taxonID	type	description	language	source
C94A87ED043BFFEAFF27FA8FD20DF99E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Setal arrangement with eight longitudinal setae, one pair of intraclitellar male pores, a pair of calciferous gland in XII. One pair of copulatory bulbs.	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED043BFFEAFF27FA8FD20DF99E.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Glossoscolex truncatus (Rosa, 1895).	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED043BFFEAFF27FBE8D554FA9D.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Glossoscolex giganteus Leuckart, 1835.	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED043BFFEAFF27FBE8D554FA9D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Eight longitudinal lines of setae. One pair of intraclitellar or rarely pre-clitellar male pores, and in case of single male pores, always intraclitellar. One pair of copulatory bulbs connecting sperm ducts and the external male genital pore (s). Presence of paired calciferous glands of composite tubular type in segments XI or XII. Metandric and metagynic sexual system; frequently long seminal vesicles, spermathecae absent.	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED043BFFECFF27F98BD406FB5F.taxon	description	(Figures 2, and 3)	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED043BFFECFF27F98BD406FB5F.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Brazil, one adult, Minas Gerais, Itamonte, Bairro Vargem Grande, pasture soil with Araucaria trees within the Itatiaia National Park (Figure 2 A), in the soil; latitude, longitude: 22 ° 19 ” 40.68 ’ S, 44 ° 43 ” 57.42 ”; 1,771 m asl; 11 February 2009; S. W. James, G. G. Brown, M. L. C. Bartz & S. K. Dadivson coll. Sample ID COFM BRMG 0494. Paratype. Brazil, one adult, Minas Gerais, Itamonte, Bairro Vargem Grande, same information as the holotype, with elevation: 1,821 m asl; 11 February 2009; S. W. James, G. G. Brown, M. L. C. Bartz & S. K. Dadivson coll. Sample ID: MZUSP 6437 (former COFM BRMG 0063). Other material. Brazil, three juveniles; Rio de Janeiro, Resende, old growth forest, in the soil; latitude, longitude: 22 ° 24 ' 58.0 " S, 44 ° 31 ' 58.4 " W; elevation: 590 m asl; 11 February 2009; D. Baretta, J. M. Pereira coll. Sample ID: COFM BRRJ 0565.	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED043BFFECFF27F98BD406FB5F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is named after Dr. Marie L. C. Bartz, for her long-standing contributions to earthworm biology, ecology and systematics in Brazil. External morphology. Holotype: body length 71 mm after ethanol fixation, body mass: 0.06 g, Diameter: 2.5 mm in pre clitellar region (X), 2.6 mm at the clitellum (XV) and 2 mm in the post clitellar region (XXX), number of segments 75 (Figure 2 B). Paratype: length 191 mm, body mass: 0.2 g. Diameter on segment X: 1.5 mm, at XV 1.8 mm and in the post clitellar region 1.6 mm. Number of segments 186. Body shape cylindrical, with no pigmentation. Prostomium prolobic. Setae closely paired, all setae starting in XII. Setal arrangement, at XXX-L, aa: ab: bc: cd: dd 8: 1: 4: 1.5: 7; Clitellum in XV – XXIII, annular shape (Figure 3 A, B). Genital markings are only in the male field, on AB line. One pair of male pores on ventral position in XVII, in B line, 0.7 mm apart, and within a deep groove (Figure 3 A). Female pores in XIV, just near b setae, very small. Nephridial non vesiculate pores in B line. Internal anatomy. Septa 5 / 6 thin, slightly muscular in 6 / 7, then muscular in 7 / 8 / 9 / 10 and returning to slightly muscular 10 / 11, remaining septa all membranous (Figure 3 C). A strong cylindrical gizzard in VI, with an average size (width x length) of 0.6 x 0.3 mm. One pair of calciferous glands very closely paired in XII, of composite-tubular type, sessile on the dorsal esophageal wall, large blood vessels paired on top of it, gland opening to the esophagus near dorsum. Esophagus-intestine transition in XV; intestine without caeca. Typhlosole originates with the intestine, in XV, very thick in XV – XX, tight cupped folds and after segment XX, where it changes to a simpler form, flat blade that becomes thinner and lower. Esophageal hearts in X – XI, single dorsal trunk, lateral vessels in VII – IX, supraesophageal vessel not seen. Excretory apparatus with one pair of nephridia close to the body wall and in XII – XVI they are enlarged with sperm, bigger / gigantic in the right side and smaller / modest in the left side of each segment (Figure 3 D). Testis sac single and large in XI. Seminal vesicles in XII, long tubes run laterally to intestine (Figures 3 C). Spermathecae absent. One pair of copulatory bulb of oval shape in XVII to XVIII (Figure 3 C, D).	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED043BFFECFF27F98BD406FB5F.taxon	discussion	Remarks: G. mariebartzae sp. nov. belongs to the Glossoscolex subgenus and the truncatus species group, with intraclitellar male pores in segment XVII (Righi and Lobo 1979). The male pore region of G. mariebartzae sp. nov. is relatively unique, in that the male pores are found within a groove surrounded by a single elliptical muscular region associated with the two internal copulatory pouches. Therefore, the male pores are closely paired rather than set far away from each other, as is often the case in other Glossoscolex (Glossoscolex) species. Another remarkable characteristic are the modified nephridia utilized for sperm storage, which may serve as an alternative to the absence of spermathecae, as proposed by Bartz et al. (2018). Up to now this characteristic had not been observed in other species, except G. riograndensis. The annular clitellum of G. mariebartzae sp. nov. in XV – XXXIII is a feature shared with only three other species: G. embrapaensis, G. mariarum and G. terraopimus. However, the new species has an unpaired testis sac in segment XI, a feature shared only with G. embrapaensis, as the other three species have a pair of sacs fused ventrally in XI. Nevertheless, the copulatory bulb of G. embrapaensis (segments XVIII – XXI) is much larger than that of G. mariebartzae sp. nov., which occupies only two segments (XVII – XVIII).	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED043DFFEEFF27FAC8D3E6FED3.taxon	description	(Figure 4)	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED043DFFEEFF27FAC8D3E6FED3.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Brazil, one adult, São Paulo, Bananal, Ecological Research Station of Bananal, in forest soil; latitude, longitude: 22 ° 47 ” 53.34 ’ S, 44 ° 21 ” 35.22 ’ W, elevation: 1,212 m asl; February 2009; S. W. James, G. G. Brown coll. Sample ID: COFM BRSP 0937. Paratype. Brazil, one adult, same information as the holotype, Sample ID: MZUSP 6438 (former COFMBRSP 0939). Other material. Brazil, five adults and 2 juveniles, same location as the holotype, Sample ID: COFM BRSP 0940.	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED043DFFEEFF27FAC8D3E6FED3.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is named after José Luís de Carvalho, manager of the Bananal Ecological Research Station for many years, who provided support for earthworm sampling, and many specimens of other Glossoscolex species for taxonomy. External morphology. Holotype: body length 52 mm, body mass: 0.11 g after ethanol fixation. Diameter at segment X in pre clitellar region, 2.2 mm, 2.5 mm at clitellum, segment XV and 2.2 mm at post clitellar region, in XXX. Number of segments 200. Paratype: length 45 mm, after ethanol fixation. Diameter at X 2 mm, 2.2 mm at XV and 1.9 mm at XXX, number of segments 185. Body shape cylindrical, with pigmentation absent. Number of segments 185 to 200. Prostomium proepilobic. Setae ab commence on III and cd in IV. Setal arrangement at XXX-L aa: ab: bc: cd = 12: 1: 6: 1. Clitellum in XV – XXII, saddle-shaped (Figure 4 A). Genital markings absent. One male pore in XVII, consisting in a wide single opening with a white spot at mid-ventral position (Figure 4 A). Female pore not seen. Nephridial pores on B line. Internal anatomy. Septa 4 / 5 / 6 thin, with some white material, 6 / 7 – 10 / 11 muscular septa with normal attachments to body wall. Appearance of nephridia attached post septal. Gizzard on VI, with an average size (width x length) of 0.6 x 0.4 mm. Calciferous glands of composite tubular type, one pair, dorsal over esophagus. Esophagus-intestine transition originates in XV, till segment XXXV, blood vessels in the intestine wall. Typhlosole origin in XV, in cupped folds till segment XXXI (Figure 4 B). Esophageal hearts in X – XI. Nephridia of IV – V enlarged, paired. Nephridia of XII – XV as big elongate sacs containing sperm internally (Figure 4 C). One pair of testes in XI, mid ventral, inside a single sac, fused with anterior part of the seminal vesicles. Seminal vesicles on the left side extended to XXXIII, that of the right side folded within XII – XXI (Figure 4 B). Spermathecae absent. One pair of copulatory bulbs, bean shaped in XVII – XVIII (Figure 4 B, C).	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED043DFFEEFF27FAC8D3E6FED3.taxon	discussion	Remarks: This is only the third species of the subgenus Assudrilus described, being the last one G. jimi Righi 1972, shortly after the first species (G. sacii Righi 1971) was described in Righi’s (1971) monograph on the Glossoscolecidae. The former species is known only from its type locality (Cedros, Santa Catarina state), while the latter is known from several locations in the mountains south of the city of São Paulo (Brown and James, 2007), as well as a record from Rio de Janeiro (Zicsi and Csuzdi, 1999), very distant from all other collection sites of this species. Glossoscolex carvalhoi sp. nov. appears to be smaller (40 – 60 mm) than the other two species of the Assudrilus group. G. jimi was described with a length of 140 mm or more, while G. sacii measures 710 – 905 mm. The clitellum in all three species is saddle-shaped and begins in segment XV, but the male pore of G. carvalhoi sp. nov. is in segment XVII, whereas in G. sacii it is in XIX, and in G. jimi it is in XVII / XVIII. Additionally, the copulatory chambers differ among the species. In G. carvalhoi sp. nov., they are in XVII – XVIII, in G. jimi they are in segments XV – XVI to XVIII – XIX, while in G. sacii they are very large and long, and occupy from segments XVII – XVIII, XIX – XX, XX – XI to XXXIII – XXXIV.	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED043FFFEEFF27FD24D333F8C7.taxon	description	(Figure 5)	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED043FFFEEFF27FD24D333F8C7.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Brazil, one adult; Rio de Janeiro, Visconde de Mauá, Resende County, old growth forest, in the soil; latitude, longitude: 22 ° 19 ” 56.29 ’ S, 44 ° 32 ” 32.79 ’ W, elevation: 1.025 m asl; 11 February 2009; D. Baretta, J. M Pereira coll. Sample ID COFM BRRJ 0061. Paratype. Brazil, one adult; same information as holotype. Sample ID: MZUSP 6445 (former COFM BRRJ 0062). Other material. Brazil, four adults, same information as holotype. Sample ID: COFM BRRJ 0053.	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED043FFFEEFF27FD24D333F8C7.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name for the species was given in honor of Dr. Dilmar Baretta, professor and former dean of the Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), who participated in the earthworm sampling done for this paper, and who has supported work on soil fauna (especially earthworms) in Brazil for the last 20 years, providing many specimens and new species for taxonomic work. External morphology. Holotype: body length: 82 mm, body mass: 0.46 g, after ethanol fixation. Diameter at segment X 2.3 mm, at the clitellum (XVI) 2.1 mm and at segment XXX 2.4 mm. Number of segments 203. Paratype: length 81 mm, body mass 0.33 g after fixation. Diameter pre clitellar (X) 3 mm, at the clitellum (XVI) 2.7 mm and in the post clitellar region (XXX) 2.3 mm. Segments 175. Body shape cylindrical. Body pigmentation is absent. Prostomium prolobic with bifurcation at the end. Setae ab and cd commence on IV and become larger after segment 200, genital setae absent. Setal arrangement at XXX-L aa: ab: bc: cd = 24: 1: 8: 1. Clitellum in XVI – XXII, annular (Figure 5 A). Genital markings absent. One male pore on XVII, on a conical elevation (Figure 5 A). Female pore not seen. Nephridial pores in B line. Internal anatomy. Septa 6 / 7 and 10 / 11 muscular, as approaching the clitellar segment septa not fully connected to the body wall (Figure 5 B). Gizzard: with an average size (width x length) of 2 x 0.9 mm. Calciferous glands one pair in XII, of composite tubular structure, sessile on dorsal region and with blood vessels to dorsal part of the gland, opening to esophagus near dorsum. Esophagus-intestine transition origin XV. Typhlosole origin XV. Two pairs of lateroesophageal hearts, kidney-shapes, in X – XI. Lateral blood vessels in VII – IX, supraesophageal vessels not seen. One pair of vesiculated exonephridia per segment. Testes sacs in XI, with seminal vesicles in XII, originating from sacs, via slender duct that loops before expanding in the dorsal side of intestine (Figure 5 B). Spermathecae absent. One copulatory bulb, lenticular in XV – XIX.	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED043FFFEEFF27FD24D333F8C7.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Annular clitellum from XVI – XXII occurs in F. barettai sp. nov., F. dorivali sp. nov. and F. pereirai sp. nov., but F. barettai sp. nov. has a notably elongated copulatory bulb occupying five segments (XV – XIX), a feature only shared with F. tairim which has clitellum in XV – XXI and a pair of testes sacs in XI, while F. barettai sp. nov. has a single testes sac in XI.	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED043FFFEEFF27FE44D211FD33.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Eight lines of longitudinal setae. Single intraclitellar male pore and single copulatory bulb. Single pair of calciferous glands in segments XI or XII, of composite tubular type. Metandric and metagynic sexual system; frequently long seminal vesicles; spermathecae absent.	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED043FFFEEFF27FE44D211FD33.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Fimoscolex ohausi Michaelsen, 1900.	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED043EFFE0FF27F9C2D530F90B.taxon	description	(Figure 6)	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED043EFFE0FF27F9C2D530F90B.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Brazil, one adult, Rio de Janeiro, Itatiaia, old growth forest, in the soil; latitude, longitude: 22 ° 26 ” 43.8 ’ S, 44 ° 36 ” 37.18 ’ W, elevation: 927 m asl; 11 February 2009; D. Baretta, J. M. Pereira coll. Sample ID: COFM BRRJ 0059. Paratype. Brazil, one adult, same information as holotype. Sample ID: MZUSP 6446 (former COFM BRRJ 0060). Other materials. Brazil, two adults, same information as holotype. Sample ID: COFM BRRJ 0055.	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED043EFFE0FF27F9C2D530F90B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is named in honor of Jamil de Morais Pereira, for his support over the years to soil macrofauna and earthworm research, collecting many specimens including several new earthworm species from the Atlantic Forest. External morphology. Holotype: body length 75 mm, body mass 0.09 g after ethanol fixation. Diameter on pre clitellar region (X) 2 mm, at the clitellum (XVI) 1.8 mm and in the post-clitellar region (XXX) 1.5 mm. Number of segments 268. Paratype: length 39 mm, body mass 0.08 g after fixation. Diameter at segment X 1.6 mm, at XVI 2 mm and at XXX 2 mm. Number of segments 137. Body shape cylindrical. Body pigmentation absent. Prostomium prolobic. Setal arrangement at XXX-L, aa: ab: bc: cd: = 5.6: 1.7: 1: 1.2. Clitellum in XVI – XXII, 1 / 2 XXIII, annular (Figure 6 B). Genital markings are absent. One male pore on XVII, on a rounded swelling (Figure 6 A). Female pore mid in XIV, in line with the nephridiopores. Nephridial pores in B line. Internal anatomy. Septa 6 / 7 – 10 / 11 thick, 5 / 6 thin, over the gizzard, 11 / 12 more membranous. Septa 14 / 15 make a blanket over the intestine, dorsal to lateral of intestine. Gizzard in VI, with an average size (width x length) of 0.8 x 0.6 mm. Calciferous glands one pair in XII, dorsal, joined at anterior ends. Esophagus-intestine transition origin in XV. Typhlosole origin in XV, all laminar, simple except three or four cups in XIX – XXI area. One pair of lateroesophageal hearts in XX – XI, almost connected to calciferous glands by lateral vessels in XII – IX. One pair of nephridial stripes per segment, vesiculated exonephric in XIII – XVI. Presence of iridescent nephridia, under the septal blanket, and then going over the dorsal-lateral portion of the intestine. These nephridia are in the form of stripes and are present in each segment. Paired testes sacs in XI, fused ventrally and connected to seminal vesicles by fine dorsal tubes (Figure 6 C). Seminal vesicles right side XIII narrow, widening after XX, folded in XX – XXVIII. Left side also narrow ventral to segment L. Spermathecae absent. One copulatory bulb, large and lenticular, mid ventral in XVI – XVIII over half AB lines.	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED043EFFE0FF27F9C2D530F90B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. F. pereirai sp. nov. is similar to F. barettai sp. nov. and F. dorivali sp. nov. in the shape and extent of the clitellum (annular, XVI – XXII), except that in the latter species it extends to ½ XXIII. However, these species differ in that F. barettai sp. nov. has unpaired testes sac in XI, while F. dorivali sp. nov. has paired sacs in XI and XII and F. pereirai sp. nov. has paired sacs in XI. Furthermore, F. pereirai sp. nov. differs from all other Fimoscolex species in that the calciferous glands are joined at the anterior end in segment XII.	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED0431FFE2FF27F8FCD07FFDAF.taxon	description	(Figure 7)	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED0431FFE2FF27F8FCD07FFDAF.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Brazil, one adult, São José do Barreiro, São Paulo, Serra da Bocaina National Park, secondary forest along small trail near park entrance gate, in the soil; latitude, longitude: 22 ° 44 ” 7.5 ’ S, 44 ° 36 ” 57.42 ’ W, elevation: 1,499 m asl; February 2009; D. Baretta, J. M. Pereira coll. Sample ID: COFM BRSP 0931. Paratype. Brazil, one adult, same information as holotype. Sample ID: MZUSP 6444 (former COFMBRSP 0932). Other material. Brazil, one adult and one juvenile, same information as holotype. Sample ID: COFM BRSP 0933.	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED0431FFE2FF27F8FCD07FFDAF.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is named for Dorival Grisotto, retired staff member at the Escola Superior de Agricultura Luis de Queiroz (ESALQ) of the University of São Paulo, for his long-term support to earthworm research (over 30 years) at the university, including countless field trips to collect specimens for the work of graduate and undergraduate students. External morphology. Holotype: body length 65 mm, body mass 0.4 g after ethanol fixation. Diameter pre clitellar (X) 3 mm, in the clitellum (XVI) 3.5 mm and in post clitellar region (XXX) 2.9 mm. Number of segments 224. Paratype: length 55 mm, body mass 0.3 g. Diameter at X 3.4 mm, at XVI 3.9 mm and at XXX 3.5 mm. Number of segments 111. Body shape cylindrical. Body pigmentation absent. Prostomium proepilobic, tucked under peristomium. Setae very small beginning in XXIII. Setal arrangement aa: ab: bc: cd = 18: 1: 5.3: 1. Clitellum in XII – XXIII, annular, but in XI to XVI thick and white (Figure 7 A), while in XVII – XXIII darker color over larger area. Genital markings absent. One male pore on a long conical porophore slit in XVII (Figure 7 A). Female pore on small bumps medial to ab setae in XIV. Nephridial pores above B. Internal anatomy. Septa 5 / 6 very thin, on the anterior quarter of gizzard, 6 / 7 – 10 / 11 thick and 11 / 12 – 16 / 17 membranous but solid (Figure 7 B). Gizzard in VI, with an average size (width x length) of 1.2 x 0.7 mm. Calciferous glands one pair in XII, of tubular composite structure, with dorsal esophagus wall connection, via gland to esophagus wall. Esophagus-intestine transition origin in XV. Typhlosole originates in XV, simple form till XX, then becomes a cupped fold, until proximally XL. Hearts in X – XI lateral-esophageous. One pair of large nephridia, that have two or three full loops post septa, starting from nephrostome then becoming a large vesicle attached complete to the septum, leading out to nephropore. In XII – XIV very large, white nephridia but no obvious sperm (Figure 7 C). Testes in XI – XII, inside a large single ventral sac, pushes under hearts in XI, with seminal vesicles as narrow tube expanding from XII to XLV dorsally (Figure 7 B). The vasa deferentia originate from the anterior part of the testes sac, and then go in an loop form, towards the copulatory bulb. Spermathecae absent. One copulatory bulb, flat disk shape, mid ventral over XVI – XVIII.	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED0431FFE2FF27F8FCD07FFDAF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. F. dorivali sp. nov., like F. feijooi sp. nov. described here share a pair of testes sacs. Other species of Fimoscolex, like F. angai, F. bartzi, F. sporadochaetus, F. tairim and F. thayeri also have paired testes sacs, but the new species have larger testes, which occupy segments XI and XII, whereas in all the other species, except F. sporadochaetus the pair is united ventrally on segment XI. However, the setal arrangement of F. sporadochaetus is different than that of F. dorivali sp. nov. and F. feijooi sp. nov., which are both closely paired. Furthermore, the seminal vesicles in F. dorivali sp. nov. are a mass of zig-zagging tubes, whereas in F. feijooi sp. nov. they are aligned paired tubular strips.	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED0433FFE3FF27FD98D2F9F836.taxon	description	(Figures 8, 9)	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED0433FFE3FF27FD98D2F9F836.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Brazil, one adult, Resende, Rio de Janeiro, Abrigo Rebouças, Itatiaia National Park, high plateau grassland near the Abrigo Rebouças, in the soil; latitude, longitude: 22 ° 23 ” 5.58 ’ S, 44 ° 40 ” 45.24 ’ W; elevation: 2.380 m asl; 12 February 2009; S. W. James, M. L. C. Bartz, G. G. Brown and S. K. Davidson coll. Sample ID: COFM BRRJ 0051. Paratype. Brazil, five adults, same collection data as holotype. Sample ID: MZUSP 6447 (former COFMBRRJ 0052). Other materials. Brazil, one adult, same collection data as holotype. Sample ID: COFM BRRJ 0057. Two adults and two juveniles, same collection data as holotype. Sample ID: COFM BRRJ 0058.	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED0433FFE3FF27FD98D2F9F836.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is named for Dr. Rüdiger Schmelz, from the University of A Coruña, Spain, in acknowledgement for his long-standing contributions to Annelid taxonomy, particularly of enchytraeids in Brazil and elsewhere in the world. External morphology. Holotype: body length 45 mm, body mass 0.09 g after ethanol fixation. Diameter pre clitellar (X) 2.4 mm, at the clitellum (XIV) 2.5 mm and post clitellar (XXX) 2.4 mm. Number of segments 163 (Figure 8 A, B). Paratype: length 53 mm, body mass 0.11 g after fixation. Diameter at X 2 mm, at XIV 2 mm and at XXX 1.7 mm. Number of segments 172. Body shape cylindrical. Body pigmentation absent. Prostomium prolobic. Setae begins no later than XXII, with slight irregularities in spacing in different portions of the body. Setal arrangement aa: ab: bc: cd: dd = 5.5: 1.5: 2: 1: 5.5 at around XXX. Clitellum in ⅓ XI – XXIII (Figure 9 A). Genital markings absent. One male pore in XVII, on conical elevated porophore (Figure 9 A). Female pores on XIV, medial level of sperm ducts and b setae. Nephridial pores approximately on b line. Internal anatomy. Septa 5 / 6 on anterior curve of gizzard, slightly muscular, 6 / 7 – 10 / 11 muscular, 11 / 12 thin, 12 / 13 – 20 / 21 thick with white covering (Figure 9 B). Gizzard in VI, with an average size (width x length) of 0.9 x 0.6 mm. Calciferous glands one pair, of tubular composite structure, rounded with lateral triangles, separated in XII, dorsal position to blood vessels on top of glands (Figure 9 C). Esophagus-intestine transition origin in XV. Typhlosole origin in XV, simple blade except segments XXII – XXV, slightly cupped folds. Hearts in XX – XI with lateral vessels in VII – IX. The excretory apparatus comprises one pair of nephridia, each possessing a blind sac and an elongated structure oriented dorsally. Normal nephridia from V – XI. Others, from XII to XXII, are modified, enclosed by septa / joined to acinous masses per segment. Testis sac in XI is substantial and suspended in XI – XII, while vas deferens are located approximately in the copulatory bulb in XIV – XVII. Seminal vesicles long tubes dorsally to LVIII – LIX, terminating in very narrow tubes (Figura 9 B). Spermathecae absent. One copulatory bulb, oval-shaped (Figure 9 C) separate from the body wall.	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED0433FFE3FF27FD98D2F9F836.taxon	discussion	Remarks. F. schmelzi sp. nov. is a small-sized Fimoscolex species, similar to F. bartzi, F. nivae, F. feijooi sp. nov. and F. pereirai sp. nov. although its annular-shaped clitellum is longer than any other Fimoscolex species (> 12 segments) except F. elodieae sp. nov. (15 segments), and begins the most anteriorly (in segment XI). The new species also has an unpaired testis sac, found in F. nivae, F. ohausi, F. cunhai sp. nov., F. barettai sp. nov., F. elodieae sp. nov., F. elkeae sp. nov., and F. angai minor. The copulatory bulb is relatively small, occupying only segment XVII, a feature shared only with F. elodiae. Furthermore, this species has irregularity in setal spacing, which is different from the other species described here, and a feature only shared with F. sporadochaetus (James and Brown, 2010), which has its single copulatory bulb within the body wall.	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED0435FFE5FF27FF65D2FAF957.taxon	description	(Figures 10, 11)	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED0435FFE5FF27FF65D2FAF957.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Brazil, one adult, Resende, Rio de Janeiro, Itatiaia National Park, high plateau grassland near the Abrigo Rebouças, in the soil; latitude, longitude: 22 ° 23 ” 5.58 ’ S, 44 ° 40 ” 45.24 ’ W; elevation: 2,380 m asl; 12 February 2009; S. W. James, M. L. C. Bartz, S. K. Davidson and G. G. Brown coll. Sample ID: BRRJ 0053 deposited at COFM. Paratype. Brazil, one adult, same collection data as holotype. Sample ID: MZUSP 6443 (former COFMBRRJ 0054).	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED0435FFE5FF27FF65D2FAF957.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is named in honor of former Prof. Alexander Feijoo Martínez † from the Technical University of Pereira, for his outstanding contributions to earthworm ecology and taxonomy mainly in Colombia, but also in Peru, Venezuela and Brazil. External morphology. Holotype: body length 55 mm (Figure 8 A, Figure 10), body mass 0.22 g after ethanol fixation. Diameter pre clitellar (X) 5.5 mm, in the clitellum (XIV) 5 mm and post clitellar (XXX) 4.6 mm. Number of segments 180. Paratype: length 44 mm, body mass 0.18 g after fixation. Diameter at X 3.4 mm, at XIV 3.7 mm and at XXX 3 mm. Number of segments 169. Body shape cylindrical. Body pigmentation absent. Prostomium prolobic. Setae begins on XII – XIII, gradually increasing AB from segment C and becomes larger after CXX. Setal arrangement at XXX-L aa: ab: bc: cd: dd = 64: 1: 10: 1: 5. Clitellum in XIV – XXI, annular and very thin (Figure 11 A). Genital markings are absent. One male pore mid ventral on XVII, in a slightly elevated dome (Figure 11 A). Female pores on XIV, on ab setae. Nephridial pores at B line. Internal anatomy. Septa 5 / 6 membranous on anterior end of gizzard, 6 / 7 – 10 / 11 muscular, rest thin. On 15 / 16 to 18 / 19 do not reach the body wall and are connected along the dorsal intestine, each with a large mid-dorsal acinous glump of tissue post septal, continuous with dorsal end of nephridia (XII – XIX), each paired with iridescent masses of sperm. Gizzard in VI, large, with an average size (width x length) of 1.7 x 2.3 mm. Calciferous glands one pair in XII, composite tubular type, dorsally on the esophagus, with blood vessels on the lateral gland. Esophagus-intestine transition origin in XV, constriction, narrowing back to segment XXX onwards. Typhlosole origin in XV, laminar to XIX, then cupped folds. Hearts 10 / 11 lateral to esophagus. Excretory apparatus one pair of dorsal, vesiculated nephridia, all in intestinal walls. Nephridia in XII – XIX joined dorsally via acinous masses, each with sperm mass per segment. Testes sacs paired in XI. Seminal vesicles tubes through XII – XIII, then expanded back to segment XLVIII plus (Figure 11 B). Long, simple, large body wall. Spermathecae absent. One copulatory bulb, rounded in XII – XIII (Figure 11 C).	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED0435FFE5FF27FF65D2FAF957.taxon	discussion	Remarks. F. feijooi sp. nov. exhibits considerable similarity to F. schmelzi sp. nov. in external characteristics such as size, clitellum shape, and male pore position. However, they differ in the quantity of testes sacs. In F. feijooi sp. nov. a pair of testes sacs occupy segments XI – XII, whereas F. schmelzi sp. nov. has an unpaired sac in XI. Additional distinctions are evident in the seminal vesicles and the copulatory bulbs. The annular clitellum of F. feijooi sp. nov. has similar extension (XV – XXI) to F. tairim and F. cunhai sp. nov. However F. tairim is much larger in size and has testes sacs only in segment XI (XI and XII in F. feijooi sp. nov.), and copulatory bulb in XV – XIX (XVII – XVIII in F. feijooi sp. nov.). Conversely, despite similarity in size, F. cunhai sp. nov. has only an unpaired testis sac in XI, while F. feijooi sp. nov. paired sacs occupying two segments.	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED0434FFE7FF27F8DED411FE3F.taxon	description	(Figure 12)	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED0434FFE7FF27F8DED411FE3F.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Brazil, one adult, Resende, Rio de Janeiro, Itatiaia National Park, Abrigo Rebouças, high plateau grassland, in the soil; latitude, longitude: 22 ° 23 ” 5.5 ’ S, 44 ° 40 ” 45.24 ’, elevation: 2,380 m asl; 12 February 2009; S. W. James, M. L. C. Bartz, S. K. Davidson and G. G. Brown coll. Sample ID: COFM BRRJ 0055. Paratype. Brazil, one adult, same collection data as holotype. Sample ID: MZUSP 6441 (former COFM BRRJ 0056).	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED0434FFE7FF27F8DED411FE3F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is named after Dr. Luis Filipe das Neves Cunha from the University of Coimbra, Portugal, for his many contributions to earthworm ecology, distribution, and molecular biology in Brazil and elsewhere in the world. External morphology. Holotype: body length 56 mm, body mass 0.44 g after ethanol fixation. Diameter pre clitellar (X) 4.4 mm, at the clitellum (XV) 5.1 mm, and post clitellar (XXX) 3.2 mm. Number of segments 145. Paratype: length 5 0 mm, body mass: 0.22 g after fixation. Diameter at X 5 mm, at XV 5.4 mm and at XXX 4.3 mm. Number of segments 163. Body shape cylindrical, pigmentation absent. Prostomium prolobic-epilobic type. Setae beginning in XIII. Setal arrangement at XXX-L aa: ab: bc: cd = 11: 1.3: 4.7: 1. Clitellum in XV – XXI, annular. Genital markings are absent. One male pore in XVII, as a mid-ventral rounded pad (Figure 12 A), and female pore not recognized. Nephridial pores on b line. Internal anatomy. Septa 6 / 7 / 8 membranous and strong, on 10 / 11 / 12 / 13 becomes thinner (Figure 12 C). Gizzard in VI strong with an average size (width x length) of 2.7 x 2.3 mm (Figure 12 C). Calciferous glands one pair in XII, composite-tubular type, with dorsal blood vessels. Esophagus-intestine transition origin in XV. Typhlosole origin in XV, in cupped folds, from XV till approximately C, then turns almost smooth stripes. Hearts in XX – XI, on the dorsal lateral position. One pair of nephridia per segment, aligned to the intestine and body wall per segment (Figure 12 C). Unpaired test sac in XI. Seminal vesicles in XV, long lines above the intestine, extending from segment XII onwards. Spermathecae absent. One copulatory bulb, round and large in XVII – XVIII.	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED0434FFE7FF27F8DED411FE3F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. F. cunhai sp. nov. exhibits an annular clitellum, similar to F. tairim, F. schmelzi sp. nov., and F. feijooi sp. nov., but F. cunhai sp. nov. has a single testis sac in XI, while the first species has paired testes sac (in XI), and the last has a pair of sacs (XI – XII). The single (unpaired) testis sac of F. cunhai sp. nov. is shared with F. barettai sp. nov., F. pereirai sp. nov., F. elkeae sp. nov., F. elodieae sp. nov., F. schmelzi sp. nov., F. ohausi, F. angai minor and F. nivae, but all these species have clitellum in different positions or different type (saddle).	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED0436FFF8FF27FE28D09EFBEF.taxon	description	(Figure 13)	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED0436FFF8FF27FE28D09EFBEF.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Brazil, one adult, São Paulo, Bananal Ecological Research Station, in forest soil, in the soil; latitude, longitude: 22 ° 47 ” 53.34 ’ S, 44 ° 21 ” 36.22 ’ W, elevation: 1,212 m asl; February 2009; S. W. James, G. G. Brown, M. L. C. Bartz, S. K. Davidson coll. Sample ID: COFM BRSP 0926. Paratype. Brazil, one adult, same collection details as holotype. Sample ID: MZUSP 6440 (former COFMBRSP 0927). Other materials. Brazil, three adults and one juvenile, same collection details as holotype. Sample ID: COFM BRSP 0936.	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED0436FFF8FF27FE28D09EFBEF.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is named for Dr. Elke Jurandy Bran Nogueira Cardoso †, former professor of the Soils Department at the Escola Superior de Agricultura Luis de Queiroz (ESALQ) of the University of São Paulo, for her long-term support to soil fauna research (over 20 years) at the university, including the supervision of several graduate students who collected new species of earthworms. External morphology. Holotype: body length 63 mm, body mass 0.15 g after ethanol fixation. Diameter pre clitellar (X) 2 mm, at clitellum (XV) 2.2 mm, and post clitellar (XXX) 1.5 mm. Number of segments 248. Paratype: length 92 mm, body mass 0.2 g after fixation. Diameter at X 2.6 mm, at XV 2.4 mm, and at XXX 2.2 mm. Number of segments 248. Body shape cylindrical. Body pigmentation absent. Prostomium proepilobic. Setae beginning in XIII and very small throughout body. Setal arrangement at XXX-L aa: ab: bc: cd = 30: 1: 8: 1. Clitellum annular in XV – XXI (Figure 13 A). Genital markings absent. One male pore in XVII, narrow slit on low area, not an elevated porophore (Figure 13 A). Female pore in XIV at the nephropore level. Nephridial pores on b level. Internal anatomy. Septa 5 / 6 is very thin, but muscular on 6 / 7 – 10 / 11 (Figure 13 B). Gizzard in VI, 0.6 in width by 0.4 mm in length. One pair of calciferous glands are dorsally in XII, composite tubular structure, blood vessels on dorsal ventral, in XII. Esophagus-intestine transition origin in XV. Typhlosole origin in XV, zigzag to laminar, in XX – XXXV cupped folds, becoming smaller. The final pair of hearts is in XI, with lateral vessels originating in VII – IX. These vessels exhibit a whitish coloration and appear to circumnavigate the body. Nephridia in XI in normal form, but on XII – XVI they morph into big iridescent sperm sacs (Figure 13 B), with pre and post septal parts per segment. Testis sac in XI large, single and bulging into XII. Seminal vesicles narrow tubes within XII, back ventral below esophagus to segments LXX. Spermathecae absent. One singular copulatory bulb disc-shaped, over XVI – XVIII (Figure 13 C).	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED0436FFF8FF27FE28D09EFBEF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The vas deferens clearly emerges from the testis sac in XI but the seminal vesicle extends from the poterior end of the sac in XII and there is no clear delimitation between what is only in XI and what is in XII, other than the vas deferens and the beginning of the seminal vesicles. The sac could be morphologically in XI but it is not possible to determine if it is extending into XII at the posterior boundary. F. elkeae sp. nov. is the only Fimoscolex species with annular clitellum from XV – XXII, as the other species with clitellum in this range all have saddle-shaped clitella. It exhibits considerable external and internal similarity to F. cunhai sp. nov., but this latter species clitellum is shorter (XV – XXI) and the tubular seminal vesicle runs above the intestine, while in F. elkeae sp. nov. it is under the intestine.	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED0429FFF9FF27FB58D448F962.taxon	description	(Figures 14, 15)	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED0429FFF9FF27FB58D448F962.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Brazil, one adult, São Paulo, Bananal, Ecological Research Station of Bananal, in alluvial soil near small stream, in the soil; latitude / longitude: 22 ° 45 ” 6.36 ’ S, 44 ° 21 ” 32.1 ’ W, elevation: 1,178 m asl; February 2009; S. W. James, G. G. Brown, S. K. Davidson, M. L. C. Bartz coll. Sample ID: COFM BRSP 0929. Paratype. Brazil, one adult, same collection data as holotype. Sample ID: MZUSP 6442 (former COFM BRSP 0930). Other materials. Brazil, two adults, same collection details as holotype. Sample ID: COFM BRSP 0154. Brazil, four adults, same collection details as holotype. Sample ID: COFM BRSP 0964.	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED0429FFF9FF27FB58D448F962.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is named after Dr. Elodie da Silva, for her participation in many earthworm sampling expeditions and important contributions to molecular analyses performed on many earthworm species from Brazil. External morphology. Holotype: body length 293 mm (Figure 14 A, B), body mass 8.05 g after ethanol fixation. Diameter pre clitellar (X) 5.3 mm, at clitellum (XV) 7 mm, and in post clitellar (XXX) 6.3 mm. Number of segments 693. Paratype: length 254 mm, body mass 6.01 g after fixation. Diameter at X 5.2 mm, at XV 5.8 mm, and at XXX 5.8 mm. Number of segments 516. Body shape cylindrical. Body pigmentation absent. Prostomium prolobic. Setae beginning in XIV. Setal arrangement at XXX-L aa: ab: bc: cd = 17.7: 1.3: 4.3: 1. Clitellum in XV – XXIX, annular (Figure 15 A). Genital markings are absent. One male pore in XVII (Figure 15 B). Female pore not seen. Nephridial pores on b. Internal anatomy. Septa 7 / 8 / 9 / 10 strong, thick, and membranous, 14 / 15 / 16 / 17, thin and more fragile. Gizzard in VI, strong and yellowish, with an average size (width x length) of 4.5 x 3.2 mm. One pair of calciferous glands in XII of tubular-composite type, with blood vessels dorsal-lateral. Esophagus-intestine transition origin in XV and typhlosole originating in XV, in cupped folds formats till segment LXXXV (Figure 15 E). Last pair of hearts in XI. Excretory apparatus with one pair of nephridia per segment, and before the copulatory bulb there are modified nephridia with sperm, while after there is one per segment close to the body wall. Testes sacs in XII, with funnels visible connected to sacs. Seminal vesicles starting on XV, with spiral form till XXI (Figure 15 C), then changes to two parallel lines. Spermathecae absent. One copulatory bulb, big and oval, with nerve cord above, in segments XVII – XVIII (Figure 15 D).	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
C94A87ED0429FFF9FF27FB58D448F962.taxon	discussion	Remarks: This large-bodied species was found in an alluvial soil near a stream, and was particularly abundant in the deeper soil layers, where it produced many burrows and performed major soil bioturbation, mixing the top dark black horizons with the lower greyish horizon soil (Figure 14 C, D). F. elodieae is the longest species of this genus, and has the longest clitellum, which occupies 15 segments (XV – XXIX). The only other long Fimoscolex (22 cm) is F. angai Righi, 1971, also from the Atlantic Forest of the state of São Paulo. Similar to F. pereirai sp. nov., the calciferous gland of F. elodieae sp. nov. has the shape of a comma in segment XII, but contrary to the former species, the glands are well separated. Despite its substantial size, the copulatory bulb occupies only segment XVII.	en	Dudas, Rafaela Tavares, James, Samuel Wooster, Bartz, Marie L. C., Brown, George Gardner (2025): New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5589 (1): 321-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.26
