identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
FC99B9482CDF5A85AF5E67DED6A7C861.text	FC99B9482CDF5A85AF5E67DED6A7C861.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polynema (Polynema) antoniae (Soyka 1950)	<div><p>Polynema (Polynema) antoniae (Soyka, 1950)</p><p>Fig. 4</p><p>Novickyella antoniae Soyka, 1950: 6.</p><p>Polynema antoniae (Soyka): Trjapitzin 1978: 536.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>China, Xinjiang: • 1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=81.78972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.15528" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 81.78972/lat 43.15528)">Tekes</a>, 43°09'19"N, 81°47'23"E, 9.VII.2021, Qin Li et al., sweeping ; • 2 ♀♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=81.630554&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.700832" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 81.630554/lat 43.700832)">Yining</a>, 43°42'03"N, 81°37'50"E, 8.VII.2021, Qin Li et al., sweeping. (All in ICXU) .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Female. Body length 880–980 μm (n = 3). Body (Fig. 4 A) dark brown, scape and pedicel yellowish-brown, clava dark brown, petiole yellowish-brown, legs pale brown. Antenna (Fig. 4 B) with scape smooth, clava with six mps. Mesoscutum (Fig. 4 C) smooth. Propodeum (Fig. 4 C) with a short median carina. Forewing (Fig. 4 D) with apical part distinctly broadened, dark discal cilia extending proximally to distinctly beyond stigma. Metacoxa (Fig. 4 E) and petiole in lateral view subequal in length. Ovipositor (Fig. 4 E) slightly exserted from the apex of gaster.</p><p>Male. Unknown.</p><p>Hosts.</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (Xinjiang); Austria.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>This species was collected in Xinjiang in both a lowland area of the Ili Valley and in the mid-elevation mountainous habitat in Tekes County. The morphology of this species is highly consistent with the type specimen described by Soyka in 1950, thus supporting their conspecificity. Shared characteristics include a predominantly dark brown body color; a similar forewing shape with the middle distinctly broadened and a length ~ 4.3–4.5 × the width; the longest marginal setae reaching ~ 2 / 3 of the maximum wing width; the scape ~ 3 × as long as wide and 1.6 × as long as the pedicel; F 2 being the longest flagellar segment and F 1 the shortest. The ovipositor is clearly exserted. Differences lie in the fact that the original description did not specify the number of sensilla and lacked details on the mesosomal characteristics, whereas the modern description adds several structural features not previously recorded, such as a complete median longitudinal groove on the mesoscutum and a short median carina on the propodeum.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC99B9482CDF5A85AF5E67DED6A7C861	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Aishan, Zhulidezi;Wang, Jin-Ling;Sharengaowa,;Triapitsyn, Serguei V.	Aishan, Zhulidezi, Wang, Jin-Ling, Sharengaowa,, Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2025): Polynema (Polynema) Haliday (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) of Xinjiang: descriptions of three new species, with eleven new records from China. ZooKeys 1251: 39-60, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.161229
8BD1FB1B65AE53C99978E2154AF22758.text	8BD1FB1B65AE53C99978E2154AF22758.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polynema (Polynema) atrosimile Soyka 1956	<div><p>Polynema (Polynema) atrosimile Soyka, 1956</p><p>Fig. 5</p><p>Polynema atrosimilis Soyka, 1956: 41. Bouček 1977: 122.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>China, Xinjiang: • 2 ♀♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=82.72083&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.225834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 82.72083/lat 43.225834)">Gongliu</a>: 43°13'33"N, 82°43'15"E, 10.VII.2021, Qin Li et al., sweeping ; • 1 ♀, 43°16'19"N, 82°33'44"E, 10. VII. 2021. Qin Li et al., sweeping; • 1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=82.5625&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.403336" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 82.5625/lat 43.403336)">Xinyuan</a>, 43°24'12"N, 82°33'45"E, 5.VII.2021. Qin Li et al., sweeping. (All in ICXU) .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Female. Body length 790–800 μm (n = 4). Body (Fig. 5 A) dark brown, scape and pedicel yellowish-brown, clava brown; petiole yellowish-brown, legs pale brown. Antenna scape (Fig. 5 B) with indistinct cross-ridges; clava with seven mps. Mesoscutum (Fig. 5 C) with conspicuous reticulate sculpture. Propodeum (Fig. 5 C) with a short median carina. Forewing with longest marginal seta as long as greatest width of wing; dark microtrichia on disc beginning well beyond apex of stigma (Fig. 5 D); Ovipositor (Fig. 5 E) slightly exserted beyond apex of gaster.</p><p>Male. Unknown.</p><p>Hosts.</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (Xinjiang); Serbia.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Polynema (Polynema) atrosimile is distributed in both mid-elevation Gongliu (1136 m) and lower-altitude Xinyuan (515 m). This species shares key morphological characteristics with the type species described by Soyka (1956), including: a scape longer than the pedicel; the third flagellomere equal in length to the pedicel; gaster ~ 2 × as long as wide; the longest marginal setae nearly equal to the wing width; and clava ~ 2 × as long as F 6. However, it differs in two critical aspects: the new species exhibits a forewing length-to-width ratio of 5: 1 (vs ~ 4.6: 1 in Soyka’s type specimen) and possesses a shorter mesosoma with a mesosoma-to-gaster ratio of about 0.9 (compared to ~ 0.7 in the latter).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8BD1FB1B65AE53C99978E2154AF22758	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Aishan, Zhulidezi;Wang, Jin-Ling;Sharengaowa,;Triapitsyn, Serguei V.	Aishan, Zhulidezi, Wang, Jin-Ling, Sharengaowa,, Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2025): Polynema (Polynema) Haliday (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) of Xinjiang: descriptions of three new species, with eleven new records from China. ZooKeys 1251: 39-60, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.161229
E7105F204FC1517BB492FE9713A728A8.text	E7105F204FC1517BB492FE9713A728A8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polynema (Polynema) bakkendorfi Hincks 1950	<div><p>Polynema (Polynema) bakkendorfi Hincks, 1950</p><p>Fig. 6</p><p>Polynema bakkendorfi Hincks, 1950: 193.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>China, Xinjiang: • 1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=82.72083&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.225834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 82.72083/lat 43.225834)">Gongliu</a>, 43°13'33"N, 82°43'15"E, 10.VII.2021, Qin Li et al., sweeping ; • 1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=79.14611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.496387" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 79.14611/lat 40.496387)">Keping</a>, 40°29'47"N, 79°08'46"E, 28.VII.2022, Qin Li et al., sweeping ; • 1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=90.33278&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.6775" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 90.33278/lat 46.6775)">Qinhe</a>, 46°40'39"N, 90°19'58"E, 10.VII.2020, Qin Li et al., sweeping ; • 1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=90.04583&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.434723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 90.04583/lat 46.434723)">Qinhe</a>, 46°26'05"N, 90°02'45"E, 9.VII.2020, Qin Li et al., sweeping ; • 1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=81.36806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.883053" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 81.36806/lat 43.883053)">Yining</a>, 43°52'59"N, 81°22'05"E, 7.VII.2021, Qin Li et al., sweeping. (All in ICXU) .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Female. Body length 1000–1100 μm (n = 5). Body (Fig. 6 A) dark brown, scape and pedicel yellowish-brown, petiole yellowish-brown, legs dark brown. Antenna (Fig. 6 B) with scape smooth; F 2 the longest funicular, slightly longer than F 3; F 1 as long as F 4 and both the shortest funiculars; clava with seven mps. Mesoscutum (Fig. 6 C) with conspicuous reticulate sculpture. Forewing discal setae (Fig. 6 D) originating at the lower part of the stigmal vein. Metacoxa (Fig. 6 E) in lateral view almost as long as petiole.</p><p>Male. Unknown.</p><p>Hosts.</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (Xinjiang); United Kingdom.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>This species is similar to P. (Polynema) neofuscipes, both having the mesoscutum with distinctly reticulate sculpture, but in the latter, the reticulation is less pronounced. Metacoxa in lateral view of the former is shorter than the petiole, while that of the latter is as long as the petiole.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E7105F204FC1517BB492FE9713A728A8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Aishan, Zhulidezi;Wang, Jin-Ling;Sharengaowa,;Triapitsyn, Serguei V.	Aishan, Zhulidezi, Wang, Jin-Ling, Sharengaowa,, Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2025): Polynema (Polynema) Haliday (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) of Xinjiang: descriptions of three new species, with eleven new records from China. ZooKeys 1251: 39-60, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.161229
025C24BBACC35BE5AB675386EE578607.text	025C24BBACC35BE5AB675386EE578607.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polynema (Polynema) bischoffi (Soyka 1950)	<div><p>Polynema (Polynema) bischoffi (Soyka, 1950)</p><p>Fig. 7</p><p>Novickyella bischoffi Soyka, 1950: 7.</p><p>Polynema bischoffi (Soyka): Trjapitzin 1978: 534.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>China, Xinjiang: • 1 ♀, Fukang: 44°15'59"N, 87°32'12"E, 5.V.2017, Hongying Hu et al., sweeping; • 1 ♀, 44°13'30"N, 87°31'52"E, 23. IX. 2017, Hongying Hu et al., sweeping; • 1 ♀, 44°13'20"N, 87°31'53"E, 4.VI.2017, Hongying Hu et al., sweeping. (All in ICXU) .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Female. Body length 1090–1180 μm (n = 3). Body (Fig. 7 A) dark brown, scape and pedicel yellowish-brown, clava dark brown, petiole yellowish-brown, legs yellowish-brown. Antenna (Fig. 7 B) with scape smooth; clava shorter than combined length of 3 preceding flagellomeres, with eight mps. Mesoscutum (Fig. 7 C) smooth. Propodeum (Fig. 7 C) without a median carina. Forewing (Fig. 7 D) longest marginal seta shorter than the greatest width of the wing. Metacoxa (Fig. 7 E) and petiole in lateral view subequal in length. Ovipositor (Fig. 7 E) exserted from the apex of gaster by ~ 0.1 × its own total length.</p><p>Male. Unknown.</p><p>Hosts.</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (Xinjiang); Austria.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/025C24BBACC35BE5AB675386EE578607	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Aishan, Zhulidezi;Wang, Jin-Ling;Sharengaowa,;Triapitsyn, Serguei V.	Aishan, Zhulidezi, Wang, Jin-Ling, Sharengaowa,, Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2025): Polynema (Polynema) Haliday (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) of Xinjiang: descriptions of three new species, with eleven new records from China. ZooKeys 1251: 39-60, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.161229
6A1E1B83FF4A5314B8AAC60E9E64F0E1.text	6A1E1B83FF4A5314B8AAC60E9E64F0E1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polynema (Polynema) breviscapus Wang & Aishan 2025	<div><p>Polynema (Polynema) breviscapus Wang &amp; Aishan sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 1</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype: • ♀ (ICXU) on slide (Fig. 1 H): China, Xinjiang, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=82.60333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.5425" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 82.60333/lat 41.5425)">Xinhe</a>, 41°32'33"N, 82°36'12"E, 15.VII.2001, Wei Wu, sweeping . Paratypes (all in ICXU): China, Xinjiang: • 1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=82.88944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=44.60083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 82.88944/lat 44.60083)">Jinghe</a>, 44°36'03"N, 82°53'22"E, 15.VII.2001, Hongying Hu et al., sweeping ; • 4 ♀♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=82.60445&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.543888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 82.60445/lat 41.543888)">Xinhe</a>, 41°32'38"N, 82°36'16"E, 1.VI.2001, Wei Wu, sweeping .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Antenna (Fig. 1 B) with scape smooth, almost as long as pedicel; F 2 as long as F 6; clava longer than combined length of three preceding flagellomeres and longer than combined length of F 1 – F 3, with eight mps. Mesosoma smooth; pronotum (Fig. 1 C) with four setae on each side along anterior margin; scutellum (Fig. 1 C) with a frenal row of foveae, they are distinctly wider and apparently shallower; propodeum (Fig. 1 C) with a complete median carina shaped posteriorly as an inverted narrow Y-shape. Ovipositor (Fig. 1 G) slightly exserted beyond gastral apex.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Female (holotype and paratypes). Body length 426–438 μm (n = 6). Head (Fig. 1 A) in frontal view 0.6 × (0.6–0.8 ×) as high as wide. Antenna (Fig. 1 B) with scape smooth, 1.8 × (1.8–1.9 ×) as long as wide (including short radicle), almost as long as pedicel; pedicel 2.1 × (1.5–2.1 ×) as long as wide, 2.3 × (1.9–2.4 ×) as long as F 1; F 1 the shortest funicular; F 2 as long as F 6 and both the longest funiculars; F 4 and F 5 subequal in length; F 6 with one mps; clava 3.3 × (2.9–3.7 ×) as long as wide, longer than combined length of three preceding flagellomeres and longer than combined length of F 1 – F 3, with eight mps.</p><p>Mesosoma smooth, 1.2 × (1.1–1.3 ×) as long as wide; pronotum (Fig. 1 C) divided mediolongitudinally, with four setae on each side along the anterior margin; mesoscutum (Fig. 1 C) 0.5 × (0.5–0.6 ×) as long as wide, longer than scutellum; scutellum (Fig. 1 C) 0.6 × (0.5–0.6 ×) as long as wide, with a frenal row of foveae, they are distinctly wider and apparently shallower; propodeum (Fig. 1 C) with a complete median carina shaped posteriorly as an inverted narrow Y-shape. Forewing (Fig. 1 D) 4.1 × (4.1–4.4 ×) as long as wide; disc hyaline, densely setose beyond venation, with discal setae originating behind stigmal vein (Fig. 1 E), many of them 5.3–7.2 μm long; longest marginal seta 1.0 × (0.6–1.0 ×) greatest width of forewing; Hind wing (Fig. 1 F) 28.9 × (27.2–31.4 ×) as long as wide; disc hyaline, with two rows of setae; longest marginal seta 5.8 × (5.6–6.4 ×) greatest width of hind wing.</p><p>Metacoxa (Fig. 1 C) smooth, in lateral view a little longer than petiole. Petiole (Fig. 1 C) 1.3 × (1.3–1.5 ×) as long as wide, in dorsal view with inconspicuous vertical striations and expanded basally. Ovipositor (Fig. 1 G) 1.0 × (1.0–1.1 ×) as long as gaster, slightly exserted by ~ 0.1 × its own total length beyond gastral apex; ovipositor 1.7 × (1.5–1.8 ×) length of mesotibia and 1.5 × (1.3–1.5 ×) length of metatibia.</p><p>Measurements of the holotype (μm). Head height: width: 60: 101; mesosoma (in dorsal view) length: width: 115: 95; mesoscutum length: width: 41: 77; scutellum length: width: 30: 53; median carina length: 29; petiole length: width: 28: 22; gaster length: width: 130: 90; ovipositor length: 136; exserted part of ovipositor: 13; antennal segments length: width: scape: 26: 15; pedicel: 25: 12; F 1: 11: 5; F 2: 18: 6; F 3: 11: 6; F 4: 13: 7; F 5: 12: 7; F 6: 18: 8; clava: 56: 17; forewing length: width: 274: 66; longest marginal seta length: 65; discal setae length: 5–7; hind wing length: width: 231: 8; longest marginal seta length: 46; mesotibia length: 79; metatibia length: 89.</p><p>Male. Unknown.</p><p>Hosts.</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The new species is a noun in apposition meaning “ a short scape ” in Latin.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (Xinjiang).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>In this new species, the scape is approximately as long as the pedicel, thus distinguishing it from most species within the subgenus in which the scape is usually longer than pedicel. The unique combination of the posterior margin of the scutellum with a frenal row of foveae that are distinctly wider and apparently shallower and the median carina being complete, forming an inverted Y-shape, separates it from all the other described species in the subgenus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6A1E1B83FF4A5314B8AAC60E9E64F0E1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Aishan, Zhulidezi;Wang, Jin-Ling;Sharengaowa,;Triapitsyn, Serguei V.	Aishan, Zhulidezi, Wang, Jin-Ling, Sharengaowa,, Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2025): Polynema (Polynema) Haliday (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) of Xinjiang: descriptions of three new species, with eleven new records from China. ZooKeys 1251: 39-60, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.161229
3D8577161E775949B37C7E0A1743CCEB.text	3D8577161E775949B37C7E0A1743CCEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polynema (Polynema) capillatum Soyka 1956	<div><p>Polynema (Polynema) capillatum Soyka, 1956</p><p>Fig. 8</p><p>Polynema capillata Soyka, 1956: 45.</p><p>Polynema capillatum Soyka: Trjapitzin 1978: 534.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>China, Xinjiang: • 2 ♀♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=86.371666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=44.219166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 86.371666/lat 44.219166)">Manas</a>, 44°13'09"N, 86°22'18"E, 22. V. 202, Qin Li et al., sweeping ; • ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=81.47222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.81611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 81.47222/lat 43.81611)">Yining</a>, 43°48'58"N, 81°28'20"E, 8.VII.2021, Qin Li et al., sweeping. (All in ICXU) .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Female. Body length 1000–1200 μm (n = 3). Body (Fig. 8 A) dark brown, scape and pedicel yellowish-brown, clava brown; petiole and legs yellowish-brown. Antenna (Fig. 8 B) with scape smooth, F 4 and F 5 subequal in length; clava with six mps. Pronotum (Fig. 8 C) with four setae on each side along the anterior margin. Mesoscutum (Fig. 8 C) smooth; propodeum (Fig. 8 C) with a short median carina. Forewing (Fig. 8 D) with discal cilia very long and sparse; longest marginal seta approximately as long as width of wing. Metacoxa (Fig. 8 E) and petiole in lateral view subequal in length.</p><p>Male. Unknown.</p><p>Hosts.</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (Xinjiang); Germany, Poland.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>This species is similar to P. (Polynema) gracile; both have scape smooth, clava with six mps, and mesoscutum smooth. However, this species is distinguished from P. gracile by the pronotum with four setae on each side along the anterior margin; forewing with discal cilia being relatively sparser and with the longest marginal seta as long as width of wing. In P. gracile, the pronotum has seven setae on each side along the anterior margin; the forewing has very long and irregularly distributed discal setae, and the longest marginal setae are shorter than the maximum width of the wing.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D8577161E775949B37C7E0A1743CCEB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Aishan, Zhulidezi;Wang, Jin-Ling;Sharengaowa,;Triapitsyn, Serguei V.	Aishan, Zhulidezi, Wang, Jin-Ling, Sharengaowa,, Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2025): Polynema (Polynema) Haliday (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) of Xinjiang: descriptions of three new species, with eleven new records from China. ZooKeys 1251: 39-60, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.161229
49192AE5F01355F48EA342F0A542DE80.text	49192AE5F01355F48EA342F0A542DE80.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polynema (Polynema) elegantissimum Soyka 1956	<div><p>Polynema (Polynema)? elegantissimum Soyka, 1956</p><p>Fig. 9</p><p>Polynema elegantissima Soyka, 1956: 48–49.</p><p>Polynema elegantissimum Soyka: Trjapitzin 1978: 536.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>China, Xinjiang: • 1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=81.40972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.91" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 81.40972/lat 36.91)">Hetian</a>, 36°54'36"N, 81°24'35"E, 3.VIII.2021, Zhulidezi Aishan et al., sweeping ; • 1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=87.30445&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.668056" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 87.30445/lat 38.668056)">Ruoqiang</a>, 38°40'05"N, 87°18'16"E, 29.VII.2021, Zhulidezi Aishan et al., sweeping. (All in ICXU) .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Female. Body length 700–800 μm (n = 2). Body (Fig. 9 A) dark brown, scape and pedicel yellow, clava dark brown, petiole yellowish-brown, legs pale brown. Antenna (Fig. 9 B) with scape smooth, clava longer than combined length of three preceding flagellomeres, with eight mps. Mesoscutum (Fig. 9 C) with indistinct reticulate sculpture. Propodeum (Fig. 9 C) without a median carina. Forewing (Fig. 9 D) with longest marginal seta 0.9–1.3 × as long as the greatest width of the wing; forewing with hypochaeta extending to posterior margin of forewing. Metacoxa (Fig. 9 E) and petiole in lateral view subequal in length. Ovipositor (Fig. 9 E) exserted from gastral gaster by 0.1 × its own total length.</p><p>Male. Unknown.</p><p>Hosts.</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (Xinjiang); Greece, Netherlands.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>The features of these tentatively identified specimens from Xinjiang are similar to those described by Soyka (1956); however, there are differences between them, as follows: the body color in the specimens from Xinjiang is dark brown whereas Soyka described his specimens as pale yellow-brown (however, that could be due to slide-mounting); the clava length is longer than the combined length of F 1 – F 3 and also longer than the combined length of F 4 – F 6 in our specimens, whereas in Soyka’s description, the length of the clava is shorter than the combined length of F 1 – F 3 and slightly shorter than the combined length of F 4 – F 6.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/49192AE5F01355F48EA342F0A542DE80	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Aishan, Zhulidezi;Wang, Jin-Ling;Sharengaowa,;Triapitsyn, Serguei V.	Aishan, Zhulidezi, Wang, Jin-Ling, Sharengaowa,, Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2025): Polynema (Polynema) Haliday (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) of Xinjiang: descriptions of three new species, with eleven new records from China. ZooKeys 1251: 39-60, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.161229
5F6F9EE3962C5BF9AEB6D10509032B13.text	5F6F9EE3962C5BF9AEB6D10509032B13.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polynema (Polynema) elongatum Soyka 1956	<div><p>Polynema (Polynema) elongatum Soyka, 1956</p><p>Fig. 10</p><p>Polynema elongata Soyka, 1956: 48–49.</p><p>Polynema elongatum Soyka: Trjapitzin 1978: 536.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>China, Xinjiang: • 2 ♀♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=81.45083&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.35083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 81.45083/lat 36.35083)">Hetian</a>: 36°21'3"N, 81°27'03"E, 12.VII.2021, Zhulidezi Aishan et al., sweeping ; • 1 ♀, 36°54'36"N, 81°24'35"E, 3. VIII. 2021, Zhulidezi Aishan et al., sweeping; • 1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.21&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.409725" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.21/lat 39.409725)">Kashi</a>, 39°24'35"N, 76°12'36"E, 8.VIII.2021, Zhulidezi Aishan et al., sweeping. (All in ICXU) .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Female. Body length 860–910 μm (n = 4). Body (Fig. 10 A) dark brown, scape and pedicel yellow, clava pale brown, petiole yellow, legs yellowish-brown. Antenna (Fig. 10 B) with scape smooth, longer than pedicel, 1.9–2.3 × as long as pedicel; clava with seven mps; pronotum with eight setae on each side along the anterior margin (Fig. 10 C); propodeum (Fig. 10 C) with a short median carina. Forewing (Fig. 10 D) 5.0 × as long as wide, the longest marginal seta as long as the greatest width of wing. Ovipositor (Fig. 10 E) exserted beyond apex of gaster by ~ 0.1 × its own total length; ovipositor 1.4–1.5 × length of metatibia.</p><p>Male. Unknown.</p><p>Hosts.</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (Xinjiang); Netherlands.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>The specimens from Xinjiang have eight setae on each side along the anterior margin of the pronotum. Other, more or less similar, species typically have 4–6 such setae.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F6F9EE3962C5BF9AEB6D10509032B13	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Aishan, Zhulidezi;Wang, Jin-Ling;Sharengaowa,;Triapitsyn, Serguei V.	Aishan, Zhulidezi, Wang, Jin-Ling, Sharengaowa,, Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2025): Polynema (Polynema) Haliday (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) of Xinjiang: descriptions of three new species, with eleven new records from China. ZooKeys 1251: 39-60, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.161229
EFC315160674504F9AEB50875D344650.text	EFC315160674504F9AEB50875D344650.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polynema (Polynema) fumipenne Walker 1846	<div><p>Polynema (Polynema) fumipenne Walker, 1846</p><p>Fig. 11</p><p>Polynema fumipennis Walker, 1846: 52.</p><p>Polynema fumipenne Walker: Boţoc 1963: 104.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>China, Xinjiang: • 1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=90.33278&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.6775" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 90.33278/lat 46.6775)">Qinhe</a>, 46°40'39"N, 90°19'58"E, 10.VII.2020, Qin Li et al., sweeping ; • 1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=83.35472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.223335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 83.35472/lat 43.223335)">Xinyuan</a>, 43°13'24"N, 83°21'17"E, 8.VIII.2017, Hongying Hu et al., sweeping. (All in ICXU) .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Female. Body length 1130–1165 μm (n = 2). Body (Fig. 11 A) dark brown, scape and pedicel yellow, clava pale brown, petiole and legs yellow. Antenna (Fig. 11 B) with scape smooth; F 1 as long as F 4 and both the longest funiculars; clava with six mps. Mesoscutum (Fig. 11 C) smooth; pronotum with four setae on each side along the anterior margin (Fig. 11 C); propodeum (Fig. 11 C) without a median carina. Forewing (Fig. 11 D) with discal cilia extending to approximately mid-length of submarginal vein. Metacoxa (Fig. 11 E) in lateral view 0.7 × as long as petiole. Ovipositor (Fig. 11 E) slightly exserted from the apex of gaster.</p><p>Male. Unknown.</p><p>Hosts.</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (Xinjiang); Europe.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>These specimens from Xinjiang show are very similar to the European P. fumipenne in most morphological features. However, in the former the metacoxa is 0.7 × as long as petiole, whereas in the European specimens it is slightly longer than the petiole.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/EFC315160674504F9AEB50875D344650	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Aishan, Zhulidezi;Wang, Jin-Ling;Sharengaowa,;Triapitsyn, Serguei V.	Aishan, Zhulidezi, Wang, Jin-Ling, Sharengaowa,, Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2025): Polynema (Polynema) Haliday (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) of Xinjiang: descriptions of three new species, with eleven new records from China. ZooKeys 1251: 39-60, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.161229
A6AD015DC5055332924602ADA1EC8C7A.text	A6AD015DC5055332924602ADA1EC8C7A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polynema (Polynema) gongliuense Sharengaowa & Aishan 2025	<div><p>Polynema (Polynema) gongliuense Sharengaowa &amp; Aishan sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 2</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype: • ♀ (ICXU) on slide (Fig. 2 L): China, Xinjiang, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=82.72083&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.226112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 82.72083/lat 43.226112)">Gongliu</a>, 43°13'34"N, 82°43'15"E, 5.V.2018, Qin Li et al., sweeping . Paratypes (all in ICXU): China, Xinjiang: • 1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=82.72083&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.226112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 82.72083/lat 43.226112)">Gongliu</a>, 43°13'34"N, 82°43'15"E, 5.V.2018, Zhulidezi Aishan et al., sweeping ; • 1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=86.24&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.420002" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 86.24/lat 41.420002)">Yuli</a>, 41°25'12"N, 86°14'24"E, 26.VII.2021, Zhulidezi Aishan et al., sweeping .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Antenna (Fig. 2 C) scape with cross-ridges (Fig. 2 C, D); F 4 and F 5 subequal in length and shorter than F 6; F 6 with one mps; clava shorter than combined length of three preceding flagellomeres and shorter than combined length of F 1 – F 3, with six mps. Mesoscutum with conspicuous reticulate sculpture; pronotum (Fig. 2 E) with three setae on each side along the anterior margin; propodeum (Fig. 2 G) without median carina; forewing with hypochaeta extending to posterior margin of forewing (Fig. 2 H, I). Ovipositor (Fig. 2 K) exserted beyond gastral apex by 0.3 × (0.2–0.3 ×) its own total length.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Female (holotype and paratypes). Body length 1560–1700 μm (n = 3). Body (Fig. 2 A) black; scape and pedicel yellowish-brown, clava dark brown, legs pale brown.</p><p>Head (Fig. 2 B) in frontal view 0.8 × (0.8–1.2 ×) as high as wide. Antenna (Fig. 2 C) scape with cross-ridges, 2.7 × (2.0–2.7 ×) as long as wide (including short radicle), scape longer than pedicel, 1.7 × (1.5–1.7) as long as pedicel; pedicel smooth, 1.9 × (1.5–1.9 ×) as long as wide, 1.3 × (1.3–1.6 ×) as long as F 1; F 1 the shortest and F 2 the longest funiculars; F 4 and F 5 subequal in length and shorter than F 6; F 6 with one mps; clava 3.6 × (3.4–3.6 ×) as long as wide, shorter than combined length of three preceding flagellomeres and shorter than combined length of F 1 – F 3, with six mps.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.5 × (1.5–1.7 ×) as long as wide; mesoscutum with conspicuous reticulate sculpture; scutellum and propodeum smooth; pronotum (Fig. 2 E) divided mediolongitudinally, with three setae on each side along the anterior margin; mesoscutum (Fig. 2 F) 0.7 × as long as wide, longer than scutellum; scutellum (Fig. 2 F) 0.6 × (0.6–0.8 ×) as long as wide; frenum short, separated from scutellum by a row of small foveae; propodeum (Fig. 2 G) without median carina. Forewing (Fig. 2 H) 4.1 × (4.1–4.3 ×) as long as wide; disc hyaline, densely setose beyond venation, with discal setae originating behind stigmal vein (Fig. 2 I), many of them 6.1–7.3 μm long; forewing marginal hairs are significantly shorter; longest marginal seta 0.6 × greatest width of forewing; hypochaeta extending to posterior margin of forewing (Fig. 2 H, I). Hind wing (Fig. 2 J) 50.6 × (48.8–50.6 ×) as long as wide; disc hyaline, with two rows of setae; longest marginal seta 6.5 × (6.1–6.5 ×) greatest width of hind wing.</p><p>Metacoxa (Fig. 2 K) smooth, in lateral view ~ 0.9 × as long as petiole; petiole (Fig. 2 K) ~ 2.0 × (2.0–2.5 ×) as long as wide, in dorsal view without vertical striations and expanded basally. Ovipositor (Fig. 2 K) 1.3 × (1.2–1.4 ×) as long as gaster, exserted beyond gastral apex by 0.3 × (0.2–0.3 ×) its own total length; ovipositor 2.8 × (2.5–2.8 ×) length of mesotibia and 2.4 × length of metatibia.</p><p>Measurements of the holotype (μm). Head height: width: 93: 114; mesosoma (in dorsal view) length: width: 216: 148; mesoscutum length: width: 87: 125; scutellum length: width: 53: 88; median carina length: 20; petiole length: width: 69: 35; gaster length: width: 369: 181; ovipositor length: 480; exserted part of ovipositor: 123; antennal segments length: width: scape: 64: 24; pedicel: 38: 20; F 1: 29: 8; F 2: 60: 8; F 3: 51: 7; F 4: 34: 9; F 5: 36: 11; F 6: 41: 14; clava: 86: 24; forewing length: width: 656: 161; longest marginal seta length: 101; discal setae length: 6–7; hind wing length: width: 506: 10; longest marginal seta length: 65; mesotibia length: 173; metatibia length: 203.</p><p>Male. Unknown.</p><p>Hosts.</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>This species is named after its type locality.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (Xinjiang).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>This species is relatively large in size (body length 1560–1700 μm). Its type specimens were collected in Gongliu County in Xinjiang at an altitude of 1220 m and in Yuli County at 890 m. The species has cross-ridges on the scape, a feature that is relatively rare within the subgenus. The marginal hairs on the forewings are significantly shorter than those of other, similar species.</p><p>Polynema (Polynema) gongliuense is very similar to the European P. (Polynema) valkenburgense Soyka in the following: the scape has distinct cross-ridges; F 6 with one mps; the longest marginal setae on the forewing are shorter than the maximum wing width; and the ovipositor is distinctly exserted. The difference between them is as follows: the forewing 4.1 × as long as wide in the former but 3.5 × in the latter species; the longest marginal seta 0.6 × greatest width of forewing in the former but 0.2 × in the latter species; F 3 shorter than scape in the former but subequal in length in the latter species. Propodeum without median carina in the former but with a short median carina in the latter species (Soyka 1950).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A6AD015DC5055332924602ADA1EC8C7A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Aishan, Zhulidezi;Wang, Jin-Ling;Sharengaowa,;Triapitsyn, Serguei V.	Aishan, Zhulidezi, Wang, Jin-Ling, Sharengaowa,, Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2025): Polynema (Polynema) Haliday (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) of Xinjiang: descriptions of three new species, with eleven new records from China. ZooKeys 1251: 39-60, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.161229
FDDA93C6FBE05B428149F18CF36A6D80.text	FDDA93C6FBE05B428149F18CF36A6D80.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polynema (Polynema) gracile (Nees 1834)	<div><p>Polynema (Polynema)? gracile (Nees, 1834)</p><p>Fig. 12</p><p>Eutriche gracilis Nees, 1834: 197. Walker 1846: 52; Foerster 1847: 217–218; Hincks 1950: 181.</p><p>= Polynema ovulorum L. (synonymy Graham 1973).</p><p>Polynema britteni Hincks, 1950: 185. Synonymy by Graham 1973: 363.</p><p>Polynema gracile (Nees): Graham 1973: 363.</p><p>Polynema (Polynema) gracile (Nees): Triapitsyn and Fidalgo 2006: 60–61; Schuppenhauer and Triapitsyn 2018: 162, 166–167.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>• 1 ♀ (ICXU), China, Xinjiang, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=83.35472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.223335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 83.35472/lat 43.223335)">Xinyuan</a>, 43°13'24"N, 83°21'17"E, 8.VIII.2017, Hongying Hu et al., sweeping .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Female. Body length 1200 μm (n = 1). Antenna (Fig. 12 A) with scape smooth, 2.5 × as long as pedicel; clava with six mps. Mesoscutum (Fig. 12 B) smooth. Forewing with discal microtrichia (Fig. 12 C) very long, irregularly arranged and extending proximally to approximately mid-length of submarginal vein. Metacoxa (Fig. 12 D) in lateral view shorter than petiole; ovipositor (Fig. 12 D) barely protruding beyond apex of gaster.</p><p>Male. Unknown.</p><p>Hosts.</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (Xinjiang); Europe.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>The morphological characteristics of this specimen align closely with Schuppenhauer and Triapitsyn’s (2018) redescription of P. gracile, sharing key features including consistent body coloration, similar body length (1200–1400 μm vs 1200–1390 μm), a smooth antennal scape, F 2 being the longest funicular segment, ventral sickle-shaped sensilla on F 5 and F 6, a short propodeal median carina, and a slightly exposed ovipositor. Minor variations include the mesoscutum being smooth (lacking the faint reticulation noted by Soyka), the clavomeres bearing six mps instead of seven (likely due to observational variation), and a slightly higher ratio of longest marginal fringe seta to maximum wing width (0.8 vs 0.63–0.71 in the European specimens). Given the fundamental consistency in the core traits – coloration, antennal segmentation pattern, propodeal structure, forewing proportions, etc. – and the presence of some minor differences, this specimen is tentatively identified as P. gracile .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FDDA93C6FBE05B428149F18CF36A6D80	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Aishan, Zhulidezi;Wang, Jin-Ling;Sharengaowa,;Triapitsyn, Serguei V.	Aishan, Zhulidezi, Wang, Jin-Ling, Sharengaowa,, Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2025): Polynema (Polynema) Haliday (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) of Xinjiang: descriptions of three new species, with eleven new records from China. ZooKeys 1251: 39-60, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.161229
44F0627A60DE5EE98DAB9F64D6E5633D.text	44F0627A60DE5EE98DAB9F64D6E5633D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polynema (Polynema) Haliday 1833	<div><p>Polynema (Polynema) Haliday, 1833</p><p>Polynema Haliday, 1833 a: 268; 1833 b: 347. Type species: Polynema flavipes Walker, 1846; by subsequent designation by Huber and Bouček 2001: 281.</p><p>Polynema (Polynema) Haliday: Triapitsyn and Fidalgo 2006: 57 (key to subgenera, discussion).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Body color generally pale to dark brown, antenna (Figs 2 A, 8 A, 14 A) with scape and pedicel generally paler than the body. Face (Figs 1 A, 2 B, 3 B) without a pit next to each torulus. Most male genitalia with digitus bearing a strongly curved claw with one or two distinct denticles on its concave margin.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/44F0627A60DE5EE98DAB9F64D6E5633D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Aishan, Zhulidezi;Wang, Jin-Ling;Sharengaowa,;Triapitsyn, Serguei V.	Aishan, Zhulidezi, Wang, Jin-Ling, Sharengaowa,, Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2025): Polynema (Polynema) Haliday (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) of Xinjiang: descriptions of three new species, with eleven new records from China. ZooKeys 1251: 39-60, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.161229
92D2CC01AD075F12A545B33121FE8AD7.text	92D2CC01AD075F12A545B33121FE8AD7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polynema (Polynema) haloxyloniae Sharengaowa & Aishan 2025	<div><p>Polynema (Polynema) haloxyloniae Sharengaowa &amp; Aishan sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 3</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype: • ♀ (ICXU) on slide (Fig. 3 K): China, Xinjiang, Fukang, 44°13'10"N, 87°32'11"E, 5.V.2018, Hongying Hu et al., sweeping in Haloxylon forest . Paratypes (all in ICXU): China, Xinjiang: • 1 ♀, Altay City, 48°03'15"N, 86°26'35"E, 3.VIII.2007, Hongying Hu et al., sweeping in Haloxylon forest ; • 1 ♀, Altay Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=87.113884&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.104164" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 87.113884/lat 38.104164)">Bürjin</a>, 38°06'15"N, 87°06'50"E, 7.VIII.2007, Hongying Hu et al., sweeping in Haloxylon forest ; • 1 ♀, Fukang: 44°13'22"N, 87°32'11"E, 5.V.2017, Hongying Hu et al., sweeping in Haloxylon forest ; • 1 ♀, 44°13'16"N, 87°33'18"E, 4.VI.2017, Hongying Hu et al., sweeping in Haloxylon forest .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Body dark brown (Fig. 3 A); antenna (Fig. 3 C) with scape smooth; F 1 and F 4 subequal in length and the shortest funiculars; clava shorter than combined length of F 1 – F 3 but longer than combined length of 3 preceding flagellomeres, with seven mps. Mesosoma smooth; pronotum (Fig. 3 D) with six setae on each side along the anterior margin; propodeum (Fig. 3 F) with a short median carina. Forewing (Fig. 2 G) 4.4 × (4.0–4.4 ×) as long as wide. Ovipositor (Fig. 3 J) slightly exserted beyond gastral apex.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Female (holotype and paratypes). Body length 860–930 μm (n = 5). Body dark brown (Fig. 3 A), antenna brown except pedicel yellowish-brown, petiole pale brown, legs yellowish-brown.</p><p>Head (Fig. 3 B) in frontal view 0.6 × (0.6–0.8 ×) as high as wide. Antenna (Fig. 3 C) with scape smooth, 2.6 × (2.1–2.7 ×) as long as wide (including a short radicle); pedicel 1.6 × (1.5–1.6 ×) as long as wide, with the same length as F 2; F 1 and F 4 as long as and the shortest funiculars; F 6 with one mps; clava 2.9 × (2.6–2.9 ×) as long as wide, shorter than combined length of F 1 – F 3 but longer than combined length of three preceding flagellomeres, with seven mps.</p><p>Mesosoma smooth, 1.4 × (1.4–1.6 ×) as long as wide; pronotum (Fig. 3 D) divided mediolongitudinally, with six setae on each side along the anterior margin; mesoscutum (Fig. 3 E) wider than long; scutellum (Fig. 3 E) 0.7 × (0.7–0.8 ×) as long as wide, shorter than mesoscutum; frenum short, separated from scutellum by a row of small, inconspicuous foveae; propodeum (Fig. 3 F) with a short median carina. Forewing (Fig. 3 G) 4.4 × (4.0–4.4 ×) as long as wide; disc hyaline, densely setose beyond venation, with discal setae originating behind apex of submarginal vein (Fig. 3 H), many of them 9–17 μm long; longest marginal seta 0.9 × (0.8–0.9 ×) greatest width of forewing; hypochchaeta not reaching posterior margin of forewing (Fig. 3 H). Hind wing (Fig. 3 I) 39 × (39–42 ×) as long as wide; disc hyaline, with two rows of setae; longest marginal seta 6.4 × (6.4–7.1 ×) greatest width of hind wing.</p><p>Metacoxa (Fig. 3 J) smooth, in lateral view a little shorter than petiole. Petiole (Fig. 3 J) ~ 1.8 × (1.8–2.1 ×) as long as wide, in dorsal view with inconspicuous transverse striations, and expanded basally. Ovipositor (Fig. 3 J) 1.0 × (1.0–1.1 ×) as long as gaster, slightly exserted beyond gastral apex, 1.6 × (1.6–2.0 ×) length of mesotibia and 1.7 × (1.3–1.8 ×) length of metatibia.</p><p>Measurements of the holotype (μm). Head height: width: 89: 138; mesosoma (in dorsal view) length: width: 177: 131; mesoscutum length: width: 69: 113; scutellum length: width: 55: 77; median carina length: 6.5; petiole length: width: 48: 27; gaster length: width: 224: 142; ovipositor length: 232; exserted part of ovipositor: 30; antennal segments length: width: scape: 49: 19; pedicel: 32: 20; F 1: 19: 7; F 2: 32: 7; F 3: 25: 7; F 4: 19: 9; F 5: 17: 11; F 6: 27: 14; clava: 68: 23; forewing length: width: 478: 107; longest marginal seta length: 94; discal setae length: 4–7; hind wing length: width: 433: 11; longest marginal seta length: 70; mesotibia length: 141; metatibia length: 132.</p><p>Male. Unknown.</p><p>Hosts.</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Named after the host plant genus, Haloxylon ( Amaranthaceae).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (Xinjiang).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>This species has thus far been recorded exclusively in the low-altitude desert regions of Xinjiang (376–525 m), with its host plants identified as Haloxylon spp. Polynema haloxyloniae has not been observed on any other vegetation types and is presumed to specifically parasitize eggs of hemipteran insects within this particular Haloxylon forest habitat.</p><p>Other newly recorded species of Polynema (Polynema) from China (in alphabetical order)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/92D2CC01AD075F12A545B33121FE8AD7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Aishan, Zhulidezi;Wang, Jin-Ling;Sharengaowa,;Triapitsyn, Serguei V.	Aishan, Zhulidezi, Wang, Jin-Ling, Sharengaowa,, Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2025): Polynema (Polynema) Haliday (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) of Xinjiang: descriptions of three new species, with eleven new records from China. ZooKeys 1251: 39-60, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.161229
5FD4DA9FD8E35703A920318BFEE44216.text	5FD4DA9FD8E35703A920318BFEE44216.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polynema (Polynema) neofuscipes (Soyka 1950)	<div><p>Polynema (Polynema)? neofuscipes (Soyka, 1950)</p><p>Fig. 13</p><p>Maidliella neofuscipes Soyka, 1946 b: 178 .</p><p>Polynema neofuscipes (Soyka): Trjapitzin 1978: 533.</p><p>Polynema (Polynema) neofuscipes (Soyka): Triapitsyn and Fidalgo 2006: 61.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>China, Xinjiang: • 1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=80.88194&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.966667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 80.88194/lat 43.966667)">Huocheng</a>, 43°58'00"N, 80°52'55"E, 5.VII.2021, Qin Li et al., sweeping ; • 1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=82.75083&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.74" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 82.75083/lat 41.74)">Shaya</a>, 41°44'24"N, 82°45'03"E, 15.VIII.2021, Qin Li et al., sweeping ; • 1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=81.36806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.883053" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 81.36806/lat 43.883053)">Yining</a>, 43°52'59"N, 81°22'05"E, 7.VII.2021, Qin Li et al., sweeping. (All in ICXU) .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Female. Body length 870–1060 μm (n = 3). Body (Fig. 13 A) dark brown, scape and clava pale brown, pedicel yellowish-brown; petiole and legs pale brown. Antenna (Fig. 13 B) with scape with indistinct cross-ridges, clava with seven mps. Propodeum (Fig. 13 C) with a short median carina. Forewing (Fig. 13 D) 3.9–4.0 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.6–0.8 × as long as the greatest width of wing, with discal microtrichia short, uniformly arranged; dark microtrichia on disc beginning behind stigmal vein. Metacoxa (Fig. 13 E) in lateral view shorter than petiole.</p><p>Male. Unknown.</p><p>Hosts.</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (Xinjiang); Netherlands.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>The morphological characteristics of this specimen show a high degree of consistency with Soyka’s (1946) original description of P. neofuscipes . Key shared diagnostic features include: identical body coloration; scape with transverse striations; F 2 being the longest funicular segment while F 1 is the shortest; mesoscutum with reticulate sculpture; propodeum bearing a relatively short median carina; and conspicuously protruding ovipositor. Minor variations observed include: forewing length-to-width ratio of 3.7–4.1 in this specimen vs 4.5 in the original description; clavomeres bearing seven mps compared to eight in the type specimen (likely due to observational differences); and the longest marginal fringe seta to maximum wing width ratio being 0.7–0.9 × vs 0.64 × in the original description. Considering these relatively minor discrepancies in conjunction with the fundamental consistency in all critical diagnostic characteristics, this specimen is provisionally identified as P. neofuscipes .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5FD4DA9FD8E35703A920318BFEE44216	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Aishan, Zhulidezi;Wang, Jin-Ling;Sharengaowa,;Triapitsyn, Serguei V.	Aishan, Zhulidezi, Wang, Jin-Ling, Sharengaowa,, Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2025): Polynema (Polynema) Haliday (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) of Xinjiang: descriptions of three new species, with eleven new records from China. ZooKeys 1251: 39-60, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.161229
EE2B7CBB4AA75EA9882DC9658D4B3DA4.text	EE2B7CBB4AA75EA9882DC9658D4B3DA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polynema (Polynema) pusillum Haliday 1833	<div><p>Polynema (Polynema) pusillum Haliday, 1833</p><p>Fig. 14</p><p>Polynema pusillus Haliday, 1833 b: 349 .</p><p>Cosmocoma pusilla (Haliday): Marshall 1873: 24.</p><p>Polynema (Polynema) pusillum Haliday: Triapitsyn and Fidalgo 2006: 61; Schuppenhauer and Triapitsyn 2018: 168, 170–171.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>China, Xinjiang: • 1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=80.87028&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.944725" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 80.87028/lat 43.944725)">Huocheng</a>, 43°56'41"N, 80°52'13"E, 5.VII.2021, Qin Li et al., sweeping ; • 1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=90.04583&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.434723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 90.04583/lat 46.434723)">Qinhe</a>, 46°26'05"N, 90°02'45"E, 9.VII.2020, Qin Li et al., sweeping ; • 1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=82.966385&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.609444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 82.966385/lat 46.609444)">Tacheng</a>, 46°36'34"N, 82°57'59"E, 29.VI.2021, Qin Li et al., sweeping. (All in ICXU) .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Female. Body length 710–800 μm (n = 3). Body (Fig. 14 A) dark brown, scape and pedicel yellow, F 1 – F 5 pale yellow, F 6 and clava brown; petiole and legs yellow. Antenna (Fig. 14 B) with scape smooth, 2.5–2.7 × as long as wide (including short radicle); F 4 and F 5 subequal in length; clava as long as combined length of three preceding flagellomeres, with seven mps. Mesoscutum (Fig. 14 C) with indistinct reticulate sculpture. Metacoxa (Fig. 14 E) in lateral view 1.1–1.2 × as long as petiole.</p><p>Male. Unknown.</p><p>Hosts.</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (Xinjiang); Europe and Turkey.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>The specimens from Xinjiang share similarities with the European specimens of P. pusillum, as redescribed by Schuppenhauer and Triapitsyn (2018), in having a short median carina on the propodeum and the longest marginal setae on the forewing are ~ 0.7 × the wing width. However, they differ in that the scape of the Xinjiang specimens is smooth, whereas the scape of the European P. pusillum has some faint longitudinal striations.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/EE2B7CBB4AA75EA9882DC9658D4B3DA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Aishan, Zhulidezi;Wang, Jin-Ling;Sharengaowa,;Triapitsyn, Serguei V.	Aishan, Zhulidezi, Wang, Jin-Ling, Sharengaowa,, Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2025): Polynema (Polynema) Haliday (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) of Xinjiang: descriptions of three new species, with eleven new records from China. ZooKeys 1251: 39-60, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.161229
