taxonID	type	description	language	source
1FDD3E2B6A595B42A5EFBBC61DDD8AAE.taxon	description	Fig. 6, 13 A	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
1FDD3E2B6A595B42A5EFBBC61DDD8AAE.taxon	description	Description. Tendrilled liana, 6 – 8 m long; stem puberulent, with yellowish to whitish indumentum, lenticellate; cross-section simple, cylindrical. Leaves trifoliolate; stipules ca. 2 mm long, linear, triangular to lanceolate, hirsute-tomentose; petiole 2 – 8.5 cm long, canaliculate; terminal petiolule 1.2 – 1.7 cm long, tomentose or tomentulose, lateral petiolules 0.2 – 0.8 cm long; leaflets glabrous on both sides, the secondary venation eucamptodromous but distally craspedodromous; secondary veins 7 – 8 pairs, subalternate or alternate, spacing irregular, sometimes with domatia on abaxial secondary vein axils; intersecondaries present; tertiary veins reticulate; margins entire to dentate-serrate, with 2 – 4 teeth reduced to inconspicuous glands, ciliate; terminal leaflet 12 – 13 × 6.5 – 7.5 cm, oblong, the apex acute, mucronate, the base truncate or rounded to obtuse; lateral leaflet 9.5 – 11.5 × 4.8 – 5.7 cm, oblong or ovate-rhomboidal, the apex acute, mucronate, the base truncate or rounded. Thyrses axillary, racemiform, 8.5 – 16 cm long; peduncle 1.1 – 2.8 cm long; rachis 7.5 – 16 cm long; cincinni numerous, sessile. Flowers ca. 2 mm long, pedicel ca. 0.5 mm long; sepals ca. 1 mm long, connate at the base, lobes ovate, acute, glabrous and with prominent veins on the adaxial surface, abaxial surface villous; petals ca. 1.5 mm long, obovate, obtuse, not clawed, glabrous on the central part and villous on the margins; appendages rudimentary, ca. 0.3 mm long, bifid, shorter than the petals, adnate to central portion of petal, villous; nectary disc glabrous, 5 - lobed, the lobes ca. 1 mm long. Staminate flower with stamens 8, ca. 1.5 mm long, the filaments villous for more than half of their length, the anthers glabrous; pistillode ca. 1.5 mm long. Pistillate flower with staminodes ca. 1 mm long; pistil ca. 1.5 mm long, the style villous, the ovary puberulent. Fruits ovate, chartaceous, 5 – 5.5 × 2 – 2.3 cm; stipe 2 – 3 mm long; seed locule slightly subglobose, 1.2 – 1.4 × 1.1 – 1.4 cm; epicarp densely strigose, with simple and capitate trichomes on cocci, strigose on wings; cavity of seed locule glabrous. Seeds trigonous-ovoid, ca. 6 × 4 mm, basally attached, glabrous.	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
1FDD3E2B6A595B42A5EFBBC61DDD8AAE.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and phenology. Thinouia cazumbensis is known from the type and from a collection from the state of Pará, Brazil, in non-flooded tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests. It occurs in the Reserva Extrativista do Cazumbá-Iracema where it is an infrequent liana that reaches the canopy of the open ombrophilous forest with abundant bamboo (Guadua spp.) (Fig. 13 A). Collected in flower during July and September, and in fruit in July.	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
57E118651F7C5212BB0F7C1B29237150.taxon	description	Figs 7, 13 A	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
57E118651F7C5212BB0F7C1B29237150.taxon	description	Description. Tendrilled liana; stem cylindrical, striate, puberulous, with ferruginous, rounded or elliptic lenticels; cross-section simple. Leaves trifoliolate; stipules ca. 0.8 mm long, triangular, tomentose; petiole 2 – 3 cm long, terete, pubescent; terminal petiolule 0.2 – 0.5 cm long, canaliculate, lateral petiolules 0.2 – 0.3 cm long; leaflets with adaxial surface glabrous or puberulous, abaxial surface puberulous or pubescent, the leaflet secondary venation semicraspedodromous or craspedodromous; secondary veins 4 – 5 pairs, subalternate or opposite, spacing irregular, with domatia on the abaxial side of secondary vein axils; intersecondaries present or absent; tertiary veins irregular reticulate; margins serrate or dentate-serrate, subrevolute, with (3) 6 – 8 teeth reduced to inconspicuous glands; terminal leaflet 3.7 – 5.5 × 2.3 – 3.7 cm, ovate-rhomboid, symmetrical or asymmetrical, the apex obtuse or acuminate, mucronate, the base decurrent; lateral leaflets 3 – 4.8 × 2.2 – 3 cm, ovate, asymmetrical, the apex obtuse or acuminate, mucronate, the base subcuneate to obtuse. Thyrses axillary or terminal, umbelliform, 1.7 – 4 cm long; peduncle 0.7 – 2.4 cm long; secondary peduncle subsessile or 0.2 – 0.5 cm long; cincinni numerous, peduncle of cincinni 2 – 3.5 mm long, tomentose. Flower 2.5 – 4.5 mm long, pedicel 1 – 2 mm long, pilose or tomentose; sepals 1 – 1.25 mm long, connate at base, deltate, abaxially pilose, adaxially glabrous; petals 1 – 2.5 mm long, spatulate, distally orbiculate, clawed, the margin erose, adaxially glabrous with glands; petal appendages rudimentary, bifid, shorter than the petals, ca. 0.5 mm long, villous; nectary disc glabrous, annular. Staminate flower with stamens 8, ca. 2.5 mm long, the filaments villous on lower half, the anthers pilose to glabrous; pistillode ca. 0.6 mm long, villous at the apex. Pistillate flower with staminodes ca. 1.7 mm long, villous more than half of their length; pistil 3 mm long, villous. Fruits 3 – 5 × 2.2 – 2.3 (2.7) cm; accrescent pedicel 3 – 5 cm long; stipe 5 – 8 mm long; seed locule flattened; epicarp glabrous or with sparse simple trichomes; cavity of seed locule with capitate, ferruginous trichomes with uniseriate stalk and multicellular terminal cells. Seed ellipsoid, 6 – 7.5 × 3.8 – 4.4 mm, basally attached, glabrous.	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
57E118651F7C5212BB0F7C1B29237150.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and phenology. Thinouia compressa is known from tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, dry broadleaf forests, grasslands, savannas, shrublands, and xerophytic shrublands in Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay, along streams, roadside thickets, semi-deciduous forests, and caatinga vegetation in Brazil (Bahia, Ceará and Pernambuco), (Fig. 13 A). Flowering from February to August, and fruiting from March to August.	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
FC34F21022E85FDF9F6CE6633D1875F0.taxon	description	Figs 8, 13 B	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
FC34F21022E85FDF9F6CE6633D1875F0.taxon	description	Description. Tendrilled liana; stem puberulous or glabrescent, lenticels ferruginous, rounded or elliptic; cross-section simple or with neo formations when mature. Leaves trifoliolate; stipules minute, ca. 0.5 mm long, pubescent, triangular; petiole 1 – 5.5 cm long, canaliculate or sometimes semiterete, glabrous or puberulous; terminal petiolules 0 – 0.3 cm long, lateral petiolules 0 – 0.2 cm long; leaflets glabrous, puberulous along veins or sparsely pubescent on both surfaces, the leaflet secondary venation semi-craspedodromous; secondary veins 3 – 5 pairs, with irregular spacing and domatia on the abaxial side of secondary vein axils; intersecondaries presents; tertiary veins irregular reticulate or alternate-percurrent; margins subentire to repand-serrate, glabrous or ciliate, revolute, the teeth 2 – 5 (8 – 12), sometimes reduced to inconspicuous glands; terminal leaflet 3 – 9.7 × 1.5 – 5 cm, ovate or oblong, the apex acute to obtuse, mucronate, the base decurrent; lateral leaflets 3 – 7.7 × 1 – 4.3 cm, ovate or oblong, asymmetrical, the apex acute or obtuse, mucronate, the base decurrent. Thyrses axillary or terminal, umbelliform, 2.5 – 7.8 long; peduncle 1.5 – 6.5 cm long; secondary peduncle 0 – 0.5 cm long; cincinni numerous; peduncle of cincinnus 2.5 – 4 mm long. Flower ca. 3 – 5 mm long; pedicel 2 – 2.5 mm long, glabrous or puberulous; sepals 0.5 – 0.8 mm long, connate at the base, deltoid, abaxially puberulous and adaxially villous; petals 1.5 – 1.7 mm long, spatulate, erose, clawed, abaxially glabrous and adaxially villous; appendages ca. 1 mm long, shorter than the petals, bifid, villous; nectary disc glabrous, annular. Staminate flower with stamens 8, 2.5 – 3.5 mm long, the filaments villous on lower half, the anthers 0.4 – 0.5 mm long, glabrous; pistillode <0.5 mm long, villous. Pistillate flower with staminodes ca. 1.5 mm long, with same indumentum as the stamens; pistil 0.5 – 1 mm long, villous. Fruits chartaceous, 2.2 – 3.8 × 1.5 – 2.6 cm; accrescent pedicel 5 – 6 (7) mm long; stipe (4) 5 – 8 mm long; seed locule subglobose; epicarp glabrous, sometimes puberulous on the locule, rarely tomentose on stipe and base of fruits; cavity of seed locule villous with simple and capitate trichomes with uniseriate stalk and unicellular or multicellular terminal cells. Seed 5 – 6 × 3 – 4 mm, ellipsoid.	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
FC34F21022E85FDF9F6CE6633D1875F0.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Thinouia mucronata is known from tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests; tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forest; tropical and subtropical grassland, savannas and shrublands; and desert and xeric shrublands in northern Argentina, southern Bolivia, SE Brazil, and Paraguay (Fig. 13 B), in cerrado, chaco, gallery, ombrophilous dense, semi-deciduous and deciduous forests. Flowering from December to March and fruiting from December to August.	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
3285D259A6505666969883318C128CAD.taxon	description	Figs 9, 10, 13 C	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
3285D259A6505666969883318C128CAD.taxon	description	Description. Tendrilled liana 10 – 15 m; stem cylindrical, 10 – 12 cm diam., puberulous and ferruginous, lenticels rounded or elliptic and ferruginous; cross-section simple. Leaves trifoliolate; stipules minute, ca. 0.4 mm long, tomentose; petiole 1.8 – 6 cm long, terete, striate, pubescent, puberulous to glabrescent; terminal petiolule 1 – 4 cm long, lateral petiolules 0.3 – 1.5 cm long; leaflets glabrous on both sides, sometimes with sparse trichomes along veins; the leaflet secondary venation eucamptodromous or mixed semicraspedodromous at the apex; secondary veins (4) 5 – 6 pairs, subalternate or alternate, spacing irregular, with domatia on abaxial side of axils; intersecondaries present; tertiary veins irregular reticulate to mixed alternate-opposite percurrent; margins entire to repand-serrate (rarely serrate), with (2) 4 – 8 teeth per side, reduced to inconspicuous glands; terminal leaflet 6.5 – 17.5 (22) × 3.5 – 10.5 (11.3) cm, elliptic-ovate, apex acute or obtuse, long-apiculate, base truncate, obtuse or rounded; lateral leaflets 5.5 – 15.5 (17) × 2 – 8.9 (9.5) cm, ovate, asymmetrical, apex obtuse or acute and acuminate without drip tip, base truncate or rounded, sometimes cordate. Thyrses axillary or terminal, umbelliform, 1.5 – 10 cm long, peduncle 1 – 8.6 cm long, secondary peduncle 0.1 – 1.8 cm long; cincinni numerous, peduncle of cincinni 0.4 – 0.5 cm long, tomentose. Flower 1 – 2.5 mm long, pedicel 0.8 – 3 mm long, pubescent or tomentose; sepals 0.5 – 1 mm long, oblong-ovate, abaxially villous or slightly villous and adaxially glabrous; petals 0.4 – 0.8 mm long, lanceolate to obdeltoid, not clawed, villous; petal appendages 0.7 – 1.5 mm long, longer than the petals, bifid, villous; nectary disc annular, glabrous. Staminate flowers with stamens 8, 2 – 3 mm long, filaments villous on lower half, anthers glabrous to sparsely villous; pistillode ca. 0.5 mm long, villous. Pistillate flower with staminodes 8, ca. 1.5 mm long, with same indumentum as stamens; pistil ca. 4.5 mm long, ovary tomentose, stigma and styles tomentose. Fruits chartaceous, 2 – 5.4 × 1 – 3.2 cm; accrescent pedicel 1.6 – 3.5 mm long; stipe 2 – 5.1 mm long; seed locule slightly flattened; epicarp sparsely pubescent; cavity of seed locule with simple unicellular, multicellular and ferruginous trichomes. Seed 6 – 7.2 × 3.2 mm, ellipsoid, flat.	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
3285D259A6505666969883318C128CAD.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Thinouia myriantha is a species widely distributed from Costa Rica to South America, skirting the Amazon basin (i. e., peri-Amazonian distribution sensu de Granville 1992), known from tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests in Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil (Fig. 13 C). Flowering from November to February, and fruiting from December to August.	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
589841D325245B749A4FFF86ADE8FA75.taxon	description	Figs 11, 12, 13 D	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
589841D325245B749A4FFF86ADE8FA75.taxon	description	Description. Tendrilled liana, up to 40 m long (fide Mexia 6675); stem cylindrical-striate or 4 – 5 sulcate, 10 – 12 cm diam., pubescent, densely lenticellate, rounded and ferruginous; cross-section simple when young or with neo formations when mature. Leaves trifoliolate; stipules minute, ca. 1 mm long, tomentose; petioles 1 – 6.5 cm long, terete, striate, pubescent; terminal petiolule 0.1 – 1.1 cm long, lateral petiolules 0.1 – 1.1 cm long; leaflets with the adaxial side glabrescent or puberulous, puberulous or pubescent in the veins, the abaxial side glabrescent, puberulous or pubescent, puberulous or pubescent on the veins; the leaflet secondary venation craspedodromous; secondary veins (4) 5 – 6 pairs, subalternate or alternate, spacing irregular, domatia present in abaxial surface of secondary vein axils; intersecondaries present; tertiary veins alternate percurrent; margins dentate-serrate, with (6) 7 – 12 teeth on one side, reduced to inconspicuous glands; terminal leaflet 4.9 – 13.6 × 2.9 – 5.8 cm, elliptic-ovate or ovate-rhomboidal, symmetrical or asymmetrical, the apex acute to acuminate, mucronate, the base rounded to obtuse, sometimes slightly decurrent; lateral leaflets 3.6 – 11.1 × 1.8 – 7 cm, ovate, asymmetrical, the apex acute to acuminate, mucronate, the base truncate to rounded. Thyrses axillary or terminal, umbelliform, 2 – 5 cm long; peduncle 1 – 3 cm long; secondary peduncle subsessile or 0.1 – 0.6 cm long; cincinni numerous, peduncle of cincinnus 0.4 – 0.8 cm long, pubescent. Flower 4 – 5.5 mm long, pedicel 1.5 – 2.5 mm long, pilose or pubescent; sepals 0.5 – 1 mm long, deltoid, villous on both surfaces; petals 1.7 – 2.2 mm long, spatulate, clawed, glabrous or villous; petal appendages 0.7 – 1 mm long, shorter than the petals, bifid, distally bifurcated, villous; nectary disc annular, glabrous. Staminate flowers with stamens 6 – 7, 2 – 3.5 mm long, the filaments villous on lower half, the anthers papillose, glabrous or pilose; pistillode 0.5 – 1 mm long, villous. Pistillate flower with staminodes 6 – 7, 1.5 – 2 mm long; pistil 3.5 – 4.5 mm long, the ovary glabrous, the stigma and styles villous. Fruits chartaceous, 3.5 – 5.5 × 2.3 – 2.7 cm; accrescent pedicel 3.4 – 5 mm long; stipe ca. 2 mm long; seed locule subglobose; epicarp glabrous or with sparse trichomes; cavity of seed locule with simple or capitate, ferruginous trichomes; capitate trichomes with uniseriate stalk and multicellular terminal cells. Seed 6 – 6.7 × 5.5 mm, ellipsoid or subglobose, glabrous.	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
589841D325245B749A4FFF86ADE8FA75.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Thinouia obliqua is known from Tropical and Subtropical Moist Broadleaf Forests, between 140 – 1000 m in the Amazon basin in western Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru (Fig. 13 D). Flowering from October to May, and fruiting from January to August.	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
1FD99935F06358819E2D6B86DE3E8FDE.taxon	description	Figs 14, 19 A	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
1FD99935F06358819E2D6B86DE3E8FDE.taxon	description	Description. Tendrilled liana; stem cylindrical, striate, puberulous, pubescent or tomentose, with yellowish to whitish indumentum, lenticels sparse, rounded or elliptic; cross-section simple or with neo formations when mature. Leaves trifoliolate; stipules minute, ca. 0.5 mm long, tomentose, deltoid; petiole 2.6 – 4.2 cm long, canaliculate, pubescent or tomentose; petiolules with keel in the middle, terminal petiolule 0.7 cm long, lateral petiolules 0.1 – 0.5 cm long; leaflets with the adaxial side puberulous, pubescent-tomentose only on the veins, the abaxial side pubescent or tomentose, discolorous; the leaflet secondary venation craspedodromous; secondary veins 4 – 5 (6) pairs, opposite or alternate, spacing irregular, domatia sometimes present in abaxial surface of secondary vein axils; tertiary veins alternate percurrent; margins dentate-serrate, with 7 – 14 teeth per side, reduced to inconspicuous glands; terminal leaflet 4.4 – 6.5 (10) × 2.5 – 5 (8.5) cm, broadly ovate, apex obtuse or acuminate, mucronate, base decurrent or cuneate; lateral leaflets 3.5 – 4.5 × 1.8 – 4.4 cm, ovate, apex obtuse or acuminate, rarely retuse, mucronate, base truncate or rounded. Thyrses axillary or terminal, umbelliform, 1 – 6 (7.5) cm long; peduncle 0.7 – 4 (6) cm long; secondary peduncle (0) 0.1 – 0.7 cm long; cincinni numerous, peduncle of cincinnus 1 – 3 mm long. Flower 3 – 5 mm long, pedicel ca. 2.3 mm long, villous; sepals ca. 0.5 mm long, connate at the base, deltate, abaxially villous, adaxially glabrous; petals ca. 1.6 mm long, spatulate, clawed, erose, adaxially glabrous or villous on the central part; appendages ca. 0.6 mm, shorter than the petals, bifid, sometimes bifurcate distally, villous; nectary disc annular, glabrous. Staminate flower with stamens 8, ca. 2.5 mm long, the filaments villous on lower half, the anthers papillose, glabrous, sometimes puberulous; pistillode ca. 0.6 mm long, villous at the apex. Pistillate flower with staminodes ca. 1 mm long, villous; pistil 2 mm long, puberulous or villous. Fruits chartaceous, 2.6 – 4.2 × 1.3 – 2.3 cm; accrescent pedicel 4.2 – 6.9 mm long; stipe 5.2 – 6.4 mm long; seed locule subglobose; epicarp glabrous or with sparse simple trichomes in the locule and ventral side of the wing; cavity of seed locule with sparse capitate trichomes; capitate trichomes with uniseriate stalk and unicellular terminal cells. Seed ellipsoid, 5.4 – 6.4 × 3.7 – 4.5 mm, basally attached, glabrous.	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
1FD99935F06358819E2D6B86DE3E8FDE.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and phenology. Thinouia paraguayensis is known from tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests; tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, shrublands, and flooded grasslands and savannas in Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay (Fig. 19 A), along roadside thickets, cerrado, chaco, gallery forests, and semi-deciduous forests. Flowering from December to April, and fruiting from January to August.	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
2259D64B4DFD5724B1F94D39BD524C51.taxon	description	Figs 15, 19 A	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
2259D64B4DFD5724B1F94D39BD524C51.taxon	description	Description. Tendrilled liana; stem cylindrical-striate or 4 – 5 lobed, glabrous or puberulous, lenticels rounded and ferruginous; cross-section simple when young or with neo formations when mature. Leaves trifoliolate; stipules minute, ca. 0.5 m long, puberulous, triangular; petiole 1.5 – 4 cm long, canaliculate, glabrous, rarely puberulous; leaflets glabrous on both sides; the leaflet secondary venation brochidodromous; secondary veins 8 – 10 pairs, alternate, spacing irregular; intersecondaries present; tertiary veins irregular reticulate; margins entire, sometimes undulate and rarely with 1 tooth on the base; terminal petiolule 0.1 – 0.5 cm long, lateral petiolules 0.1 – 0.2 cm long; terminal leaflet 5 – 8 × 2.7 – 3.3 cm, oblong, symmetrical or asymmetrical, apex obtuse, rounded or emarginate, mucronate, base acute to decurrent; lateral leaflet 4.7 × 2.4 cm, oblong or oblong-ovate, asymmetrical, apex obtuse, rounded or emarginate, mucronate, base decurrent or rounded. Thyrses axillary or terminal, umbelliform, 0.8 – 2.8 cm long, peduncle 1 – 4.2 cm long, secondary peduncle subsessile 0.1 – 0.7 cm long, cincinni numerous, peduncle of cincinnus 0.2 – 0.8 cm long, tomentose to glabrescent. Flower 3 – 5 mm long, pedicel 1.4 – 4 mm long, glabrous; sepals ca. 1.3 mm long, deltoid, glabrous or sometimes glabrescent, ciliate; petals ca. 2 mm long, spatulate, erose at apex, clawed, adaxially glandular and with sparse simple trichomes; petal appendages 1 – 1.5 mm long, shorter than the petals, bifid, sometimes distally branched, villous; nectary disc annular, glabrous. Staminate flowers with stamens 8, ca. 4.8 mm long, filaments villous on lower half, anthers glabrous; pistillode ca. 0.3 mm long, villous. Pistillate flower with staminodes 8, ca. 2 mm long; pistil ca. 3 mm long, ovary adpressed-pubescent along dorsal edges, stigma and style puberulous. Fruits chartaceous, 3.6 – 4.2 (5.4) × 2.6 – 3 cm; accrescent pedicel 3 – 4 mm long; stipe 3 – 6 mm long; seed locule lenticular; epicarp glabrous; cavity of seed locule densely villous with arachnoid, biseriate, simple or branched trichomes. Seed 6.8 – 7.3 × 5.2 – 5.6 mm, obovoid to ellipsoid, glabrous.	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
2259D64B4DFD5724B1F94D39BD524C51.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and phenology. Thinouia restingae is endemic to tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests in SE of Brazil, in restinga vegetation and ombrophilous and semi-deciduous forests in the states of Bahia, Espírito Santo, and Rio de Janeiro (Fig. 19 A). Flowering from October to December, and fruiting from January to August.	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
CD9AA36968BD5666836A60CA0BD3031C.taxon	description	Figs 16, 19 B	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
CD9AA36968BD5666836A60CA0BD3031C.taxon	description	Description. Tendrilled liana; stem cylindrical or 4 – 5 lobed, glabrous, pubescent or tomentose, lenticels rounded, elliptic or oblong; cross-section simple or with neo formations when mature. Leaves trifoliolate; stipules ca. 0.5 mm long, tomentose, triangular; petiole 5.6 – 9.1 cm long, semiterete to canaliculate with keel in the middle, striate, glabrous to pubescent; terminal petiolule 0.8 – 3.7 cm long, canaliculate with keel in the middle, striate; lateral petiolules with keel in the middle 0.4 – 1.4 cm long; leaflets with the adaxial side glabrous and the abaxial side glabrous, glabrescent, puberulous or tomentose; the leaflet secondary venation craspedodromous to semicraspedodromous, secondary veins 5 – 7 pairs, alternate or subalternate, spacing irregular, domatia on abaxial surface of secondary vein axils commonly on lowermost pair of secondary veins; intersecondaries present; tertiary veins alternate percurrent or mixed opposite-alternate percurrent; margins entire, dentate or serrate with 3 – 9 teeth, reduced to inconspicuous glands; terminal leaflet 5.2 – 11.7 × 3.1 – 7 cm, obovate, oblong, oblong-ovate or ovate to very widely ovate, symmetrical or asymmetrical, apex rounded, obtuse, acute or acuminate, mucronate or sometimes emarginate, base rounded to obtuse; lateral leaflets 4.3 – 12.7 × 2.7 – 8.1 cm, ovate, oblong, elliptic or lanceolate, asymmetrical, the apex rounded, obtuse, acute or acuminate, mucronate, base truncate or obtuse to rounded. Thyrses axillary or terminal, umbelliform, 2 – 4 cm long, peduncle 1.5 – 2 cm long, secondary peduncle 0.2. – 0.5 cm long; cincinni numerous, peduncle of cincinnus 0.6 – 0.7 cm long, tomentose. Flower 4.5 – 6 mm long; pedicel 2 – 3 mm long, pilose or sparsely pubescent; sepals ca. 0.5 mm long, oblong-ovate, abaxially pilose or sparsely pubescent, adaxially glabrous or sometimes villous, ciliate; petals 1.6 – 2.5 mm long, oblong-spatulate, clawed, erose, adaxially glandular, abaxially glabrous; appendages 0.7 – 1.5 mm long, shorter than the petals, villous; nectary disc annular, glabrous. Staminate flowers with stamens 8, 2.8 – 3 mm long, the filaments villous on lower half, the anthers 0.5 – 0.6 mm long, glabrous, papillose; pistillode ca. 0.5 mm villous. Pistillate flower with staminodes 8, 1.5 – 1.7 mm long, villous throughout; pistil ca. 4.5 mm long, the ovary adpressed-pubescent along dorsal edges, the stigma and style tomentose. Fruits chartaceous, 4.3 – 7.5 × 2.5 – 4.1 cm; accrescent pedicel 2.3 – 6.1 cm long; stipe 4.3 – 9.7 cm long; seed locule subglobose to lenticular; epicarp glabrous; cavity of seed locule pubescent with capitate trichomes; capitate trichomes with uniseriate stalk and multicellular terminal cells. Seed ellipsoid, 6 – 7.4 × 4.3 – 5.6 cm, glabrous.	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
CD9AA36968BD5666836A60CA0BD3031C.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Thinouia scandens is endemic to tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests in SE Brazil, between 40 – 1200 m, in gallery forests, semi-deciduous forests, tabuleiro forests and ombrophilous forests in Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro states (Fig. 19 B). Flowering from December to April and fruiting from January to October.	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
26B772B1795C524A9070E3DDFA6D1C22.taxon	description	Figs 17, 18, 19 B	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
26B772B1795C524A9070E3DDFA6D1C22.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Thinouia silveirae is most closely related to T. myriantha but differs from the latter by its mericarps with lenticular locule that are flat at the base, the pubescent epicarp and the densely villous locule cavity with capitate trichomes, and the petal appendage adnate to the marginal portion (vs. mericarps with slightly flattened locule; epicarp glabrous, locule cavity sparsely pilose or glabrous with scattered capitate trichomes, and petal appendage adnate to the basal portion).	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
26B772B1795C524A9070E3DDFA6D1C22.taxon	description	Description. Tendrilled liana, 10 – 15 m long; stem 3 – 5 cm diam., cylindrical, striate, tomentose, glabrescent when mature, lenticels rounded or elliptic; cross-section simple. Leaves trifoliolate; stipules ca. 1 mm long, tomentose, triangular; petiole 5.8 – 12.4 cm long, terete or angular, striate, tomentose or pubescent; terminal petiolule 2 – 4.5 cm long, semiterete or terete, striate; lateral petiolules 0.7 – 1.9 cm long; leaflets with adaxial side glabrous or glabrescent, sometimes pubescent along veins, the abaxial side glabrescent, puberulous or pubescent; the leaflet secondary venation eucamptodromous but semicraspedodromous toward the apex; secondary veins 5 – 6 (7) pairs, alternate or subalternate, spacing irregular, with domatia on the abaxial side of secondary vein axils; intersecondaries present; tertiary veins alternate percurrent; margins entire or sparsely dentate, with 3 – 6 vestigial teeth reduced to inconspicuous glands; terminal leaflet 8.6 – 16.6 × 6 – 11.6 cm, elliptic-ovate or ovate, symmetrical or asymmetrical, the apex acuminate, sometimes emarginate, the base rounded; lateral leaflet 7.8 – 15.6 × 5.7 – 10 cm, elliptic or ovate, asymmetrical, the apex acuminate, sometimes rounded to retuse, the base truncate or slightly cordate. Thyrse umbelliform, axillary or terminal; solitary when axillary, 3.5 – 5.5 cm long, with a pair of circinate tendrils on distal portion of peduncle; peduncles 1.5 – 3.5 cm long; secondary peduncles 0.1 – 0.7 cm long; cincinni numerous, peduncle of cincinnus 1.7 – 4.7 mm long. Flowers 2.5 – 7.3 mm long, pedicel 1.2 – 3.5 mm long, pilose to villous; sepals ca. 0.7 mm long, connate at the base, deltate, abaxially villous, adaxially glabrous; petals ca. 0.5 mm long, obdeltoid to widely obtrullate, not clawed, villous; appendages ca. 0.9 mm long, longer than the petals, marginal and bifid, villous; nectary disc glabrous, annular. Staminate flower with stamens 8, ca. 2.7 mm long, the filaments villous at the base, the anthers ca. 0.5 mm long, papillose, glabrous or puberulous; pistillode ca. 0.5 mm long, villous. Pistillate flower with staminodes 0.8 – 1.2 mm long, villous; pistil ca. 1.5 mm long, villous. Fruits chartaceous, 4 – 6.1 × 2.5 – 3.9 cm; accrescent pedicel 2.6 – 5.3 cm long; stipe 4.2 – 9.4 cm long; seed locule lenticular but flattened at the base; epicarp pubescent at the locule, puberulous or pilose at the wing; cavity of seed locule densely villous, with capitate trichomes with uniseriate stalk and multicellular terminal cells. Seed ellipsoid 7.5 – 9.5 × 4.1 – 6.2 mm, glabrous.	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
26B772B1795C524A9070E3DDFA6D1C22.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Thinouia silveirae is known only from the southwestern Amazonian region, in the states of Acre and Rondônia, Brazil (Fig. 19 B); in tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests. Flowering from June to July, and fruiting from July to September.	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
26B772B1795C524A9070E3DDFA6D1C22.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet honors Dr. Marcos Silveira, professor and ecologist, at the Universidade Federal do Acre, who has made significant contributions to the floristic studies of Acre and SW Amazonia.	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
2C59C36764F55CE683B147B0616B674D.taxon	description	Figs 19 D, 20, 21	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
2C59C36764F55CE683B147B0616B674D.taxon	description	Description. Tendrilled liana; stem pubescent or tomentose and glabrescent when mature, lenticels round or elliptic; cross-section simple. Leaves trifoliolate; stipules ca. 0.5 mm long, tomentose, triangular; petiole 3.5 – 7.7 cm long, terete or semiterete and keeled along the middle, striate, pubescent to tomentose; terminal petiolule 0.3 – 0.7 cm long, semiterete; lateral petiolules 0.2 – 0.5 cm long; leaflets with adaxial side tomentose to glabrescent, sometimes strigose, the abaxial side tomentose; leaflet secondary venation craspedodromous; secondary veins 4 – 6 pairs, alternate or subalternate, spacing irregular, with domatia on the abaxial side of secondary veins axils; intersecondaries present; tertiary veins mixed opposite-alternate percurrent or alternate percurrent; margins dentate or serrate, with (7) 8 – 12 vestigial teeth on each side, reduced to inconspicuous glands; terminal leaflet 5.3 – 10.6 × 4.4 – 5.6 cm, broadly elliptic, obtrullate or ovate, the apex acuminate and mucronate, the base decurrent; lateral leaflet 4.2 – 8.9 × 2.3 – 3.8 cm, ovate, asymmetrical, the apex acute to acuminate, mucronate, the base truncate to rounded. Thyrses axillary or terminal, umbelliform, 1.5 – 5.3 cm long; peduncle 0.5 – 4.2 cm long; secondary peduncle 0.1 – 0.5 cm long; cincinni numerous, peduncle of cincinnus 2 – 3 mm long, tomentose. Flower 5 – 5.2 mm long, pedicel 2 – 3 mm long, pilose or sparsely pilose; sepals ca. 0.5 mm long, triangular, abaxially pilose or sparsely pubescent, adaxially glabrous or sometimes villous, ciliate; petals 1 – 1.7 mm long, oblanceolate, spatulate, clawed, erose, adaxially villous and abaxially glabrous; petal appendages <0.5 mm long, shorter than the petal, bifid, villous; nectary disc annular, glabrous. Staminate flowers with stamens 8, ca. 2.5 mm long, the filaments villous on lower half, the anthers ca. 0.5 mm long, glabrous, papillose; pistillode ca. 0.4 mm long, villous. Pistillate flower with staminodes 8, ca. 1 mm long, the filaments villous ca. on lower half, the anthers ca. 0.3 mm, glabrous, papillose; pistil ca. 4 mm long, glabrous at base, villous from middle to apex. Fruits chartaceous, 3 – 4 × 2.5 cm; accrescent pedicel 4.7 – 5.2 cm long; stipe 6.2 – 7 mm long; seed locule lenticular; epicarp glabrous; cavity of seed locule glabrous or with sparse simple or capitate trichomes with uniseriate stalk and unicellular terminal cells. Seed ellipsoid 5.7 – 7 × 3.6 – 4.7 cm, glabrous.	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
2C59C36764F55CE683B147B0616B674D.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. This species is endemic to tropical and subtropical Brazil, found in moist broadleaf forests in ombrophilous, semi-deciduous and deciduous forests, and along streams, on limestone outcrops, and forest margins, in Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro states (Fig. 18 D), at 215 – 950 m elevation. Flowering from February to April, and fruiting from May to October.	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
83FF50B6857F5AF889C10FDB1D2C1598.taxon	description	Figs 19 C, 22	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
83FF50B6857F5AF889C10FDB1D2C1598.taxon	description	Description. Tendrilled liana; stems cylindrical, striate, tomentose to glabrescent, lenticels round or elliptical; cross-section simple. Leaves trifoliolate; stipules minute, <0.5 mm long; petiole ca. 4.8 cm long, terete, puberulous; terminal petiolules 2 – 2.2 cm long, canaliculate; lateral petiolules 0.8 – 1 cm long; leaflets glabrous on both surfaces; leaflet secondary venation semicraspedodromous to eucamptodromous, secondary veins 4 – 6 pairs, alternate, spacing irregular, domatia wanting; intersecondaries present; margins repand-serrate, sometimes only at the apex, with (2) 4 – 6 teeth on each side, reduced to inconspicuous glands; terminal leaflet 6 – 8 × 5 cm, elliptic or oblong-ovate, sometimes asymmetrical, the apex long-apiculate or obtuse, the base rounded to obtuse; lateral leaflets 6.5 × 3.9 – 4.2 cm, elliptic or ovate, sometimes asymmetrical, the apex long-apiculate or obtuse, with a gland at the apex, the base truncate to rounded. Thyrses axillary or terminal, umbelliform, 3.5 – 6 cm long; peduncle 1.8 – 3.6 cm long; secondary peduncle sessile or 0.1 – 0.7 cm long; cincinni numerous, peduncle of cincinnus 2 – 5 mm long, tomentose. Flower 3 – 4 mm long, pedicel 1.9 – 2.4 mm long, tomentose; sepals ca. 0.7 mm long, deltate, abaxially villous and adaxially glabrous; petals 0.6 – 1.3 mm long, obdeltate, not clawed, villous; appendages 1.4 – 1.6 mm long, longer than the petals, bifid, marginal, villous; nectary disc annular to slightly lobed, glabrous. Staminate flowers with stamens 8, ca. 4 mm long, the filaments villous throughout, the anthers sparsely villous; pistillode ca. 1 mm long, tomentose. Pistillate flowers with staminodes 8, ca. 2 mm long, villous throughout, the anthers sparsely villous; pistil 1.2 – 1.4 mm long, villous, the ovary villous, the stigma and style villous. Fruits chartaceous, 3 – 8 × 1.7 – 4 cm; accrescent pedicel 2.4 – 3.8 mm long; stipe ca. 4.3 mm long; seed locule subglobose, but flattened at the base, sometimes slightly flattened, puberulous; seed locule cavity densely covered with capitate trichomes; these with uniseriate stalk and unicellular terminal cells. Seed ellipsoid, 2.5 – 3.5 × 1.5 – 2 mm, basally attached.	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
83FF50B6857F5AF889C10FDB1D2C1598.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. This species is known from southern Mexico (Chiapas & Veracruz), the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico (Campeche, Quintana Roo) and Belize and in El Salvador, in tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests at 120 – 830 m elevation (Fig. 19 C). Flowering from February to April, and fruiting from April to May.	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
61CDE42621C359FF8B24C6E3E8226DDC.taxon	type_taxon	Type. Thinouia myriantha Triana & Planchon.	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
61CDE42621C359FF8B24C6E3E8226DDC.taxon	description	Description. Lianas or seldom shrubs with arched branches; climbing with the aid of a pair of circinate tendrils that are proximal to the floriferous part of the inflorescence and homologous to a cincinnus. Stems terete or ribbed, lenticellate; cross-sections of branches and young stems simple, i. e., with single vascular cylinders, some species developing a compound stem where 1 – 5 (7 – 8) vascular cylinders are formed within the cortex, these becoming wider as the stem grows wider. Stipules minute, axillary, deltate to lanceolate, early deciduous. Leaves alternate, trifoliolate; petioles and petiolules unwinged. Inflorescences of umbelliform or racemiform thyrses, often bearing a pair of tendrils at the base of the rachis, axillary or forming a frondobracteate synflorescence on distal portion of branches, rarely cauliflorous, peduncle and secondary peduncle, sometimes sessiles; flowers produced in cincinni; pedicels articulated. Flowers actinomorphic; calyx cup-shaped, partly connate, sepals 5, valvate, of equal size; petals 5, obovate to spatulate, with a pair of short appendages, smaller or equal than the petals or longer than the petals, sometime clawed; disc extrastaminal, annular, rarely 5 - lobed; stamens 6 – 8, filaments equal or in two unequal series, anthers dorsifixed; pollen isopolar, obtusely triangular in polar view, subspherical in equatorial view, tricolporate, with elongated colpi nearly reaching the poles, striate; ovary 3 - carpellate, the ovules solitary with axile placentation; style elongated with 3 papillose stigmatic branches. Fruit schizocarpic, stipitate, splitting into 3 mericarps, each with a distal wing, the seed locus subglobose, lenticular or rarely flattened; seed trigonous-ellipsoid, or lenticular-ellipsoid, exarillate, with a small hilum.	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
36CC8528C1645DE5923E46C62C91CD66.taxon	description	Figs 19 C, 23, 24	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
36CC8528C1645DE5923E46C62C91CD66.taxon	description	Description. Tendrilled liana; stem cylindrical, striate, glabrous or puberulous, lenticels round or elliptical, sometimes with whitish or mucilaginous exudate; cross-section simple. Leaves trifoliolate; stipules <0.5 mm long; petiole 5 – 7 cm long, terete, glabrous or subglabrous, sometimes pulvinate at base; terminal petiolules 1.6 – 2.8 cm long, canaliculate, sometimes pulvinate; lateral petiolules 0.7 – 1.9 cm long, canaliculate, sometimes pulvinulate; leaflets glabrous on the both sides; leaflet secondary venation eucamptodromous, secondary veins 5 – 8 pairs, alternate or subalternate, spacing irregular, without domatia; intersecondaries present; tertiary veins mixed opposite-alternate percurrent or alternate percurrent; margin entire, sometimes serrate at the apex; terminal leaflet 7 – 14.5 × 3.4 – 7.2 cm, elliptic or oblong, symmetrical or asymmetrical, the apex acuminate, rarely rounded to retuse, with an apical gland, the base obtuse; lateral leaflets 6.8 – 12.5 × 3.3 – 6.8 cm, elliptic or oblong, the apex acuminate, with an apical gland, the base acute or obtuse. Thyrses cauliflorous, axillary or terminal, racemiform, 4 – 5.2 cm long; bracts ca. 2.8 mm, linear-lanceolate, pubescent, glabrescent; peduncle 0 – 0.2 cm long, tomentose; cincinni numerous, peduncle of cincinnus ca. 0.1 cm long, tomentose. Flower ca. 3.5 mm long; pedicel 1.5 – 2 mm long, glabrous to strigose; sepals ca. 1 mm long, deltate to obdeltate, abaxially strigose or glabrous, adaxially glabrous; petals ca. 1 mm long, obtrullate, not clawed, erose, ciliate along margins; appendages 0.8 – 1 mm long, shorter than the petal, villous; nectary disc annular, lobed, glabrous. Staminate flowers with stamens 8, ca. 3 mm long, the filaments villous on lower half, the anthers ca. 0.5 long, glabrous, papillose; pistillode ca. 0.5 mm long, villous on the apex. Pistillate flowers with staminodes 8, ca. 1 mm long, villous on lower half; pistil ca. 1.5 mm long, the ovary villous at the apex, the style and stigma villous. Fruits chartaceous, 3 – 5.1 × 2 – 2.8 cm; accrescent pedicel ca. 2 cm long; stipe 2 – 2.5 mm long; seed locule lenticular, sometimes the base flattened; epicarp glabrous; seed locule cavity sparsely ferruginous-pubescent, with simple, capitate and arachnoid trichomes. Seed 7.5 × 4 – 4.5 mm, obovoid, glabrous.	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
36CC8528C1645DE5923E46C62C91CD66.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Thinouia trifoliolata is known from Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil (Fig. 19 C), in tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests at 100 – 320 m elevation, in dense and open ombrophilous forests. Flowering from November to February, and fruiting from December to March.	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
C3B73E7AAA4B5AEEBB6D88372923F661.taxon	description	Figs 19 D, 25	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
C3B73E7AAA4B5AEEBB6D88372923F661.taxon	description	Description. Tendrilled liana; stem cylindrical, striate, puberulous, with round or elliptical lenticels; cross-section simple or with neo formations when mature. Leaves trifoliolate; stipules ca. 0.3 mm long, triangular, glabrous or puberulous; petiole 1.5 – 5.3 cm long, terete or subterete, puberulous or pubescent; petiolules canaliculate, terminal petiolules ca. 0.6 cm long, lateral petiolules 0.2 – 0.4 cm long, rarely subsessile; leaflets glabrous on both sides or sometimes abaxially pubescent; leaflet secondary venation semicraspedodromous, secondaries 4 – 5 pairs, alternate, spacing irregular, with domatia on abaxial surface of secondary vein axils, frequently only on the lowermost pair of secondary veins, rarely on other secondaries; intersecondaries presents; tertiary veins irregular reticulate; margins entire to serrate, with 2 – 3 (4) teeth reduced to inconspicuous glands; terminal leaflet 4.7 – 7.6 × 1.8 – 2.8 cm, lanceolate, symmetrical or asymmetrical, the apex acute to acuminate, mucronate, the base acute to decurrent, rarely obtuse; lateral leaflets 3.9 – 7 × 1.5 – 2.8 cm, lanceolate, asymmetrical, the apex acute to acuminate, mucronate, the base decurrent or rounded. Thyrses axillary or terminal, umbelliform, 2.4 – 4.5 cm long, peduncle 1 – 5 cm long, secondary peduncle (0) 0.1 – 0.2 cm long; cincinni numerous, peduncle of cincinnus 0.7 – 2 mm long. Flowers 2.6 – 4 mm long, pedicel 2 – 2.5 mm long, glabrous; sepals ca. 0.5 mm long, connate at the base, deltate, abaxially puberulent, adaxially glabrous, villous at margins; petals ca. 1.4 mm long, short spatulate, abaxially villous on the central part, the rest glabrous; petal appendages rudimentary, bifid, smaller than the petals, villous; nectary disc annular, glabrous, Staminate flower with stamens 8, ca. 3 mm long, filaments villous for little more than half of their length, anthers papillose, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; pistillode ca. 0.9 mm long, pilose on distal half. Pistillate flower with staminodes ca. 1.2 mm long, villous; pistil ca. 1.3 mm long, pilose on distal half, ovary ca. 1 mm long, style ca. 0.2 mm long. Fruits chartaceous, 3.4 – 4.7 × 1.8 – 2.5 cm; accrescent pedicel 5 – 6.1 mm long; stipe 6.3 – 8.1 mm long; seed locule lenticular; epicarp glabrous to subglabrous; cavity of seed locule villous, with arachnoid, biseriate, or simple trichomes. Seed ellipsoid, ca. 5.8 × 4.4 mm, basally attached, glabrous.	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
C3B73E7AAA4B5AEEBB6D88372923F661.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and phenology. Thinouia ventricosa is known from tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests in the states of Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and São Paulo, Brazil, and from Argentina (Fig. 18 D), in semi-deciduous and ombrophilous forests. Flowering from December to February, and fruiting January to August.	en	Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (2025): Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus. PhytoKeys 252: 207-273, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.252.129621
