taxonID	type	description	language	source
CA4DFD26FF9BFF9BAC7FF8ECFD9F588D.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Helcion angulata d’Orbigny, 1844 in Hommaire de Hell (1844): 470, table 4, figs. 13 – 15. Middle Sarmatian of Volhyno−Podolia and Kerch Peninsula (Kolesnikov 1935). Derivation of the name: “ Blin ” is Russian for pancake, and the general shape of the protoconch of Blinia is like a pancake. Diagnosis. — Conical, relatively small patellogastropods with the smooth or wrinkled “ pancake ” − like protoconch; ornament of axial ribs; aperture oval. The new genus differs from Tectura mainly in regard to the outer layer of the shell whereas the organization of the inner crossed lamellar layers in both taxa is more or less similar. The outer layer of the shell of Blinia is characterized by a simple type of aragonitic in construction crossed lamellar structure while Tectura has a calcitic one. Blinia differs from Helcion in the same characteristics of composition and structure of the outer layer as from Tectura, while the inner crossed lamellar layer is similar. From all other known patellogastropods Blinia differs by having a round “ pancake ” − like protoconch. Description. — The shell is small to moderate in size, has a thin wall, and approximately conical shape without marginal slit, apical hole or internal septum. It measures up to 13.5 mm in length (exceptionally — up to 20 mm), up to 11 mm in width and up to 6.5 mm in height. The apex lies out of the center and is tilted forward or backward. The anterior end of the shell is narrower than its posterior end. The surface has numerous radiating ridges crossed by concentric lines, which lie usually parallel to the apertural plane. The protoconch has round to oval “ pancake ” − like shape, is quite flat and measures from 0.13 mm to 0.16 – 0.18 mm in maximum diameter; the lesser diameter is up to 0.11 – 0.12 mm. The protoconch surface is smooth or wrinkled; sometimes with a small pit on top of embryonic shell. The transition from the embryonic shell to the teleoconch is usually clearly marked by a constriction or a rim and change in ornament. Discussion. — The more or less bulbous embryonic shell of Blinia species indicates a lecithotrophic type of early development and the absence of any short free−swimming larval stage following the yolk−rich embryogenesis. The young started its independent life as a crawling animal. The shape and proportions of “ pancake ” − type of protoconch may suggest the brooding of young snails in the maternal adult individuals. The new genus is established for at least two Sarmatian species, which have been usually attributed to Tectura or Acmaea (Acmaeidae). The teleoconch characteristics (rather than the shell structure, see below) support a relationship of Blinia with those two genera. The shell shape and the muscle scars of Blinia resemble those known among patellogastropods (Lindberg 1998). The imprints on the inner surface of the shell of Blinia, we interpret as the muscle scars, are horseshoe−like, gently expressive tracts (Fig. 3). The impressions were not SEM−documented as they appear usually as regions of different shade that is not recognizable after coating of the specimens. In some cases even under the light microscope it is difficult to recognize whether the edge of these horseshoe−shaped scares is opened. At the same time their protoconch morphology indicates a clearly lecithotrophic embryonic development and suggest that they should be considered an independent genus. Moreover, the position of apex in some representatives of Blinia is quite distinctive. In contrast to a forward−tilted apex in Patella, Acmaea, Tectura, and majority of other patellids, some Blinia (e. g., Blinia pseudolaevigata) have an apex that is tilted backwards, as in Propilidium ancyloides (Forbes, 1840) (Lepetidae) and also in the slit bearing Emarginula Lamarck, 1801 (Fissurellidae). The family assignment of Blinia is uncertain. Comparison with other Patellogastropoda and Patella − like gastropods as a whole indicates that general shape and morphology of a protoconch may tell us practically nothing about systematic position. Ornamentation can rarely help in this respect, but shape and size of the protoconch can indicate the size of the eggs and the mode of embryonic development (Bandel 1982). The shell structure of Blinia is characterized by a composition predominated by a simple type of crossed lamellar structure (Fig. 4 A). Such aragonitic crossed lamellae are known from the oldest well preserved patellid species Scutellastraea costulata (Münster, 1841) from the Triassic St Cassian Formation of the Alps and could also be found in a patellogastropod species of very similar shape from the Paleocene of Alabama (Hedegaard et al. 1997; personal observations). The outer layer of the Blinia shell is thin and porous, and also aragonitic in construction. That distinguishes Blinia clearly from Patella and its relatives, which have a calcitic outer layer, usually quite thick and commonly with rather complex structure (Bandel and Geldmacher 1996). In case of Blinia most of the shell is composed of one layer of crossed lamellae in which the needles of the two directions of lamellae of the first order commonly intersect, giving in perpendicular section an almost spherulitic appearance. The shell structure (see Fig. 4) of Blinia pseudolaevigata is similar to that of “ Tectura ” zboroviensis but differs substantially from that of Patella virginea Müller, 1776 (type species of Tectura) and from Helcion pellucidus (Linnaeus, 1758) of the family Patellidae. Tectura as well as Helcion have a calcitic outer layer of the shell of characteristic layered structure that is absent in Blinia and “ Tectura ” zboroviensis.	en	Anistratenko, Olga Yu., Bandel, Klaus, Anistratenko, Vitaliy V. (2006): A new genus of patellogastropod with unusual protoconch from Miocene of Paratethys. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 51 (1): 155-164, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13643663
CA4DFD26FF9BFF9BAC7FF8ECFD9F588D.taxon	description	Descriptions and illustrations of all species studied viz. Blinia angulata (d’Orbigny, 1844), Blinia pseudolaevigata (Sinzov, 1892), and Tectura zboroviensis (Friedberg, 1928) are presented below to demonstrate the differences between their protoconchs and corresponding inferred types of early ontogeny. Blinia angulata (d’Orbigny in Hommaire de Hell, 1844) Fig. 5 A.	en	Anistratenko, Olga Yu., Bandel, Klaus, Anistratenko, Vitaliy V. (2006): A new genus of patellogastropod with unusual protoconch from Miocene of Paratethys. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 51 (1): 155-164, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13643663
CA4DFD26FF9BFF9BAC7FF8ECFD9F588D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Repository unknown. Material. — Twenty one specimens from middle Sarmatian of Letichev locality (IGS NANU 1 / 2004 – 17 / 2004), and lower Sarmatian of Shirokoe locality (IGS NANU 1 / 1999 – 4 / 1999), Ukraine. Description. — The shell is moderate in size, thin, low conical in lateral profile and oval to egg−shaped in dorsal view. The apex is subcentral, somewhat tilted forwards. The apical angle measured in anterior view varies from 120 ° to 140 °. Posterior and anterior slopes are straight or slightly convex. Sculpture consists of numerous, weak but clearly visible radial ribs crossed by concentric lines of growth. The outer, thin, sculptured layer of a shell is often peeled off, and in that case the surface of teleoconch appears to be totally smooth. The aperture is egg−shaped to broadly oval. The protoconch is round to oval, pancake−like, almost flat and smooth. The greater diameter of the embryonic shell (i. e., “ pancake ”) measures about 0.16 mm; symmetrically located in the sagittal axis of the teleoconch. The protoconchteleoconch transition is usually sharp, marked by a clear constriction or rim. Dimensions. — Length of shell (of material studied) — up to 13.5 mm; width of shell — up to 11.0 mm; height of shell — up to 6.5 mm. Discussion. — Blinia angulata differs from Blinia pseudolaevigata by having a larger and relatively lower shell with a somewhat mammillated apex. Stratigraphic and geographic range. — This species represents the most abundant and widespread Blinia species in Sarmatian deposits of the Eastern Paratethys (d’Orbigny in Hommaire de Hell 1844; Sinzov 1892; Friedberg 1911 – 1928; Kolesnikov 1935; Anistratenko 2000 a).	en	Anistratenko, Olga Yu., Bandel, Klaus, Anistratenko, Vitaliy V. (2006): A new genus of patellogastropod with unusual protoconch from Miocene of Paratethys. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 51 (1): 155-164, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13643663
CA4DFD26FF9CFF98AF35FF32FAEF5845.taxon	description	Fig. 5 B.	en	Anistratenko, Olga Yu., Bandel, Klaus, Anistratenko, Vitaliy V. (2006): A new genus of patellogastropod with unusual protoconch from Miocene of Paratethys. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 51 (1): 155-164, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13643663
CA4DFD26FF9CFF98AF35FF32FAEF5845.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: The type material is not present in the collection of Museum of Odessa University where it was deposited by Sinzov (1892) and most probably lost. Material. — Forty five specimens from middle Sarmatian of Letichev locality (IGS NANU 41 / 2004 – 60 / 2004) and lower Sarmatian of Shirokoe locality (IGS NANU 32 / 1999 – 58 / 1999), Ukraine. Description. — The shell is small, thin, relatively tall−conical in all lateral views, oval in dorsal view. The apex is subcentral, tilted well backward, thus of sometimes hook−like appearance. The apical angle in anterior view varies from 60 ° to 70 °. The posterior slope is straight to slightly concave, the anterior slope usually somewhat convex. Sculpture consists of numerous, weak but clear radial ribs crossed by concentric lines of growth. The outer sculptured layer of a shell is usually peeled off so that the surface of teleoconch appears to be totally smooth. The aperture is moderately to broadly oval. Specimens of Blinia pseudolaevigata from the middle Sarmatian of western Ukraine (Letichev) and the lower Sarmatian of southern Ukraine (Shirokoe) are characterized by round to oval pancake−like and almost flat protoconchs. The greater diameter of the embryonic shell (i. e., “ pancake ”) measures about 0.13 – 0.15 mm; it is situated symmetrically in the sagittal axis of the teleoconch. The surface of a protoconch may be smooth or wrinkled. Some specimens have a small pit in the top of their embryonic shell. The protoconch — early teleoconch transition is usually sharp, marked by a well−developed constriction or rim (Fig. 5 B 3). Dimensions. — The shells studied measure up to 2.8 mm in length and up to 1.9 – 2.0 mm both in height and width. According to Kolesnikov (1935) the shells of Blinia pseudolaevigata can reach a larger size — up to 11.0 mm in length, 8.0 mm in width and 7.0 mm in height. Discussion. — Blinia angulata differs by a lower shell and no backward tilt of the apex. Two specimens of, perhaps, Blinia pseudolaevigata un− der the name Acmaea soceni Jekelius, 1944 have also been recorded by Harzhauser and Kowalke (2002: 62, pl. 12: 1 – 3) from the Sarmatian of St. Margarethen in the Vienna Basin (Potamides disjunctus assemblage). The authors reported that the protoconch of the shell illustrated is separated from the teleoconch by a marked constriction and measures 0.3 mm in height (rather in diameter as shown by the figures and scale bar). Unfortunately the actual protoconch is not well preserved in their samples and can be identified with our material of Blinia pseudolaevigata with some doubts only. Moreover the dimensions of Blinia protoconchs in our material are smaller. Likewise the specimen of Acmaea soceni illustrated by Jekelius (1944) appears slightly higher in lateral view than that illustrated by Harzhauser and Kowalke (2002). Protoconchs of Acmaea soceni collected from the same locality as those described by Jekelius (1944) were documented. They are of the type as in Blinia and therefore Acmaea soceni is considered here as Blinia pseudolaevigata. Stratigraphic and geographic range. — Blinia pseudolaevigata is a typical (in some localities abundant) and widespread species of early and middle Sarmatian sediments of the Eastern Paratethys viz. Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, Central Sub−Caucasus to the Central Paratethys and its eastern shore at Soceni in Romania (Kolesnikov 1935; Jekelius 1944; Anistratenko 2000 a). It also perhaps is found in synchronous deposits of the western Central Paratethys (e. g., Švagrovský 1971; Harzhauser and Kowalke 2002).	en	Anistratenko, Olga Yu., Bandel, Klaus, Anistratenko, Vitaliy V. (2006): A new genus of patellogastropod with unusual protoconch from Miocene of Paratethys. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 51 (1): 155-164, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13643663
CA4DFD26FF9FFF99AF35F89DFC3A5DE3.taxon	description	Fig. 5 C. 1928 Tectura zboroviensis sp. nov.; Friedberg 1928: 536, pl. 35: 8 a, 8 b. Type material: Three specimens from the late Badenian of Zborów, Ukraine (Friedberg 1911 – 1928). The material is stored in the Geological Museum of the Institute of Geological Sciences PAS (Kraków, Poland). Material. — Sixteen specimens from the Chokrakian of Yurkino locality (IGS NANU 18 / 2003 – 34 / 2003); seventeen specimens from the late Badenian of Varovtsy locality (IGS NANU 1 / 1980 – 17 / 1980); nine specimens apparently of this species have been found in early Sarmatian deposits of Veselyanka locality (IGS NANU 1 / 2003 – 17 / 2003), Ukraine. Description. — Specimens of Tectura zboroviensis from the late Badenian of western Ukraine (Varovtsy) have a limpet−like moderately high shell. The apex in adult specimens is positioned almost centrally, but in juvenile individuals it is somewhat tilted backward, the apical angle (measured from the front view) varies about 70 – 80 ° in different specimens. Sculpture consists of numerous (up to 20) but rather fine radial ribs crossed by the growth lines. The outer sculptured layer is often peeled off and the surface of teleoconch in most adult individuals appears smooth. The aperture is broad oval (Fig. 5 C 1 – C 3). The studied specimens of Tectura zboroviensis from the Chokrakian of the Kerch region and early Sarmatian of the southern Ukraine (Veselyanka) are characterized by elongated, cup−shaped, ventrolaterally inflated protoconchs. They measure from 0.08 mm to 0.10 mm in length and about 0.10 mm in width, and are situated in an asymmetrical position relative to the sagittal axis of the teleoconch. The surface of the protoconch is smooth (Fig. 5 C 4). The transition from the embryonic shell to the early teleoconch is usually quite distinct, defined by a small constriction or by a rim of the aperture of the protoconch shell. This feature may have formed when the veliger was ready to settle for benthic life and begin construction of the teleoconch with adult sculpture. The later, relatively extended part of the juvenile teleoconch reaches up to 0.2 mm in width and is covered by fine lines parallel to the axis of the protoconch. The protoconch shape, dimensions and proportions indicate indirect development including a free swimming, but non−feeding, veliger larva. Dimensions. — The studied shells measure up to 2.8 mm in length, 1.8 mm in width and 1.3 mm in height. Friedberg (1928) has presented similar data for Tectura zboroviensis from the type locality (Zborov town, Lviv region, Ukraine): up to 2.6 mm in length, 2.0 mm in width and 1.5 mm in height. Discussion. — Modern representatives of Tectura (sometimes included in Acmaea) from the Mediterranean Sea and from the North Atlantic are characterized by a protoconch morphology similar to Tectura zboroviensis. One specimen of Tectura virginea (Müller, 1776) from the Mediterranean Sea has been documented but not published yet by Anders Warén (Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm) who kindly provided SEM photo of that specimen. This Recent form has nearly the same protoconch dimensions as Tectura zboroviensis, but it is distinguished by a more bulbous embryonic shell. Stratigraphic and geographic range. — Tectura zboroviensis was originally described from the late Badenian of the Central Paratethys (Friedberg 1928). It was encountered recently in our material from Chokrakian of the Eastern Paratethys (coeval with middle Badenian of the Central Paratethys). Bałuk (1975: 20 – 30, figs. 9, 10) documented Acmaea (Tectura) friedbergi Bałuk, 1975 from the Lower Badenian of Poland, and Strausz (1966) found Acmaea sp. from Hungary. But these authors noted that a more detailed comparison between these and others described forms or species is not possible. Judging from the similar shell shape and also their occurrence in beds of the same or similar stratigraphical age (that is Badenian) it is quite possible that Acmaea friedbergi represents a species with the same type of protoconch as Tectura zboroviensis.	en	Anistratenko, Olga Yu., Bandel, Klaus, Anistratenko, Vitaliy V. (2006): A new genus of patellogastropod with unusual protoconch from Miocene of Paratethys. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 51 (1): 155-164, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13643663
