taxonID	type	description	language	source
E03A6000FF827B2E9DA1FA24FBDFDE7F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Diesing (1850: 241) established Borlasia cephalothrix Diesing, 1850 as a junior synonym of Cephalothrix coeca Örsted, 1843. Gibson (1995: 307) regarded B. cephalothrix as an available name, and one of the junior synonyms of C. linearis. However, according to Article 11.6 of the Code (ICZN 1999) — which states “ A name which when first published in an available work was treated as a junior synonym of a name then used as valid is not thereby made available ” — the name cephalothrix Diesing, 1850, as published in the binomen Borlasia cephalothrix, is not available.	en	Kajihara, Hiroshi (2019): Resolving a 200 - year-old taxonomic conundrum: neotype designation for Cephalothrix linearis (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea) based on a topotype from Bergen, Norway. Fauna norvegica 39: 39-76, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2734, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2734
E03A6000FF827B2E9F38FBC4FD92DC3C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Body 25 cm in length, 1.5 mm in width, from the Bay of Sevastopol, Black Sea. Ulyanin (1870: 52) described that the worm was dorsally bright green and the proboscis armature consisted of a curved central stylet. It is undoubtedly a monostiliferous hoplonemertean, possibly Emplectonema gracile (Johnston, 1837) or its relative (A. V. Chernyshev, Institute of Marine Biology, Vladivostok, pers. comm.).	en	Kajihara, Hiroshi (2019): Resolving a 200 - year-old taxonomic conundrum: neotype designation for Cephalothrix linearis (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea) based on a topotype from Bergen, Norway. Fauna norvegica 39: 39-76, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2734, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2734
E03A6000FF827B2E9F38FAE4FF37DF3C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. From Naples, Italy; body uniformly brown, 3 cm in length, 2 – 2.5 mm in width. Head yellowish, dorsally with a pair of brown patches, laterally with eyes (Bürger 1892: 149). Bürger (1895: 540) placed it in the synonymy of Cephalothrix signata Hubrecht, 1879, which is now in Cephalotrichella (Wijnhoff 1913: 299).	en	Kajihara, Hiroshi (2019): Resolving a 200 - year-old taxonomic conundrum: neotype designation for Cephalothrix linearis (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea) based on a topotype from Bergen, Norway. Fauna norvegica 39: 39-76, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2734, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2734
E03A6000FF827B2E9F38F9E4FBC7D81C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. From Naples, Italy; body 15 mm in length, dorsally uniformly yellow, ventrally white; head with pair of club-shaped pigment patches dorsally, with white median streak between them, latter posteriorly connected to yellow transverse bar; two identical club-shaped yellow blotches present ventrally; eyes present (Hubrecht 1879: 297). Wijnhoff (1913) transferred this species to Cephalotrichella. The generic name was incorrectly spelled Cephalotrix in the original description, but the specific name is deemed to have been published in combination with the correct original spelling, Cephalothrix, according to Article 11.9.3.2 of the Code (ICZN 1999); the specific name has been mandatorily changed from signatus to signata after Articles 31.2 and 34.2 of the Code (ICZN 1999).	en	Kajihara, Hiroshi (2019): Resolving a 200 - year-old taxonomic conundrum: neotype designation for Cephalothrix linearis (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea) based on a topotype from Bergen, Norway. Fauna norvegica 39: 39-76, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2734, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2734
E03A6000FF827B2E9F38FEA4FEDDDD5F.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Nova Scotia (Canada) to Long Island (New York, USA). Proposed material. Deposited in the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Washington D. C., USA; NMNH 413.082891.01, collected and identified by Jon L. Norenburg in Mt. Desert Island (Maine, USA). Sequence. GU 726697 (COI, 658 bp) (Chen et al. 2010).	en	Kajihara, Hiroshi (2019): Resolving a 200 - year-old taxonomic conundrum: neotype designation for Cephalothrix linearis (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea) based on a topotype from Bergen, Norway. Fauna norvegica 39: 39-76, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2734, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2734
E03A6000FF827B2E9F38FEA4FEDDDD5F.taxon	description	Non- Cephalothrix nominal species Table in Appendix 2 summarizes nominal species that are likely contained in the taxon Cephalothrix. Cephalothrix galatheae Dieck, 1874 is retained in the list, because the proboscis is described as lacking stylets, the mouth is illustrated to lie behind the brain (Dieck 1874: pl. XXI, Figure 16), and the lateral nerve is depicted to be positioned within the body-wall longitudinal muscle layer (Dieck 1874: pl. XXI, Figure 13), although Coe (1902: 432 – 433) argued it could be synonymous with the decapod-egg parasitic monostiliferan Carcinonemertes carcinophila (Kölliker, 1845). Nominal species originally included in Cephalothrix but not listed in Table in Appendix 2 are the following five:	en	Kajihara, Hiroshi (2019): Resolving a 200 - year-old taxonomic conundrum: neotype designation for Cephalothrix linearis (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea) based on a topotype from Bergen, Norway. Fauna norvegica 39: 39-76, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2734, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2734
E03A6000FF827B2E9DA1FE04FB4DDA3C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Parfitt (1867: 213 – 214) established the species based on George Montagu’s unpublished manuscript, which read “ Pale yellowish-white, with a lunate black spot before the eyes, the concave part of the luna in front; body filiform, gradually growing thicker towards the head; eyes black, and rather distant; length nearly an inch. Marine. Taken at Tor Cross. Rare ”. McIntosh (1873 – 1874) and Gibson (1995) placed it in the synonymy of the monostiliferous hoplonemertean Tetrastemma melanocephalum (Johnston, 1837). The generic name was incorrectly spelled Cephalotrix in the original description, but the specific name is deemed to have been published in combination with the correct original spelling, Cephalothrix, according to Article 11.9.3.2 of the Code (ICZN 1999).	en	Kajihara, Hiroshi (2019): Resolving a 200 - year-old taxonomic conundrum: neotype designation for Cephalothrix linearis (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea) based on a topotype from Bergen, Norway. Fauna norvegica 39: 39-76, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2734, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2734
E03A6000FF827B2E9DA1FCE4FC57DCFC.taxon	discussion	Remarks. From Roscoff, France, subtidal; body 2 cm in length, green in colour; no eyes, no lateral cephalic slits. Chapuis (1886: xxii) described that it had a well-developed posterior lobe on each ganglion, which Wijnhoff (1913: 300) interpreted as a cerebral organ. It might represent a valenciniid heteronemertean. The generic name was incorrectly spelled Cephalotrix in the original description, but the specific name is deemed to have been published in combination with the correct original spelling, Cephalothrix, according to Article 11.9.3.2 of the Code (ICZN 1999). Unavailable names The specific names in the following five binomina are unavailable, and thus should be eliminated from checklists, catalogues, and databases including World Nemertea Database (Norenburg et al. 2018).	en	Kajihara, Hiroshi (2019): Resolving a 200 - year-old taxonomic conundrum: neotype designation for Cephalothrix linearis (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea) based on a topotype from Bergen, Norway. Fauna norvegica 39: 39-76, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2734, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2734
E03A6000FF9D7B319F16FFE4FE20D83C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Diesing (1850: 242) established Borlasia linearis Diesing, 1850 as a junior synonym of Planaria linearis Rathke, 1799. The name linearis Diesing, 1850, as published in the binomen Borlasia linearis, is thus unavailable under Article 11.6 of the Code (ICZN 1999), although it is listed as an available name by Gibson (1995: 309).	en	Kajihara, Hiroshi (2019): Resolving a 200 - year-old taxonomic conundrum: neotype designation for Cephalothrix linearis (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea) based on a topotype from Bergen, Norway. Fauna norvegica 39: 39-76, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2734, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2734
E03A6000FF9D7B319F16FEE4FDC4DB3F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. As Gibson (1995: 324) noted, “ Diesing, with no justification, transferred Tetrastemma bioculatum Örsted, 1843, to the genus Cephalothrix and renamed it ”. As with the case of B. cephalothrix, the name kroyeri Diesing, 1850, as published in the binomen Cephalothrix kroyeri, is unavailable, although Gibson (1995: 324) listed it as an available name.	en	Kajihara, Hiroshi (2019): Resolving a 200 - year-old taxonomic conundrum: neotype designation for Cephalothrix linearis (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea) based on a topotype from Bergen, Norway. Fauna norvegica 39: 39-76, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2734, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2734
E03A6000FF9D7B319F16FDE4FD88DC7F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Bürger (1904: 18) included C. lineata of Claparède in the synonymy of C. linearis (Rathke, 1799). Gibson (1995: 325) listed C. lineata as an available name, stating that “ the systematic position of Claparède’s species remains uncertain ”. Originally, Claparède (1862: 150) simply described “ Chez le Cephalothrix lineata OErst., ..., j’ai trouvé la trompe hérissée de longs poils rigides ”. [In Cephalothrix lineata OErst., ..., I found the proboscis bristled with long, stiff hairs.] As Gibson (1995: 325) correctly pointed out, “ Claparède confusingly gave Örsted as the naming authority for this species, but Örsted never used the name Cephalothrix lineata ”. Apparently, Claparède had no intention to establish a new taxon, and simply committed two errors, in the spelling of the specific name and in citing the naming authority. Article 33.5 of the Code (ICZN 1999) stipulates “ In any case of doubt whether a different subsequent spelling is an emendation or an incorrect subsequent spelling, it is to be treated as an incorrect subsequent spelling (and therefore unavailable), and not as an emendation ”. Therefore, the name lineata Claparède, 1862, as published in the binomen Cephalothrix lineata, should be regarded as unavailable.	en	Kajihara, Hiroshi (2019): Resolving a 200 - year-old taxonomic conundrum: neotype designation for Cephalothrix linearis (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea) based on a topotype from Bergen, Norway. Fauna norvegica 39: 39-76, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2734, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2734
E03A6000FF9D7B319F16FAA4FD4ADF3C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Gibson (1995: 325) listed C. oerstedii as an available name and a junior synonym of C. rufifrons. However, as with the case in B. cephalothrix above, Diesing (1850: 246) tried to replace Cephalothrix bioculata Örsted, 1843 with Cephalothrix oerstedi Diesing, 1850. The latter is a junior synonym of the former from the beginning. The name oerstedii Diesing, 1850, as published in the binomen Cephalothrix oerstedii, is thus unavailable according to Article 11.6 of the Code (ICZN 1999).	en	Kajihara, Hiroshi (2019): Resolving a 200 - year-old taxonomic conundrum: neotype designation for Cephalothrix linearis (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea) based on a topotype from Bergen, Norway. Fauna norvegica 39: 39-76, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2734, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2734
