taxonID	type	description	language	source
D2250510FFD2894FFFB7B3BCFE25FC3C.taxon	materials_examined	This study is based on herbarium specimens including types deposited at AAU, BISH, BM, E, F, FEUH, G, GH, HAST, K, L, LD, MO, NY, P, PNH, S, SING, TAI, TAIF, TI, U, US, USTH and Z. Herbarium acronyms follow Thiers (continuously updated). Specimens seen only as digital images available online (e. g., specimens deposited at HAST and Z) are denoted with an asterisk (*). The silica-dried leaf material used to generate the new sequences in this study was obtained from recent collections. Collections with reproductive parts preserved in 70 % ethanol were dissected and examined using an OLYMPUS CX 21 Stereomicroscope. The local names of Philippine species gathered from the literature (e. g., Madulid 2001), interviews and herbarium labels are given for each species with the name of the local dialect in parentheses.	en	Docot, R. V. A., Banag, C. I., Tandang, D. N., Funakoshi, H., Poulsen, A. D. (2019): Recircumscription and revision of the genus Vanoverberghia (Zingiberaceae). Blumea 64 (2): 140-157, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.02.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.02.05
D2250510FFD2894DFFB7B403FC48FE81.taxon	description	Sequence assembly, alignment, and phylogenetic analyses A total of sixteen newly generated sequences (ITS = 8; trn K / mat K = 8) was edited and assembled in Codon Code Aligner v. 4.1.1 (Codon-Code 2013). The sequences were then aligned, using Mesquite v. 3.04 (Maddison & Maddison 2016), to sequence data from previous phylogenetic studies on Zingiberaceae downloaded from GenBank (see Table 1 for complete accession details of sequences). A total of 61 accessions from the ITS and 58 for the trn K / mat K region (59 taxa) were used to construct the phylogenetic tree of the tribe Alpinieae with emphasis on the Alpinia eubractea clade. Genera with only one taxon in the analysis, including Aframomum K. Schum., Amomum Roxb., Etlingera Giseke, Geocharis (K. Schum.) Ridl., Geostachys (Baker) Ridl., Hornstedtia Retz., Lanxangia M. F. Newman & Škorničk., Leptosolena C. Presl, Plagiostachys Ridl., Siliquamomum Baill., Renealmia L. f. and Wurfbainia Giseke, were included to demonstrate generic boundaries inside the tribe Alpinieae. Moreover, six outgroups from the tribes Globbeae, Riedelieae, Siphonochiloideae, Tamijioideae and Zingiberoideae were included. The phylogeny of the tribe Alpinieae was constructed using Maximum likelihood (ML) for bootstrap supports and Bayesian inference analysis (BI) for posterior probabilities. Modeltest v. 3.06 (Posada & Crandall 1998) determined the most ap- propriate molecular model for each dataset. A general time reversible model (GTR + I + Γ) was used for both ITS and trn K / mat K in ML and BI analysis. Maximum likelihood tree searches and bootstrapping of the combined data were obtained by running 1 000 replicates using RaxML-HPC 2 v. 8.2.10 (Stamatakis 2014), while BI analysis was carried out using MrBayes v. 3.2.6 (Huelsenbeck & Ronquist 2001), both on the CIPRES portal (Miller et al. 2010). For ML analysis, bootstrap values were categorised according to Kress et al. ’ s (2002) standard cut-off values. For BI analysis, data was partitioned in order to accommodate differing evolutionary rates for the respective datasets. Four Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) were performed for ten million generations with trees sampled every 1 000 th generations. Values for Potential Scale Reduction Factor (PSRF) and standard deviation of the split frequencies between two runs were considered to confirm convergence. Additional convergence diagnostics was performed using Tracer v. 1.7.1 (Rambaut et al. 2018) to check if each parameter had an effective sample size (ESS)> 100. Trees saved prior to convergence were discarded as burn-in (10 000 trees), creating a 50 % majority rule consensus tree constructed from the remaining trees.	en	Docot, R. V. A., Banag, C. I., Tandang, D. N., Funakoshi, H., Poulsen, A. D. (2019): Recircumscription and revision of the genus Vanoverberghia (Zingiberaceae). Blumea 64 (2): 140-157, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.02.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.02.05
D2250510FFD7894AFFB7B5AEFC4AF842.taxon	description	The circumscription of Vanoverberghia by Merrill (1912) includes limited information because V. sepulchrei was monotypic at that time. The molecular and morphological data presented in this study highly justify the reinstatement of V. diversifolia and combination of A. vanoverberghii in Vanoverberghia. Both species share the following morphological characters with the three species currently included in Vanoverberghia: 1. terminal raceme and pendulous inflorescence; 2. spathaceous calyx; 3. lateral corolla lobes that are basally connate to the base of the bifid labellum; 4. filiform and ciliate lateral staminodes; and 5. canaliculate filament (see Table 2 for morphological comparison between the five species of Vanoverberghia). Since this study now includes five species, the circumscription of the genus must be widened. The following characters of Merrill’s circumscription agree with the recent data: 1. inflorescence a terminal raceme; 2. bracteoles absent; 3. flowers single; 4. calyx in bud cylindrical, at anthesis spathaceous; 5. labellum connate to the base of lateral corolla lobes; 6. lateral staminodes filiform; 7. ovary trilocular; and 8. two compressed epigynous glands. Table 3 enumerates characters by Merrill (1912), the variation of which needs to be updated. In addition, the canaliculate filament is recognised here as a new diagnostic character of Vanoverberghia.	en	Docot, R. V. A., Banag, C. I., Tandang, D. N., Funakoshi, H., Poulsen, A. D. (2019): Recircumscription and revision of the genus Vanoverberghia (Zingiberaceae). Blumea 64 (2): 140-157, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.02.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.02.05
D2250510FFD58948FFB7B663FB31FBF4.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat, and species richness Vanoverberghia was endemic to the Philippines until V. sasakiana was described based on a collection from Lanyu Island, Taiwan. The extension of distribution of V. sasakiana to the Philippines supports Luzon Island as the center of diversity of Vanoverberghia, specifically within the Cordillera Mountains, a 320 km long mountain range in Luzon Island situated from the province of Ilocos Norte down to Pangasinan (Map 1). The type species, V. sepulchrei, as well as V. diversifolia, and V. vanoverberghii were actually discovered within this mountain range. Vanoverberghia rubrobracteata occurs in eight provinces in the Philippines, making it the most widespread species of the genus. In fact, V. rubrobracteata distribution extends to the Visayas including the islands of Negros and Panay (Map 1). Vanoverberghia species usually inhabit shaded montane forest above 800 m but some also favour lowland forest (e. g., V. diversifolia was recorded as low as at 100 m). Their most preferred habitat appears to be near streams and ravines where the soil is humid, although some species occupy pine forest (e. g., V. sepulchrei).	en	Docot, R. V. A., Banag, C. I., Tandang, D. N., Funakoshi, H., Poulsen, A. D. (2019): Recircumscription and revision of the genus Vanoverberghia (Zingiberaceae). Blumea 64 (2): 140-157, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.02.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.02.05
D2250510FFD58948FFB7B663FB31FBF4.taxon	description	Floral biology, pollination and seed dispersal Observation in the field and data gathered from herbarium sheets and photographs with dates from the internet (e. g., Pelser et al. 2011 onwards: ‘ Co’s Digital Flora website’) document that flowering occurs between September and January (wet season) while their closely related Alpinia species (subclade B in Fig. 1) flower in the dry season between March and May. The epigynous glands of Vanoverberghia are located at the base of the 12 – 20 mm long corolla tube, and therefore the pollinator needs to have a long proboscis. Those species flowering at night (e. g., V. sepulchrei) are most likely to be pollinated by moths but butterflies and bees are also likely when anthesis occurs by day. Furthermore, the fruits of Vanoverberghia are indehiscent and contain arillate seeds with a sweet-sour flavour. This indicates that seed dispersal may be by birds or bats but this needs further field observation.	en	Docot, R. V. A., Banag, C. I., Tandang, D. N., Funakoshi, H., Poulsen, A. D. (2019): Recircumscription and revision of the genus Vanoverberghia (Zingiberaceae). Blumea 64 (2): 140-157, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.02.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.02.05
D2250510FFD48947FFB7B2CDFD8AFE54.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the varying leaf size. Terrestrial herb in loose clumps. Rhizome 10 – 12 mm across, reddish green, scales thin, brown. Leafy shoot arching, pseudostem 1 – 1.5 m long, terete, base bulbose; sheaths pubescent, mid-green; ligule bilobed, greenish brown, lobes ovate, 1 – 1.5 by 3 – 5 mm, pubescent, apices rounded; petiole 0.5 – 1 mm long (subsessile); lamina oblong, 18 – 20 by 6.5 – 8 cm, slightly plicate, glabrous on both sides except the pubescent base and midrib beneath, coriaceous and dark green above, lighter beneath, base obtuse, margin entire and pubescent, apex caudate, flagellate tip 8 – 15 mm long. Inflorescence 10 – 25 cm long; peduncle terete, 3 – 4 cm long, pubescent, mid-green, subtended by one persistent bract; rachis terete, 8 – 20 cm long, pubescent, mid-green; pedicel terete, 7 – 10 mm long, pubescent, mid-green; floral bract spathaceous, tubular at base, 13 – 15 by 4 – 7 mm when flattened, brown, apex acute and pubescent; flower bud claw-like; flowers laxly arranged along rachis, white; calyx spathaceous, laterally split to base, 37 – 40 by 7 – 10 mm, glabrous, mid-green, angled at up to 90 ° to axis of flower, apex acute and pubescent; corolla tube 2 – 2.5 cm long, glabrous, white; dorsal corolla lobe linear-oblong, 33 – 40 by 5 – 8 mm, glabrous, white, margin translucent white, apex rounded and cucullate; lateral corolla lobes linear-oblong, 18 – 22 by 3 – 5 mm, glabrous, white, margin translucent white, apex rounded and cucullate; labellum connate to base of lateral corolla lobes, free part bifid, lobes subulate, 30 – 35 by 1 – 1.5 mm, white, base glabrous, apices entire and acute; lateral staminodes filiform, 1.5 – 2 cm long, pubescent, white; filament enclosing style for almost half its length above labellum, 27 – 30 by 3 – 3.5 mm, glandular, white; anther linear, 15 – 17 by 4 – 5 mm, cream, crestless; style 3.7 – 4 cm long, pubescent, white; stigma cupular, 1 – 2 mm wide, white, ostiole elliptic, margin pubescent; epigynous glands compressed, subglobose, 1.6 – 2 by 1 – 1.2 mm; ovary subglobose, 18 – 20 by 4 – 5 mm, pubescent, mid-green. Fruit ellipsoid to subglobose, 12 – 15 by 15 – 17 mm, dark green when mature, pubescent, calyx persistent. Seed subglobose, brown with white aril. Local names & Uses — Kagda-opot (Igorot language), buntotpusa (Tagalog), and oplay (Tagalog). Vanoverberghia diversifolia is often associated by the locals of Maria Aurora, Aurora as the white form of Strongylodon elmeri Merr., commonly known as the ‘ jade vine’ because of its claw-like flower buds. In addition, the bulbose base of the pseudostem is reported to be eaten by the Igorots living in Sablan, Benguet (Elmer 1915). Phenology — Flowering occurs between November and January but a few individuals may bloom between February and April, which is also the fruiting season. Distribution & Habitat — Vanoverberghia diversifolia is endemic to Luzon Island, particularly in the provinces of Aurora, Benguet, and Quezon. The species inhabits deeply shaded ravines and stream sides at 100 – 1100 m. Additional specimens examined. PHILIPPINES. D. N. Tandang s. n. (PNH [2 sheets]), Aurora, Maria Aurora, Barangay Bazal, Bazal-Baubo Watershed, N 15 ° 48 ' 37.5 " E 121 ° 24 ' 33.3 ", 300 m, 10 Apr. 2010; R. V. A. Docot 0034 (PNH, USTH [4 sheets] incl. spirit), Aurora, Maria Aurora, Barangay Bazal, Bazal-Baubo Watershed, 9 Apr. 2016; R. V. A. Docot 0085 (USTH), Quezon, Tayabas, Barangay Lalo, Mount Banahaw, N 14 ° 03 ' 00.4 " E 121 ° 32 ' 29.1 ", 1010 m, 26 June 2016. Note — In describing this species, Elmer (1915) did not men- tion a holotype, so, we designate A. D. E. Elmer 8853 (SING) as the lectotype since this is the only specimen with reproductive material. The protologue of V. diversifolia does not include a description of a flower and the type at SING is the only du- plicate with fruits; all others are sterile. Recent collections of V. diversifolia were obtained in Aurora and Quezon provinces, 127 – 300 km from the type locality (Sablan, Benguet) on the same island (Luzon). These collections match the vegetative and fruiting characters of the type of V. diversifolia well and agree with most of the morphological characters indicated in the a protologue (e. g., densely pubescent ligules; terminal pendulous infructescence). Interestingly, upon careful examination of the type material, some of the characters included in the protologue did not match well with the type and our collections. For example, Elmer (1915) described the ligule as entire, but our observation of the type and recent collections revealed that it is bilobed (Fig. 4 a). In addition, Elmer described the infructescence as a spike, but our examination suggests that the infructescence is a raceme since the fruits are rather pedicellate (Fig. 4 d). Recent collections including flowers allowed us to amplify the description of V. diversifolia as well as make it more accurate regarding vegetative and fruit characters.	en	Docot, R. V. A., Banag, C. I., Tandang, D. N., Funakoshi, H., Poulsen, A. D. (2019): Recircumscription and revision of the genus Vanoverberghia (Zingiberaceae). Blumea 64 (2): 140-157, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.02.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.02.05
D2250510FFDA8947FFB7B045FC06FC3A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the red floral bracts. Terrestrial herb in loose or dense clumps. Rhizome 25 – 50 mm across, red, strongly aromatic when cut, scales thick, brown. Leafy shoot arching at various degrees, pseudostem 4 – 6 m long, base bulbose, red; sheaths glabrous, green; ligule ovate, 20 – 30 mm long, coriaceous, glabrous, red, apex unevenly truncate and entire; petiole terete, 10 – 13 mm long; lamina oblong to narrowly elliptic, 50 – 51 by 11 – 15 cm, veins obscure, dark green above, lighter beneath, glabrous on both sides, base rounded, margin entire, apex caudate with a 20 – 30 mm long flagellate tip. Inflorescence 25 – 35 cm long; peduncle terete, 10 – 20 cm long, glabrous, deep red, subtended by 2 – 3 persistent bracts; rachis 7 – 15 cm long, glabrous, deep red; pedicel terete, 3 – 5 mm long, puberulous, red; floral bract spathaceous, tubular at base, glabrous, 35 – 40 by 5 – 10 mm when flattened, red, apex pubescent; flower bud cylindrical; flowers congested along rachis; calyx funnel-shaped, 15 – 18 mm long, glabrous, coriaceous, red, apex tridentate; corolla tube 10 – 15 mm long, glabrous, coriaceous, white or pink; dorsal corolla lobe linear-oblong, 55 – 60 by 6 – 8 mm, glabrous, white or pink, apex rounded and cucullate; lateral corolla lobes linear-oblong, 55 – 60 by 3 – 5 mm, glabrous, white or pink, apex rounded and cucullate; labellum connate to base of lateral corolla lobes, free part bifid, lobes subulate, 30 – 40 by 3 – 5 mm, white, base pubescent, apices of lobes entire; lateral staminodes filiform, 2 – 3 mm long, pubescent, white; filament enclosing style for almost half its length above labellum, 53 – 55 by 2 – 3 mm, slightly glandular, cream-white; anther oblong, 15 – 16 by 2 – 3 mm, sericeous, crestless, thecae pubescent; style 4 – 6 cm long, glabrous, white; stigma cupular, 1 – 2 mm wide, white, ostiole elliptic, margin hispid; epigynous glands compressed, subglobose, 1 – 2 mm long; ovary subglobose, 4 – 7 by 2 – 3 mm, coriaceous, glabrous, deep red. Fruit ellipsoid to subglobose, 20 – 25 by 15 – 20 mm, coriaceous, glabrous, deep red when mature, calyx persistent. Seed subglobose, brown with white aril. Local names & Uses — Akbab (Igorot language), bagom- bong (Tagalog) and tagbak (Bisaya). The fruits are eaten by the locals and reported to have a sweet and sour flavour. Phenology — Flowering takes place between October and January. Fruiting is between February and May. Distribution & Habitat — Vanoverberghia rubrobracteata is endemic in the Philippines where it is distributed in the provinces of Antique, Aurora, Capiz, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Quezon, Negros Occidental and Rizal. It inhabits primary forests along streams and ravines from 800 – 1600 m. Additional specimens examined. PHILIPPINES, Luzon, R. V. A. Docot 0089 (USTH [2 sheets] incl. spirit), Aurora, Dingalan, Barangay Davil-Davilan, Mingan Mountains, Mount Mingan, 8 June 2016; R. V. A. Docot 0106 (NY, USTH incl. spirit), Aurora, Dingalan, Barangay Davil-Davilan, Mingan Mountains, Mount Mingan, N 15 ° 26 ' 25.6 " E 121 ° 24 ' 04.2 ", 1339 m, 17 June 2017; D. N. Tandang & R. T. Angeles s. n. (PNH), Ifugao, Banaue, 22 Jan. 2013; R. V. A. Docot 0049 (USTH [2 sheets] incl. spirit), Quezon, Tayabas, Barangay Lalo, Mount Banahaw, 25 Apr. 2016; A. Loher 7028 (K), Rizal, 1906; A. Loher 7006 (K), Rizal, Montalban, 1906; B. F. Herman 5452 (CAHUP), Sorsogon, Bacon, Pocdol Mountains, PNOC Geothermal Project site, 5 Jan. 2001; Visayas, R. V. A. Docot 0118 (L, NY, USTH incl. spirit), Antique, Culasi, Barangay Flores, Mount Madjaas, 17 Oct. 2017; M. Ramos & G. Edaño 30734 (BM, BO, K, P), Capiz, Mount Madjaas, Apr. - May 1918. Note — Ambida et al. (2018) listed A. D. E. Elmer 17095 and 17383 from Mount Bulusan, Sorsogon under this species. Examination of recent collections (R. V. A. Docot 0133, 0198 & 0209; Fig. 2 b) with flowering material from this locality reveals that this population belongs rather to V. sepulchrei than to V. rubrobracteata. The populations of V. sepulchrei in Mount Bulusan, however, differ only slightly from the northern Luzon populations by having subsessile leaves (vs petiolate). Accepting this variation extends the distribution of V. sepulchrei to the far south of Luzon (see Map 1). The fruiting specimen B. F. Herman 5452, also from Sorsogon, needs to be compared with new collections from its locality to confirm whether it is also V. sepulchrei. This specimen is here placed, tentatively, under V. rubrobracteata.	en	Docot, R. V. A., Banag, C. I., Tandang, D. N., Funakoshi, H., Poulsen, A. D. (2019): Recircumscription and revision of the genus Vanoverberghia (Zingiberaceae). Blumea 64 (2): 140-157, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.02.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.02.05
D2250510FFDA8942FCF9B1A8FD79FC33.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet honours Shun’ichi Sasaki (1888 – 1960), a plant collector of the Taiwan Forestry Department, who first collected this species in July 1912. Terrestrial herb in clumps. Leafy shoot erect then arching, pseudostem 2 – 3 m long, base bulbose; sheath glabrous, reddish; ligule ovate, 4 – 5 mm long, coriaceous, glabrous, reddish brown, apex rounded and entire; petiole terete, 3 – 4 mm long, glabrous, mid-green; lamina oblong, 50 – 55 by 11 – 13 cm, veins obscure, glabrous on both sides, base attenuate, margin entire, apex caudate with flagellate tip. Inflorescence 12 – 40 cm long; peduncle terete, 30 – 50 mm long, glabrous, mid-green, subtended by 2 – 3 persistent bracts; rachis terete, 5 – 20 cm long, glabrous, yellowish red or yellow; pedicel terete, 8 – 9 mm long, yellowish red to yellow; floral bract spathaceous, tubular at base, 25 – 27 by 10 – 12 mm when flattened, translucent white to yellow with brownish apex; flowers congested along rachis, white; calyx funnel-shaped, 12 – 13 mm long, yellowish white, apex tridentate; corolla tube 6 – 7 mm long, glabrous, white; corolla lobes oblong, linear-oblong, 22 by 6 mm, glabrous, white, apex rounded, cucullate; labellum connate to base of lateral corolla lobes, free part bifid or split into two subulate lobes, 12 by 2.5 mm, white, base pubescent, apices of lobes slightly bifid; lateral staminodes filiform, 10 mm long, pubescent, white; filament enclosing style for almost half its length above labellum, 25 – 35 mm long, white; anther oblong, 6 – 2.5 mm, sericeous, white, crestless; ovary subglobose, 4 – 5 by 3 – 4 mm, glabrous, yellowish white. Fruit subglobose, 15 – 17 by 12 – 15 mm, glabrous, mid-green when mature, calyx persistent. Seed subglobose, angular, black with white aril. Phenology — Flowering occurs between September and November although some populations bloom in June. Fruiting is between January and March. Distribution & Habitat — Vanoverberghia sasakiana is distributed in the Philippines and Taiwan where it inhabits primary forest at 300 – 1400 m. Additional specimens examined. PHILIPPINES, Luzon, G. Edaño 79204 (NY), Cagayan, Calayan, Camiguin Island, Mount Malabsing, Mar. 1930; R. V. A. Docot 0182 (FEUH), Cagayan, Calayan, Camiguin Island, Mount Camiguin de Babuyanes, 500 m, 9 Aug. 2018; J. R. Callado s. n. (PNH), Solsona, Ilocos Norte, 1400 m, 16 June 2014. – TAIWAN, Taitung County, Lanyu Island. S. Sasaki s. n. (TAI), July 1912; S. Sasaki s. n. (TAI), 7 Feb. 1920; S. Sasaki s. n. (TAI), 20 Sept. 1933; C. ­ T. Moo 1230 (TAI), 30 Oct. 1934; C. ­ T. Moo 2339 (TAI! [3 sheets]), 20 Sept. 1972; C. ­ E. Chang 16878 (K), 5 Apr. 1974; S. ­ Y. Chung 18474 (TAIF [2 sheets]), 22 Feb. 1986; Tateishi et al. 15306 (TAI), 20 – 350 m, 12 Nov. 1982; C. ­ I. Huang 2452 (HAST *), 28 Mar. 2006; T. C. Huang & M. ­ T. Kao 5205 (TAI), Mount Hongtou, 29 Aug. 1969; T. C. Huang & M. T. Kao 6200 (TAI), Mount Hongtou, 20 Sept. 1972; T. C. Huang & M. T. Kao 6268 (TAI), Mount Hongtou; T. C. Huang & M. T. Kao 6200 (TAI), Mount Hongtou; C. ­ S. Kuoh 4851 (TAI), Mount Hongtou; S. ­ Y. Lu 17613 (TAIF [3 sheets]), Mount Hongtou, 24 Oct. 1985; W. ­ C. Leong 2481 (HAST *), Mount Hongtou, 12 Oct. 2001; S. ­ W. Chung 8418 (TAIF!), Mount Hongtou, 12 Nov. 2006; W. ­ Y. Wang 1846 (TAIF), Mount Hongtou, 7 Oct. 2013; P. ­ F. Lu 12731 (HAST *, TAIF [2 sheets]), Tienchih, 22 Oct. 1985; M. ­ J. Jung 5146 (TAIF), Tien Pond, 27 Sept. 2010; M. ­ J. Jung 5338 (TAIF), 5 Jan. 2011; Tungching Stream, 11 Nov. 2006; T. ­ C. Hsu 654 (TAIF), Tungching Stream; M. ­ J. Jung 5170 (TAIF), Tungching Stream, 20 Sept. 2010; S. ­ Y. Lu 17540 (TAIF [2 sheets]), 22 Oct. 1985. Note — The species is believed to occur also in Batan Island, Batanes (between Camiguin and Lanyu Islands) based on field observation but a proper collection is needed to validate this.	en	Docot, R. V. A., Banag, C. I., Tandang, D. N., Funakoshi, H., Poulsen, A. D. (2019): Recircumscription and revision of the genus Vanoverberghia (Zingiberaceae). Blumea 64 (2): 140-157, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.02.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.02.05
D2250510FFDF8940FFB7B1A1FDB4FACE.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet honours Father Jules Sepulchre (1880 – 1912), who established the Bauko Mission, and rendered assistance to Father Vanoverbergh during his botanical explorations in Mountain Province. Terrestrial herb in loose or dense clumps. Rhizome 3 – 4 cm across, red, strongly aromatic when cut, scales thick, brown. Leafy shoot erect to drooping, pseudostem 4 – 8 m long, base bulbose, red; sheaths glabrous, mid-green; ligule ovate, 7 – 13 by 6 – 10 mm, coriaceous, glabrous, red, apex rounded and entire; petiole terete, subsessile or c. 10 mm long, red, glabrous; lamina oblong, 30 – 45 by 12 – 17 cm, largest are located in the superior portion, obscure, dark green above, lighter beneath, glabrous on both side, base rounded, margin entire, apex caudate with 3 – 5 cm long flagellate tip. Inflorescence 18 – 30 cm long; peduncle terete, 8 – 20 cm long, glabrous, deep red, subtended by 2 – 3 persistent bracts; rachis 6 – 12 cm long, glabrous, deep red; pedicel 2 – 5 mm long, glabrous, red to pink; floral bract spathaceous, tubular and pubescent at base, 25 – 30 by 15 – 20 mm when flattened, pinkish white at base and brown at pubescent apex; flower bud cylindrical; flowers congested along rachis, numerous, white; calyx funnel-shaped, 15 – 20 mm long, glabrous, white, apex 2 – 3 - dentate, pubescent; corolla tube 12 – 16 mm long, glabrous, white; dorsal corolla lobe linear-oblong, 22 – 27 by 5 – 6 mm, glabrous, white, apex rounded, cucullate with a small cleft in the middle; lateral corolla lobes linear-oblong, 20 – 32 by 4 – 5 mm, glabrous, white, apex rounded and cucullate; labellum connate to base of lateral corolla lobes, free part bifid, lobes subulate, 17 – 23 by 1 – 2 mm, glabrous, white, base pubescent, apices of lobes entire; lateral staminodes filiform, 5 – 8 mm long, pubescent, white; filament enclosing style for almost half its length above labellum, 30 – 35 by 3 – 6 mm, glandular, white; anther oblong, 15 – 20 by 4 – 5 mm, cream-white, crestless; style 4 – 5 cm long, glabrous, white with spots; stigma cupular, 1 – 2 mm wide, white, ostiole elliptic, margin hispid; epigynous glands compressed, subglobose, c. 1 mm long; ovary subglobose, 4 – 5 by 2 – 3 mm, coriaceous, glabrous, deep red. Fruit ellipsoid to subglobose, 21 – 26 by 13 – 18 mm, coriaceous, glabrous, deep red when mature, calyx persistent. Seed subglobose, brown with white aril. Local names & Uses — Agbab (Bontoc language), akbab (Bontoc), barapat (Igorot), paddapad (Igorot) and chakchakil (Igorot). The fruits of V. sepulchrei are eaten by the locals of Mountain Province and reported to have a sweet and sour flavour (Docot et al. 2016). Phenology & Ecology — Flowering is between September and January. Fruiting starts in February. Anthesis occurs by day, pollination is by bees (pers. obs.). Distribution & Habitat — Vanoverberghia sepulchrei is endemic in the Philippines, and particularly abundant in the provinces of Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province and Sorsogon within primary forests along streams and ravines at 700 – 1600 m. Additional specimens examined. PHILIPPINES, Luzon, A. D. E. Elmer s. n. (NY), s. lat.; P. T. Barnes 947 (SING), Benguet, May-June 1904; A. D. E. Elmer 8560 (BO, K, SING, US), Benguet, Baguio, Mar. 1907; E. Fenix 12913 (K), Benguet, Baguio, Dec. 1910; M. Ramos & G. Edaño 45045 (BM, BO, P, SING), Benguet, Baguio, Mar. 1925; H. C. Conklin & Buwaya I­ 984 (K, L [2 sheets], PNH), Ifugao, Banaue, Bayninan, 6 Mar. 1963; M. Vanoverbergh 956 (BM), Mountain Province, Bontoc, Aug. 1911; M. Vanoverbergh 956 (P [2 sheets]), Mountain Province, Bontoc, Sept. 1913; R. V. A. Docot 0001 (USTH [2 sheets]), Mountain Province, Bontoc, Barangay Alab Oriente, Mount Data, 1 Nov. 2013; R. V. A. Docot 0027 (USTH [3 sheets] incl. spirit), Mountain Province, Bontoc, Barangay Alab Oriente, Mount Data, N 17 ° 03 ' 57.6 " E 120 ° 57 ' 12.1 ", 1430 m, 9 Jan. 2016; R. V. A. Docot 0122 (NY, PNH, USTH incl. spirit), Mountain Province, Bontoc, Barangay Alab Oriente, Mount Data, 5 Nov. 2017; A. D. E. Elmer 17095 (BM [2 sheets], BO, K, P, S, US), Sorsogon, Irosin, Mount Bulusan, Aug. 1916; A. D. E. Elmer 17383 (BM [3 sheets], BO, K, P, US), Sorsogon, Irosin, Mount Bulusan, Sept. 1916; R. V. A. Docot 0133 (USTH), Sorsogon, Irosin, Barangay Cogon, Mount Bulusan, N 12 ° 45 ' 51.0 " E 124 ° 02 ' 01.7 ", 801 m, 6 June 2018; R. V. A. Docot 0198 (FEUH, USTH), Sorsogon, Casiguran, Barangay Inalgadian, Mount Bulusan, N 12 ° 47 ' 26.5 " E 124 ° 03 ' 44.5 ", 700 m, 27 Oct. 2018; R. V. A. Docot 0209 (FEUH incl. spirit, USTH), Sorsogon, Casiguran, Barangay Inalgadian, Mount Bulusan, N 12 ° 46 ' 37.9 " E 124 ° 04 ' 07.7 ", 860 m, 27 Oct. 2018. – Cultivated material: Hawaii, Honolulu, Lyon Arboretum. Anon L­ 87.0651 (E [4 sheets], US), 1995; J. Mood 46 (E), 15 June 1998; J. Mood 47 (E), 15 June 1998; W. J. Kress 95 ­ 5562 (US [2 sheets]), 16 July 1995. Note — Like V. vanoverberghii, the type (M. Vanoverbergh 953) does not represent a single gathering. Merrill (1912) mentioned two dates in the protologue, 19 October 1910 (flowering specimen) and 17 August 1911 (fruiting specimen). We have located flowering material with non-conflicting collecting dates at two herbaria and designated the type at BM as the lectotype since this specimen has superior vegetative and flowering material. It also has what appears to be an original label whereas the carpological collection at the same herbarium has a written label also saying ‘ October 1910 ’. These clearly mature fruits obviously must originate from a different sheet and because the protologue mentions the mature fruits being of a different gathering, it will remain as a syntype, together with specimens at P with a label saying ‘ September 1913 ’.	en	Docot, R. V. A., Banag, C. I., Tandang, D. N., Funakoshi, H., Poulsen, A. D. (2019): Recircumscription and revision of the genus Vanoverberghia (Zingiberaceae). Blumea 64 (2): 140-157, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.02.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.02.05
D2250510FFDD895EFCF8B2CDFE2CF871.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is in honour of Father Morice Vanoverbergh. Terrestrial herb in loose or dense clumps. Rhizome robust, 2 – 3 cm wide, yellowish brown, scales thick, brown. Leafy shoot erect then drooping, pseudostem 2 – 5 m long, base bulbose; sheath glabrous, waxy white when young, light green; ligule oblong, 10 – 15 by 5 – 7 mm, subcoriaceous, glabrous, mid-green, apex rounded and entire; petiole terete, 10 – 15 mm long, glabrous, mid-green; lamina oblong, 26 – 32 by 11 – 13 cm, veins obscure, glabrous on both sides except pubescent midrib beneath, mid-green above, lighter beneath, base rounded to cuneate, margin entire, apex caudate, flagellate tip 5 – 6 mm long. Inflorescence 35 – 40 cm long; peduncle terete, 8 – 10 cm long, pubescent, mid-green, subtended by 1 – 2 persistent bracts; rachis terete, 28 – 30 cm long, pubescent, mid-green; pedicel terete, 2 ‒ 2.5 cm long, pubescent, mid-green, a bud-like protuberance present near base; floral bracts absent; flower bud cylindrical; flowers laxly arranged along the rachis, white; calyx in bud cylindrical, at anthesis spathaceous, laterally split to base, 35 ‒ 40 by 20 ‒ 23 mm, subcoriaceous, slightly pubescent, mid-green, angled at up to 90 ° to axis of the flower, apex tridentate and pubescent; corolla tube 2 ‒ 2.5 cm long, subcoriaceous, puberulous, white; dorsal corolla lobe linear-oblong, 40 ‒ 45 by 8 ‒ 11 mm, glabrous, mid-green, apex rounded, cucullate, slightly pubescent; lateral corolla lobes linear-oblong, 30 ‒ 37 by 5 ‒ 8 mm, glabrous, mid-green, apex rounded and cucullate; labellum connate to base of lateral corolla lobes, free part bifid, lobes deltate and petaloid, 5 ‒ 5.5 by 4 ‒ 4.3 cm, crisped, glabrous, white, base glabrous, margin repand; lateral staminodes filiform, 1.5 ‒ 2 cm long, pubescent, white; filament enclosing the style 5 – 7 mm above the labellum, 20 ‒ 25 by 10 ‒ 13 mm, slightly glandular, white; anther linear, 25 ‒ 30 by 5 ‒ 6 mm, white, crest emarginated, 0.5 – 1 by 1.5 – 2.5 mm, pubescent, mid-green; style 4 ‒ 5 cm long, pubescent white; stigma cupular, c. 2 mm wide, white, ostiole elliptic, margin pubescent; epigynous glands compressed, subglobose, 1 – 2 by 2 – 3 mm; ovary ovoid to subovoid, 7 ‒ 10 by 8 ‒ 10 mm, a densely pubescent, mid-green. Fruit oblong, 35 ‒ 40 by 10 ‒ 20 mm, pubescent, mid-green when mature, calyx persistent. Seed subglobose, brown with white aril. Local names & Uses — Akbab (Bontoc language), kalawin (Igorot) and paluyyapuy (Igorot). The locals of Bontoc, Mountain Province consider this species as the female form of V. sepulchrei. The fruits are also eaten and reported to have a sweet-sour flavour. Phenology — Flowering is between March and July, while fruiting starts in August. Distribution & Habitat — Vanoverberghia vanoverberghii is endemic to Luzon Island, particularly in the provinces of Ifugao and Mountain Province. The species inhabits forests on hillsides and open slopes at 900 ‒ 1300 m. Additional specimens examined. PHILIPPINES, Luzon, H. C. Conklin & Buwaya 80463 (K), Ifugao, Banaue, Bayninan, 28 Apr. 1963; M. Vanoverbergh 573 (GH), Mountain Province, Bontoc; M. Vanoverbergh 573 (LD, MO, S), Mountain Province, Bontoc, 28 Apr. 1914; R. V. A. Docot 0005 (USTH [2 sheets] incl. spirit), Mountain Province, Bontoc, Barangay Alab Oriente, Mount Data, 3 July 2015; R. V. A. Docot 0031 (USTH incl. spirit), Mountain Province, Bontoc, Barangay Alab Oriente, Mount Data, N 17 ° 03 ' 55.8 " E 120 ° 56 ' 59.8 ", 1116 m, 29 Mar. 2016. Notes — The type of V. vanoverberghii does not represent a single gathering. In the protologue, Merrill (1912) mentioned only one date, 11 June 1910, but the sets of M. Vanoverbergh 573 have varying information: [1] June 1910 (K barcode K 000292455, K 000292456, US); [2] May – June 1910 (K barcode K 000292454); [3] May – June 1911 (BM, E, K barcode K 000292453, P); and [4] 28 April 1914 (LD, MO, S, Z). Unfor- tunately, the specimen at GH does not have a date. The date of the specimen at K (barcode K 000292454) was altered from 1911 to 1910, and thus specimens from BM, E, K (barcode K 000292453) and P are also from 1910, and are thus not in conflict with the information provided in the protologue. Therefore, the lectotype must be chosen from the BM, E, K, P and US collections. Since the specimen at K (barcode K 000292453) has good vegetative and reproductive material, we designate it as the lectotype, and the specimens with 28 April 1914 label and the GH specimen with no date will remain as syntypes. Recent collections from the type locality match the type and the protologue well for most characters with a few exceptions. Merrill (1912) described the anther of the species as crestless but in recent collected material, the anther has an emarginate and puberulent crest which is 0.5 – 1 by 1.5 – 2.5 mm (Fig. 9 j). The original description of the labellum lacks detail, which is most likely because the labellum becomes fragile after drying and easily breaks off (Larsen & Larsen 2006). Smith (1990: f. 3 Ab) illustrated the labellum of V. vanoverberghii as ovate and entire but recent collections demonstrate that the labellum is rather bifid with deltate and petaloid lobes (Fig. 9 h). Smith (1975) when examining a collection (A. D. E. Elmer 7396 at E) of Alpinia paradoxa (Ridl.) Loes. explained that, as the flower of a dry specimen ages, the labellum tends to curl and split. This is perhaps the reason why Smith concluded and illustrated the labellum of V. vanoverberghii as entire rather than bifid. Also, Smith (1990) mentioned that the bracts and bracteoles are minute and soon dehisce but our observation of young inflorescences reveals that the bracts and bracteoles are only present as bud-like protuberances near the base of pedicel (Fig. 9 e). It is also worth mentioning that V. vanoverberghii has a robust rhizome, which is also observed in V. sepulchrei (Merrill 1912, Docot et al. 2016).	en	Docot, R. V. A., Banag, C. I., Tandang, D. N., Funakoshi, H., Poulsen, A. D. (2019): Recircumscription and revision of the genus Vanoverberghia (Zingiberaceae). Blumea 64 (2): 140-157, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.02.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.02.05
