7F0C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nilgiriana nilgiriensis (Roux 1931) Z 2025	<div><p>Nilgiriana nilgiriensis (Roux, 1931) comb. nov.</p><p>[Roux’s Nilgiri crab]</p><p>(Figs. 27A–D, 28A–C)</p><p>Paratelphusa (Liotelphusa) nilgiriensis Roux, 1931: 56, figs. 14, 15.</p><p>Gubernatoriana nilgiriensis – Bott 1970a: 336; 1970b: 45, pl. 5 figs. 51–53, pl. 27 fig. 24.— Srivastava 2009: 29 (list).</p><p>Vanni nilgiriensis – Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: 341, figs. 35, 36.— Klaus et al. 2014: table S1 (list).—Pati 2020: 162 (list).— Pati &amp; Pradhan 2020: 555836 (list).— Sruthi &amp; Thirunavukkarasu 2022: 460 (list).</p><p>Type material.   Lectotype: male (CW 24.7 mm, CL 18.5 mm) (MHNG, uncatalogued), India, Tamil Nadu State, Nilgiris District, Nilgiris, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.599&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.315" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.599/lat 11.315)">Avalanche</a>, 11.315° N, 76.599° E, “elev. 2100 m a.s.l. ”, coll. J. Carl, 18 January 1927.</p><p>Diagnosis. Medium sized crabs (maximum CW 24.7 mm). Carapace relatively broad (CW/CL = ca. 1.3–1.4), relatively low (CH /CW = ca. 0.4) (Fig. 27A–C); epistome posterior margin with gently sinuous lateral lobes (Fig. 27C); male s2/s3 incomplete, not reaching edge of sternum (Fig. 27D); male sternopleonal cavity relatively shorter, reaching to imaginary line joining medial part of cheliped coxae (Fig. 27D); male pleon relatively broader, with relatively broad pleonal somite 6, proximal width ca. 1.9 times medial length (Fig. 27D); male telson broader than long, medial length ca. 0.9 times proximal width, with concave lateral margins (Fig. 27D); G1 ultimate article subconical, inverted funnel-shaped, distally abruptly narrow, almost straight, short, ca. 0.3 times length of penultimate article (Fig. 28A, B); G1 penultimate article with gently sinuous outer margin (Fig. 28A, B); G2 distinctly longer than G1, ca. 1.4 times G1 length, ultimate article relatively longer, ca. 0.5 times length of penultimate article (Fig. 28C).</p><p>Remarks.  Nilgiriana nilgiriensis comb. nov. was originally described by Roux (1931) as  Paratelphusa (Liotelphusa) nilgiriensis . Bott (1970a, 1970b) subsequently transferred the species to  Gubernatoriana probably due to its weakly developed postorbital cristae. The lectotype designated for the species by Bott (1970a, 1970b) was also illustrated in Bahir &amp; Yeo (2007). Bahir &amp; Yeo (2007), however, assigned the species to  Vanni, with arguments that the species differs from  Gubernatoriana mainly by the well-developed flagellum on the exopod of the maxilliped 3 and the relatively long G2 ultimate article.</p><p>The species reported as  Vanni nilgiriensis from Karnataka and Kerala by Pati et al. (2019c) was actually  Nilgiriana paloti sp. nov.; the differences between  Nilgiriana nilgiriensis comb. nov. and the new species are discussed in detail (see remarks for the latter new species).</p><p>Ecological notes. The ecology of  Ni. nilgiriensis comb. nov. is so far not known, except for the fact that the species was reported to dwell at the higher elevations (2000–2200 m a.s.l.) of the central Western Ghats and found syntopic with  Pu. pusilla comb. nov. at Avalanche of the Nilgiris Hills (see Roux 1931).</p><p>Geographical distribution.  Nilgiriana nilgiriensis comb. nov. is currently known only from the central Western Ghats in the Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu, southern India (Roux 1931; Bott 1970a, 1970b; Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007) (Fig. 1B).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C436E549FFB23252A8DBFA9DFE8E7F0C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Z, Sameer Kumar Pati	Z, Sameer Kumar Pati (2025): Taxonomic revision of the freshwater crab genera Travancoriana Bott, 1969, and Vanni Bahir & Yeo, 2007 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Gecarcinucidae), with descriptions of eight new genera and two new species from the Western Ghats, southern India. Zootaxa 5634 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5634.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5634.1.1
C436E549FFBC3255A8DBFF1CFA577FE2.text	C436E549FFBC3255A8DBFF1CFA577FE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nilgiriana paloti Z 2025	<div><p>Nilgiriana paloti sp. nov.</p><p>[Palot’s Bramhagiri crab]</p><p>(Figs. 27E–H, 28D–F, 29, 30A)</p><p>Not  Vanni nilgiriensis – Pati et al. 2019c: e2019006, fig. 2.</p><p>Type material examined.   Holotype: male (CW 20.8 mm, CL 15.4 mm, CH 8.5 mm, FW 6.4 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.2477), India, Karnataka State, Kodagu District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.632&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.23" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.632/lat 12.23)">Tadiandamolbetta</a>, 12.230° N, 75.632° E, elev. 1196 m a.s.l., coll. B. Tripathy et al., 18 November 2023  . –  Paratypes: 4 males (CW 13.4–18.3 mm, CL 9.8–12.6 mm, CH 5.8–8.4 mm, FW 4.2–5.5 mm),   9 females (CW 14.6–19.1 mm, CL 10.6–13.3 mm, CH 6.4–8.1 mm, FW 4.6–6.0 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.1826), India, Kerala State, Wayanad District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.985&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.867" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.985/lat 11.867)">Pilakavu</a>, 11.867° N, 75.985° E, elev. 859 m a.s.l., coll. P.S. Sujila, 9 October 2018  .</p><p>Other material examined. India– Karnataka State: 3 males (CW 14.0– 15.2 mm, CL 10.5–11.5 mm, CH 5.7– 5.9 mm, FW 4.5–4.8 mm), 3 females (CW 9.3–17.7 mm, CL 7.2–13.3 mm, CH 3.7–7.2 mm, FW 3.2–5.6 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.2478), same collection data as for holotype; male (CW 24.4 mm, CL 17.2 mm, CH 9.3 mm, FW 8.0 mm) (ZSI-WGRC IR/INV/9197), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.496&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.385" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.496/lat 12.385)">Kodagu District</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.496&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.385" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.496/lat 12.385)">Thalacauveri Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.496&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.385" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.496/lat 12.385)">Ezhilaturn</a>, 12.38359° N, 75.49418° E, elev. 1185 m a.s.l., coll. P.M. Sureshan, 6 November 2013; female (CW 8.1 mm, CL 6.3 mm, CH 3.2 mm, FW 2.7 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.2480), Kodagu District, Talakaveri, 12.385° N, 75.496° E, elev. 1238 m a.s.l., coll. B. Tripathy et al., 17 November 2023. – Kerala State: male (CW 15.2 mm, CL 11.3 mm, CH 6.5 mm, FW 4.9 mm), 6 females (CW 8.0– 14.6 mm, CL 6.1–11.1 mm, CH 3.3–6.4 mm, FW 3.0– 4.8 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.2479) ,   Kannur <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.942&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.869" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.942/lat 11.869)">District</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.942&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.869" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.942/lat 11.869)">Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, 11.942° N, 75.864° E, elev. 438 m a.s.l., coll. B. Tripathy et al., 20 November 2023; 5 males (CW 12.3–18.6 mm, CL 8.2–13.4 mm, CH 4.9–8.0 mm, FW 4.0– 5.9 mm), 4 females (CW 14.0– 16.2 mm, CL 10.3–11.7 mm, CH 5.6–6.6 mm, FW 4.5–5.0 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.2481), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.942&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.869" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.942/lat 11.869)">Wayanad District</a>, Periya Range, Chandanathoodu, 11.846° N, 75.808° E, elev. 834 m a.s.l., coll. K.G. Emiliyamma, 4 April 2014; male (CW 15.6 mm, CL 11.4 mm, CH 6.6 mm, FW 4.9 mm), 3 females (CW 14.3–16.8 mm, CL 10.4–12.1 mm, CH 5.9–7.1 mm, FW 4.7–5.3 mm) (ZSI-WRC C.1825), Wayanad District, Kambamala, 11.869° N, 75.942° E, elev. 816 m a.s.l., coll. P.S. Sujila, 26 October 2018  .</p><p>Diagnosis. Medium sized crabs (maximum CW 24.4 mm). Carapace relatively broad (CW/CL = ca. 1.3–1.5), relatively low (CH /CW = ca. 0.4) (Fig. 27E–G); epistome posterior margin with strongly sinuous lateral lobes (Fig. 27G); male s2/s3 complete, reaching edge of sternum (Fig. 27H); male sternopleonal cavity relatively longer, reaching to imaginary line joining anterior part of cheliped coxae (Fig. 27H); male pleon relatively narrower, with relatively narrow pleonal somite 6, proximal width ca. 1.3–1.4 times medial length (Figs. 27H, 29D); male telson longer than broad, medial length ca. 1.1–1.2 times proximal width, with almost straight lateral margins (Figs. 27H, 29D); G1 ultimate article subconical, inverted funnel-shaped, distally abruptly narrow, almost straight to gently curved outwards at ca. 10° from longitudinal axis of G1, short, ca. 0.3 times length of penultimate article (Figs. 28D, E, 29E, G); G1 penultimate article with strongly sinuous outer margin (Figs. 28D, E, 29E, G); G2 longer than G1, ca. 1.2–1.3 times G1 length, ultimate article relatively shorter, ca. 0.4 times length of penultimate article (Figs. 28F, 29F, H); vulvae subovate, relatively large, occupying ca. 0.6 times length of s6, located adjacent to s5/s6, touching s5/s6 (Fig. 29J).</p><p>Description of male holotype. Medium sized crab (CW 20.8 mm). Carapace transversely subovate, broader than long (CW/CL = ca. 1.3), low (CH /CW = ca. 0.4); dorsal surface glabrous, generally smooth except for epigastric and postorbital cristae and lateral surfaces; anterolateral surface gently inflated in frontal view; anterolateral margins gently convex, cristate with low granules, shorter than posterolateral margins; posterolateral margins converging posteriorly, gently concave medially; front broad (FW/CW = ca. 0.3), deflexed anteriorly, trapezoidal, anterior margin cristate with low granules, gently concave medially in dorsal view; frontal medial triangle incomplete, with dorsal margin only, lateral margins indiscernible; epigastric cristae well-developed, slightly anterior to postorbital cristae; postorbital cristae distinct but weakly developed posterolaterally, not reaching lateral margins of carapace; external orbital angle broadly triangular, with long outer margin, ca. 4 times length of inner margin; epibranchial tooth low but discernible; postorbital region concave; branchial regions low; cervical grooves shallow, broad, discontinuous, not reaching level of postorbital cristae; mesogastric groove deep, narrow, long, bifurcated posteriorly; H-shaped groove distinct; subhepatic region rugose, glabrous; suborbital region smooth, glabrous; pterygostomial region generally smooth, glabrous; supraorbital margin cristate, with low granules; suborbital margin concave, cristate with low granules, continuous with supraorbital margin; epistome posterior margin with well-developed, triangular medial tooth and strongly sinuous lateral lobes (Figs. 27E–G, 30A). Eyes large; eyestalk short, stout; cornea moderately large, pigmented (Figs. 27G, 30A).</p><p>Antennules long, folded in longitudinally broad fossae; antennae shorter than eyestalk (Fig. 27G). Mandibular palp with 2 articles; terminal article bilobed, anterior lobe narrow, long, posterior lobe broad, short, ca. 0.5 times length of anterior lobe (Fig. 29A). Maxillipeds 1, 2 each with long flagellum on exopod (Fig. 29A). Maxilliped 3 cover most of buccal cavity, when closed; ischium subrectangular, longer than broad, longitudinal medial groove indiscernible; merus subrectangular, broader than long, anterolateral corner rounded; exopod slender, distally narrow, reaching half-length of ischium, with well-developed flagellum, ca. 0.7 times width of merus (Figs. 27G, 29B).</p><p>Chelipeds stout, generally smooth, glabrous, unequal, left chela larger (Figs. 27E, 30A). Major chela with 5 low, blunt teeth on each finger, remaining teeth small, small gape when fingers closed; dactylus gently curved, stout, longer than upper margin of palm, smooth; fixed finger stout, forming almost straight margin with ventral margin of palm; palm smooth, inflated, longer than high; carpus smooth, gently inflated, with prominent, broad, acute inner distal tooth and low, narrow, blunt basal tooth; merus smooth except for rugose or granular margins, lacking subterminal spine (Figs. 27E, 30A).</p><p>Ambulatory legs generally smooth and glabrous, stout, short, P3 longest; merus long, lacking subdistal spine; propodus and dactylus with distinct, sharp chitinous spines on margins; dactylus almost straight, subequal in length to propodus (Fig. 27E).</p><p>Thoracic sternites smooth, glabrous; s1 and s2 completely fused; s2/s3 visible as narrow groove, reaching edge of sternum; s3/s4 only visible as 2 short lateral depressions; s4/s5, s5/s6, s6/s7 shallow, narrow, medially interrupted; s7/s8 shallow, narrow, medially interrupted by longitudinal groove of s7, lacking transverse ridge; s8 completely covered by pleon, narrowed medially, longitudinal medial groove indiscernible (Figs. 27H, 29C). Pleonal locking mechanism with prominent tubercle on submedial part of s5 (Fig. 29C). Sternopleonal cavity deep, long, reaching to imaginary line joining anterior part of cheliped coxae (Figs. 27H).</p><p>Pleon narrow, triangular, with concave lateral margins; pleonal somites1, 2 subrectangular, narrower than pleonal somite 3; pleonal somite 3 subrectangular, broadest, with convex lateral margins; pleonal somites 4, 5 trapezoidal, with straight lateral margins; pleonal somite 6 trapezoidal, broader than long (proximal width ca. 1.3 times medial length), distinctly longer than preceding pleonal somites, subequal in length to telson, with gently concave lateral margins (Figs. 27H, 29D). Telson bell-shaped, longer than broad (medial length ca. 1.1 times proximal width), with almost straight lateral margins, apex broad, rounded (Figs. 27H, 29D).</p><p>G1 slender, short, tip reaching beyond s6/s7 up to half-length of s 6 in situ; ultimate article subconical, inverted funnel-shaped, slender, short, ca. 0.3 times length of penultimate article, almost straight, distal half abruptly narrow, tip acute; penultimate article sinuous, slender, broad at base, relatively narrow distally, inner margin sinuous, outer margin strongly sinuous; groove for G2 median (Figs. 28D, E, 29E). G2 longer than G1, ca. 1.2 times G1 length; ultimate article long, ca. 0.4 times length of penultimate article, with acute tip; penultimate article stouter at proximal third (Figs. 28F, 29F).</p><p>Colour in life. Crabs are typically light to dark purplish-brown, with their dactylus of the major chelipeds generally conspicuously dark purplish-brown (Fig. 30A).</p><p>Etymology. The species name honours Dr. Muhamed Jafer Palot, a zoologist by profession and a naturalist by hobby. His contributions to the taxonomy and conservation of various faunal groups of the Western Ghats are noteworthy. He also helped in collecting this new species. The species name is treated here as a noun in the genitive singular.</p><p>Remarks. The male paratypes and other males of  N. paloti sp. nov. are similar to the holotype in the diagnostic characters for the species, especially in the strongly sinuous outer margin of the G1 penultimate article (Fig. 29G). Their carapace broadness only varies (CW/CL = ca. 1.3–1.5), so that those of the females (CW/CL = ca. 1.3–1.4). The female paratypes of the species also resemble the holotype in most of the non-sexual character states, especially the characteristic strongly sinuous lateral lobes of the epistome posterior margin.</p><p>The adult females of  N. paloti sp. nov. possess a pleon, which together with telson, forms an ovate outline covering the thoracic sternum except for s1–s3 and lateral edges, when closed (Fig. 29I). The pleonal somite 1 in adult females is the shortest; pleonal somites 2–5 are progressively longer; and pleonal somite 6 is the longest, conspicuously broader than long, subequal in length to the telson, with the convex lateral margins (Fig. 29I). The adult female telson is broadly subtriangular to triangular, conspicuously broader than long, with straight to strongly convex lateral margins and broad apex (Fig. 29I). The vulvae in adult females are widely located from each other (VD/SW = ca. 0.2) on the s6; each vulva opens ventrally and is subovate, large, ca. 0.6 times the length of the s6, located adjacent to the s5/s6, touching the s5/s6, the posterior margin with a raised rim, and covered by a soft membranous operculum (Fig. 29J).</p><p>Nilgiriana paloti sp. nov. was previously misidentified from the Wayanad district of Kerala and Kodagu district of Karnataka by Pati et al. (2019c) as  Vanni nilgiriensis . Pati et al. (2019c) completely ignored the following variations they noted for the G2 structure between their species and  Ni. nilgiriensis comb. nov. s. str.: the relatively less long G2, ca. 1.2–1.3 times the G1 length, with the relatively shorter ultimate article, ca. 0.4 times the length of the penultimate article in  Ni. paloti sp. nov. (Figs. 28D–F, 29E–H) (versus G2 distinctly longer, ca. 1.4 times the G1 length, with the relatively longer ultimate article, ca. 0.5 times the length of the penultimate article in  Ni. nilgiriensis comb. nov. s. str.; Fig. 28A–C).  Nilgiriana paloti sp. nov. can be separated from  Ni. nilgiriensis comb. nov. in the following additional morphological features: the strongly sinuous lateral lobes of the epistome posterior margin (Fig. 27G) (versus the epistome posterior margin with the gently sinuous lateral lobes; Fig. 27C); the complete male s2/s3, reaching the edge of the sternum (Fig. 27H) (versus male s2/s3 incomplete, not reaching the edge of the sternum; Fig. 27D); the relatively longer male sternopleonal cavity, reaching to the imaginary line joining the anterior part of the cheliped coxae (Fig. 27H) (versus male sternopleonal cavity relatively shorter, reaching to the imaginary line joining the medial part of the cheliped coxae; Fig. 27D); the relatively narrower male pleon, with the relatively narrow pleonal somite 6, the proximal width ca. 1.3–1.4 times the medial length (Figs. 27H, 29D) (versus male pleon relatively broader, with the relatively broad pleonal somite 6, the proximal width ca. 1.9 times the medial length; Fig. 27D); the male telson longer than broad, the medial length ca. 1.1–1.2 times the proximal width, with the almost straight lateral margins (Figs. 27H, 29D) (versus male telson broader than long, the medial length ca. 0.9 times the proximal width, with the concave lateral margins; Fig. 27D); and the strongly sinuous outer margin of the G1 penultimate article (Figs. 28D, E, 29E, G) (versus G1 penultimate article with a gently sinuous outer margin; Fig. 28A, B).</p><p>Ecological notes.  Nilgiriana paloti sp. nov. can be found at lower as well as higher elevations (438–1238 m a.s.l.) of the central Western Ghats (Pati et al. 2019c; present study). The specimens of the new species from the type locality were collected underneath small and large boulders in shallow (&lt;10 cm) and slow-flowing streams (Fig. 30B, C). Individuals were also collected among small stones in wet soil adjacent to slow-flowing streams (Fig. 30D).  Barytelphusa cunicularis was found syntopically with the species at most of the places, but the former species generally prefers to stay under large boulders of streams and inside burrows along the margins of streams (see Pati &amp; Yeo 2022).</p><p>Geographical distribution.  Nilgiriana paloti sp. nov. is known only from the Bramhagiri Hills of the central Western Ghats in Karnataka (Kodagu district) and Kerala (Kannur and Wayanad districts), southern India (Pati et al. 2019c; present study) (Fig. 1B).</p><p>Key to the species of  Nilgiriana gen. nov.</p><p>1. Epistome posterior margin with gently sinuous lateral lobes (Fig. 27C); male s2/s3 incomplete, not reaching edge of sternum (Fig. 27D); male sternopleonal cavity relatively shorter, reaching to imaginary line joining medial part of cheliped coxae (Fig. 27D); male pleon relatively broader, with relatively broad pleonal somite 6, proximal width ca. 1.9 × medial length (Fig. 27D); male telson broader than long, medial length ca. 0.9 × proximal width, with concave lateral margins (Fig. 27D); G1 penultimate article with gently sinuous outer margin (Fig. 28A, B); G2 distinctly longer, ca. 1.4 × G1 length, with relatively longer ultimate article, ca. 0.5 × length of penultimate article (Fig. 28A–C)..............  Nilgiriana nilgiriensis (Roux, 1931) comb. nov. [Tamil Nadu (Nilgiris district); central Western Ghats only]</p><p>– Epistome posterior margin with strongly sinuous lateral lobes (Fig. 27G); male s2/s3 complete, reaching edge of sternum (Fig. 27H); male sternopleonal cavity relatively longer, reaching to imaginary line joining anterior part of cheliped coxae (Fig. 27H); male pleon relatively narrower, with relatively narrow pleonal somite 6, proximal width ca. 1.3–1.4 × medial length (Figs. 27H, 29D); male telson longer than broad, medial length ca. 1.1–1.2 × proximal width, with almost straight lateral margins (Figs. 27H, 29D); G1 penultimate article with strongly sinuous outer margin (Figs. 28D, E, 29E, G); G2 relatively less long, ca. 1.2–1.3 × G1 length, with relatively shorter ultimate article, ca. 0.4 × length of penultimate article (Figs. 28D–F, 29E–H)...................................................................................  Nilgiriana paloti sp. nov. [Karnataka (Kodagu district) and Kerala (Kannur and Wayanad districts); central Western Ghats only]</p><p>Genus  Idukkiana gen. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 31, 32)</p><p>Type species.  Vanni giri Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007, by present designation; gender of genus feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis. Medium sized crabs (maximum CW 18.8 mm). Carapace relatively broad (CW/CL = ca. 1.3), relatively low (CH /CW = ca. 0.4), with moderately convex lateral margins; frontal medial triangle incomplete, lateral margins indiscernible; postorbital cristae well-developed, reaching lateral margins of carapace; external orbital angle broadly triangular, with long outer margin, ca. 3.5 times length of inner margin; epibranchial tooth low, located at same level of postorbital cristae; epistome posterior margin with well-developed, triangular medial tooth and gently sinuous lateral lobes (Fig. 31A, B). Maxilliped 3 with well-developed flagellum on exopod. Chelipeds relatively slender in adult male (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 44B). Ambulatory legs relatively stout, shorter, glabrous (Fig. 31A). Male s2/s3 visible as very shallow groove, reaching edge of sternum; male s3/s4 visible as shallow, complete groove, reaching edge of sternum (Fig. 31C). Male sternopleonal cavity relatively short, reaching to imaginary line joining anterior part of cheliped coxae (Fig. 31C). Male pleon relatively narrow, with concave lateral margins; pleonal somite 6 subquadrate, relatively narrow, proximal width ca. 1.1 times medial length, with straight lateral margins (Fig. 31C). Male telson as long as broad, medial length ca. 1.0 times proximal width, with straight lateral margins (Fig. 31C). G1 relatively slender; ultimate article conical, relatively slender, distally gently curved outwards, relatively short, ca. 0.3 times length of penultimate article, tip acute and straight; penultimate article moderately stout, with almost straight outer margin (Fig. 32A, B). G2 longer than G1, ca. 1.2 times G1 length; ultimate article long, ca. 0.5 times length of penultimate article (Fig. 32C).</p><p>Etymology. The genus name is derived from Idukki, a district of Kerala that lies exclusively in the southern Western Ghats of India, and where the type species is originated. The gender of this genus is feminine.</p><p>Remarks.  Idukkiana gen. nov. is established for the only species,  Idukkiana giri (Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007) comb. nov., which was originally described in  Vanni by Bahir &amp; Yeo (2007). The new genus can be distinguished from  Vanni s. str. in having a broadly triangular external orbital angle with a long outer margin, the presence of a discernible and complete groove of the male s3/s4, and the fact that the male pleonal somite 6 has straight lateral margins (see remarks for  Vanni).</p><p>Idukkiana gen. nov. can easily be separated from the remaining gecarcinucid genera of southern India by its medium size (maximum CW 18.8 mm) in combination with the following morphological features: a carapace that is relatively low (CH /CW = ca. 0.4) (Fig. 31B); well-developed postorbital cristae that reach the lateral margins of the carapace (Fig. 31A); a broadly triangular external orbital angle, with a long outer margin, ca. 3.5 times the length of the inner margin (Fig. 31A); a low epibranchial tooth (Fig. 31A); a well-developed flagellum on the exopod of the maxilliped 3; relatively shorter ambulatory legs (Fig. 31A); relatively shallow and complete male s2/s3 and s3/s4, which both reach the edge of the sternum (Fig. 31C); a relatively shorter male sternopleonal cavity, which reaches the imaginary line joining the anterior part of the cheliped coxae (Fig. 31C); a relatively narrow male pleon, with concave lateral margins (Fig. 31C); a subquadrate, relatively narrow male pleonal somite 6, with the proximal width ca. 1.1 times the medial length, and straight lateral margins (Fig. 31C); a male telson that is as long as broad, with the medial length ca. 1.0 times the proximal width, and straight lateral margins (Fig. 31C); a G1 ultimate article that is conical, relatively stouter, distally gently curved outwards and short, ca. 0.3 times the length of the penultimate article, with the relatively acute and straight tip (Fig. 32A, B); a G1 penultimate article that is relatively stout, with the outer margin almost straight (Fig. 32A, B); and a distinctly longer G2, ca. 1.2 times the G1 length (Fig. 32).</p><p>Among the freshwater crab genera of southern India,  Idukkiana gen. nov. is morphologically closest to  Naduganiana gen. nov. mainly due to the following shared characteristics: a low carapace (CH /CW = ca. 0.4) (Figs. 12C, 31B); well-developed postorbital cristae that extend to the carapace lateral margins (Figs. 12A, B, E, 31A); a broadly triangular external orbital angle with a long outer margin that is ca. 3–3.5 times the length of the inner margin (Figs. 12A, B, E, 31A); a low epibranchial tooth (Figs. 12A, B, E, 31A); relatively stouter and shorter ambulatory legs (Figs. 12A, E, 31A); a complete groove of the s3/s4 (Figs. 12D, 31C); a subquadrate and relatively narrow male pleonal somite 6, with the proximal width ca. 1.1–1.2 times medial length (Figs. 12D, G, 31C); a relatively short G1 ultimate article that is ca. 0.3–0.4 times the length of the penultimate article (Figs. 12H, 13A, 32A); and a distinctly longer G2 that is ca. 1.2 times the G1 length (Figs. 12H–J, 13, 32). These morphological similarities between the two genera notwithstanding,  Idukkiana gen. nov. is nevertheless differentiated from  Naduganiana gen. nov. by the relatively shallow male s2/s3 and s3/s4 (Fig. 31C) (versus male s2/s3 and s3/s4 relatively deep; Fig. 12D); the straight lateral margins of the male pleonal somite 6 and telson (Fig. 31C) (versus male pleonal somite 6 and telson with the gently concave lateral margins; Fig. 12D, G); the relatively stouter G1 ultimate article, with the tip relatively acute and straight (Fig. 32A, B) (versus G1 ultimate article relatively slenderer, with the blunt and bent tip; Figs. 12H, I, 13A, B); and the relatively slenderer G1 penultimate article, with an almost straight outer margin (Fig. 32A, B) (versus G1 penultimate article relatively stouter, with the sinuous outer margin; Figs. 12H, I, 13A, B). Although both genera are known from the Western Ghats in southern India,  Idukkiana gen. nov. is restricted to the higher elevations (1570 m a.s.l.) of the southern Western Ghats (cf. Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007) (Fig. 1B), whereas  Naduganiana gen. nov. is known only from the lower elevations (651–800 m a.s.l.) of the central Western Ghats (Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007; present study) (Fig. 1A).</p><p>Geographical distribution.  Idukkiana gen. nov.  is known only from the higher elevations (1570 m a.s.l.) of the  southern Western Ghats, specifically in the Idukki district of Kerala, southern India (Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007) (Fig. 1B)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C436E549FFBC3255A8DBFF1CFA577FE2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Z, Sameer Kumar Pati	Z, Sameer Kumar Pati (2025): Taxonomic revision of the freshwater crab genera Travancoriana Bott, 1969, and Vanni Bahir & Yeo, 2007 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Gecarcinucidae), with descriptions of eight new genera and two new species from the Western Ghats, southern India. Zootaxa 5634 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5634.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5634.1.1
C436E549FFC4322DA8DBFF1CFA4E7FC7.text	C436E549FFC4322DA8DBFF1CFA4E7FC7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Idukkiana giri (Bahir & Yeo 2007) Z 2025	<div><p>Idukkiana giri (Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007) comb. nov.</p><p>[Idukki mountain crab]</p><p>(Figs. 31, 32)</p><p>Vanni giri Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007: 346, figs. 43, 44.</p><p>Vanni giri – Rajesh et al. 2017: 146.—Pati 2020: 162 (list).— Pati &amp; Pradhan 2020: 555836 (list).</p><p>Type material.   Holotype: male (CW 18.8 mm, CL 14.2 mm) (ZRC 2003.0271), India, Kerala State, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.05578&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.13172" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.05578/lat 10.13172)">Idukki District</a>, “between Munnar-Maraiyoor on Munnar-Pollachchi” [between Munnar-Marayoor on Munnar-Pollachi road], 10.13172° N, 77.05578° E, elev. 1570 m a.s.l., collector and collection date unknown.</p><p>Diagnosis. As for new genus.</p><p>Remarks. According to Bahir &amp; Yeo (2007), the G2 ultimate article of  Idukkiana giri comb. nov. is ca. 0.25 times the length of the penultimate article, which is certainly a typographical error. The G2 ultimate article of the holotype is conspicuously long, ca. 0.5 times the length of the penultimate article (Fig. 32C; see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 43E).</p><p>The report of the species as  Vanni giri by Pati et al. (2014) from the Chikkamagaluru and Kodagu districts of Karnataka is an error, which is evident from their figures (Pati et al. 2014: pl. 2 figs. 10–12, pl. 4 figs. 6–8). Their specimens actually belong to an undescribed species of  Vanni (work in progress).</p><p>The entire Idukki district of Kerala lies in the southern Western Ghats, which is currently known for 15 species in 12 genera (cf. Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007; Pati &amp; Sharma 2013; Pati et al. 2014, 2017; Rajesh et al. 2017; Raj et al. 2021, 2022; present study).  Idukkiana giri comb. nov. can be easily separated from the species of those genera mainly by its distinctive characteristics, including its relatively small size (maximum CW 18.8 mm), a low carapace (CH /CW = ca. 0.4), a broadly triangular external orbital angle with a long outer margin (ca. 3.5 times the inner margin length), a low epibranchial tooth, a well-developed flagellum on the maxilliped 3 exopod, a relatively narrow male pleonal somite 6 (the proximal width ca. 1.1 times the medial length), a relatively shorter G1 ultimate article (ca. 0.3 times the length of the penultimate article), and a distinctly longer G2 with a length of ca. 1.2 times that of the G1 (Figs. 31, 32).</p><p>Ecological notes.  Idukkiana giri comb. nov. was reported to inhabit moist soil and areas under stones, immediately adjacent to a streamlet, at an elevation of 1570 m a.s.l. (Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007).</p><p>Geographical distribution. As for new genus.</p><p>Key to the freshwater crab genera of southern India and/or the Western Ghats</p><p>1. Frontal medial triangle complete, with distinct upper margin and lateral margins (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2005: fig. 3B)......... 2</p><p>– Frontal medial triangle incomplete, with distinct upper margin only, lateral margins indiscernible (Fig. 2B)............. 3</p><p>2. G1 ultimate article and distal portion of penultimate article not longitudinally twisted (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2005: fig. 3 E) .....................................................................................   Oziotelphusa Müller, 1887 [southern India, including central and  southern Western Ghats; Maharashtra and Odisha]</p><p>–  G1 ultimate article and distal portion of penultimate article longitudinally twisted (see Pati et al. 2022a: fig. 7 A – C) .....................................................................................   Spiralothelphusa Bott, 1968 [southern India; Maharashtra, Odisha, and West Bengal]</p><p>3. Orbit with lower outer corner channelled (see Pati &amp; Sharma 2014: fig. 1B).......................................</p><p>.....................................................................  Gecarcinucus H. Milne Edwards, 1844</p><p>[Maharashtra; including northern Western Ghats] – Orbit with lower outer corner normal, not channelled (Fig. 2B)................................................. 4</p><p>4. G2 distinctly shorter than G1, ca. ≤ 0.7 × G1 length (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 4A, D; Pati &amp; Thackeray 2018: figs. 4D, F, 11I,</p><p>L, 17I, L, 24I, L; Pati et al. 2019a: fig. 3O, P; 2023b: fig. 6B, F; Pati &amp; Yeo 2022: fig. 1H, I, Q, R).................... 5 – G2 equal to or longer than G1, ca. ≥ 1.0 × G1 length (Figs. 3A, C, 28A, C)...................................... 13</p><p>5. Male s2/s3 indiscernible (see Pati &amp; Thackeray 2018: figs. 4C, 11C, 17C, 24C); male sternopleonal cavity relatively long, reaching to or beyond imaginary line joining bases of maxilliped 3 (see Pati &amp; Thackeray 2018: figs. 4C, 11C, 17C, 24C); G2 ultimate article usually conspicuously short, ca. 0.1 × length of penultimate article (see Pati &amp; Thackeray 2018: figs. 4F, 11L, 17L, 24L)........................................................................................... 6</p><p>– Male s2/s3 distinct (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 5C; Pati et al. 2019a: fig. 2F; 2023b: fig. 2C; Pati &amp; Yeo 2022: fig. 1F, O); male sternopleonal cavity relatively short, reaching to imaginary line joining anterior part of cheliped coxae (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 5C; Pati et al. 2019a: fig. 2F; 2023b: fig. 2C; Pati &amp; Yeo 2022: fig. 1F, O); G2 ultimate article usually relatively long, ca. 0.2–0.3 × length of penultimate article (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 4D; Pati et al. 2019a: fig. 3P; 2023b: fig. 6F; Pati &amp; Yeo 2022: fig. 1I)........................................................................................ 9</p><p>6. Male telson elongated (see Pati &amp; Thackeray 2018: figs. 4C, 17C, G)............................................ 7 – Male telson relatively short (see Pati &amp; Thackeray 2018: figs. 11C, G, 24C, G).................................... 8</p><p>7. Front with relatively narrow anterior margin (FW/CW = ca. 0.4) (see Pati &amp; Thackeray 2018: fig. 4B); maxilliped 3 exopod relatively long, reaching beyond anterolateral corner of ischium (see Pati &amp; Thackeray 2018: fig. 6H); G1 relatively stouter (see Pati &amp; Thackeray 2018: fig. 4D).................................................  Ghatiana Pati &amp; Sharma, 2014 [Goa, Karnataka, and Maharashtra; northern and central Western Ghats only]</p><p>– Front with relatively broad anterior margin (FW/CW = ca. 0.5) (see Pati &amp; Thackeray 2018: fig. 17B); maxilliped 3 exopod relatively short, not reaching anterolateral corner of ischium (see Pati &amp; Thackeray 2018: fig. 17H); G1 conspicuously slender (see Pati &amp; Thackeray 2018: fig. 17I).................................................  Inglethelphusa Bott, 1970 [Maharashtra (Satara district); northern Western Ghats only]</p><p>8. Branchial regions relatively low (see Pati &amp; Thackeray 2018: fig. 11A); ambulatory legs with sparsely setose dactylus and propodus (see Pati &amp; Thackeray 2018: fig. 11A, E); male sternopleonal cavity relatively short, not reaching beyond imaginary line joining bases of maxilliped 3 (see Pati &amp; Thackeray 2018: fig. 11C).....................  Gubernatoriana Bott, 1970 [Maharashtra; northern Western Ghats only]</p><p>– Branchial regions relatively inflated (see Pati &amp; Thackeray 2018: fig. 24A); ambulatory legs with abundantly setose dactylus and/or propodus (see Pati &amp; Thackeray 2018: fig. 24A, E); male sternopleonal cavity relatively long, reaching beyond imaginary line joining bases of maxilliped 3 (see Pati &amp; Thackeray 2018: fig. 24C).............  Sahyadriana Pati &amp; Thackeray, 2018 [Maharashtra; northern Western Ghats only]</p><p>9. Carapace ovate, relatively narrow (CW/CL = ca. 1.2–1.4), relatively deep (CH /CW = ca. 0.5–0.7) (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 5A, B; Pati et al. 2019a: fig. 2D, E; 2023b: fig. 2A, B); epistome posterior margin with strongly sinuous lateral lobes (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 5B; Pati et al. 2019a: fig. 2E; 2023b: fig. 2B); male sternopleonal cavity relatively short, reaching to imaginary line joining medial part of cheliped coxae (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 5C; Pati et al. 2019a: fig. 2F; 2023b: fig. 2C)..... 10</p><p>– Carapace subovate, relatively broad (CW/CL = ca. 1.4–1.5), relatively low (CH /CW = ca. 0.4–0.5) (see Pati &amp; Yeo 2022: fig. 1A, B, J, K); epistome posterior margin with concave lateral lobes (see Pati &amp; Yeo 2022: fig. 1B, K); male sternopleonal cavity relatively long, reaching to imaginary line joining anterior part of cheliped coxae (see Pati &amp; Yeo 2022: fig. 1F, O)...... 12</p><p>10. Male telson narrow, elongated, medial length ca. 1.3–1.4 × proximal width (see Pati et al. 2023b: fig. 6A); G1 ultimate article relatively stouter (see Pati et al. 2023b: fig. 6B); G1 penultimate article with characteristically convex distal inner margin (see Pati et al. 2023b: fig. 6B)................................................  Aradhya Pati, Bajantri &amp; Hegde, 2023 [Karnataka (Uttara Kannada district); central Western Ghats only]</p><p>– Male telson relatively broader, shorter, medial length ca. 0.9–1.1 × proximal width (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 5C; Pati et al. 2019a: fig. 2F); G1 ultimate article relatively slender (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 4A; Pati et al. 2019a: fig. 3O); G1 penultimate article with almost straight distal inner margin (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 4A; Pati et al. 2019a: fig. 3O).............. 11</p><p>11. Carapace dorsal surface generally smooth, lacking distinct serrations on anterolateral margins (see Pati et al. 2019a: fig. 2A, D); cervical grooves relatively shallow (see Pati et al. 2019a: fig. 2A, D); maxilliped 3 lacking flagellum or with relatively short flagellum, reaching about half width of merus (see Pati et al. 2019a: fig. 3B, N); male pleonal somite 6 relatively broad, proximal width ca. 1.7–1.8 × medial length (see Pati et al. 2019a: fig. 2C, F); G1 relatively stout, with large flexible zone (see Pati et al. 2019a: fig. 3E, O)..............................................  Arcithelphusa Pati &amp; Sudha Devi, 2015 [Kerala (Wayanad district); central Western Ghats only]</p><p>– Carapace dorsal surface relatively rugose, with distinct serrations on anterolateral margins (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 5A; Pati et al. 2017: fig. 11a); cervical grooves relatively deep (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 5A; Pati et al. 2017: fig. 11a); maxilliped 3 with relatively long flagellum, reaching beyond half width of merus (Pati et al. 2017: fig. 11i); male pleonal somite 6 relatively narrow, proximal width ca. 1.3–1.6 × medial length (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 5C; Pati et al. 2017: fig. 11h); G1 relatively slender, with small flexible zone (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 4A; Pati et al. 2017: fig. 12a).......................................................................................................  Cylindrotelphusa Alcock, 1909 [Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Nilgiris district); including central and southern Western Ghats]</p><p>12. Epibranchial tooth low, weakly developed, located anterior to level of postorbital cristae (see Pati &amp; Yeo 2022: fig. 1J); cervical grooves relatively short, not reaching to level of postorbital cristae (see Pati &amp; Yeo 2022: fig. 1J); subhepatic region smooth (see Pati &amp; Yeo 2022: fig. 1K); major cheliped with relatively stout palm (see Pati &amp; Yeo 2022: fig. 1N); male pleon relatively broad, with trapezoidal and relatively broader pleonal somite 6, proximal width ca. 1.3–1.7 × medial length (see Pati &amp; Yeo 2022: fig. 1P); G1 relatively long, tip reaching beyond s5/s6, ultimate article relatively long, ca. 0.7–0.8 × length of penultimate article (see Pati &amp; Yeo 2022: fig. 1O, Q)................................................  Barusa Pati &amp; Yeo, 2022 [peninsular India, including southern India ( Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Telangana), and northern and central Western Ghats]</p><p>– Epibranchial tooth distinct, relatively strongly developed, located at same level of postorbital cristae (see Pati &amp; Yeo 2022: fig. 1A); cervical grooves relatively long, reaching to level of postorbital cristae (see Pati &amp; Yeo 2022: fig. 1A); subhepatic region relatively rugose (see Pati &amp; Yeo 2022: fig. 1B); major cheliped with relatively slender palm (see Pati &amp; Yeo 2022: fig. 1E); male pleon relatively narrow, with subquadrate and relatively narrower pleonal somite 6, proximal width ca. 1.2 × medial length (see Pati &amp; Yeo 2022: fig. 1G); G1 relatively short, tip reaching to proximal half of s6, ultimate article relatively short, ca. 0.6 × length of penultimate article (see Pati &amp; Yeo 2022: fig. 1F, H)...........................  Barytelphusa Alcock, 1909 [peninsular India, including southern India and Western Ghats]</p><p>13. Maxilliped 3 completely lacking flagellum on exopod (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: figs. 25B, 27A)...................... 14 – Maxilliped 3 with distinct flagellum on exopod (Figs. 16E, 29B).............................................. 16</p><p>14. Postorbital cristae strongly developed (see Pati et al. 2017: fig. 2a); external orbital angle acutely triangular, with short outer margin, ca. 2 × length of inner margin (see Pati et al. 2017: fig. 2a); G2 slightly longer than G1, with relatively short ultimate article, ca. 0.3 × length of penultimate article (see Pati et al. 2017: fig. 3a, d)..........................................................................................  Karkata Pati, Rajesh, Raj, Sheeja, Kumar &amp; Sureshan, 2017 [Kerala (Ernakulam and Idukki districts); southern Western Ghats only]</p><p>– Postorbital cristae indiscernible or weakly developed (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: figs. 25A, 26A, 28A); external orbital angle broadly triangular, with long outer margin, ca. 3–4 × length of inner margin (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: figs. 25A, 26A, 28A); G2 distinctly longer than G1, with relatively long ultimate article, ca. 0.4.–0.5 × length of penultimate article (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: figs. 25F, H, 27C, G)............................................................................ 15</p><p>15. Ambulatory legs with densely setose carpus, propodus, and dactylus (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 25E); male s2/s3 and s3/s4 indiscernible (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 25C).........................................  Pilarta Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007 [Kerala (Ernakulam and Thiruvananthapuram districts); southern Western Ghats only]</p><p>– Ambulatory legs with sparsely setose carpus, propodus, and dactylus (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 28A); male s2/s3 and s3/s4 distinct, deep (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: figs. 28C, 29A)....................................  Snaha Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007 [Kerala (Idukki district) and Tamil Nadu (Dindigul district); southern Western Ghats only]</p><p>16. Postorbital cristae indiscernible (see Raj et al. 2022: fig. 3B).......................  Pavizham Raj, Kumar &amp; Ng, 2022 [Kerala (Pathanamthitta district); southern Western Ghats only]</p><p>– Postorbital cristae discernible, weakly to strongly developed (Figs. 2A, 22B, 25B, 27B)............................ 17</p><p>17. Epibranchial tooth prominent, located posterior to level of postorbital cristae (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 23A)...........</p><p>.............................................................................  Lamella Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007</p><p>[Kerala; including southern Western Ghats] – Epibranchial tooth relatively low, located at same level of postorbital cristae (Figs. 2A, 12B, 14A, 25B, 27F)........... 18</p><p>18. Carapace with strongly convex lateral margins (see Kumar et al. 2017: fig. 5B); ambulatory legs exceptionally long, longest merus ca. 6–7 × longer than broad (see Kumar et al. 2017: figs. 5A, 7H)...................  Kani Kumar, Raj &amp; Ng, 2017 [Kerala (Thiruvananthapuram district); southern Western Ghats only]</p><p>– Carapace with gently to moderately convex lateral margins (Figs. 2A, 12B, 14A, 25B, 27F); ambulatory legs relatively short, longest merus ca. ≤ 4 × longer than broad (Figs. 2A, 12A, 14A, 25A, H, 27E).................................... 19</p><p>19. Carapace deep (CH /CW = ca. 0.6) (see Raj et al. 2021: fig. 3B); female vulvae closely located to each other (VD/SW = ca. 0.1) (see Raj et al. 2021: fig. 5C)..............................................  Rajathelphusa Raj, Kumar &amp; Ng, 2021 [Kerala (Idukki district); southern Western Ghats only]</p><p>– Carapace usually low (CH /CW = ca. 0.3–0.5) (Figs. 10B, 16B); female vulvae located some distance from each other (VD/SW = ca. ≥ 0.2) (Figs. 10F, 16J)............................................................................ 20</p><p>20. External orbital angle acutely triangular to triangular, with short outer margin, ca. 2–2.5 × length of inner margin (Figs. 14A, 16A, 18A, 20A, 22A; see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: figs. 19A, 46A)................................................. 21</p><p>– External orbital angle broadly triangular, with long outer margin, ca. 3–5 × length of inner margin (Figs. 2A, 4A, E, 7A, 10A, 12A, 25A, 27A, E, 31A).............................................................................. 24</p><p>21. Male s3/s4 distinct, deep (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: figs. 18A, 45A).............................................. 22 – Male s3/s4 indiscernible (Figs. 14C, 16C, 18D, 20D, 22D)................................................... 23</p><p>22. Male pleonal somite 6 relatively broad, proximal width ca. 1.2–1.6 × medial length (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 18B); G1 ultimate article relatively stouter, broadly conical (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 18C); G2 ultimate article relatively short, ca. 0.3 × length of penultimate article (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 18G)..........................  Baratha Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007 [Kerala (Idukki district); southern Western Ghats only]</p><p>– Male pleonal somite 6 relatively narrow, proximal width ca. 0.8–0.9 × medial length (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 45B); G1 ultimate article relatively slenderer, narrowly conical/subconical (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 45C); G2 ultimate article relatively long, ca. 0.4–0.5 × length of penultimate article (see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 45F)................  Vela Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007 [Karnataka (Kodagu and Uttara Kannada districts), Kerala (Idukki, Kozhikode, Palakkad, and Wayanad districts), and Tamil Nadu (Nilgiris district); central and southern Western Ghats only]</p><p>23. Postorbital cristae well-developed, reaching lateral margins of carapace (Figs. 14A, 16A, 18A, B, 20A, B); epistome posterior margin with well-developed, triangular medial tooth (Figs. 14B, 16B, 18C, 20C); male s2/s3 discernible (Figs. 14C, 16C, 18D, 20D); male sternopleonal cavity relatively short, reaching to imaginary line joining anterior part of cheliped coxae (Figs. 14C, 16C, 18D, 20D); G2 ultimate article relatively long, ca. 0.4 × length of penultimate article (Figs. 15C, 17C, 19C, 21C)....................................................................................  Vanni Bahir &amp; Yeo, 2007 [Karnataka (as north as Uttara Kannada district), Kerala, and Tamil Nadu (as south as Kanyakumari district); central and southern Western Ghats only]</p><p>–   Postorbital cristae weakly developed posterolaterally, not reaching lateral margins of carapace (Fig. 22A, B); epistome posterior margin with low, broadly triangular medial tooth (Fig. 22C); male s2/s3 indiscernible (Fig. 22D); male sternopleonal cavity relatively long, reaching to imaginary line joining bases of maxilliped 3 (Fig. 22D); G2 ultimate article relatively short, ca. 0.3 × length of penultimate article (Fig. 24C)..................................................  Santanusus gen. nov. [Kerala (Kozhikode,  Palakkad, and  Thrissur districts) and Tamil Nadu (Coimbatore district); central and southern Western Ghats only]</p><p>24. Postorbital cristae weakly developed posterolaterally, not reaching lateral margins of carapace (Figs. 25A, B, 27A, B, E, F; see</p><p>Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: figs. 37A, 38A)...................................................................... 25 – Postorbital cristae well-developed, reaching lateral margins of carapace (Figs. 2A, 4A, E, 7A, 10A, 12A, 31A)......... 26</p><p>25. Chelipeds relatively slender in adult males (Fig. 25G; see Roux 1931: fig. 16); ambulatory legs relatively slender, longer, setose (Fig. 25A, H; see Roux 1931: fig. 16); male s2/s3 indiscernible (Fig. 25D; see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: figs. 37B, 38C); male pleon with strongly concave, rather angular lateral margins (Fig. 25D, I; see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: figs. 37C, 38C); G1 relatively stout, with conical ultimate article and relatively stouter penultimate article (Fig. 26A, B; see Bahir &amp; Yeo 2007: fig. 37D, E).........................................................................................  Pusillosa gen. nov. Tamil Nadu (Nilgiris district); central Western Ghats only]</p><p>–   Chelipeds relatively stout in adult males (Fig. 27A, E); ambulatory legs relatively stout, shorter, glabrous (Fig. 27A, E); male s2/s3 discernible (Fig. 27D, H); male pleon with relatively less strongly concave lateral margins (Figs. 27D, H, 29D); G1 relatively slender, with subconical, inverted funnel-shaped ultimate article and relatively slenderer penultimate article (Figs. 28A, B, D, E, 29E)....................................................................  Nilgiriana gen. nov. [Karnataka ( Kodagu district), Kerala (Kannur and  Wayanad districts), and Tamil Nadu (Nilgiris district); central Western Ghats only]</p><p>26. Male s3/s4 only visible as 2 short lateral depressions (Fig. 4D, H); G1 penultimate article slender (Fig. 5A, B, D, E).........................................................................................  Ponmudiana gen. nov. [Kerala (Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram districts) and Tamil Nadu (Kanyakumari and Tirunelveli districts); southern Western Ghats only]</p><p>– Male s3/s4 visible as complete groove, reaching edge of sternum (Figs. 2C, 7C, 10D, 12D, 31C); G1 penultimate article relatively stouter (Figs. 3A, B, 8A, B, 11A, B, 13A, B, 32A, B)............................................... 27</p><p>27. Male pleon relatively broad, with almost straight lateral margins, pleonal somite 6 trapezoidal (Fig. 7C); G1 ultimate article relatively stout, long, ca. 0.5–0.6 × length of penultimate article (Fig. 8A, B).......................  Palaniana gen. nov. [Kerala (Idukki, Palakkad, Pathanamthitta, and Thrissur districts) and Tamil Nadu (Coimbatore, Dindigul, and Theni districts); southern Western Ghats only]</p><p>– Male pleon relatively narrow, with concave to strongly concave lateral margins, pleonal somite 6 subquadrate (Figs. 2C, 10D, 12D, 31C); G1 ultimate article relatively slender, short, ca. 0.25–0.4 × length of penultimate article (Figs. 3A, B, 11A, B, 13A, B, 32A, B).......................................................................................... 28</p><p>28. Male sternopleonal cavity relatively shorter, reaching to imaginary line joining medial part of cheliped coxae (Fig. 10D); male pleonal somite 6 relatively broad, proximal width ca. 1.5 × medial length (Fig. 10D, E)............  Anamudiana gen. nov. [Kerala (Idukki district); southern Western Ghats only]</p><p>– Male sternopleonal cavity relatively longer, reaching to imaginary line joining anterior part of cheliped coxae (Figs. 2C, 12D, 31C); male pleonal somite 6 relatively narrow, proximal width ca. 1.1–1.2 × medial length (Figs. 2C, 12D, 31C)........ 29</p><p>29. Large sized crabs (maximum CW 55.3 mm); male telson relatively narrower, medial length ca. 1.2 × proximal width (Fig. 2C); G1 ultimate article distally gently curved inwards (Fig. 3A, B); G2 as long as G1, ca. 1.0 × G1 length (Fig. 3)...........................................................................................  Travancoriana Bott, 1969 [Tamil Nadu state (Nilgiris district); central Western Ghats only]</p><p>– Medium sized crabs (maximum CW 28.0 mm); male telson relatively broader, medial length ca. 1.0 × proximal width (Figs. 12D, 31C); G1 ultimate article distally gently to distinctly curved outwards (Figs. 13A, B, 32A, B); G2 longer than G1, ca. 1.2 × G1 length (Figs. 13, 32)............................................................................. 30</p><p>30. Male s2/s3, s3/s4 relatively shallow (Fig. 31C); male pleonal somite 6 and telson with straight lateral margins (Fig. 31C); G1 ultimate article relatively stouter, with relatively acute and straight tip (Fig. 32A, B); G1 penultimate article relatively slenderer, with almost straight outer margin (Fig. 32A, B)..............................................  Idukkiana gen. nov. [Kerala (Idukki district); southern Western Ghats only]</p><p>– Male s2/s3, s3/s4 relatively deep (Fig. 12D); male pleonal somite 6 and telson with gently concave lateral margins (Fig. 12D); G1 ultimate article relatively slenderer, with blunt and bent tip (Fig. 13A, B); G1 penultimate article relatively stouter, with sinuous outer margin (Fig. 13A, B).....................................................  Naduganiana gen. nov. [Kerala (Malappuram district) and Tamil Nadu (Nilgiris district); central Western Ghats only]</p><p>General discussion</p><p>Southern India is now known to have 63 species of freshwater crabs, belonging to 27 genera of the family  Gecarcinucidae; whereas the Western Ghats is home to 81 species of gecarcinucid crabs, spanning 30 genera (Alcock 1910; Roux 1931; Bott 1970b; Bahir &amp; Yeo 2005, 2007; Pati et al. 2017, 2019a, 2019c, 2022a, 2022b, 2023a, 2023b, 2023c, 2024; Rajesh et al. 2017; Pati &amp; Thackeray 2018, 2021; Pati &amp; Vargila 2019; Pati &amp; Pradhan 2020; Raj et al. 2021, 2022; Mandal et al. 2022a, 2022b; Pati &amp; Yeo 2022; present study) (Table 1). The southern Indian state of Kerala currently possesses 39 species of freshwater crabs in 22 genera, followed by Tamil Nadu with 20 species in 14 genera, Karnataka with 13 species in nine genera, Telangana with six species in four genera, and  Andhra Pradesh with five species in four genera (Table 1). Among three major regions of the Western Ghats, the southern Western Ghats is now known for 18 genera and 31 species of freshwater crabs, the central Western Ghats for 14 genera and 23 species, and the northern Western Ghats for seven genera and 35 species (Table 1).</p><p>The present taxonomic revision of the gecarcinucid freshwater crab genera,  Travancoriana and  Vanni, recognizes eight new genera and two new species from the Western Ghats of southern India based on the morphological and molecular evidence. This fact highlights the presence of many undescribed taxa in the region, warranting further exploration (Pati &amp; Pradhan 2020). Freshwater crabs play important ecological roles in tropical ecosystems (Yeo et al. 2008; Cumberlidge et al. 2009), and a better understanding of the diversity, distribution, and ecology of freshwater crabs is essential for conservation and management efforts. The identification keys furnished here for the freshwater crab genera or species is a crucial step, which will help carcinologists currently working in the region. These identification keys, however, need refining with the discoveries of additional taxa in future.</p><p>In conclusion, the taxonomy of freshwater crabs in southern India, especially in the Western Ghats, is still in a state of flux, and continued research is necessary to discover more taxa, resolve their phylogenetic relationships, and understand their diversity, distribution, and ecology.</p><p>......continued on the next page ......continued on the next page ......continued on the next page</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C436E549FFC4322DA8DBFF1CFA4E7FC7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Z, Sameer Kumar Pati	Z, Sameer Kumar Pati (2025): Taxonomic revision of the freshwater crab genera Travancoriana Bott, 1969, and Vanni Bahir & Yeo, 2007 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Gecarcinucidae), with descriptions of eight new genera and two new species from the Western Ghats, southern India. Zootaxa 5634 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5634.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5634.1.1
