identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
D43A8794FF86FFBFFEC4FB68CEC7FEBD.text	D43A8794FF86FFBFFEC4FB68CEC7FEBD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lilioceris faldermanni (Guerin-Meneville 1844)	<div><p>Lilioceris faldermanni (Guérin-Méneville, 1844)</p><p>(Figs 1–7)</p><p>Material examined: Israel: ‘Israel’ (1 old specimen, with no additional details); Hermon: Hermon Nature Reserve, Sheluhat Duvdevan, Plot E6, 33.314°N 35.791°E, 2076 m, 29.v.2019, L. Friedman, on Acer monspessulanum microphillum (1 ex.); Har Hermon [Mt Hermon], 2000 m, 5.v.1977, A. Freidberg (1 ex.); Har Hermon, 2.vi.1993, V. Chikatunov (1 ex.); Har Hermon, 1600 m, 21.v.2002, A. Freidberg (1 ex.). Golan Heights: 10 km S Quneitra, 6.v.1977, A. Freidberg (1 ex.); Hammat Gader [El Hamma], 18.ii.1980, A. Rubin (1 ex.). Hula Valley: Dan, Bet Ussishkin, 33°14'N 35°39'E,</p><p>11.v.2015, M. Shemesh (1 ex.). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.411667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.995" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.411667/lat 32.995)">Upper Galilee</a>: Har Meron [Mt Meron], 1000 m, 32°59.7'N 35°24.7'E ,</p><p>14.iv.2011, L. Friedman (2 eXX.); Har Meron [Jermak] (1 eX.), [Germak] , 29.v.1957, J. Kugler (1 eX.); Nahal ' Ammud , 17.x.1972, D. Furth (1 ex.) ; Gadot, 15.v.1973, J. Halperin, on Lilium candidum, died 14.x.1973 (1 ex.). Jordan Valley: Kinneret, 22.iii.1973, J. Halperin, on Lilium candidum (1 ex.),</p><p>19.iv.1973, J. Halperin, on Lilium candidum (1 ex.), 15.v.1973, J. Halperin, on Lilium candidum, lab rearing (1 ex.), 20.v.1973, J. Halperin, on Lilium candidum, lab rearing, died 20.ix.1973 (1 ex.),</p><p>16.vi.1973, J. Halperin, on Lilium candidum, lab rearing, died 5.ix.1973 (1 ex.). Carmel Ridge: Haifa ,</p><p>22.x.1972, A. Freidberg (1 ex.); Nahal Kelah, river bed, 17.viii.2010, L. Friedman, on Laurus nobilis (1 eX.); Nahal Oren, 5.iii.1996, V. Chikatunov &amp; T. PavlÍČek (1 eX.); Binyamina [Benjaminah Dist.] , vii.1926, O. Theodor (1 ex.), [Benjamina], 12.iv.1947, H. Bytinski-Salz (1 ex.); HaZorea, 15.v.1973, J. Halperin, on Lilium candidum, died 10.ix.1973 (1 ex.); 14.vii.1950, J. Halperin, on leaves of Quercus boissieri (1 ex.). Samaria: Gilboa, 5.ii.1963, Zehavi (2 exx.); Rosh ha'Ayin, forest , 17.ii.2020, L. Friedman, on Fritillaria persica (4 exx.), 3.iii.2020, K. Roguz, on Fritillaria persica (2 exx.). Southern Coastal Plain: Tel Aviv [Abu Kabir] , 25.ii.1956, L. Fishelsohn (1 ex.). Judean Hills: ' En Hemed [ Aqua Bella] , 10.v.1950, J. Wahrman (1 ex.); Netiv haLamed He, Atai’s Garden, 8.ii.2017, A. Yoffe (5 exx.); Yerushalayim [Jerusalem], 1.ii.1955 (1 ex.), 3.ii.1955, R. Lederer (1 ex.) ; Har ' Amassa, 17.iii.2020, Ya'akov Salaviz, on Fritillaria persica (1 ex.).</p><p>Observation records: Israel: Golan Heights: Ramat haGolan, 4.ii.2019, Nir Finkelstein, on Fritillaria persica, feeding. Upper Galilee: HaTanur Waterfall, 9.ii.2018, Yuval Evron; Nahal Keziv, 30.v.2018, Nogen Tzabari, on Smilax aspera L.; Har Hillel, 7.iv.2017, Nurit Sheizaf, on Fritillaria persica, mating; Zefat [Tsfat], Wadi Hamra, iv.2009, Refael Malka, on Fritillaria persica . Lower Galilee: Mehlaf Golani, 3.ii.2018, Itai Nahshon, on Fritillaria persica, 8.ii.2019, Roee Peretz, on Fritillaria persica; Derekh Nof, Bet Qeshet Forest, 2.iii.2020, Yael Orgad, on Fritillaria persica; Nazerat-'Illit, 19.ii.2018, Rotem Goffer, on Lilium candidum, feeding, each day several specimens. Samaria: Rosh ha'Ayin Forest, 15.ii.2020, Tovi Levin, on Fritillaria persica, feeding and mating. Samarian Desert: Nahal Milha/ Malha? ('Ein el-Hila?), near Maskiyyot, 18.ii.2020, Shahar Shiloach, on Fritillaria persica . Judean Hills: Har 'Amassa, 17.iii.2020, Ya'akov Salaviz, on Fritillaria persica .</p><p>Distribution: Europe: Romania, Greece, Turkey, Russia (the Caucasus), Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia; Asia: Turkey, Cyprus, Syria, Israel, Jordan, Iran, Iraq (Berti &amp; Rapilly 1976; BeZdĚk &amp; Schmitt 2017). In Israel, the species is widespread throughout the Mediterranean part (Fig. 8) but rarely observed and collected probably due to its activity mainly in the winter rainy season.</p><p>Host plants: Fritillaria persica L. (Fig. 6) and Lilium candidum L. (Fig. 7) ( Liliaceae), a single record from Smilax aspera L. ( Liliales: Smilacaceae) is probably occasional. There are several specimens collected and reared by the late Joseph Halperin, but it is unclear whether he collected larvae or adults in the abovementioned localities in nature, or studied them as pests in floriculture. Most of the recent observations in nature were made on F. persica, widely distributed throughout Israel, in the Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands, in subalpine zone and in the desert, although everywhere very local and rare (Shmida 2020; Danin &amp; Fragman-Sapir 2020). Lilium candidum occurs in Israel naturally only in a few locations in the northern part of the Upper Galilee and on the Carmel Ridge (Shmida 2020; Danin &amp; Fragman-Sapir 2020); however, it appears in the floriculture and most of the observations were made on the cultivated plants.</p><p>The first author (AY) observed the entire life cycle of L. faldermanni in his own small botanical garden in the kibbutz Netiv haLamed He, in the Ela Valley, on the Western slopes of the Judean Hills, referred to as Attai’s Garden or The Land of Israel Garden. The first observations were made circa 2010, on L. candidum only, and later also on F. persica . The beetles are active between January and April (winter–spring season). The eggs are laid on lower part of leaves, sometimes on stems. The eggs are orange-yellow in the beginning (Fig. 3), turning brown before hatching (Fig. 4). The larvae hatch three weeks after the oviposition. Larvae cover themselves with their feces (Fig. 5). The larvae and adults are feeding on the foliar parenchyma, causing translucent fenestration of leaves (Fig. 5). Pupae have not been found. According to Mojib Hagh Ghadam et al. (2013), pupation occurs in the soil beneath the host plant, in a silken cocoon incorporating soil particles.</p><p>During the summer (May–October), when the host plants dry out, the adult beetles can be found on trees with thick stiff foliage ( Acer, Quercus, Laurus etc.) in the Mediterranean woodlands and scrubs in the mountainous areas ( Hermon, Meron, Carmel) of Israel. There is no clear evidence if beetles from other regions migrate to these areas or each population aestivates in the original locality, northern populations on trees and others probably in soil.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D43A8794FF86FFBFFEC4FB68CEC7FEBD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yoffe, Atai;Friedman, Ariel-Leib-Leonid;L., Abstract	Yoffe, Atai, Friedman, Ariel-Leib-Leonid, L., Abstract (2020): Notes on the lily leaf beetles Lilioceris Reitter in Israel (Chrysomelidae: Criocerinae). Israel Journal of Entomology 50 (2): 39-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3989114, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3989113
D43A8794FF82FFBFFE29FEB4CE45FCCD.text	D43A8794FF82FFBFFE29FEB4CE45FCCD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lilioceris lilii subsp. lilii (Scopoli 1763)	<div><p>Lilioceris lilii lilii (Scopoli, 1763)</p><p>Material examined: Israel: Upper Galilee: ' Akko [Acre, Galilee], xii.1924, O. Theodor (1 ex.); Tel Hay [Tel Chai], 18.v.1976, D. Simon (1 ex.). Note: All additional specimens of L. l. lilii listed by Lopatin et al. (2003) are either L. faldermanni or large red Crioceris sp .</p><p>Distribution: Eurasia, North Africa, invasive in North America (1940s) (Berti &amp; Rapilly 1976; Ernst 2005; BeZdĚk &amp; Schmitt 2017). In Israel, it was found only on two occasions (Fig. 8). Both specimens were collected 96 and 44 years ago, respectively, close to the northern border of Israel, which probably represents the southernmost points of their distribution in Western Asia.</p><p>Host plants: Larvae develop on Liliaceae: Fritillaria (4 spp.), Lilium (81 spp.), Cardiocrinum giganteum (Wallich) Makino, and Asparagaceae: Maianthemum canadanse Desf., Convallaria majalis L.Adults attack a wider range of hosts (Lesage 1983; Cox 2001; Haye &amp; Kenis 2004; Ernst 2005; Salisbury 2003). The closest host record to Israel is from Greece: Lilium chalcedonicum, L. martagon (Papadoulis &amp; Tsagkarakis 2012) . The exact hosts in Israel are unknown, these may be Lilium candidum and/or Fritillaria persica .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D43A8794FF82FFBFFE29FEB4CE45FCCD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yoffe, Atai;Friedman, Ariel-Leib-Leonid;L., Abstract	Yoffe, Atai, Friedman, Ariel-Leib-Leonid, L., Abstract (2020): Notes on the lily leaf beetles Lilioceris Reitter in Israel (Chrysomelidae: Criocerinae). Israel Journal of Entomology 50 (2): 39-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3989114, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3989113
