identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
D73287E88639C761A8F1FA01606138D9.text	D73287E88639C761A8F1FA01606138D9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ixalus parvulus Boulenger 1893	<div><p>Taxonomic identity of  Ixalus parvulus Boulenger, 1893</p><p>We compared the lectotype of  Ixalus parvulus Boulenger, 1893 (i.e., MSNG 29838; Fig. 2; Table 1) with all currently recognized species of  Raorchestes from South-east Asia, partly based on data from literature. However, we were unable to confidently assign MSNG 29838 to any of the included taxa. Most notably, MSNG 29838 differs from all South-east Asian  Raorchestes species by having distinctly shorter hind legs (ratio SHL / SVL 0.41 vs. 0.44–0.58 in the other taxa). Furthermore, its head is distinctly longer than wide whereas in most South-east Asian  Raorchestes species the head is either broader than long or more or less as long as broad. Compared to other female adult  Raorchestes, the body of MSNG 29838 appears much more elongate as opposed to the rather stout body of similar sized females of the examined South-east Asian  Raorchestes species.</p><p>Finally, the tympanum is well visible in MSNG 29838 whereas it is much less distinct or even covered by skin in the majority of the examined South-east Asian  Raorchestes . However, this probably is an artefact due to the long preservation time, which is likely because in the original description the tympanum is stated as hidden which we therefore accept as the original character state in the lectotype.</p><p>Of the  Raorchestes species currently recognized from South-east Asia, five occur in the general geographic region of the type locality of  Ixalus parvulus Boulenger, 1893 (i.e., Leiktho, Kayin State, Myanmar; see above):  Raorchestes cangyuanensis,  R. huanglianshan,  R. longchuanensis,  R. menglaensis, and our Clade R. sp. 2. Of these, we collected R. sp. 2 and  R. longchuanensis at the type locality of  I. parvulus . Of these five species, only  R. menglaensis has a head that is longer than wide as it is in MSNG 29838 (vs. about as wide as long or wider than long in the other four spcies).  Raorchestes huanglianshan differs from MSNG 29838 by having less toe webbing, a larger ratio IOD / EYD, and a generally darker body coloration.  Raorchestes menglaensis differs from MSNG 29838 by having a smaller body size in adult females (SVL 23.6 mm vs. 18.9–22.2 mm; n=6). R. sp. 2 differs from MSNG 29838 by having a round inner metatarsal tubercle (vs. oval), and less toe webbing.  Raorchestes cangyuanensis differs from MSNG 29838 by having more toe webbing and larger toe discs, especially on Toes I and II.  Raorchestes hillisi differs from MSNG 29838 by having a distinct tympanum and a round inner metatarsal tubercle. Also, the only known adult female is just 17.5 mm SVL (vs. SVL 23.0 mm in MSNG 29838).  Raorchestes malipoensis differs from MSNG 29838 by having a round inner metatarsal tubercle, a larger ratio IOD / EYD, and a smaller adult size (18.3–19.3 mm in adult females).  Raorchestes rezakhani differs from MSNG 29838 in having an indistinct inner metatarsal tubercle, three dark bands on thigh and shank, and longer hind legs. R. sp. 1 differs from MSNG 29838 by having a round inner metatarsal tubercle (vs. oval), a head that is about as long as wide, and less toe webbing. R. sp. 2 differs from MSNG 29838 by having less toe webbing and a head that is about as long as wide.</p><p>......continued on the next page</p><p>Among the other species from South-east Asia currently assigned to  Raorchestes,  R. gryllus can be excluded from consideration in respect of  I. parvulus because it has a distinct calcar tubercle and a series of whitish tubercles along lower arm as well as on foot and tarsus unlike any of the other  Raorchestes species in South-east Asia. Poyarkov et al. (2021) have proposed to transfer this taxon to  Kurixalus .</p><p>Based on its original description,  Philautus tytthus Smith, 1940 is similar in external morphology and color pattern to  R. dulongensis and its type locality is just about 110 km SSW of the type locality of the latter taxon. Both taxa differ from the  parvulus lectotype by having a small tympanum (one-third diameter of eye) and by having longer hind legs that reach to beyond anterior margin of eye (vs. to posterior border of eye in MSNG 29838).</p><p>Raorchestes menglaensis agrees in external morphology with MSNG 29838, including shape and relative size of toe discs and in the extend of toe webbing. However, the  parvulus lectotype has shorter hind legs and a more elongate body than any  R. menglaensis we examined. In a linear discriminant function analysis (LDA) of females with the lectotype of  parvulus coded as “undetermined”, it was plotted within the morphospace of  R. menglaensis (Fig. 3). The LDA assigns the lectotype either to  R. cangyuanensis with a posterior probability of 51.99% or to  R. mengalensis with 42.83% (Table 2). Another LDA, of males, including four paralectotypes plotted two of them close to the morphospace of  R. annandalii with a posterior probability of 87.40% and 93.80%, respectively, one close to  R. cangyuanensis with 79.97%, and one to either  R. cangyuanensis (44.01%) or R. sp. 2 (50.64%) (Fig. 4).</p><p>In conclusion, of the South-east Asian species of  Raorchestes studied, the  parvulus lectotype agrees best with  R. menglaensis in external morphology, but it does not appear to be a perfect match. Therefore, we refrain from formally synonymizing the two taxa awaiting further study, possibly including DNA sequence data from the  parvulus lectotype.</p><p>Ixalus parvulus</p><p>—   Myanmar: Kayin: “ District of the Karin Bia-po ” [=  Leiktho]: MHNB 1246,  NMW 16528, MNHN 1893.488, MSNG 29838, 50537 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D73287E88639C761A8F1FA01606138D9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Köhler, Gunther;Dost, Ole;Than, Ni Lar;Ohler, Annemarie;Charunrochana, Panupong Thammachoti;Chuaynkern, Yodchaiy;Chuaynkern, Chantip;Geiss, Katharina	Köhler, Gunther, Dost, Ole, Than, Ni Lar, Ohler, Annemarie, Charunrochana, Panupong Thammachoti, Chuaynkern, Yodchaiy, Chuaynkern, Chantip, Geiss, Katharina (2025): A taxonomic revision of the genus Raorchestes in Myanmar and Thailand with the description of two new species from Myanmar (Amphibia, Anura, Rhacophoridae). Zootaxa 5613 (1): 47-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.2
D73287E8862DC779A8F1FE72659C3AFD.text	D73287E8862DC779A8F1FE72659C3AFD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Raorchestes mindat Köhler & Dost & Than & Ohler & Charunrochana & Chuaynkern & Chuaynkern & Geiss 2025	<div><p>Raorchestes mindat sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: FD25A4F1-3449-4674-9CD7-6DB548285479</p><p>Fig. 6</p><p>Holotype. CAS 234897, an adult male collected between <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=93.9204&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.9818" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 93.9204/lat 20.9818)">Hline Thoat</a> village and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=93.9204&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.9818" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 93.9204/lat 20.9818)">Gyin Dwe</a> village (20.9818, 93.9204; 1990 m a.s.l.), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=93.9204&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.9818" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 93.9204/lat 20.9818)">Kanpetlet township</a>, Mindat District, Chin State, Myanmar, collected 11 September 2005 by A. K. Shein, T. Nyo, and L. Shein. Field tag number JBS-24974.</p><p>Paratypes. CAS 234782–84, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=94.0497&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.1925" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 94.0497/lat 21.1925)">Ovatmataung National Park</a> (21.1925, 94.0497; 1530 m a.s.l.), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=94.0497&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.1925" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 94.0497/lat 21.1925)">Kanpetlet</a> township, Mindat District, Chin State, Myanmar, collected 4 June 2004 by A. K. Shein, T. Nyo, and L. Shein. All paratypes are adult males  .</p><p>Diagnosis and comparisons. A species of the genus  Raorchestes (our former “ R. sp. 1”) that differs from geographically and genetically relevant congeners of the  Raorchestes parvulus group by the following combination of characters: (1) 16.75–18.36 mm SVL in males, n = 4; females unknown; (2) head about as long as wide (ratio HW/HL 0.94–1.14); (3) tympanum indistinct, supratympanic fold distinct; (4) webbing between Toes 1 and 2 vestigial; webbing formula for Toes 2, 3, 4 and 5: II 2–3½ III 2+–3½ IV 3¼–2 V; (5) tibiotarsal articulation reaching to level of posterior margin of eye when hind limb is stretched alongside of body; (6) nuptial pad small and white; (7) inner metatarsal tubercle rounded, outer metatarsal tubercle absent; (8) broad ridges along toes; (9) interorbital distance smaller than to subequal eye horizontal diameter (ratio IOD/EYD 0.80–1.04); and (10) nostril closer to tip of snout than eye.</p><p>Raorchestes mindat sp. nov. differs from its South-east Asian congeners by the following characteristics (condition for  R. mindat in parentheses): Lectotype of  Ixalus parvulus Boulenger, 1893 (i.e., MSNG 29838): SHL/ SVL 0.41 (vs. 0.44–0.51); inner metatarsal tubercle oval (vs. round); and head longer than wide (vs. about as long as wide).  R. cangyuanensis: more toe webbing (vs. less toe webbing with webbing between Toes 1 and 2 vestigial); fingers and toes without lateral dermal ridges (vs. all fingers and toes with lateral dermal ridges on both sides); inner metatarsal tubercle oval (vs. rounded); and longer hind legs, THL/SVL mostly&gt;0.45 (vs. mostly &lt;0.45); hind legs reach to beyond anterior margin of eye when hind limb is stretched alongside of body (vs. to posterior border of eye).  R. gryllus: a distinct calcar tubercle and a series of whitish tubercles along lower arm as well as on foot and tarsus present (vs. these structures absent).  R. huanglianshan: a greater relative hand length, HNL/SVL&gt;0.28 (vs. &lt;0.28); fingers and toes without lateral dermal ridges (vs. all fingers and toes with lateral dermal ridges on both sides); and all ventral surfaces heavily suffused with dark pigment (vs. pale).  R. longchuanensis: longer hind legs, THL/SVL mostly&gt;0.45 (vs. mostly &lt;0.45); inner metatarsal tubercle oval (vs. rounded); and a shorter first toe, ITL/HL mostly &lt;0.2 (vs. mostly&gt;0.2); and by having longer hind legs that reach to beyond anterior margin of eye when hind limb is stretched alongside of body (vs. to posterior border of eye).  R. menglaensis: a shorter first toe, ITL/HL mostly &lt;0.2 (vs. mostly&gt;0.2); fingers and toes without lateral dermal ridges (vs. all fingers and toes with lateral dermal ridges on both sides); inner metatarsal tubercle oval (vs. rounded); and disc of first finger not distinctly enlarged relative to finger width (vs. distinctly enlarged).  Raorchestes hillisi: outside of Toe 1 and both sides of Toe 2 without lateral dermal ridges (vs. all fingers and toes with lateral dermal ridges on both sides).  Raorchestes malipoensis: a greater relative hand length, HNL/SVL&gt;0.28 (vs. mostly &lt;0.28); IOD/HL mostly&gt;0.4 (vs. mostly &lt;0.4); and by having longer hind legs that reach to beyond anterior margin of eye when hind limb is stretched alongside of body (vs. to posterior border of eye).  Raorchestes rezakhani: fingers without lateral dermal ridges (vs. all fingers and toes with lateral dermal ridges on both sides); IOD/HL&gt;0.45 (vs. &lt;0.45); HW/HL about 1.5 (vs. about 1.0); inner metatarsal tubercle absent or indistinct (vs. distinct); and SL/HL&gt;0.45 (vs. &lt;0.45).  R. tytthus and  R. dulongensis: conspicuous white blotches present in groin and on thigh (vs. such white blotches absent); and by having longer hind legs that reach to beyond anterior margin of eye when hind limb is stretched alongside of body (vs. to posterior border of eye).</p><p>Description of the holotype (Fig. 6). Adult male, as indicated by lose wrinkled skin of vocal sac in throat region and presence of vocal slits; SVL 18.2 mm; habitus robust; head broad, slightly wider than long, ratio HW/ HL 1.14; snout nearly rounded in dorsal view, projecting beyond lower jaw, rounded in profile; nostril closer to tip of snout than eye; canthus rostralis rounded, loreal region slightly concave; eyes moderately large (EYD 2.45 mm) and protruding, pupil horizontal; ratio EYD/HL 0.44; IOD (2.34 mm) greater than width of upper eyelid (1.26 mm); tympanum indistinct, ratio TYD/EYD 0.44; vomerine teeth absent; tongue fleshy, rounded, without notch; supratympanic fold distinct, from posterior corner of eye to above insertion of arm. Numerous minute pointed tubercles on upper eyelid and on dorsum. Forelimbs fairly robust (FHL 8.87 mm); relative finger lengths: I &lt;II &lt;IV &lt;III, tips of all four fingers expanded into discs with circum-marginal grooves; discs of outer two fingers larger than those of Fingers I and II; all fingers with lateral dermal ridges on both sides; subarticular tubercles distinct, rounded; supernumerary tubercles absent; no webbing between fingers; inner (i.e., thenar) and outer (i.e., palmar) metacarpal tubercle oval, about subequal in size; nuptial pad small and white on dorsal surface of the first finger. Foot relatively robust (FL 7.06 mm), shorter than shank length (SHL 8.4 mm); relative toe lengths: I &lt;II &lt;III &lt;V &lt;IV; tips of toes with discs having circum-marginal grooves, largest toe discs slightly smaller than largest finger discs; all toes with lateral dermal ridges on both sides; subarticular tubercles distinct, rounded; supernumerary tubercles absent; webbing between Toes 1 and 2 vestigial; webbing formula for Toes 2, 3, 4 and 5: II 2–3½ III 2+–3½ IV 3¼–2 V; inner metatarsal tubercle oval, outer metatarsal tubercle absent. Tibiotarsal articulation reaching to level of posterior margin of eye when hind limb is stretched alongside of body.</p><p>Coloration after almost 20 years preservation in 70% ethanol was recorded as follows: Dorsal surfaces Walnut Brown (color 27) with indistinct Brownish Olive (276) transverse bars on limbs and an X-shaped mark as well as lines on dorsum; also a distinct Brownish Olive (276) interorbital bar present; upper eyelid Dark Neutral Gray (299); all ventral surfaces Light Buff (2), heavily suffused with Clay Color (18).</p><p>Genomic characterization. Whole genome sequencing yielded 363,651,538 Illumina short reads with a total data size of 124.8 Gb. Genome assembly resulted in a highly fragmented and incomplete genome of 366 Mb in size. The assembly consits of 510,225 contigs the largest contig being 523,631 bp and an N50 of 675 bp. The BUSCO analysis resulted in 128 recovered complete BUSCOs representing a completeness of 2.4% (complete: 2.4% [single-copy: 2.3%, duplicates: 0.1%], fragmented: 0.5%, missing: 97.1%, n: 5310). The mitochondrial genome was assembled into one linear contig with a total length of 15,960 bp (Genbank accession No. PV077346). A total of 37 genes could be annotated, including all 13 protein coding genes, 2 rRNAs and 22 tRNAs. Pairwise alignment to the complete mitochondrial genome of  Zhangixalus chenfui (GenBank accession No. NC_062878.1) revealed a pairwise identity of 78.76%. The raw genomic data for CAS 234897 can be accessed from the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) under SRR31929897.</p><p>Variation. The paratypes agree well with the holotype in general appearance, morphometrics (see Table 5), and coloration. However, in some paratypes the largest toe discs are about subequal in size as largest finger discs.</p><p>Etymology. The species name  “ mindat ”, a noun in apposition, refers to the Mindat Township, Chin State, Myanmar, where the holotype of this species was collected.</p><p>Natural history notes. According to the CAS catalogue, the holotype was discovered on a bush at about 60 cm above ground level at 19:45 h on 11 September 2005 (air temperature was 21.2°C and the relative humidity 88%). The paratypes (CAS 234782–84) were collected at 11:03 h on 4 June 2004 when the air temperature was 24.2°C and the relative humidity 34%.</p><p>Geographic distribution and conservation.  Raorchestes mindat is currently known from two localities in central Myanmar (Fig. 9).  At this point this species is only known from the four specimens that constitute the type series and we therefore classify it as Data Deficient according to the IUCN categories (IUCN 2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D73287E8862DC779A8F1FE72659C3AFD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Köhler, Gunther;Dost, Ole;Than, Ni Lar;Ohler, Annemarie;Charunrochana, Panupong Thammachoti;Chuaynkern, Yodchaiy;Chuaynkern, Chantip;Geiss, Katharina	Köhler, Gunther, Dost, Ole, Than, Ni Lar, Ohler, Annemarie, Charunrochana, Panupong Thammachoti, Chuaynkern, Yodchaiy, Chuaynkern, Chantip, Geiss, Katharina (2025): A taxonomic revision of the genus Raorchestes in Myanmar and Thailand with the description of two new species from Myanmar (Amphibia, Anura, Rhacophoridae). Zootaxa 5613 (1): 47-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.2
D73287E8862EC77EA8F1FF52643C3AD9.text	D73287E8862EC77EA8F1FF52643C3AD9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Raorchestes leiktho Köhler & Dost & Than & Ohler & Charunrochana & Chuaynkern & Chuaynkern & Geiss 2025	<div><p>Raorchestes leiktho sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: FB6A2374-35D6-485B-850A-F2E592CDA7AB</p><p>Figs. 7, 8B–D</p><p>Holotype. SMF 106234, an adult male collected near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=96.58682&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.20332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 96.58682/lat 19.20332)">Leiktho</a> (19.20332, 96.58682; 875 m a.s.l.), Hp-an District, Kayin State, Myanmar, collected 25 June 2019 by Gunther Köhler and Ni Lar Than. Field tag number GK-7199.</p><p>Paratypes. Both from near Leiktho, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=96.58682&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.20332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 96.58682/lat 19.20332)">Hp-an District</a>, Kayin State, Myanmar, collected by Gunther Köhler and Ni Lar Than. SMF 106235, same collecting data as holotype.  SMF 106284, 19.21164, 96.58678; 855 m a.s.l. Both paratypes are adult males.</p><p>Diagnosis and comparisons. A species of the genus  Raorchestes (our former “ R. sp. 2”) that differs from geographically and molecularly relevant congeners of the  Raorchestes parvulus group by the following combination of characters: (1) 15.72–15.80 mm SVL in males, n = 3; females unknown; (2) head about as wide as long (ratio HW/HL 0.92–1.10); (3) tympanum indistinct, supratympanic fold indistinct; (4) webbing between Toes 1 and 2 absent, between Toes 2 and 3 vestigial; webbing formula for Toes 3, 4 and 5: III 2–3½ IV 3 1/3–2 V; (5) tibiotarsal articulation reaching to level of mid-eye when hind limb is stretched alongside of body; (6) nuptial pad small and white; (7) inner metatarsal tubercle oval, outer metatarsal tubercle absent; (8) ridges or fringes along toes absent; (9) interorbital distance shorter than to subequal to eye horizontal diameter (ratio IOD/EYD 0.78–1.04); and (10) nostril closer to tip of snout than eye.</p><p>Raorchestes leiktho sp. nov. differs from its South-east Asian congeners by the following characteristics (condition for  R. leiktho in parentheses): Lectotype of  Ixalus parvulus Boulenger, 1893 (i.e., MSNG 29838): shorter hind legs, SHL/SVL 0.41 (vs. 0.51–0.54); and head longer than wide (vs. about as long as wide).  R. cangyuanensis: larger male adult size, SVL of adult males mostly&gt; 17 mm (vs. &lt;17 mm); more toe webbing (vs. less toe webbing with webbing between Toes 1 and 2 absent, between Toes 2 and 3 vestigial); SL/HL mostly &lt;0.45 (vs. mostly&gt;0.45); TFOL mostly &lt;0.68 (vs. mostly&gt;0.68); dominant frequency of male advertisement call 2789–2906 Hz (vs. 3618–4134 Hz), note duration 0.021 – 0.035 s (vs. 0.014 – 0.027 s).  R. gryllus: a distinct calcar tubercle and a series of whitish tubercles along lower arm as well as on foot and tarsus present (vs. these structures absent).  R. huanglianshan: larger male adult size, SVL of adult males mostly&gt; 17 mm (vs. &lt;17 mm); shorter hind legs, TFOL mostly &lt;0.68 (vs. mostly&gt;0.68), SHL/SVL &lt;0.48 (vs.&gt;0.50); and all ventral surfaces heavily suffused with dark pigment (vs. pale).  R. longchuanensis: larger male adult size, SVL of adult males mostly&gt; 17 mm (vs. &lt;17 mm); shorter hind legs, TFOL mostly &lt;0.68 (vs. mostly&gt;0.68), SHL/SVL &lt;0.5 (vs.&gt;0.5); SL/HL mostly &lt;0.4 (vs.&gt;0.4); male advertisement call a trill (vs. single notes) with a dominant frequency of 3381–3467 Hz (vs. 3618–4134 Hz).  R. menglaensis: larger male adult size, SVL of adult males mostly&gt; 17 mm (vs. &lt;17 mm); SL/HL mostly &lt;0.42 (vs.&gt;0.42); dominant frequency of male advertisement call 4005–4479 Hz (vs. 3618–4134 Hz), note duration 0.031 – 0.076 s (vs. 0.014 – 0.027 s).  Raorchestes hillisi: shorter hind legs, SHL/SVL &lt;0.49 (vs.&gt;0.50); shorter foot, FL/SVL &lt;0.39 (vs.&gt;0.39); longer head, HL/SVL&gt;0.4 (vs. &lt;0.4); UEW/HL &lt;0.21 (vs.&gt;0.21).  Raorchestes malipoensis: shorter hind legs, TFOL &lt;0.65 mm (vs.&gt; 0.65 mm); IOD/HL&gt;0.4 (vs. mostly &lt;0.4).  Raorchestes rezakhani: inner metatarsal tubercle absent or indistinct (vs. distinct); UEW/HL&gt;0.28 (vs. &lt;0.28); IOD/HL&gt;0.45 (vs. &lt;0.45); HNL/ SVL &lt;0.25 (vs.&gt;0.25); HW/HL about 1.5 (vs. about 1.0); male advertisement call a trill (vs. single notes) with a dominant frequency of 3469–3680 Hz (vs. 3618–4134 Hz).  R. tytthus and  R. dulongensis: conspicuous white blotches present in groin and on thigh (vs. such white blotches absent); and by having longer hind legs that reach to beyond anterior margin of eye when hind limb is stretched alongside of body (vs. to posterior border of eye).  Raorchestes mindat: fingers and toes with lateral dermal ridges on both sides (vs. all fingers and toes without lateral dermal ridges); inner metatarsal tubercle rounded (vs. oval); more toe webbing with webbing between Toes 1 and 2 vestigial and web reaching to second phalanx on inner side of Toe 2 and to inbetween phalanges 3 and 4 on outer side of Toe 3 (vs. webbing between Toes 1 and 2 absent, between Toes 2 and 3 vestigial); shorter hind legs, THL/ SVL &lt;0.45 (vs.&gt;0.45), SHL/SVL &lt;0.5 (vs.&gt;0.5).</p><p>Description of the holotype (Fig. 7). Adult male, as indicated by loose wrinkled skin of vocal sac in throat region and presence of vocal slits; SVL 15.79 mm; habitus robust; head broad, longer than wide, ratio HW/HL 0.92; snout nearly rounded in dorsal view, projecting beyond lower jaw, rounded in profile; nostril closer to tip of snout than eye; canthus rostralis rounded, loreal region slightly concave; eyes moderately large (EYD 2.82 mm) and protruding, pupil horizontal; ratio EYD/HL 0.5; IOD (2.20 mm) greater than width of upper eyelid (1.26 mm); tympanum indistinct; ratio TYD/EYD 0.25; vomerine teeth absent; tongue fleshy, rounded, without notch; supratympanic fold indistinct. Numerous minute pointed tubercles on upper eyelid and on dorsum. Forelimbs fairly robust (FHL 7.86 mm); relative finger lengths: I &lt;II &lt;IV &lt;III, tips of all four fingers expanded into discs with circum-marginal grooves; discs of outer two fingers larger than those of Fingers I and II; all fingers without lateral dermal fringes or ridges; subarticular tubercles distinct, rounded; supernumerary tubercles absent; no webbing between fingers; inner (i.e., thenar) and outer (i.e., palmar) metacarpal tubercle oval, about subequal in size; nuptial pad small and white on dorsal surface of the first finger. Foot relatively robust (FL 6.58 mm), shorter than shank length (SHL 8.23 mm); relative toe lengths: I &lt;II &lt;III &lt;V &lt;IV; tips of toes with discs having circum-marginal grooves, toe discs smaller than finger discs; all toes without lateral dermal fringes or ridges; subarticular tubercles distinct, rounded; supernumerary tubercles absent; webbing between Toes 1 and 2 absent, between Toes 2 and 3 vestigial; webbing formula for Toes 3, 4 and 5: III 2–3½ IV 3 1/3–2 V; inner metatarsal tubercle round, outer metatarsal tubercle absent. Tibiotarsal articulation reaching to level of mideye when hind limb is stretched alongside of body.</p><p>Coloration after about four years preservation in 70% ethanol was recorded as follows: Dorsum Cinnamon-Drab (color 50), grading into Pale Buff (1) on flanks and with a Raw Umber (23) interorbital bar as well as a pair of anteriorly merging dorsolateral Raw Umber (23) stripes that have a triangular lateral extension in scapular region; a short oblique Brownish Olive (276) bar in groin; dorsal surfaces of thigh, shank and foot Pale Cinnamon (55) with Brownish Olive (276) transverse bars; upper eyelid Medium Plumbeous (294); a prominent Sepia (286) blotch on left side in flank region; all ventral surfaces Pale Buff (1).</p><p>Genomic characterization. Whole genome sequencing yielded 359,728,560 Illumina short reads with a total data size of 126.2 Gb. Genome assembly resulted in a highly fragmented and incomplete genome of 152 Mb in size. The assembly contains 225,418 contigs the largest contig being 862,400 bp and an N50 of 623 bp. The BUSCO analysis resulted in 86 recovered complete BUSCOs representing a completeness of 1.7 % (complete: 1.7% [single-copy: 1.2%, duplicates: 0.5%], fragmented: 0.3%, missing: 98.0%, n: 5310). The mitochondrial genome was assembled into one linear contig with a total length of 16,813 bp (Genbank accession No. PV077347). A total of 37 genes could be annotated, including all 13 protein coding genes, 2 rRNAs and 22 tRNAs. Pairwise alignment to the complete mitochondrial genome of  Zhangixalus chenfui (GenBank accession No. NC_062878.1) revealed a pairwise identity of 78.78%. The raw genomic data for SMF 106234 can be accessed from the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) under SRR31929898.</p><p>Variation. The paratypes agree well with the holotype in general appearance, morphometrics (see Table 6), and coloration (see Fig. 8A–C). However, in some paratypes the largest toe discs are smaller than the largest finger discs.</p><p>Etymology. The species name  “ leiktho ”, a noun in apposition, refers to the village of Leiktho, Kayin State, Myanmar, where the type series of this species was collected.</p><p>Natural history notes. The type specimens of  Raorchestes leiktho were collected at night (21:00–22:00 h) in small trees (&lt;4 m height) adjacent to an agricultural area. The frogs were sitting on twigs in these trees about 100– 200 cm above ground level. The calls of numerous males were heard on the two days we spent at this locality.</p><p>Geographic distribution and conservation.  Raorchestes leiktho is currently known only from its type locality in central-eastern Myanmar (Fig. 9).  At this point this species is only known from the three specimens that constitute the type series and we therefore classify it as Data Deficient according to the IUCN categories (IUCN 2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D73287E8862EC77EA8F1FF52643C3AD9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Köhler, Gunther;Dost, Ole;Than, Ni Lar;Ohler, Annemarie;Charunrochana, Panupong Thammachoti;Chuaynkern, Yodchaiy;Chuaynkern, Chantip;Geiss, Katharina	Köhler, Gunther, Dost, Ole, Than, Ni Lar, Ohler, Annemarie, Charunrochana, Panupong Thammachoti, Chuaynkern, Yodchaiy, Chuaynkern, Chantip, Geiss, Katharina (2025): A taxonomic revision of the genus Raorchestes in Myanmar and Thailand with the description of two new species from Myanmar (Amphibia, Anura, Rhacophoridae). Zootaxa 5613 (1): 47-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.2
D73287E88622C777A8F1FE5661DD3D91.text	D73287E88622C777A8F1FE5661DD3D91.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Raorchestes annandalii (Boulenger 1906)	<div><p>Raorchestes annandalii</p><p>—   India: “E. Himalayas, at Kurseong, altitude 5,000 feet “: BMNH 1947.2.26.58 (lectotype of  Ixalus annandalii Boulenger).   Nepal: above  Sukhe Pokhari: MNHN1992.5410–17;   Rakshe: MNHN1992.5418– 27.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D73287E88622C777A8F1FE5661DD3D91	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Köhler, Gunther;Dost, Ole;Than, Ni Lar;Ohler, Annemarie;Charunrochana, Panupong Thammachoti;Chuaynkern, Yodchaiy;Chuaynkern, Chantip;Geiss, Katharina	Köhler, Gunther, Dost, Ole, Than, Ni Lar, Ohler, Annemarie, Charunrochana, Panupong Thammachoti, Chuaynkern, Yodchaiy, Chuaynkern, Chantip, Geiss, Katharina (2025): A taxonomic revision of the genus Raorchestes in Myanmar and Thailand with the description of two new species from Myanmar (Amphibia, Anura, Rhacophoridae). Zootaxa 5613 (1): 47-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.2
D73287E88622C777A8F1FDE664673E96.text	D73287E88622C777A8F1FDE664673E96.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Raorchestes cangyuanensis	<div><p>Raorchestes cangyuanensis</p><p>—   Myanmar: Bago: Padaung Township,  Nyaung Gyo village: CAS 239662; near airport:  SMF 103268;  Chin: Hakha Township,  Hakha: CAS 233147–48, 233170–71;   Falam Township, rd between  Falam and Lei Zoe village: CAS 233268–69;   Rakhine: Gwa Township,  Gwa,  Rakhine Yoma Elephant Wildlife Sanctuary: CAS 221942;   Sagaing:  Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park: CAS 221858–59;   Hkamti Township,  Htamanthi Wildlife Sanctuary, upper  Nat E-Su stream: CAS 232280;   Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park, Thaipeitsae ( Log Cabin Camp): CAS 221679–81;   Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park, tributary to  Paya Chaung Creek: CAS 221857  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D73287E88622C777A8F1FDE664673E96	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Köhler, Gunther;Dost, Ole;Than, Ni Lar;Ohler, Annemarie;Charunrochana, Panupong Thammachoti;Chuaynkern, Yodchaiy;Chuaynkern, Chantip;Geiss, Katharina	Köhler, Gunther, Dost, Ole, Than, Ni Lar, Ohler, Annemarie, Charunrochana, Panupong Thammachoti, Chuaynkern, Yodchaiy, Chuaynkern, Chantip, Geiss, Katharina (2025): A taxonomic revision of the genus Raorchestes in Myanmar and Thailand with the description of two new species from Myanmar (Amphibia, Anura, Rhacophoridae). Zootaxa 5613 (1): 47-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.2
D73287E88622C777A8F1FCDA600D3F39.text	D73287E88622C777A8F1FCDA600D3F39.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Raorchestes longchuanensis	<div><p>Raorchestes longchuanensis</p><p>—   Myanmar: Kayin:  Leiktho: SMF 106285.   Thailand: Chiang Mai:  Doi Inthanon: SMF 107099–102.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D73287E88622C777A8F1FCDA600D3F39	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Köhler, Gunther;Dost, Ole;Than, Ni Lar;Ohler, Annemarie;Charunrochana, Panupong Thammachoti;Chuaynkern, Yodchaiy;Chuaynkern, Chantip;Geiss, Katharina	Köhler, Gunther, Dost, Ole, Than, Ni Lar, Ohler, Annemarie, Charunrochana, Panupong Thammachoti, Chuaynkern, Yodchaiy, Chuaynkern, Chantip, Geiss, Katharina (2025): A taxonomic revision of the genus Raorchestes in Myanmar and Thailand with the description of two new species from Myanmar (Amphibia, Anura, Rhacophoridae). Zootaxa 5613 (1): 47-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.2
D73287E88622C777A8F1FC4E60BA3FAD.text	D73287E88622C777A8F1FC4E60BA3FAD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Raorchestes menglaensis	<div><p>Raorchestes menglaensis</p><p>—   Thailand: Loei:  Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary: JC02509;   Mae Hong Son: near  Ban Nam Rin: SMF 107103–114.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D73287E88622C777A8F1FC4E60BA3FAD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Köhler, Gunther;Dost, Ole;Than, Ni Lar;Ohler, Annemarie;Charunrochana, Panupong Thammachoti;Chuaynkern, Yodchaiy;Chuaynkern, Chantip;Geiss, Katharina	Köhler, Gunther, Dost, Ole, Than, Ni Lar, Ohler, Annemarie, Charunrochana, Panupong Thammachoti, Chuaynkern, Yodchaiy, Chuaynkern, Chantip, Geiss, Katharina (2025): A taxonomic revision of the genus Raorchestes in Myanmar and Thailand with the description of two new species from Myanmar (Amphibia, Anura, Rhacophoridae). Zootaxa 5613 (1): 47-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.2
