identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
E71187EA401AFFAA62EAFC6710ADFC63.text	E71187EA401AFFAA62EAFC6710ADFC63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteremis Rondani 1856	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Pteremis Rondani, 1856</p>
            <p> Pteremis Rondani, 1856: 124 (gender: masculine). Type species:  Borborus nivalis Haliday, 1833 [=  Pteremis fenestralis (Fallén, 1820) ], original designation. </p>
            <p> Pteremis : DUDA (1918): 28 (as subgenus of  Limosina Macquart, 1835 ; diagnosis in key); SPULFR (1924): 375 (as subgenus of  Leptocera Olivier, 1813 ); RICHARDs (1930): 288 (as subgenus of  Leptocera ; diagnosis); HACKMAN (1969): 204, 208 (as subgenus of  Leptocera ; phylogenetic notes, biogeography); PAPP (1984): 87 (as genus; Palaearctic catalog); MARsHALL &amp; RICHARDs (1987): 999 (as subgenus of  Leptocera ; diagnosis in key, illustr.); RoHÁĆFK (1998):479 (diagnosis in key, illustr.); RoHÁĆFK et al. (2001): 210 (as genus, world catalog). </p>
            <p> Pterenis (incorrect subsequent spelling): SCHINFR (1864a): 334 (mis- -spelling). </p>
            <p> Pterennis (incorrect subsequent spelling): SCHINFR (1864b): 49 (catalog, misspelling); SCHINFR (1868): 228 (list of genera), see also O’HARA et al. (2011): 154. </p>
            <p> Coprobia Lioy, 1864: 1116 (gender:feminine). Type species:  Copromyza fenestralis Fallén, 1820 , monotypy. </p>
            <p> Coprobia : RICHARDs (1930): 265 (synonymy). </p>
            <p> Stenhammaria Duda, 1918: 28 (gender:feminine) (as subgenus of  Limosina Macquart, 1835 ). Type species:  Copromyza fenestralis Fallén, 1820 , monotypy. </p>
            <p> Stenhammaria : RICHARDs (1930): 266 (synonymy). </p>
            <p> Paraspelobia Duda, 1938: 96 (gender:feminine) (as subgenus of  Limosina Macquart, 1835 ). Type species:  Limosina (Paraspelobia) Vlasovi Duda, 1938 , original designation. New junior subjective synonym. </p>
            <p> Paraspelobia : HACKMAN (1969):208 (as genus; list, biogeography); Ro- HÁĆFK (1983): 227–232 (as genus, redescription, phylogenetic notes, illustr.); PAPP (1984): 87 (Palaearctic catalog); RoHÁĆFK (1998): 485 (as genus; diagnosis in key, illustr.); RoHÁĆFK et al. (2001): 189 (as genus, World catalog). </p>
            <p> Note on gender. Because the gender of the name  Pteremis was not given in the original description (RoNDANI 1856: 124) the Art. 30.2.4. of the Code is to be applied saying: ‘If no gender was specified or indicated, the name is to be treated as masculine, except that, if the name ends in -a the gender is feminine, and if it ends in -um, -on, or -u the gender is neuter.’ Formerly, judging on ends of names of species listed in  Pteremis by PAPP (1984: 87), this generic name was incorrectly treated as feminine, which was followed also in the World Catalog of  Sphaeroceridae (RoHÁĆFK et al. 2001) . However, based on the above statement of the Code the gender of  Pteremis is masculine as already recognized by FRFY (1947) when describing  Pteremis subapterus Frey, 1947 (a synonym of  P. fenestralis ) from Finland. </p>
            <p>Redescription. (1) pvt present but small to hair-like and convergent to crossed, rarely absent;</p>
            <p>(2) occe and occi of medium length; vte, vti (usually longest cephalic seta), oc, posterior ors and vi long and robust;</p>
            <p>(3) 4, rarely 3 or 5 ifr, middle pair(s) longer and robust, often cruciate;</p>
            <p>(4) 2–9 minute (posterior 2 often longer) ads inside and below ors;</p>
            <p>(5) g short, as long as or slightly longer than anterior peristomal setula;</p>
            <p>(6) frons with dark stripes between orbits, interfrontalia and frontal triangle almost forming M-shaped mark (Fig. 101);</p>
            <p>(7) medial carina slightly developed;</p>
            <p>(8) 2 hu, but the internal reduced to microseta;</p>
            <p>(9) 1 long dc in prescutellar position but dc microsetae in front of it more or less enlarged;</p>
            <p>(10) ac microsetae in 6–8 rows on suture, the medial prescutellar ac not or very slightly enlarged;</p>
            <p>(11) 2 sc, also laterobasal sc long and robust, sometimes longer than apical sc;</p>
            <p>(12) 2 or only 1 stpl but only the posterior strong, the anterior reduced, hair-like or absent;</p>
            <p>(13) scutellum relatively large, rounded subtriangular to subcircular, flat to slightly convex;</p>
            <p>(14) mid trochanter with only short setae</p>
            <p>(15) t 2 chaetotaxy (Figs 55–57) dorsally with proximal and distal pair of strong setae and several short setulae;</p>
            <p>(16) t 2 chaetotaxy ventrally variable, always with 1 short av seta below middle (Figs 23, 57, 140, 153) but distally with both va and vpa strong (Figs 23, 57), or va reduced and vpa strong (Figs 97, 116) or with only 1 long subterminal seta looking like va (Figs 140, 153) but probably homologous with vpa shifted more distally;</p>
            <p>(17) mt 2 ventrally sometimes with 1 enlarged ventral setula (Figs 57, 97, 154);</p>
            <p>Wing (if present) with</p>
            <p> (18) Cs 1 with distinctly (Fig. 78) to slightly (Fig. 156) longer setulae than on rest of C but never as strong as those in  Leptocera or  Rachispoda Lioy, 1864 species ; </p>
            <p>(19) C distinctly (Fig. 16) to hardly (Fig. 156) extended beyond apex of R</p>
            <p>4+5</p>
            <p>;</p>
            <p>(20) C-index slightly less to more than 1.0;</p>
            <p>(21) R 4+5 slightly sinuate, with apex more (Figs 16, 102) or less (Fig. 156) upcurved, in brachypterous forms slightly curved (Figs 17–21);</p>
            <p>(22) dm cell of medium length, with distinct but short processes of M and CuA 1 beyond dm-cu (Figs 16, 156), in brachypterous forms short, with dm-cu often absent (Figs 17–21);</p>
            <p>(23) A 1 sinuate, only basal part well developed, distally formed by venal fold (Fig. 53);</p>
            <p>(24) alula relatively small and narrow, with tapered to acute apex;</p>
            <p>(25) abdomen with preabdomen relatively broad, with wide terga; female postabdomen relatively narow (Figs 34–36) to very narrow (Figs 132, 135–136, 162, 163) and telescopically retractile into preabdomen;</p>
            <p>(26) male S5 broad and relatively large, always with posteromedial comb of spines (Figs 26, 131, 157) and usually also with a pale-pigmented micropubescent area in front of it (Figs 26, 74, 108);</p>
            <p>(27) male postabdomen relatively small (compared to preabdomen), with S6, S7 and S8 fused and forming strongly asymmetrical synsclerite (Figs 25, 27); near right end of S6, there is an enlarged annular sclerite (= modified 6 th right spiracle, Fig. 27, rs);</p>
            <p>(28) S6+7 with transverse dark-pigmented ledge and 1+1 to 2+3 setae; S7 with irregular posteroventral projection bent inside postabdomen (Fig. 27);</p>
            <p>(29) male S8 saddle-shaped and almost bare, at most with a pair of small setulae (Fig. 25);</p>
            <p>(30) epandrium small, uniformly setose, without markedly enlarged setae (Figs 29, 126, 158);</p>
            <p>(31) male cerci large, far produced ventrally, with variously modified (usually flattened) apex); and ventromedially separated by narrow incision (Figs 28, 104, 125, 159), each with 1 long seta and a few shorter setae;</p>
            <p>(32) medandrium low (short) and broad, with long lateral arms, each connected with posterior part of gonostylus and posteromedially with narrow, dark-pigmented and ventrally usually split keel (Figs 28, 125);</p>
            <p>(33) hypandrium genus-specific, short, with very short and strongly asymmetrical (right directed) anteromedial apodeme (Figs 29, 31, hap);</p>
            <p>(34) gonostylus (Figs 28–30) of complex bilobed structure, composed of larger anterior (more lateral) lobe and of smaller (shorter and more medial) posterior lobe;</p>
            <p>(35) anterior lobe of gonostylus characterized by 3 or 4 strong curved ventral setae, a distinct ventral (posteriorly or posteromedially directed and variously modified) projection and an oblique spinulose posterolateral ledge (Figs 30, 85, 127, 160);</p>
            <p>(36) posterior lobe of gonostylus with robust terminal spine and posteriorly with subconical process armed by a robust seta on apex (Figs 30, 86, 128, 160);</p>
            <p>(37) aedeagal complex with phallophore, distiphallus and postgonite subequal in length (Figs 32, 87, 130, 161);</p>
            <p>(38) phallophore short (Figs 107, 130, 161) to very short (Fig. 50), laterally somewhat flattened, ventrally more or less pointed, epiphallus never developed;</p>
            <p>(39) distiphallus of simple and relatively uniform construction: weakly sclerotized mainly proximoventrally and dorsally, always with a pair of band-like and pale lateral sclerites and dorsal sclerite subapically forked and bent laterally; middle part of dorsal side of distiphallus finely haired (Figs 32, 107, 161);</p>
            <p>(40) postgonite relatively large, more or less sinuate in lateral view, with tapered distal third to half but with apex always dilated and usually rounded (Figs 32, 87, 107, 161), almost bare;</p>
            <p>(41) ejacapodeme present but small to very small (Figs 32, 130, 161);</p>
            <p>(42) female postabdomen narrow to very narrow, gradually tapered (Figs 34–36) or suddenly narrowed and subparallel (Figs 135–137) from preabdomen, always telescopically retractile;</p>
            <p>(43) female T7 usually simple (Fig. 35), rarely modified (Fig. 165);</p>
            <p>(44) female T8 with tripartite pigmentation composed of a pale tongue-shaped medial part and larger darker lateral parts (Fig. 35, 135, 165), with a few setae only laterally (Figs 34, 35, 135, 136);</p>
            <p>(45) female T10 simply plate-shaped (Fig. 35) to somewhat elongate (Fig. 135), with 1 pair, rarely 2 pairs (Fig. 165) of short medial setae;</p>
            <p>(46) female S7 normally simple (Fig. 36), rarely posteromedially emarginate (Fig. 167);</p>
            <p>(47) female S8 smaller than S7, more or less modified, posteromedially always with a group of setae (all short or 2 long) on elevated sockets (Figs 38, 59, 91, 112, 142, 167);</p>
            <p>(48) female S10 relatively large (about as S8), with anterolateral corners more or less projecting (thus anteromedially emarginate, Figs 39, 60, 141, 167), rarely also with elongate medial structure (Fig. 167);</p>
            <p>(49) female genital chamber largely membranous, with spectacles-shaped sclerite (Fig. 27) represented only by pale-pigmented submembranous rings (Figs 58, 113, 143);</p>
            <p>(50) spermathecae (2+1) subovoid to pyriform, with some surface sculptures (tubercles, spines, rings); terminal parts of ducts long, strongly sclerotized (Figs 37, 61, 115, 134) and sometimes curved (Fig. 164) and those of paired spermathecae connected far from their bodies;</p>
            <p>(51) female cerci free, relatively robust, subconical (Fig. 89) or dorsoventrally flattened (Fig. 35), rarely shortened (Fig. 165), each usually with 2 long (apical and dorsopreapical) sinuate setae and a few shorter setae.</p>
            <p> Discussion. Because the morphology (particularly of the male and female terminalia) of  Pteremis has hitherto not been studied in a sufficient detail its relationships to other genera of  Limosininae remains poorly understood. DUDA (1918) classified this group (as subgenera  Pteremis and  Stenhammaria ) within his informal group ‘Hygrophilae’ comprising otherwise the subgenera  Collinella Duda, 1918 (= now genus  Rachispoda Lioy, 1864 + genus  Leptocera Olivier, 1813 ) and  Opacifrons Duda, 1918 (comprising also species now in  Pseudocollinella Duda, 1924 ). DUDA (1925, 1938, as tribe  Hygrophilae ) also maintained this grouping of subgenera and characterized this assemblage by a strong vpa on t 2 and a distinct (reduced only in  Pteremis ) ventral seta on mid basitarsus (called by him ‘Metatarsalborste’). Interestingly, HACKMAN (1969: 204) also considered these subgenera (although also erroneously including  Archicollinella Duda, 1925 ) to form a natural group and classified them as subgenera of the restricted genus  Leptocera . Subsequently, only RoHÁĆFK (1991), when discussing relationships of  Leptocera (including  Rachispoda as a subgenus), listed  Pteremis together with  Paraspelobia ,  Opacifrons ,  Pseudocollinella and also  Phthitia Enderlein, 1938 as groups with more or less distinct affinities to  Leptocera . On the other hand, revisionary studies on  Leptocera relatives, viz.,  Phthitia (see MARsHALL &amp; SMITH 1992),  Pseudocollinella (by MARsHALL &amp; SMITH 1993) and  Opacifrons (see MARsHALL &amp; LANGsTArr 1998) have not indicated  Pteremis as a probable close relative of these genera. OKFLY (1974: 49) described and illustrated the puparium of  Pteremis fenestralis – not surprisingly it closely resembles those of the two  Leptocera species she also studied (OKFLY 1974: 45) including small, shortly palmate anterior spiracles. Moreover, very similarly formed anterior spiracles are also known in the puparium of  Rachispoda species (RoHÁĆFK 1991: Fig. 18). </p>
            <p> The genus  Pteremis (in the extended concept as delimited above) seems to be a monophyletic group supported by the following characters (those considered autapomorphic are marked AA, others also apomorphic A), numbered as above: (16) mid tibia with both vpa and va setae (the latter sometimes secondarily reduced or absent) (AA); (26) male S5 with posteromedial comb of spines and with a pale-pigmented micropubescent area in front of it (A); (31) male cerci large, far produced ventrally, and ventromedially separated by narrow incision (A); (33) hypandrium short, with very short asymmetrical (right directed) anteromedial apodeme (AA); (34) gonostylus of bilobed structure, composed of larger complex anterior lobe and of smaller, simpler, posterior lobe (A); (35) anterior lobe of gonostylus characterized by 3 or 4 strong curved ventral setae, a distinct ventral (posteriorly, posteromedially or posteroventrally directed and variously modified) projection and an oblique spinulose posterolateral ledge (AA); (36) posterior lobe of gonostylus with robust terminal spine and posteriorly with subconical process armed by a robust seta on apex (A); (39) distiphallus of simple and relatively uniform construction but always with a pair of band-like lateral sclerites and dorsal sclerite subapically forked and bent laterally (AA); (40) postgonite sinuate in lateral view, tapered distally but with apex always dilated (A); (47) female S8 more or less modified, posteromedially with a group of setae on elevated sockets (A); (50) spermathecae (2+1) subovoid to pyriform, with terminal parts of ducts long, strongly sclerotized, in paired spermathecae connected far from their bodies (AA). </p>
            <p> The presence of both va (directed with axis of tibia) and vpa setae on mid tibia in  Pteremis is unique within the  Limosininae (see below) irrespective of the fact that va can be reduced and/or vpa shifted distally in aberrant species. The form and structure of hypandrium (33) and the anterior lobe of gonostylus (35), the lateral band-like sclerites of distiphallus (39) and long sclerotized distal parts of spermathecal ducts (50) are also important apomorphies of the genus that separate it clearly from related genera. The armature of male S5, with a posteromedial comb of spines (26) also distinguishes  Pteremis from allied genera although a similar comb of spines occurs as homoplasy in several unrelated genera of  Limosininae (e.g.  Spelobia Spuler, 1924 ,  Minilimosina Roháček, 1983 ). </p>
            <p> The dorsal mid tibial chaetotaxy, general construction of the bilobed gonostylus (34) and shape and armature of its posterior lobe (36), enlarged male cercus and weakly sclerotized distiphallus suggest that  Pteremis is related to the genera  Phthitia ,  Pseudocollinella ,  Rachispoda and  Leptocera , as in the orginal ‘Hygrophilae’ of DUDA (1918). This could also be true for the sinuate postgonite, athough its dilated to clubbed apex only occurs in some  Pseudocollinella species (MARsHALL &amp; SMITH 1993). However, the sister-group of  Pteremis remains in question. Because in  Pteremis a number of distinctly plesiomorphic features is retained (e.g. only single postsutural dc seta, setulae on Cs 1 slightly enlarged; the elongate telescopic female postabdomen with a little reduced and/or modified sterna and terga; unmodified female cerci) it perhaps represents a sister-group to a clade including  Leptocera ,  Rachispoda ,  Pseudocollinella ,  Opacifrons and  Phthitia although the position of  Opacifrons as a member of this group is only likely if its gonostylus is secondarily simplified (simply bilobed only in  O. maculifrons group, otherwise unilobate, see MARsHALL &amp; LANGsTArr 1998). </p>
            <p>Distribution. The genus is only known from the Holarctic Region.</p>
            <p> Species included.  Pteremis fenestralis (Fallén, 1820) (type species),  P. apterina sp. nov. ,  P. canaria (Papp, 1977) ,  P. ferreus sp. nov. ,  P. kaszabi (Papp, 1973) ,  P. mongolicus (Papp, 1973) ,  P. pulliceps sp. nov. ,  P. tenebricus sp. nov. ,  P. vlasovi (Duda, 1938) comb. nov. (all Palaearctic),  P. unicus (Spuler, 1924) ,  P. wirthi (Marshall, 1984) (both Nearctic). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E71187EA401AFFAA62EAFC6710ADFC63	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Roháček, Jindřich	Roháček, Jindřich (2024): The genus Pteremis (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) in the West Palaearctic area, with description of four new species. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 64 (1): 153-206, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2024.012, URL: https://doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2024.012
E71187EA401DFFA06025FBA216C9FC03.text	E71187EA401DFFA06025FBA216C9FC03.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteremis fenestralis (Fallen 1820)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Pteremis fenestralis (Fallén, 1820)</p>
            <p>(Figs 1–4, 7–39)</p>
            <p> Copromyza fenestralis Fallén, 1820: 8 (both sexes). Type locality (by neotype designation): Sweden, Huddinge, Gömmaren lake res. Neotype (designated by ICZN 2014: Opinion 2341, see also RoHÁĆFK 2012a: 102): J (NHRS). </p>
            <p> Limosina fenestralis : ZFTTFRsTFDT (1847): 2504 (generic combination). </p>
            <p> Limosina (Stenhammaria) fenestralis : DUDA (1918): 88 –90 (subgeneric combination, redescription, illustr.); DUDA (1938): 90 –91 (redescription, illustr.). </p>
            <p> Leptocera (Stenhammaria) fenestralis : DUDA (1925): 73 (generic combination). </p>
            <p> Leptocera (Pteremis) fenestralis : RICHARDs (1930): 845 (subgeneric combination); PAPP (1973b): 66 (key, illustr.); OKFLY (1974): 49 (puparium, illustr.). </p>
            <p> Pteremis fenestralis : HACKMAN (1963): 59 (generic combination); PAPP (1984): 87 (Palaearctic catalog); PITKIN (1988): 39, 103, 111, 123, 135, 149, 167 (key, genitalia, illustr.); RoHÁĆFK et al. (2001): 211 (world catalog); MARsHALL et al.(2011):265 (world catalog update); RoHÁĆFK (2012b): 540 (wing polymorphism). </p>
            <p> 
Borborus nivalis 
Haliday, 1833: 178 (both sexes?).Type locality: Ireland,  Downshire , Holywood. Lectotype (designated here): ♀ (NMID). </p>
            <p> Borborus nivalis : CoLLIN (1956): 178 (synonymy). </p>
            <p> Limosina nivalis : HALIDAY (1836): 330 (generic combination). </p>
            <p> Pteremis nivalis : RoNDANI (1856): 124 (generic combination). </p>
            <p> Limosina (Pteremis) nivalis : DUDA (1918): 90 –92 (subgeneric combination, redescription); DUDA (1938): 89 –90 (redescription, illustr.). </p>
            <p> Leptocera (Pteremis) nivalis : DUDA (1925): 73 (generic combination). </p>
            <p> Stenhammaria nivalis : CoLLIN (1956): 178 (generic combination). </p>
            <p> Limosina erratica Haliday, 1836: 330 (both sexes?). Type locality: not given. Syntypes (not found in NMID, cf. CoLLIN 1914: 244, probably lost). </p>
            <p> Limosina erratica : CoLLIN (1914): 244 (synonymy). </p>
            <p> Limosina paradoxa Stenhammar, 1855: 399 (female). Type locality: Sweden, ‘ Ostrogothia paroecia Wärna’. Holotype: ♀ (not located in UZIU, cf. KIM 1972: 205–207, probably lost). </p>
            <p> Limosina paradoxa : DUDA (1918): 90 (synonymy). </p>
            <p> Pteremis subapterus : FRFY (1941): 26 (nomen nudum). </p>
            <p> 
Pteremis subapterus 
Frey, 1947: 68 (both sexes, illustr.).Type locality (by lectotype designation): Finland, Suomussalmi. Lectotype (designated here): J (MZHF) </p>
            <p> Pteremis subapterus : HACKMAN (1964): 75, 84 (synonymy). </p>
            <p> Type material examined.  Copromyza fenestralis Fallén : NFoTYPF (designated by ICZN 2014: Opinion 2341, see also RoHÁĆFK 2012a: 102): J (NHRS), labelled: ‘ SWEDEN: Huddinge, Gömmaren lake res., 59°15′15″N, 17°55′40″E, 58 m, J. Roháček leg.’, ‘ 7.7.2011, peat-bog, sifting  Sphagnum , moss and grass’, ‘ NEOTYPUS J,  Copromyza fenestralis Fallén, 1820 , J. Roháček des. 2011’ (red label) and ‘  Pteremis fenestralis (Fallén) J, J. Roháček det. 2011’ (see Figs 8, 9). The specimen is intact, glued onto pinned triangular card (Fig. 7). </p>
            <p> Borborus nivalis Haliday : LFCToTYPF (designated here): ♀ (NMID), labelled: ‘Holywood’ (green label), ‘Haliday 20. 2. ’82’ (registration number of museum), ‘Named by J. E. Collin,  Limosina nivalis’ (pencil handwritten), ‘ LECTOTYPUS ♀  Borborus nivalis Haliday, 1833 , J. Roháček des. 2022’ (red label), ‘  Pteremis fenestralis (Fallén, 1920) ♀, J. Roháček det. 2022’ (Fig. 12). The specimen is intact (Fig. 10), mounted in Haliday’s style, glued on pinned quadrangular card (Fig. 12). </p>
            <p> Pteremis subapterus Frey : LFCToTYPF (designated here): J (MZHF), labelled: ‘Suomussalmi’, ‘Hellén’, ‘553’, ‘Mus. Zool. H:fors, Spec. typ No. 8182,  Pteremis subapterus Frey’ (faded green label, partly handwritten), ‘  Pteremis J fenestralis (Fall.) f. subapterus’, ‘J. ROHÁČEK det. 1985’ (partly handwritten), ‘Mus. Zool. Helsinki, Loan No. DIP 2010–17’ (yellow label) and ‘ LECTOTYPUS J  Pteremis subapterus Frey, 1947 , J. Roháček des. 2023’ (red label) (see Fig. 15).The specimen is intact (Figs 13, 14), minutia pinned and mounted on pinned polyporus bricket. PARALFCToTYPF: ♀, labelled as lectotype, except for sex symbols and ‘516’, ‘Spec. typ No. 8182’ and ‘ PARALECTOTYPUS ♀ ’ (MZHF). Note. These two specimens are listed as ‘Typen Nr. 8181–8182’ in FRFY (1947: 68). However, FRFY (1947) listed a total of 1 J 4 ♀♀, i.e. also 3 additional females from localities N. Finnland: Om. Brahestad (G. Wuorentaus leg.), Ok. Kajana, 29.v.1917 (W. Hellén leg.) and Ok. Suomussalmi, 26.vi.1917, gesiebt (W. Hellén leg.). All these specimens are preserved in MZHF (J. Kahanpaa, pers. communication, 2023) but only the last one has been examined. According to article 72.4.6 of the Code (ICZN 1999) these three females do not belong to the type series and, consequently, cannot be designated as paralectotypes. </p>
            <p> Additional material examined. AUSTRIA: Ebensee (am Traunsee), ~ 50 km E Salzburg, grass roots nr. River, 26.viii.1986, 2JJ 1♀ f. brach., S. A Marshall leg. (DEBU, 1 ♀ genit. prep.); Tirol: Igls, 900 m, 12. vii.1953, 1 J, J. R. Vockeroth leg. (HNHM); Obergurgl Mt., 1950 m, 4.vii.1975, 1 J, 2.x.1975, 1 J, H. Troger leg.; Badgastein, 16.vi.1977, 2 JJ (f. brach.), H. Stockner leg. (IZIU). BULGARIA: Geleznitza nr. Sofia, 13.vii.1974, 1 J, 24.vii.1977, 1 J, P. Snejanka leg.; Zlatni piasatzi, 23.viii.1974, 1 J; Drangovo-Petritsch, 12.iv.1973, 1 J 1 ♀; Papaz Tchair, 16.vi.1975, 1 ♀; Pirdop, 12.v.1973, 1 ♀, 1.vi.1977, 1 ♀; Rila-hut Musala, 2200 m, 2.x.1973, 1 ♀; Sandanski, 11.iv.1973, 1 ♀; Bistritza, vodopada, 24.ix.1972, 1 ♀, all V. Beschovski leg. (IZS). CZECH REPUBLIC (more than 1000 specimens, deposited in JRO, MBP, MMBC, NMPC, SMOC, many genit. prep.), examples of localities: BOHEMIA: W Bohemia: Doupovské hory Mts-Lochotín, Jelení nr. Karlovy Vary (Škaloudová leg.), Čistá nr. Sokolov (Dlabola leg.), Bílina-Chloumek, Bílina Štěpánov, Duchcov env. (M. Barták leg.); S Bohemia: Lipno nad Vltavou, Šumava Mts-Zhůřské slatě, Šumava Mts-Horská Kvilda, Šumava Mts-Pěkná (J. Roháček leg.), Šumava Mts-Rakouská louka, Šumava-Horská Kvilda, Vlkov nad Lužnicí (M. Barták leg.), České Budě- jovice-Švábův Hrádek (J. Olejníček leg.), Hluboká (I. Kovář leg.), Filipov, Žíšov-Doubí (J. Máca leg.), Palupín nr. Strmilov, Dačice-Malý Pěčín (J. Roháček leg.); C Bohemia: Srbsko (J. Zuska leg.), Břežany, Lešany nr. Benešov (I. Kovář leg.), Ondřejov (M. Chvála leg.), Praha-Holešovice, Praha-Bohnice, Praha-Trója, Praha-Šárka, Třebotov, Úvaly nr. Praha, Srbsko-Koda, Jíloviště, Kunice,Kunice-Hůra,Velké Popovice, Struhařov, Sokoleč, Veltrusy-deer park (M. Barták leg.); N Bohemia: Holany 2.1 km NW-Dolské údolí valley, Hradčany 1.5– 2 km W-Ploučnice valley, Mimoň 6 km E-Novodvorský rybník 5, Staré Splavy 1.2 km NE nr Máchovo jezero, Doksy 4.3 km NE-Břehyňský rybník res., Obora nr. Doksy 0.6 km SE-Poselský pond, Jestřebí 1.7 km SE-Jestřebské slatiny res., Jizerské hory Mts.-Jizerka (all J. Roháček leg.), Krkonoše Mts-Vítkovice (Zuska leg.); E Bohemia: Jilemnice (Dlabola leg.), Bohdaneč, Černá u Bohdanče (B. Mocek leg.). MORAVIA: W Moravia: Třešť- Kaz, Třešť- Jelenice, Třešť- Zákotský rybník (pond), Třešť- Otov, Třešť- Louč- ky, Řásná nr. Telč- Pařezitý rybník (pond) (J. Roháček leg.); S Moravia: Havraníky-Havranické vřesoviště, Lednice, Pouzdřany-Kolby (B. Mocek leg.), Lednice-park, Pálava Mts, Nejdek nr. Lednice, Sedlec u Mikulova-Skalky, Sedlec-Slanisko nr. Nesyt pond, Vranovská přehrada-Cornštějn, Bílé Karpaty-Radějov (J. Roháček leg.), Moravský Krumlov (M. Barták leg.), Havraníky, Hnanice, Horní Břečkov, Čížovský rybník (pond), Liščí skála nr. Podmolí, Zadní Hamry, Braitava, Široká pole, Hardegg vyhlídka, Fládnická chata (M. Barták et al. leg.); C Moravia: Nedvědice-Chlébské, Moravský kras-Líšeň, Moravský kras-Mariánské údolí, Brno-Lesná, Brno-Obřany, Dolní Loučky nr. Tišnov (B. Mocek leg.), Ohrozim (M. Vála leg.), Moravičany nr. Mohelnice, Hostýnské vrchy Mts-Rajnochovice (J. Roháček leg.); N Moravia:Rychlebské hory Mts-Nýznerov, Vidnavské louky res. nr. Vidnava, Supkovice 1.1 km NE-sand-pit, Kolnovice 1 km SW-sand-pit, Bohušov nr. Osoblaha 0.7 km S-sand-pit, Hrubý Jeseník Mts-Kouty n. Desnou, Hrubý Jeseník Mts-Skřítek peat-bog, Hrubý Jeseník Mts-Keprník-Vozka peat-bog, Hrubý Jeseník Mts-Rejvíz peat-bog, Bělá pod Pradědem, Hrubý Jeseník Mts-Vleká kotlina, Nízký Jeseník Mts-Slunečná Mt., Spálené-Sokolí důl, Horní Benešov, Hanušovická vrchovina-Jeřáb Mt., Karlova Pláň- Volárenský potok, Karlova Pláň- Karlovec, Klokočov nr. Vítkov, Úvalenské louky res. nr. Krnov, Hradec nad Moravicí-Půlles, Vršovice nr. Opava, Chvalíkovice nr. Opava, Opava, Hněvošice, Bělá nr. Chuchelná, Závada 1.8 km SE-sand-pit, Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mts-Tanečnica Mt. (J. Roháček leg.), Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mts-Muřinkový vrch Mt., Třinec-Tyra (M. Barták leg.). DENMARK: Lyngbymoor, 15.ix.1912, 1 J, no collector (ZMHB); NEJ: Frederikshavn, 15.vi.1919, 1 J, T. Mortensen leg.; LFM: Radsted, 17.vii.1964, 1 ♀, N. M. Anderssen leg. (both ZMUC). FINLAND: Helsinki, 11.iv.1952, 1 ♀, L. Tiensuu leg.; 1 J 3 ♀♀ (f.  nivalis ), 1 ♀, R. Frey leg.; Helsinge, 111, 1J (genit. prep.), R. Frey leg.; Kyrkslätt, 5341, 2 ♀♀, R. Frey leg.; Muonio, 2 JJ 1 ♀ (f.  subapterus ), J. Sahlberg leg.; 2 ♀♀ (f.  subapterus ), Palmén leg.; Suomussalmi, 538, 1 ♀ (f.  subapterus , genit. prep.), Hellén leg.; Kajana, 29.v, 1 ♀ (f.  subapterus ), Hellén leg.; Esbo, Westend, Sorkhål, falla nr 4, 10.viii.1957, 1 ♀, W. Hackman leg. (all MZHF); Ab. Kaarina Järvelä, 67145:32457, pitfall, 17.v.–3.vi.2017, 1 ♀ (genit. prep.). 3.vi.–10. vii.2017, 1 ♀♀, V.-M. Mukkala leg. (SMOC). FRANCE: Arc, 30. viii.1986, 1 J (f. brach.); 9 km S Chambery, 1000 m, grass roots, 31. viii.1986, 1 J 1 ♀, all S. A Marshall leg. (DEBU, 1 J genit. prep.); Hte Savoie, Le Môle, mousses, 1800 m, 17.vii.1979, 1 J, Besuchet leg. (HNHM). GERMANY: Westfalen:Herten, 18.iii.1916, 1♀, 20.iii.1916, 1 ♀; S. Harz: Ilfeld, 18.iv.1915, 1 ♀, 25.iv.1915, 1 ♀, 28.iv.1915, 1 J, all O. Duda leg. (ZMHB); Frankfurt an Oder, 30.x.1927, 1 J; Frankfurt an Oder-F See, 10.iv.1935, 1 J; Frankfurt an Oder-Eichwald, horse excrement, 21.iii.1935, 1 ♀, all M. P. Riedel leg. (ZMHB). GREAT BRITAIN: ENGLAND: Oxon: Bagley Wood nr, Oxford, nest of  Evotomys , 9.xii.1925, 1 ♀ f. brach., O. W. Richards leg. (ZMHB); Oxford, University Park env., sifting grass and  Carex tufts, 10.viii.1998, 2 ♀♀ (1 ♀ genit.prep.), J. Roháček leg.(SMOC); Suffolk:Lakenheath warren, breck grass &amp; heather heath, suction sampler, 13.vii.2003, 2 JJ 3 ♀♀ (1 J 3 ♀♀ f. brach.); Suffolk: Maidscross Hill, acid grassland, 13.vii.2003, 2 JJ 2 ♀♀, all P. Gatt leg. (SMOC). GREECE: Pieria: Olympos Mts, Karyá 5 km E, 39°59′N, 22°26′E, 750 m, sweeping undergrowth of mixed forest, 3.vi.2007, 2 JJ 1 ♀ (1 J genit. prep.); Karyá 3 km E, 39°59′N, 22°25′E, 800 m, under tufts of grass in damp meadow, 3.vi.2007, 6 ♀♀; NW Peloponnese:Ano Vlasia 2.9 km S, 37°58′32″N, 21°54′10″E, 1020 m, sifting leaf litter under  Platanus , 29.v.2015, 1 J (genit. prep.), all J. Roháček leg. (SMOC); Viotia, Parnassos, Ski Centre, 1900 m, 6.vi.1982, 1 J, R. Danielsson leg.(HNHM). HUNGARY: Kiskunsági N.P., Fülöpháza, homokbuckás, 26.vii.1978, 1 J; Kiskunsági N.P., Ágasegyháza, homokbuckás, 27.vii.1978, 1 J; Hortobágy N.P., Egyek, Ohati erdö, 17.vii.1978, 1 J, all L. Papp leg. (HNHM); Bátorliget, talajcsapda, iii.1990, 1 J, I. Loksa leg. (HNHM); Csik Szépvir, 9.v.1917, Fodor leg. (ZMHB). ICELAND: S. Iceland: Seljalandsfoss, Water falls, stream, 7.v.2013, 1 ex (sex unknown, abdomen damaged), P. Gatt leg. (SMOC). ITALY: N. Italy: Bibione env., seashore wrack, 16.vi.1994, 1 ♀ (genit. prep.), J. Roháček leg. (JRO); Volano, Strada spiaggia, aeroplancton, 5.x.1983, 17:30, 2♀♀, no collector;Volano,oRe 12,  Tamarix , 12.xi.1972, 1 ♀, no collector; Arta Fornaci, prato umido, 22.iii.1964, 3 ♀♀, no collector; Vatle[s] Bur[gusio], 29.iv.1967, 1 J, no collector; Padova: Luvigliano, 22.vi.1988, 1 ♀, Scarpa leg.; Venezia: Mestre, S. Giuliano Terriccio, 20.ii.1988, 1♀; Monti Lessini: NE di Cortiolo, 897 m, stagno, 28.vi.1989, 1 J, L. Munari leg. (all MCNV); Abruzzo: (AQ), Monte Velino, Fontecchia, 1250 m, 17.v.2006, G. Lo Giudice leg. (SMOC); Puglia: Gargano, S Giov. Rotondo, Coppa di Mezzo, 850 m,  Fagus and  Quercus grazed forest, 4.vii.2005, 1J (genit. prep.), P. Gatt leg.(SMOC); Calabria: Serre Calabresi Mts, Mongiana 2.4 km N, 38°32′05″N, 16°19′06″E, 1000 m, in tufts of  Juncus in alder forest, 25.v.2018, 4 JJ 4 ♀♀ (1 J 1 ♀ genit prep.); same, sweeping in alder forest and over meadow nr. brook, 25.v.2018, 1J; Mongiana 2.5 km NNE, 38°32′09″N, 16°19′33″E, 1035 m, sweeping vegetation along brook in alder forest, 22.v.2018, 1 ♀, all J. Roháček leg. (SMOC). SARDINIA: Pattada 2.6 km SE, 40°34′12″N, 9°08′17″E, 575 m, aspirated from tufts of grass, 10.v.2014, 1 ♀ (genit. prep.), J. Roháček leg. (SMOC). SICILY: Messina: Nebrodi, Monte Sorro, 1700 m,  Fagus ,  Quercus , 7.vi.1999, 1 ♀ (genit. prep.),P.Gatt leg.(SMOC); Parco di Nebrodi,Lago Pisciotto,37°5848″N, 14°50′49″E, 1240 m, sweeping swampy shores of lake, 21.iv.2016, 2JJ (1 J genit. prep.), J. Roháček leg. (SMOC). POLAND: W. Poland: Gleiwitz, 21.iii.1934, 1 ♀; Wustung bei Habelschwerdt, 6.iv.1925 – 11. iv.1929, ca 40 specimens, all O. Duda leg. (ZMHB); E. Poland: Bondary, Narew river shore, under tufts of grass, 26.vi.2005, 1 J 2 ♀♀ (1 ♀ genit. prep.); Białowieża-Budy 2 km NE, under tufts of grass in damp meadow, 24.vi.2005, 1 ♀; Białowieża-Budy 4 km S, Czerlon, on carrion of  Bison bonasus , 25.vi.2005, 2 ♀♀, all J. Roháček leg. (SMOC). PORTUGAL: Algarve: Tavira 3 km N, 37°08′52″N, 7°39′12″W, 24 m, sweeping over boggy meadow, 1.iv.2009, 1 J (genit. prep.), J. Roháček leg. (SMOC); Manteigas, Serra de Estrela, 40°19′23″N, 7°36′09″W, 1860 m, grazed bog, steppe, stream, 29.ix.2014, 1J 1♀; Seia,Aldeia da Serra, 40°25′03″N, 7°40′38″W, 893 m, grasses &amp; scrub, 28.ix.2014, 1♀, P. Gatt leg.(SMOC). ROMANIA: Banat: Sfânta Elena 2.5 km NE, 44°41′44″N, 21°43′10″E, 420 m, sweeping over meadow, 1.vi.2008, 1♀ (genit.prep.), J. Roháček leg. (SMOC). SLOVAKIA (about 400 specimens, deposited in JRO, MBP, SMOC, many genit. prep.), examples of localities: S Slovakia: Patince nr. Komárno, Búč nr. Komárno, Kamenín nr. Štúrovo, Nová Vieska nr. Štúrovo (J. Roháček leg.), Hegyfarok, Štúrovo, Bieľ, Pribylina (M. Barták leg.); C Slovakia: Kremnické pohorie Mts-Turček, Detva-Horná Chrapková, Hrochoťská dolina-Hrochoť 3 km E,, Kyslinky-Dolná Zálomská, Kyslinky- Hrochoťská dolina, Kyslinky-Majerová, Predná Poľana Mt.-Žliebky, Sihla env., Sihla-Kamenistý potok, Zákľuky Mt., Stankovany nr. Kraľovany, Chočské vrchy Mts-Škútova dolina, Muránska Huta-Šiance res., Muránska planina NP-Šiance res.top plateau, Pohronská Polhora 5.3 km SE-Rosiarka res., Tisovec 3.9 km NW-Trstie res., Jestice-Hradisko Mt. (all J. Roháček leg.); N Slovakia: Tatranská Lomnica (M. Barták leg.), Vysoké Tatry Mts-Batizovská dolina, Vysoké Tatry Mts-Velické pleso, Vysoké Tatry Mts-Štrbské pleso, Belianske Tatry Mts-Tatranská Kotlina, Tatranská Kotlina-Šarpanec res., Regetovka res. peat-bog (J. Roháček leg.); E Slovakia: Levočské pohorie Mts- -Branisko Mt., Boľ nr. Král. Chlmec, Boťany nr. Latorica, Stakčín, Vihorlat Mts-Sninský kameň Mt., Hostovice-Hostovické lúky res., Nová Sedlica-Stužica res. (J. Roháček leg.). SPAIN: S. Spain: Sierra Nevada Mts, Llano Prado, 2 200 m, on decayed grass, 14.v.1979, 2 JJ 3 ♀♀ (1 J 1 ♀ genit. prep.), in runs of  Pitymys and  Arvicola sp. , 14.v.1979, 1 J 1 ♀; Grazalema nr. Ronda, 1000 m, 16.–17.v.1979, sifting moss, 1 J (genit. prep.), sweeping over meadow, 1 ♀, sweeping by stream, 1 ♀, all J. Roháček leg. (JRO); Sierra Nevada, Hwy, 1860 m, edge of small, cold stream, 7.viii.1986, 1 J 1 ♀; Sierra Nevada, Hwy, 2100 m, along small stream, 9.viii.1986, 1 J 3 ♀♀ (1♀ genit. prep.); Sierra Nevada, Hwy, 2 270 m, grass of dry stream, 11.viii.1986, 2 JJ 2 ♀♀ (1 J 1 ♀ genit. prep.), J. R. Vockeroth leg. (DEBU). SWEDEN: Huddinge, Gömmaren lake res., 59°15′15″N, 17°55′40″E, 58 m, peat-bog, sifting  Sphagnum , moss and grass, 7.vii.2011, 3 JJ 1 ♀ (2 JJ 1 ♀ genit. prep.), all collected together with the male neotype, J. Roháček leg. (SMOC). SWITZERLAND: Delémont, 500 m, conifer slash (fresh), 28.viii.1986, 1 J 3 ♀♀ (1 ♀ genit.prep.), S.A. Marshall leg. (DEBU); ZH: Unterengstringen, 15.ix.1997, 1 J, G. Bächli leg. (HNHM). </p>
            <p>Redescription. Male (Figs 2, 3, 7). Total body length 1.38–1.98 mm; general colour brown to dark brown with greyish brown to grey microtomentum, subshining dorsally on thorax and abdomen), duller on head, thoracic pleuron and ventral abdominal sterna.</p>
            <p>Head (Figs 4, 11, 14) about 1.4× higher than long, blackish posterodorsally, orange to yellow anteroventrally. Frons dark brown to blackish except for orange-brown anterior margin, distinctly microtomentose; occiput almost black, with dark grey microtomentum. Orbits, interfrontalia (very narrow) and frontal (including ocellar) triangle with silvery grey glittering microtomentum and all separated by dull blackish (often with some bluish tinge) stripes almost forming M-shaped mark; frontal triangle distinctly delimited and reaching to anterior third of frons; anterior margin of frons orange to orange-brown, wider laterally. Frontal lunule relatively long (although shorter than wide), yellow, whitish microtomentose, distinctly lighter than anterior margin of frons. Face normally yellow (darkened in some specimens, for detail see Variability below), whitish microtomentose including facial cavities below antennae; medial carina slightly developed, distinct only dorsally, below frontal lunule. Gena yellow to ochreous, paler anteriorly, all greyish microtomentose and sharply separated from dark occiput by dark and shining perpendicular stripe on postgena. Cephalic chaetotaxy (Fig. 4): pvt small and weak but strongly convergent or crossed; a pair of minute convergent postocellar setulae between pvt and posterior ocelli also present; occe and occi subequal (or occi slightly longer) and about two-thirds of vti; vti and vte subequal, robust and longest of frontal bristles; oc distinctly shorter than vti; 2 ors, posterior as long as oc and about 1.4 times as long as anterior ors; 4 (more rarely only 3) ifr, two middle pairs usually longer and more robust, sometimes with 1 microseta in front of anterior ifr in addition; 2 or 3 very minute ads inside and below ors; g and 1 or 2 setae behind it weak, hardly longer than anterior peristomal setula; vi very long and robust, about as long as vti; peristomal setulae sparse (only 4 or 5) and about as long as 2 weak postgenal setae; postocular setulae shorter than peristomals, in single long row. Eye subcircular (19:17), of moderate size, with longest diameter about 4 times as long as smallest genal height. Antenna with scape ochreous to yellow, pedicel blackish and 1 st flagellomere dark brown, the latter relatively short (as long as pedicel), suboval to ovoid, with whitish ciliation on apex distinctly longer than cilia on arista. Arista relatively long, about 4.2 times as long as antenna, with short dense ciliation.</p>
            <p>Thorax dark brown to brown (ventral part of pleuron palest) and dark grey microtomentose; mesonotum subshining, pleuron and scutellum duller. Sutures between pleural sclerites pale brown to ochreous. Scutellum large and relatively long, flat on disc, little transversely (3:2), rounded subtriangular. Thoracic chaetotaxy: mesonotal macrosetae relatively long and robust; 1 hu (as long as anterior npl) and 1 microseta on humeral callus; 2 relatively short npl (posterior shorter); 1 prs (= posthumeral) and 1 sa, both short; 2 pa, the outer very long, longer than dc, the inner small; only 1 robust (but shorter than laterobasal sc) dc in prescutellar position; dc microsetae (in front of dc) somewhat longer than ac microsetae); 8 rows of ac microsetae on suture but only 4 in front of scutellum; medial prescutellar ac pair small, hardly or only slightly longer than other ac microsetae; 2 very long and robust sc, laterobasal longer than scutellum, apical (longest thoracic seta) 1.5‒1.6 times as long as laterobasal; 2 stpl but only posterior long (as long as laterobasal sc but finer), anterior reduced to microseta.</p>
            <p>Legs brown or dark brown (femora, coxae, t 3) to ochreous or dirty yellow (trochanters, tibiae, tarsi) but colouration is variable, generally darker in montane and boreal specimens and more yellow in brachypterous forms. f 1 with base and apex usually yellow; also f 2 and f 3 with apex (knee) often ochreous, and t 3 with both ends ochreous to yellow. On the contrary, the largely yellow t 1 and t 2 can be darkened about middle as is also hind tarsus or its basal segments. Pedal chaetotaxies: f 1 with 2 rows of setae: a short posterodorsal row with 3 or 4 setae in the middle of femur, and a longer row of posteroventral setae, 3 of which in distal half of femur are enlarged. f 2 anteriorly with 1 robust subapical seta and 1 short in front of it, and posteriorly with 1 shorter posteroapical seta. t 2 ventrally (see Fig. 23) with 3 setae, viz. 1 long robust va (directed in axis of tibia), 1 similarly long and strong vpa and 1 short av near middle; dorsally (Fig. 22) there are two groups of setae: proximal group, with 1 longer anterodorsal seta + 1 shorter above it and 1 shorter posterodorsal seta in about proximal fourth; distal group with 1 shorter anterodorsal and 1 very long posterodorsal (rather subdorsal) seta in about distal fourth, each surmounted with a short seta (that subdorsal can be reduced); in addition there are 2 small posterior setae in proximal third and above distal fourth (Fig. 22); apex of tibia provided with 3 short (1 or 2 longer) subapical setae anteriorly (Fig. 23) and 2 posteriorly (Fig. 24). f 3 with 1 short and weak anterior subapical seta. Other parts of femora and tibiae uniformly finely setulose. Mid basitarsus (mt 2) sometimes with 1 enlarged ventral (or anteroventral) setula (similarly as in Fig. 57). Ratio t</p>
            <p>2</p>
            <p>: mt</p>
            <p>2</p>
            <p>= 1.81–1.94.</p>
            <p> Wing normal (macropterous form, Fig. 1) or reduced (brachypterous form, Figs 2, 3). Membrane distinctly brownish fumose, veins brown to dark brown. Macropterous form: wing (Fig. 16) relatively broad; C distinctly produced beyond apex of R 4+5. Cs 1 with markedly longer setulae than rest of C. R 2+3 very slightly sinuate but apically distinctly upcurved to C; R 4+5 distinctly sinuate, distally upcurved to C and diverging from and ending about as far from apex of wing as venal fold of M. Discal cell (dm) of moderate length, relatively broad but distally tapered, with small process of M and longer one of CuA 1 beyond dm-cu; that of M continued by venal fold; both outer corners of cell dm normally obtuse-angled. A 1 relatively long but only small basal part fully developed, more distally formed by brownish coloured fold not reaching wing margin. Anal lobe large, well developed; alula relatively small and narrow. Wing measurements: length 1.19–1.71 mm, width 0.50–0.78 mm, C-index = 0.80–0.96, r-m\dm-cu: dm-cu = 1.64–2.09. Brachypterous form: wing size and venation variously reduced (Figs 17–21). C shortly produced beyond apex of R 4+5. R 4+5 rather curved (slightly to distinctly) than sinuate. Discal cell (dm) very shortened beyond r-m, usually with cross-vein dm-cu absent (f.  nivalis , Figs 18, 20), more rarely with it present and posterior outer corner of dm cell rounded (Fig. 17); also R 2+3 can sometimes be more or less shortened (f.  subapterus , Figs 19, 21) or apex of wing reduced and rounded (Fig. 20). A 1 always with coloured distal venal fold shortened or discoloured and hardly visible. Wing measurements: length 0.75–1.03 mm, width 0.37–0.49 mm, C-index = 0.80–0.95. Haltere bicolorous, with ochreous-yellow stem and dark brown knob. </p>
            <p>Abdomen blackish brown, dorsally (particularly medially) less microtomentose and more shining than ventrally. Basal preabdominal terga relatively broad (as wide as thorax) and sparsely dark grey microtomentose; T2–T5 sparsely and relatively shortly setose, with only setae in posterior corners long and robust (cf. Fig. 25). T1+2 largest tergum (about 1.4 times as long as T4 or T5), narrower anteriorly, widest at posterior margin; with pale brown base (on original T1) and the rest blackish brown. T3 widest tergum but clearly shorter than T4 (thus most transverse), the latter slightly narrowed posteriorly and about as long as T5; T5 markedly narrower than T4 and posteriorly more distinctly tapered. Preabdominal sterna: S1+2 (or S2) smallest, transversely trapezoidal (narrowed anteriorly), pale brown to pale ochreous (lightest anteriorly), contrasting with dark brown S3–S5 and sparsely shortly setose; S3 and, particularly, S4 large, broad, blackish brown and strongly sclerotized; S3 only slightly narrower anteriorly, shorter than S4, the latter largest sternum, transversely suboblong and distinctly longer than (equally broad) S5. S2–S4 with sparse, short setae, finer than those on adjacent terga; also setae in their posterior corners short and weak. S5 (Figs 26, 27) shorter and, hence more transverse than S4, very slightly asymmetrical, with relatively large, (usually) pale-pigmented and finely micropubescent semicircular area in front of simple posteromedial comb of spines (this extended over about medial third of posterior margin of S5); lateral setae of S5 more robust and more or less separated from two groups of finer setae surrounding lateral margins of posteromedial semicircular area. S6+7 strongly asymmetrical, situated left ventro- to dorsolaterally (Figs 25, 27) and dorsally fused with S8; the latter less asymmetrical and situated dorsally. S6+7 with transverse dark-pigmented ledge and S7 with irregular posteroventral projection bent inside postabdomen; right laterally, near right end of S6, there is an enlarged, annular, 6 th right spiracle (Fig. 27, rs). S6+7 with 2 pairs of setae (Fig. 25) and S8 with only a pair of small dorsal setae near middle (Figs 25, 27).</p>
            <p>Genitalia. Epandrium (Figs 28, 29) of medium length and width, almost symmetrical in caudal view (Fig. 28), with rather uniform setosity, longest setae posteroventrally near margin of anal fissure. Anal fissure relatively high and narrow, elongately suboval. Cerci large but completely fused with epandrium and ventromedially separated by acute incision; each cercus ventrally terminated by a small subtriangular tubercle (Fig. 28) and with 1 long sinuate seta and 2 small setae. Medandrium low (short) and broad, with long lateral arms, each connected with posterior part of gonostylus (Fig. 28). Hypandrium genus-characteristic, short, laterally fused with epandrium, posteroventrally projecting on each side to connect with postgonites and medially with very short, strongly asymmetrical (right directed) flattened apodeme (Fig. 31). Gonostylus (Figs 28–30) of complex structure, composed of larger anterior (more lateral) lobe and of smaller (shorter and more medial) posterior lobe. Anterior lobe (Fig. 30) with short pointed anterodorsal process, 3 robust curved setae anteroventrally, 1 robust darkened ventral, posteriorly directed projection (finely spinose subapically but with simple apex) and posterolaterally with oblique longitudinal spinulose ledge; a single short external seta on small process in front of proximal end of this ledge is also characteristic. Posterior lobe (dotted in Fig. 30) terminated by very robust spine and 2 subapical setae and posteriorly with subconical process having a robust, medially bent seta on apex (see Fig. 28). Aedeagal complex (Fig. 32) of relatively simple construction. Phallapodeme rod-like, about as long as aedeagus, with moderate, pale-pigmented, dorsal keel. Aedeagus proximally with short but compact, laterally somewhat flattened, phallophore (Fig. 32) having simply pointed but not acute (ventral) apex. Distiphallus relatively weakly sclerotized and pale-pigmented, basally narrow, widened laterally (but hardly so dorsoventrally) towards apex, proximoventrally and dorsally more sclerotized, and with a pair of slender band-like lateral sclerites, each with thinly pointed apex. Middle part of dorsal side of distiphallus finely haired and its dorsal sclerite subapically forked and bent laterally on side of distiphallus (Fig. 32). Postgonite relatively large (as long as distiphallus), sinuate in lateral view, broader proximally, strongly tapered distally but with apex knob-like dilated, with 2–3 microsetae anteriorly in distal third, some minute sensilla on apex, and with minute sclerite (= remnant of pregonite) with 1 or 2 setulae, inserted in anterodorsal emargination of postgonite (Fig. 32). Ejacapodeme small, having short distal digitiform process on a wider proximal part (see Fig. 32) attached to ejaculatory duct.</p>
            <p>Female (Fig. 1). Head, thorax, legs and wings very similar to those of male unless mentioned otherwise below. Total body length 1.43–2.10 mm. t 2 often with anterior subapical setae (or one of them) longer; mt 2 slightly longer on the average and with more frequent presence of 1 enlarged ventral setula in proximal third. Ratio t 2: mt 2 = 1.78–1.94. Wing measurements: macropterous form: length 1.38–1.79 mm, width 0.64–0.81 mm, C-index = 0.78–1.01, r-m\dm-cu: dm-cu = 1.67–2.00; brachypterous form: length 0.59–0.99 mm, width 0.29–0.50 mm, C-index = 0.84–1.08.Abdomen more ovoid in dorsal view, basally broadest. T1+2 largest and widest tergum; other preabdominal terga (T3–T5) distinctly shorter and more transverse than in male, becoming narrower posteriorly, subequal in length or T5 slightly longer. Preabdominal sterna: S1+2 formed and pale as in male but with only a few short setae; S3–S5 dark brown as in male but S3 shorter and also narrower than S4 (largest sternum, slightly trapezoidal, wider posteriorly) and S5 almost as long as S4 but distinctly narrower (as wide as S3), unmodified, transversely suboblong, with rounded corners.</p>
            <p>Postabdomen (Figs 34–36) relatively long when exposed, telescopic and retractible into preabdomen, basally (base of 6 th abdominal segment) 0.7–0.8× as wide as 5 th segment posteriorly, with subsequent segments becoming narrower (cf. Figs 35, 36). T6 transversely subtrapezoidal to suboblong, much narrower than T5 but wider and longer than S6, with posterior margin pale and sparse setae in posterior twofifths, those in posterior corners long and robust (Fig. 35); T7 markedly shorter and narrower than T6 and bent farther laterally (see Fig. 34), with single row of sparse posterior setae on each side. T8 dorsally with tripartite pigmentation composed of a paler brown tongue-shaped medial part and larger darker lateral parts (Fig. 35), micropubescent in only posterior half, with a few setae (one longer) laterally (Figs 34, 35). T10 about as long as wide, roughly pentagonal, micropubescent only posteromedially and with a pair of relatively short setae in the middle (Fig. 35). S6 transversely trapezoidal (Fig. 36), narrower, and shorter but with more setae than T6. S7 simple, transversely suboblong, much narrower than S6 and also T7, with more setae than on T7, all in posterior half. S8 (Figs 36, 38) relatively narrow, slightly wider than long, rounded pentagonal to subtriangular (largest extension view, see Fig. 38), rather convex, with 2 or only 1 lateral setae in posterior half, and posteromedially with a group of (usually) 4 short setae on elevated sockets, which can also be situated in membranous part of sclerite; disc of sclerite micropubescent in posterior two-thirds (Fig. 38). S10 (in largest extension) only slightly shorter and as wide as S8, transversely subpentagonal, but anteriorly broadly emarginate, largely micropubescent (only anteriorly projecting corners and anterior margin bare) and relatively long setose in front of posterior margin (Fig. 39). Spectacles-shaped sclerite (= sclerotization of female genital chamber) poorly developed as a pair of ovoid rings, almost invisible because unpigmented and membranous. Spermathecae 2+1 (Figs 33, 37) blackish, each ovoid, with somewhat wrinkled surface and a group of spine-like tubercles on tapered base; terminal parts of ducts long, slender, well-sclerotized and dark-pigmented, those of paired spermathecae connected far from their bodies (Fig. 37). Cerci (Figs 34, 35) relatively broad but dorsoventrally flattened (see Fig. 34), micropubescent, each with 2 long sinuate setae (dorsopreapical and apical) and several short fine setae.</p>
            <p> Variability. Body of brachypterous form is on average distinctly smaller, particularly so in specimens with wings most reduced (form  subapterus ). In smallest specimens also ifr setae are weaker and in only 3 pairs. Male S5 is also somewhat variable depending on body size of specimens. Smallest flies (usually brachypterous form) have posterior comb with spines less numerous and, consequently, the comb is narrower than in large specimens. Female S8 sometimes (in largest specimens) with an additional pair of setae near middle. Two pairs of short posteromedial setae can often be situated in membrane just behind posterior margin of pigmented part of S8. </p>
            <p> Comments.  Pteremis fenestralis (Fallén, 1820) is a wing polymorphic (for detail see RoHÁĆFK 2012b), externally seemingly variable species. Its brachypterous form, having besides the shortened wing also a narrowed thorax (caused by reduction of wing musculature) and, hence, relatively large head and generally smaller body, has long been considered a separate species, even placed in a different (sub)genus than was the fully winged form. Due to its striking appearance and variable wing venation (cf. Figs 17–21), the brachypterous form was described three times, as  Borborus nivalis Haliday, 1833 ,  Limosina paradoxa Stenhammar, 1855 and  Pteremis subapterus Frey, 1947 . However, the chaetotaxy and structures of the male S5, male terminalia and female postabdomen of the brachypterous form are practically identical to those of the more common macropterous form regardless of some size variability of setae. Although this fact was first recognized already by CoLLIN (1956) and HACKMAN (1964) terminalia of numerous specimens of both forms (including topotypic specimens) have been checked during this revision to confirm their conspecificity. Moreover, the barcoding region of COI of both forms from the Czech Republic have been compared with no difference recognized (see ID record DNMPC020-17 = f. brach. and DNMPC023-17 = f. macropt. in the BOLD database). </p>
            <p> Pteremis fenestralis is readily distinguished from all similar relatives by the shape and armature of the male cercus (with only a small apical tubercle, Fig. 28), the gonostylus (with an apically simple ventral process on the anterior lobe and a robust terminal spine on the posterior lobe), the distiphallus (not dorsoventrally dilated in the middle) and the postgonite (with a knob-like apex, Fig. 32). In the female sex, it distinctly differs from all relatives by the spermathecae (ovoid rather than pyriform, with minute tubercle-like spines basally and sclerotized ducts connected far from bodies of paired spermathecae, Fig. 37) and S8 (of characteristic shape and posteromedially having only two pairs of small setae, Fig. 38). The armature and setosity of male S5 (Fig. 26) and the somewhat dorsoventrally flattened female cerci (see Figs 34–36) are also different from those of its congeners. For other diagnostic characters of the species see the key below. </p>
            <p> The relationships of  P. fenestralis have not been unambiguously recognized. Judging from the chaetotaxy of the mid tibia (with both va and vpa setae developed), similar short anterodorsal of anterior lobe of distiphallus and chaetotaxy of male S 5  P. fenestralis seems to be more closely allied to  P. pulliceps sp. nov. and (perhaps) also to  P. tenebricus sp. nov. than to other species treated here. However, the presence of both va and vpa setae on t 2 seems to be a ground-plan character of the whole genus, not a synapomorphy of the above three species, and also the other two features can be plesiomorphic within the genus. On the other hand, the pyriform shape and ringed surface of spermathecae seems to be a synapomorphy of  P. pulliceps sp. nov. ,  P. canaria ,  P. ferreus sp. nov. and possibly also  P. apterina sp. nov. If so, this assemablage can be a sister group to  P. fenestralis +  P. wirthi (see below). The female is unknown in  P. tenebricus , and, consequently, its position in this group is uncertain. </p>
            <p> The Nearctic, also wing-polymorphic,  P. wirthi (Marshall, 1984) obviously is currently the closest relative or even sister-species of  P. fenestralis . Examination of several specimens (1 J and 1 ♀ dissected) from Canada (Ontario), identified by S. A. Marshall, resulted in finding that both species share several features, some probably synapomorphic, e.g. the very similar male S5, almost identical ventral process of anterior lobe of gonostylus, relatively short (not ventrally prolonged and flattened) male cercus with an apical tubercle (although being wider in  P. wirthi ), similarly armed spermathecae (basally with small surface tubercles) and broad, dorsoventrally flattened female cerci. For differences between  P. fenestralis and  P. wirthi see comments under the latter species below. </p>
            <p> Biology. The species is mainly associated with wet grassy and mossy sites, both in open (meadows, fens, peat-bogs, see DAHL 1909, RICHARDs 1930, DUDA 1938, BÄHRMANN 1984, RoHÁĆFK 1984, FLoRḖN 1989, NoWAKoWsKI 1989) but also in woodland (RoHÁĆFK 2012b) habitats. Adults live terricolously near the ground among tufts of graminoid plants or in moss,  Sphagnum , leaf litter, and often also in runs and nests of various small mammals (RICHARDs 1930; HACKMAN 1963, 1964, 1967; IsMAY 1978; RoHÁĆFK 1984, 2019a) and can be easily collected by means of soil traps (RoHÁĆFK 1980, 1984; PFRssoN 1983; BÄHRMANN 1987). Adults are attracted to various rotting matter, including wet excrement, particularly in runs of small mammals and the microsaprophagous larvae surely develop in these substrates.  Pteremis fenestralis occurs regularly in various types of peat-bogs, often in  Sphagnum , and, therefore, Ro- HÁĆFK (1984) and RoHÁĆFK &amp; BARTÁK (1999) classified it as a tyrphophilous species. OKFLY (1974) reared both macropterous and brachypterous specimens from puparia obtained from bait (boiled grass cuttings) exposed in burrow tunnels of the rabbit. </p>
            <p>RoHÁĆFK (2012b) found that wing polymorphic populations are only known from North and Central Europe (here usually at higher altitudes) while in southern areas only macropterous specimens occur. Thus the presence of brachypterous forms in populations seems to be geographically dependent, inasmuch as the percentage of short- -winged specimens increases in more northern latitudes and at higher altitudes (RoHÁĆFK 1975). Macropterous specimens, particularly gravid females, serve as the main agent for dispersal of the species because they are (more or exclusively) represented in samples obtained by sweeping, Malaise and light traps (PITKIN 1986) or car-netting (MUNARI &amp; SCARPA 1989). Adults were recorded in all months of the year (in winter in mainly subterranean microhabitats), most commonly in spring (combined published data and material examined).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Widespread in Europe: Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy (incl. Sardinia, new, and Sicily), Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia (Central European territory), Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland (records summarized by RoHÁĆFK et al. 2001, MARsHALL et al. 2011). Additional country records are as follows: Belarus (several records in BOLD System, e.g. https://www. boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processi- d=GMBMA074-17), Greece (new), Iceland (new), and Romania (new).</p>
            <p> Note. The records of  P. fenestralis from Madeira (RoHÁ- ĆFK 2007, MARsHALL et al. 2011) are erroneous because they are based on misidentification of  P. pulliceps sp. nov. (described below). Also the record from the Far East of Russia, listed by RoHÁĆFK et al. (2001) and MARsHALL et al. (2011), is probably a mistake. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E71187EA401DFFA06025FBA216C9FC03	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Roháček, Jindřich	Roháček, Jindřich (2024): The genus Pteremis (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) in the West Palaearctic area, with description of four new species. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 64 (1): 153-206, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2024.012, URL: https://doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2024.012
E71187EA4017FFBB62F5FC071375F78D.text	E71187EA4017FFBB62F5FC071375F78D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteremis pulliceps Roháček 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Pteremis pulliceps sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figs 40–43, 46–61)</p>
            <p> Pteremis fenestralis (misidentification):RoHÁĆFK (2003):110 (Madeira). Type locality. Madeira, close to the forest house Rabaçal, about 32°45ʹ43ʺ N, 17°08ʹ01ʺ W (Fig. 44, for habitat see Fig. 45). </p>
            <p> Type material. HoLoTYPF: J (SMOC),labelled:‘C. MADEIRA:Rabaçal env., 950 m, 5.9.2003, J. Roháček leg.’, ‘sifting leaves in laurel forest’, ‘Mus. Silesiae Opava, Inv. č. d 097 4-2003’ and ‘ Holotypus J  Pteremis pulliceps sp.n. , J. Roháček des. 2023’ (red label) (Fig. 41). The specimen (see Fig. 40) is intact, dry mounted on triangular pinned card. PARATY- PFs: PORTUGAL: MADEIRA: 4 JJ (1 J genit. prep.), with same data as for holotype (SMOC); Eira do Serrado, N slope, 1000 m, sweeping vegetation along spring, 13.ix.2003, 7 JJ 4 ♀♀ (1 J 1 ♀ genit. prep.), J. Roháček leg.; Eira do Serrado 1 km E, 1100 m, sweeping vegetation along levada, 12.ix.2003, 1♀, M.Vála leg.; Curral des Freiras-Murteiras, 650 m, sweeping vegetation along small creek, 650 m, 4.ix.2003, 1 J 1 ♀; Cumeal nr. Curral des Freiras, 600 m, sweeping riverside vegetation, 4.ix.2003, 2 ♀♀; Funchal-Corujeira 1 km N, 600 m, sweeping riverside vegetation, 11.ix.2003, 1 J, all J. Roháček leg.; Terreiro da Luta nr. Funchal, 800 m, sweeping vegetation along levada, 14.ix.2003, 1 J, M. Vála leg.; Ribeira da Janela, 3 km S, 850 m, sweeping vegetation along levada, 10.ix.2003, 1 ♀; Achadas da Cruz 1.5 km S, 800 m, sifting leaves in laurel forest, 10.ix.2003, 4 JJ 6 ♀♀ (1 J 1 ♀ genit. prep.), all J. Roháček leg. (all SMOC). </p>
            <p> Description. Male (Fig. 40). Total body length 1.53–2.16 mm; generally darker than  P. fenestralis , blackish brown, with greyish brown or dark grey microtomentum. </p>
            <p> Head (Fig. 42) about 1.5× higher than long, reddish brown to dark brown (darkest in dorsal half of occiput); frons not darker than face or gena. Frons lighter brown to reddish brown in anterior half, dark brown more posteriorly (from ocellar triangle). Orbits, interfrontalia (very narrowly) and frontal (including ocellar) triangle silvery grey microtomentose and somewhat glittering, all separated by dull brown or reddish brown stripes, but M-shaped mark usually not distinctly developed (Fig. 42); frontal triangle narrow, well delimited (reddish brown up to dark ocellar triangle and almost reaching anterior margin of frons; the latter above lunule slightly darker than anterior corner of frontal triangle (cf. Fig. 42). Frontal lunule rather dark, hardly or very slightly lighter than anterior margin of frons. Face also relatively dark, brown to reddish brown, usually darker than anterior half of frons in contrast to that of  P. fenestralis . Gena reddish brown to brown, concolorous with face, all distinctly greyish microtomentose and posteriorly contrasting with shining perpendicular stripe on postgena; the latter hardly darker than gena. Cephalic chaetotaxy (Fig. 42) similar to that of  P. fenestralis but differing as follows: pvt reduced to microsetae, convergent but not meeting with apices medially; occi usually longer than occe; vti longest cephalic seta, slightly to distinctly longer than vte; 4 (rarely 3) ifr, all relatively robust and subequal, or two middle pairs slightly longer; 2–4 minute ads inside and below ors; g well developed, longer than peristomals, and 1 or 2 setae behind it shorter; vi very long and robust, about as long as vti; peristomal setulae sparse (usually 5) and short, as long as or slightly shorter than 2 (both short) postgenal setae. Eye subcircular (7:6), with longest diameter about 4.5 times as long as smallest genal height. Antenna uniformly brown, thus scape hardly lighter than other segments. Arista about 3.8 times as long as antenna, with short and dense ciliation, cilia about as long as those on apex of 1 st flagellomere. </p>
            <p> Thorax closely resembling that of  P. fenestralis but notopleural area (partly also humeral callus) reddish brown to ochreous. Scutellum large, flat on disc but its apex more broadly circular. Thoracic chaetotaxy as in  P. fenestralis but with 2 microsetae (internal larger) on humeral callus; prs (= posthumeral) as long as hu and sa distinctly shorter; dc (in prescutellar position) only slightly shorter than pa; sc (particularly laterobasal) longer than in  P. fenestralis and apical (longest thoracic seta) only about 1.25 times as long as laterobasal; only 1 long stpl because anterior reduced to a hardly discernible microseta or absent. </p>
            <p> Legs relatively uniformly brown to dark brown (hind femora darkest), tibiae slightly or distinctly paler than femora but not distinctly variegated, knees of fore leg and apex of t 2 usually lightest, and tarsus normally as dark as relevant tibia (Figs 40, 42). Chaetotaxy of legs generally as in  P. fenestralis including that of t 2 (see Figs 55–57) but the latter often with va seta (directed in axis of tibia) more or less shorter than the strong vpa seta (Figs 56, 57) and, particularly, in having 1 long (much longer than in  P. fenestralis ) and 2 small subapical setae posteriorly (Fig. 56). Mid basitarsus (mt 2) often with 1 somewhat enlarged ventral setula (Fig. 57) in proximal fourth. Ratio t 2: mt 2 = 1.81–1.97. </p>
            <p> Wing always normally developed (Fig. 43), closely resembling in shape and venation that of  P. fenestralis but membrane somewhat darker fumose and with darker brown veins. R 4+5 sinuate but distally often straightened (Fig. 43) and A 1 darker and well visible also distally, as a darkened fold. Wing measurements: length 1.47–1.82 mm, width 0.65–0.85 mm, C-index = 0.82–1.01, r-m\dm-cu: dm-cu = 1.64–2.31. Haltere with ochreous-yellow stem (being only basally very shortly dark brown) and brown knob. </p>
            <p> Abdomen as in  P. fenestralis but preabdominal terga becoming narrower posteriorly, thus T1+2 largest and widest tergum and T3 slightly narrower (at most as wide as T1+2); S1+2 as that of  P. fenestralis pale ochreous, lightest anteriorly but darkened posterolaterally; S3 distinctly tapered, broad posteriorly and as long as or slightly longer than S4, the latter widest sternum, distinctly longer and slightly wider than S5. S5 (Fig. 51) most similar to that of  P. fenestralis but with (similarly large) posteromedial semicircular pale-pigmented area more densely and more finely micropubescent, posteromedial comb with spines finer and more dense and also all setae on lateral thirds of S5 much thinner. S6+7 and S8 as in  P. fenestralis but S6+7 with only 1 + 1 or 1 + 2 fine setae. </p>
            <p> Genitalia. Epandrium (Figs 46, 47) relatively short but distinctly wider than that of  P. fenestralis , clearly widened ventrally (see Fig. 47) and with anal fissure large, broadly oval. Cerci large, dorsolaterally bulging (Fig. 47), distinctively micropubescent both laterally and medially but ventrally bare and each provided with subapical protruding curved ledge (with 2 setulae) and flattened apex (see also Fig. 49). Medandrium very low (short) with slender lateral arms (Fig. 47). Hypandrium small, with short, similarly asymmetrical apodeme (Fig. 46) as that of  P. fenestralis . Gonostylus (Figs 46–48) also resembling that of  P. fenestralis , with similarly pointed anterodorsal short process of anterior lobe and one short external seta on small process dorsally but with 4 (not 3) robust curved setae anteroventrally, robust ventral darkened projection slender, directed posteroventrally and with finely trifurcate apex (Fig. 48). Posterior lobe (dotted in Fig. 48) also characteristic, with robust spine unusually long and slender.Aedeagal complex (Fig. 50) of the same construction as that of  P. fenestralis but aedeagus with much shorter (more slender) phallophore (Fig. 50) having particularly slender and acute anteroventrally directed apex. Distiphallus differing from that of  P. fenestralis by more dilated (also dorsoventrally) distal half (Fig. 50). Postgonite also similar to that of  P. fenestralis but less sinuate in lateral view, and with more elongate and, hence, less clubbed apical part; minute sclerite (= remnant of pregonite) in anterodorsal emargination of postgonite with 2 longer setulae (Fig. 50). Ejacapodeme very small (not illustrated). </p>
            <p> Female. Similar to that of  P. fenestralis unless mentioned otherwise. Total body length 1.90–2.26 mm. t 2 with va seta distinctly shorter than vpa seta and usually with one anterior subapical seta enlarged, as long as that long on posterior side. Ratio t 2: mt 2 = 1.79–1.92. Wing measurements: length 1.54–1.95 mm, width 0.69–0.93 mm, C-index = 0.94–1.06, r-m\dm-cu: dm-cu = 1.79–1.90. </p>
            <p> Abdomen very similar to that of  P. fenestralis , particularly as to preabdominal terga. Preabdominal sterna differing from those of  P. fenestralis as follows: S3 as long as but narrower than S4 (largest sternum, transversely oblong) and (unmodified) S5 shorter than S4 but distinctly narrower (slightly narrower than S3), somewhat tapered posteriorly, with posterior corners rounded. </p>
            <p> Postabdomen (Figs 52–54) resembling that of  P. fenestralis but differing as follows: T6 and T7 less transverse and with shorter and weaker setae in posterior corners (Fig. 53); T8 markedly longer, with distinctive pale-pigmented dorsomedial part being more or less distinctly separated from dark lateral parts, posteriorly tapered and only medially micropubescent (Fig. 53). T10 subtriangular rather than pentagonal and shorter than cercus (Fig. 53). Both S6 and S7 relatively longer (less transverse) than in  P. fenestralis (Fig. 54). S8 (Figs 54, 59) distinctly longer, elongately trapezoidal, with pigmented anterior part provided with 2 pairs of short and weak setae; its posterior submembranous part relatively long, posteriorly tapered and rounded, and having 2 long (lateral) setae and 4 more medial setulae (all on elevated sockets) arranged in a transverse row (Fig. 59). S10 (in largest extension, Fig. 60) relatively longer (less transverse), with shorter setae, and lateral parts more projecting anteriorly than in  P. fenestralis . Spectacles- -shaped sclerite represented by a pair of unusually small ovoid rings (Fig. 58). Spermathecae 2+1 (Fig. 61) clearly different from those of  P. fenestralis and more resembling those of  P. canaria , particularly by wider basal conical part being separated from distal subcircular part by 3 or 4 (some incomplete) rings and by dark terminal parts of ducts thicker and those of paired spermathecae joined near conical parts of spermathecae (Fig. 61). Cerci (Figs 52, 53) longer than T10, more tapered towards apex, and less dorsoventrally flattened, having dorsopreapical sinuate seta as long as apical seta. </p>
            <p> Etymology. The species is named  pulliceps (a compound adjective formed from Latin pullus = dark + - ceps = headed) because of its distinctly darkened head, face in particular. </p>
            <p> Comments.  Pteremis pulliceps sp. nov. externally most resembles  P. fenestralis but is generally darker (particularly on frons and face), mid tibia has va seta shorter and one posterior subapical seta enlarged (Fig. 56). However, its most diagnostic characters, distinguishing it from all other relatives, are in the male and female terminalia: epandrium broad; male cercus bulging dorsolaterally and with characteristically formed apex (Figs 47, 49); anterior lobe of gonostylus with 4 (not 3) robust curved setae anteroventrally and its ventral projection slender, with finely trifurcate apex (Fig. 48); posterior lobe of gonostylus with terminal spine unusually long and slender; female T8 relatively long, its dorsomedial part long, pale-pigmented and separated from dark lateral parts (Fig. 53); female S8 elongate, having posterior submembranous part relatively long and bearing 2 long (lateral) setae and 4 small medial setulae arranged in a transverse row (Fig. 59); spectacles- -shaped sclerite represented by a pair of unusually small ovoid rings (Fig. 58). </p>
            <p> Judging from the very similar mid leg chaetotaxy and structure of male S 5  P. pulliceps seems to be the closest relative of  P. fenestralis . However, the shape and structure of its spermathecae (pyriform, with ringed surface) are arguably synapomorphic with those of  P. canaria and  P. ferreus sp. nov. (both from Canary Is.) and possibly also with  P. apterina sp. nov.</p>
            <p> Biology. Type specimens of  P. pulliceps sp. nov. were largely collected in humid forested habitats in several localities of Madeira, mostly along levadas or near to springs, some specimens also at creeks or rivers, at 600– 1,100 m, all in September. Fifteen specimens were sifted from leaf litter in native laurel forest (Figs 44, 45) considered to be the original habitat of this terricolous species; others were swept from low vegetation or from just above the rotten leaves and other vegetation on ground in wet places in secondary woods or under trees in semi-open habitats. The original microhabitat (leaf detritus in laurel forest) of  P. pulliceps is shared with endemic  Pullimosina Roháček, 1983 and  Spelobia Spuler, 1924 species , e.g. in Rabaçal, the type locality of  P. pulliceps ,  Pullimosina kesoni Roháček, 2019 and  Spelobia polymorpha Roháček, 2019 (see RoHÁĆFK 2019b). </p>
            <p>Distribution: Madeira. The species is considered endemic to this island.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E71187EA4017FFBB62F5FC071375F78D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Roháček, Jindřich	Roháček, Jindřich (2024): The genus Pteremis (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) in the West Palaearctic area, with description of four new species. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 64 (1): 153-206, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2024.012, URL: https://doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2024.012
E71187EA400CFFB862FDFA9C16ABFCC3.text	E71187EA400CFFB862FDFA9C16ABFCC3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteremis tenebricus Roháček 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Pteremis tenebricus sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figs 62–74)</p>
            <p> Type material. HoLoTYPF: J (DEBU), labeled: ‘ SPAIN:Sierra Nevada, Hwy, 2270m; 11.viii.86, J.R.Vockeroth; under grass of dry stream’ and ‘ Holotypus J  Pteremis tenebricus sp. n. , J. Roháček des. 2023’ (red label) (Fig. 63). The specimen (see Fig. 62) is dry mounted on triangular pinned card, with abdomen (dissected) and left wing removed and all detached parts preserved in glycerine in coalesced plastic tube pinned below specimen. </p>
            <p> Description. Male (Figs 62, 64). Total body length 2.22 mm; general colour blackish brown (darkest of all fully winged  Pteremis species ) with dark greyish brown microtomentum but subshining dorsally on thorax and abdomen. Head (Figs 62, 64) about 1.55× higher than long, largely dark brown to (posteriorly) almost black. Frons with microtomentose pattern similar to that of  P. fenestralis but darker, all dark brown to blackish, only anteriorly narrowly brown to reddish brown. Orbits, interfrontalia and frontal (including ocellar) triangle with (rather dark) silvery grey and slightly glittering microtomentum; stripes surrounding (very) narrow interfrontalia almost black, with dull dark grey (with some bluish tinge) microtomentum, forming incomplete (medially interrupted) M-shaped mark; frontal triangle recognized by somewhat glittering microtomentum and reaching to anterior fifth of frons; anterior margin of frons only medially and laterally narrowly brown to reddish brown. Frontal lunule pale brown and pale grey microtomentose (lightest of head structures) and contrasting with darker brown face, the latter sparsely grey microtomentose and subshining; medial carina poorly developed. Gena concolorous with face, brown to dark brown and dark dull microtomentose; postgena with shining black perpendicular stripe. Cephalic chaetotaxy (Fig. 64) closely resembling that of  P. fenestralis but pvt weak, with apices meeting medially; occe and occi subequal but occi only very slightly inclinate; vti longest of frontal bristles, somewhat longer than vte; oc only as long as occe; posterior ors slightly longer than oc and about 1.5 times as long as anterior ors; 3 strong (all medially meeting or crossed) + 1 small (foremost) ifr (the latter on right side only); 3 or 4 distinct ads; g relatively robust and also 2 setae behind longer than peristomals; both vi lost in holotype but obviously very long and robust; 6 short peristomal setulae and also both postgenal setae weak, slightly longer than peristomals. Eye subcircular (23:21), with longest diameter 3.9 times as long as smallest (anterior) genal height.Antenna dark brown, with pedicel darkest; 1 st flagellomere with whitish ciliation on apex only slightly longer than cilia on arista. Arista about 3.7 times as long as antenna, with very short dense ciliation. </p>
            <p> Thorax as in  P. fenestralis but generally darker brown, also notopleural area, sutures between pleural sclerites and ventral part of sternopleuron brown (Figs 62, 64). Thoracic chaetotaxy almost identical to that of  P. fenestralis , only outer pa distinctly longer than dc and/or laterobasal sc (length of apical sc unknown because both setae are broken off) and only 1 long (posterior) stpl visible because anterior stpl is reduced to a hardly discernible microseta. </p>
            <p> Legs distinctly darker and less variegated than those of  P. fenestralis , having also trochanters, tibiae and tarsi brown or dark brown, only knee of fore leg, mid trochanter and tarsus pale brown or ochreous. Pedal chaetotaxies differing from those of  P. fenestralis as follows: f 2 anteriorly with a short subapical row of 3 robust but short setae. t 2 dorsally (Figs 69, 70) with all macrosetae more robust, and longest distal dorsal (or slightly posterodorsal) seta inserted more distally than long distal anterodorsal (Fig. 69); va seta distinctly shortened, only about half length of vpa and much weaker (see Figs 66, 70), and posterior subapical seta more robust although short (Fig. 71). Ratio t </p>
            <p>2</p>
            <p>: mt</p>
            <p>2</p>
            <p>= 1.92.</p>
            <p> Wing probably largest (compared to body) of all  Pteremis species (Fig. 62), relatively long, distally less rounded and its membrane less brownish clouded (Fig. 65). C produced far beyond apex of R 4+5. R 4+5 distinctly sinuate but its distal half somewhat straightened (less curved) than in  P. fenestralis and anterior outer corner of dm cell more obtuse-angled. A 1 well visible (distinctly pigmented) in its distal sinuate part (Fig. 65). Anal lobe and alula also somewhat larger than those of  P. fenestralis . Wing measurements: length 2.18 mm, width 0.95 mm, C-index = 1.28, r-m\dm-cu: dm-cu = 2.29. Haltere brown, darker on knob paler on stem and all light grey microtomentose. </p>
            <p> Abdomen blackish brown, largely constructed as in  P. fenestralis and with similar setosity. Owing to damage, only posterior half of preabdomen and postabdomen can be described. T4 more transverse than that of  P. fenestralis but T5 similar in both species. Also S3 and S4 as those of  P. fenestralis , thus S4 longest and widest abdominal sternum. However, S3 and S4 with more and stronger short setae than those on disc of adjacent terga but setae in posterior corners of S3 and S4 short and weak. S5 (Figs 74) distinctly shorter and narrower than S4, thus less transverse than that of  P. fenestralis and, in contrast to the latter, relatively densely, shortly and uniformly setose, with only setae at posterior margin somewhat longer and with small (shortened) pale-pigmented and finely micropubescent shortly crescent-shaped area in front of simple but dense posteromedial comb of fine spines. S6+7 strongly asymmetrical, with usual transverse dark-pigmented ledge but original S7 with dark posteroventral projection (longer and darker than that of  P. fenestralis ) bent inside postabdomen; S6+7 with 3 + 2 distinct setae but S8 with only a pair of setulae, yet smaller than those of  P. fenestralis . </p>
            <p> Genitalia. Epandrium (Figs 67, 68) similarly formed as in  P. fenestralis but more rectangular in caudal view (Fig. 67), with slightly wider anal fissure. Cerci markedly different from those of both  P. fenestralis and  P. pulliceps , prolonged and flattened ventrally, in lateral view (Fig. 68) most resembling those of  P. canaria but the flattened apex of cercus pale-pigmented and bare, without micropubescence (Fig. 67). Medandrium largely as in  P. fenestralis . Hypandrium (Fig. 68) with medial apodeme longer and more robust than in  P. fenestralis but strongly asymmetrical as in all relatives. Gonostylus (Figs 67, 68, 72) larger, compared to epandrium, than in all other  Pteremis species. Similar to  P. fenestralis and some other species in having anterior lobe (Fig. 72) with short pointed anterodorsal process but differing from all of them by very robust, distally darkened ventral, posteromedially curved (see Fig. 67) projection having simply pointed apex, and by 3 short external setae dorsally, behind anterodorsal pointed process. Posterior lobe of gonostylus (dotted in Fig. 72) relatively small and with terminal spine slender. Aedeagal complex (Fig. 73) characterized by (dorsoventrally) short phallophore having short but acutely pointed projection on apex. Distiphallus relatively slender (its base in particular) but distally dilated, more than in  P. fenestralis and with lateral membrane between slender band-like lateral and dorsal sclerites with some pale tubercles among micropubescence (Fig. 73). Postgonite most similar to that of  P. pulliceps but distally yet more slender (less dilated) and proximally with distinct posterior emargination (Fig. 73). Ejacapodeme larger and with longer and slender distal digitiform, somewhat sinuate process (see Fig. 73). </p>
            <p>Female unknown.</p>
            <p> Etymology. Named for its unusually dark body colouration. The name is a Latin adjective  tenebricus (= dark, gloomy). </p>
            <p> Comments.  Pteremis tenebricus sp. nov. is surely the darkest species of the  P. fenestralis alliance. It differs from relatives also by more elongate wings with less rounded apex and has va seta on mid tibia only about half length of vpa seta, thus shorter than that of  P. pulliceps sp. nov. but longer than that of  P. ferreus sp. nov. It is best characterized by a shortened pigmented area in front of posteromedial comb of spines (Fig. 74) of male S5 and by a relatively large (compared to epandrium) gonostylus having particularly enlarged and medially curved ventral, posteromedially directed projection of its anterior lobe (Fig. 72). However, it differs from other species also by detailed formation and structures of male cercus and aedeagal complex (phallophore, distiphallus, postgonite). Unfortunately, the female of  P. tenebricus remains unknown. It would be particularly important to know the shape and armature of its S8 and spermathecae to recognize if it is more closely related to  P. fenestralis or to  P. pulliceps . </p>
            <p> Biology. The only known specimen was collected on 11th August ‘under grass of dry stream’ in high montane habitat (2,270 m a.s.l.) of the Sierra Nevada Mts. Interestingly, this male holotype was captured by J. R. Vockeroth together with 2 JJ 2 ♀♀ of true  Pteremis fenestralis . </p>
            <p>Distribution. Spain (Sierra Nevada Mts).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E71187EA400CFFB862FDFA9C16ABFCC3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Roháček, Jindřich	Roháček, Jindřich (2024): The genus Pteremis (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) in the West Palaearctic area, with description of four new species. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 64 (1): 153-206, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2024.012, URL: https://doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2024.012
E71187EA400FFFB362ECFCC211A2F7B6.text	E71187EA400FFFB362ECFCC211A2F7B6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteremis canaria (Papp 1977)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Pteremis canaria (Papp, 1977)</p>
            <p>(Figs 75–78, 81–97)</p>
            <p> Leptocera (Pteremis) canaria Papp, 1977: 126 (both sexes, illustr.). Type locality: Canary Islands, Tenerife, Mte Realejo Alto. HT male (ULCI).  Pteremis canaria : PAPP (1982): 130 (generic combination); PAPP (1984): 87 (Palaearctic catalog); RoHÁĆFK et al. (2001):210 (World catalog); RoHÁĆFK et al. (2003): 61 (additional records). </p>
            <p> Type material examined. HoLoTYPF: J (ULCI), labelled:‘TENERIFE, Mte Realejo Alto, I-76, ≠ M. Baez ≠’ (obverse) and ‘ex larva  Boletus sp. ’ (reverse) and ‘ Holotypus  L. (Pteremis) canaria L. Papp J’ (red-framed label with red printed ‘Holotypus’) (see Fig. 77). The specimen is intact, but immature (Fig. 75), minutia-pinned on oblong card. PARATYPFs: SPAIN: CANARY ISLANDS: TENERIFE: 1 J, ‘TENERIFE, Las Lagunetas, 25-I-74, ≠ M. Baez ≠’ (obverse), ‘ex - larva on „  Boletus “’ (reverse) (immature specimen with abdomen mounted on microslide pinned below specimen, ULCI); 1 J, ‘TENERIFE, Cumbre de Realejo Bajo, 1-11-73, M. Baez’ (HNHM, genit. prep.). Both paratypes with type and determination labels as in holotype but with red printed ‘Paratypus’. Paratype ♀ (not examined), with same data as the above paratype male from Las Lagunetas (HNHM, see PAPP 1977: 126). </p>
            <p> Additional material examined. SPAIN: CANARY ISLANDS: TENERIFE: Las Lagunetas, 29.i.1974, 1♀ ex larva on  Boletus , 19.xii.1973; Tenerife, Realejo Alto, 19.ix.1978, 1♀, both M. Baez leg. (ULCI); Tenerife,Aguamansa nr. Orotava 1 km S, sweeping vegetation along brook in ravine, 12.v.1999, 2 ♀♀ (1 ♀ genit. prep.), J. Roháček leg. (SMOC). </p>
            <p> Redescription. Male. Because the holotype and one male paratype are immature, pale-pigmented specimens, the only other available male (paratype from HNHM) can be used for description of colour characters. Total body length 1.59–1.79 mm; general colouration and microtomentum of body as in  P. fenestralis , or somewhat lighter, brown to dark brown. </p>
            <p> Head (cf. Figs 75, 76) almost 1.6× higher than long (thus shorter than in  P. fenestralis ), darker posterodorsally, paler anteroventrally. Frontal pattern is characterized by pale brown (to ochreous) orbits, interfrontalia and frontal triangle, and darker (blackish brown) stripes surrounding them and almost forming M-shaped mark; also occiput dark brown and all frons grey microtomentose, only interfrontalia with microtomentum lighter, pale to silvery grey; frontal triangle pale as orbits, thus well delimited and reaching to anterior fourth or fifth of frons; anterior margin of frons brown, in contrast to pale ochreous or dirty yellow frontal lunule. Face usually dirty yellow (but it can be unnaturally darkened in some specimens), whitish grey microtomentose; medial carina poorly developed as in  P. fenestralis . Gena yellowish ochreous and all microtomentose and separated from occiput by dark glossy perpendicular stripe on postgena (as in  P. fenestralis ). Cephalic chaetotaxy closely resembling that of  P. fenestralis but differing as follows: pvt minute (smaller than in  P. fenestralis ) but with apices meeting medially; occi longer than occe but markedly shorter than vti; 3 ifr, two anterior pairs longer and more robust, and sometimes with 1 microseta in front of anterior ifr; g usually longer than anterior peristomal setula and 1 or 2 setae behind as long as peristomals; vi very long and robust, often slightly longer than vti; about 5 sparse peristomal setulae being almost as long as 2 postgenal setae. Eye subcircular (18:17), with longest diameter about 4 times as long as smallest genal height.Antenna with scape and 1 st flagellomere only slightly lighter than pedicel; 1 st flagellomere and arista similarly ciliate as those of  P. fenestralis , the latter about 3.8 times as long as antenna. </p>
            <p> Thorax dark brown to ochreous and grey microtomentose; mesonotum dark brown but humeral callus and notopleural area pale brown to ochreous; pleuron brown to (sternopleuron) pale brown, sutures between pleural sclerites and also ventral corner of sternopleuron can be pale ochreous. Scutellum large, flat and formed as in  P. fenestralis . Thoracic chaetotaxy as in  P. fenestralis but 1 hu longer than anterior npl; 1 prs as long as anterior npl and 1 shorter sa; the outer pa as long as dc, the latter relatively longer than that of  P. fenestralis ; 4 or 5 dc microsetae in front of dc distinctly longer than ac microsetae; 6 or 8 rows of ac microsetae on suture; 2 very long and robust sc, laterobasal longer than that of  P. fenestralis because apical sc only 1.2‒1.4 times as long as laterobasal; only 1 distinct and very long stpl because anterior stpl is reduced to a hardly visible microsetula or is absent. </p>
            <p> Legs (in contrast to those of  P. fenestralis ) uniformly coloured, ochreous to brown, with trochanters, tibiae and tarsi very little or not paler than femora and coxae (cf. Fig. 76); tibiae not variegated, i.e. without lighter basal and apical ends. Chaetotaxy of femora and tibiae as in  P. fenestralis but t 2 ventrally (see Figs 95, 97) with only 2 setae, 1 long and strong vpa and 1 short and weak av near middle, i.e. va seta absent; dorsally (Fig. 96) with the same setae as in  P. fenestralis but distal anterodorsal seta longer; apex of tibia provided with only 2 short (1 longer) subapical setae anteriorly (Fig. 97) and 2 posteriorly (Fig. 95). Mid basitarsus (mt 2) often with 1 enlarged ventral setula (see Fig. 97). Ratio t </p>
            <p>2</p>
            <p>: mt</p>
            <p>2</p>
            <p>= 1.85–1.94.</p>
            <p> Wing always normally developed (cf. Fig. 78). Membrane distinctly brownish fumose, more darkened along some veins. Wing relatively broad, with venation closely resembling that of the macropterous form of  P. fenestralis but C less produced beyond apex of R 4+5, the sinuate A 1 darker pigmented and alula with apex more rounded. Wing measurements: length 1.54–1.69 mm, width 0.66–0.73 mm, C-index = 0.81–0.92, r-m\dm-cu: dm-cu = 1.85–2.08. Haltere with pale ochreous stem and brown knob having often lightened apex. </p>
            <p> Abdomen constructed, coloured and setose similarly as that of  P. fenestralis but slightly differing as follows: T1+2 (largest tergum) posteriorly as wide as or slightly wider than T3. Seta in posterior corner of T5 very long and robust, longer than this sclerite. S1+2 (or S2) larger, posteriorly as wide as S3 anteriorly, ochreous in contrast to all subsequent abdominal sterna. S5 (Fig. 84) distinctly shorter than S4 and also somewhat shorter and more transverse than that of  P. fenestralis , characterized by short and sparsely micropubescent pale area in front of posteromedial comb of more numerous and denser spines; setae laterally surrounding posteromedial pale area and also those on lateral parts of S5 relatively sparse. Postabdominal sterna (S6–S8) very similar to those of  P. fenestralis including setae. </p>
            <p> Genitalia. Epandrium (Figs 81, 82) somewhat shorter and narrower in caudal view (Fig. 81) and anal fissure distinctly wider and more rounded than in  P. fenestralis . Cerci distinguished by characteristic micropubescence (in two separate groups: on convex posteromedial part and on distal part), medially separated with relatively short but very narrow incision. Each cercus terminated by a small rounded and bare lappet (see Fig. 83) and with 1 long sinuate subventral seta, 1 shorter seta more dorsally and 2 short setae near apex, close to above lappet. Medandrium low (short) and broad as in  P. fenestralis but with posteromedial part not darker than other parts of sclerite (Fig. 81). Hypandrium with distinctly longer and somewhat curved but also strongly asymmetrical flattened anterior apodeme (Fig. 82). Gonostylus (Figs 82, 85) having anterior lobe without projecting anterodorsal process, with only a corner (cf. Fig. 82), 3 curved anteroventral setae more robust, and posteriorly directed ventral projection spiky jagged and pale-pigmented (Fig. 85); posterior lobe of gonostylus differing from that of  P. fenestralis by shorter and more robust seta on posterior subconical process (see Fig. 86). Aedeagal complex (Fig. 87) with phallophore more acute ventrally, distiphallus (dorsoventrally) distally dilated and postgonite distally elongately spatulate, with apex rounded; its minute anterodorsal sclerite (= remnant of pregonite) very small. Ejacapodeme also very small, as in  P. fenestralis . </p>
            <p> Female. Head, thorax, legs and wings as in male unless mentioned otherwise below. Total body length 1.82–2.26 mm. Body colouration (thorax in particular) somewhat darker (Fig. 76). Anterior fourth or third of frons sometimes (seen in one specimen) orange ochreous and concolorous with frontal triangle, interfrontalia and orbits. Frons with 3 or 4 ifr setae and ads more distinct. Prescutellar ac microsetae (2 pairs) often somewhat enlarged (as in  P. fenestralis ) and anterior stpl sometimes represented by well-developed microseta. Mid basitarsus relatively longer: ratio t 2: mt 2 = 1.71–1.80. Wing measurements: length 1.91–2.04 mm, width 0.83–0.91 mm, C-index = 0.87–1.08, r-m\dm-cu: dm-cu = 1.88–2.31. Abdomen generally as in  P. fenestralis but S1+2 longer and wider (as in male), with reduced setosity; S3 and S4 subequal in length and S5 distinctly shorter than S4 (only slightly longer than S1+2). </p>
            <p> Postabdomen (Figs 88–90) generally similar to that of  P. fenestralis but with T6 and T7 more transverse (Fig. 89), the latter with pale posterior margin; T8, on the contrary, longer and less transverse (and more distinctly micropubescent) and T10 more rounded (Fig. 89). T7 and S7 almost meeting laterally (Fig. 88). S6 more suboblong, markedly narrower than T6 and with pale-pigmented posterior margin; S7 only a little narrower than S6 (Fig. 90) dark-pigmented but with marginal pale-pigmented posterior band. S8 (Figs 90, 91) distinctive, longer than broad, pale-pigmented both anteriorly and posteriorly, with more but fine setae in the middle, and with a posteromedial group of 6 (2 more lateral long, 4 medial short) setae on elevated sockets (Fig. 91). S10 (in largest extension) wider than S8, more elongate and tapered posteriorly than that of  P. fenestralis , and with projecting anterolateral corners (Figs 88, 93), setose along posterior margin including 2 long setae. Spectacles-shaped sclerite represented by distinct but unpigmented ovoid rings (Fig. 92). Spermathecae 2+1 (Fig. 94) blackish, pyriform, each having basal conical part separated from spherical body by 3 or more transverse (usually incomplete) rings; terminal parts of ducts long, but thicker than those of  P. fenestralis and those of paired spermathecae connected close to body of spermatheca. Cerci (Figs 88, 89) relatively robust and rather conical, only slightly dorsoventrally flattened (see Fig. 88) in contrast to those of  P. fenestralis . </p>
            <p> Comments.  Pteremis canaria was originally described from a series collected by M. Báez in Tenerife (PAPP 1977). However, it was later also recorded from two other islands of the Canarian archipelago, viz. Gran  Canaria (PAPP 1982) and El Hierro (PAPP 1982, RoHÁĆFK et al. 2003). During this study specimens from El Hierro proved to belong to a different species,  P. ferreus sp. nov. , described below. Unfortunately, the only specimen (male) recorded by PAPP (1982) from Gran  Canaria (Barranco de Firgas) has not been traced so that its true identity remains unknown; it could possibly represent another unnamed species. </p>
            <p> Pteremis canaria is best characterized by pale brown (to ochreous) orbits, interfrontalia and frontal triangle, entire absence of va seta on t 2 (Fig. 97), S5 (Fig. 84) with short, broad and sparsely micropubescent pale area in front of posteromedial comb spines, male cercus with micropubescence in two separate groups (Fig. 81) and ventroapically with small rounded and bare lappet (Fig. 83), anterior part of gonostylus with ventral projection unusually spiky jagged and pale-pigmented (Fig. 85), female S8 (Figs 90, 91) longer than broad and with more fine setae in the middle than in relatives and spermathecae pyriform, with 3 or more transverse surface rings. </p>
            <p> The shape and structure of female S8 and of spermathecae indicate affinity of  P. canaria to  P. pulliceps sp. nov ; also apex of ventral process of anterior lobe of gonostylus can be considered similar in both species, in having apex more or less spiky (cf. Figs 48 and 85). </p>
            <p> Biology. All eight specimens of  P. canaria hitherto found in Tenerife were collected in native pine (  Pinus canariensis ) forests (Figs 79, 80), including those (2 JJ 2 ♀♀) reared from larvae found in sporocarps of  Boletus sp. (M. Báez, personal communication, 2023). Hitherto, no specimens of this species have been found in laurel forests in Tenerife despite much collecting effort in this habitat (cf. RoHÁĆFK et al. 2003). Consequently,  P. canaria seems to really be closely associated with  Pinus canariensis forests and probably develops in fungi. </p>
            <p> Distribution. Canary Is.: Tenerife.  P. canaria is to be considered endemic to Tenerife I. The  Pteremis specimens from El Hiero proved to belong to a different species (see below) while specimen from Gran Canaria requires revision (see above). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E71187EA400FFFB362ECFCC211A2F7B6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Roháček, Jindřich	Roháček, Jindřich (2024): The genus Pteremis (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) in the West Palaearctic area, with description of four new species. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 64 (1): 153-206, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2024.012, URL: https://doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2024.012
E71187EA4005FF8D6010FF0213F2FBA3.text	E71187EA4005FF8D6010FF0213F2FBA3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteremis ferreus Roháček 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Pteremis ferreus sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figs 98–102, 104–118)</p>
            <p> Pteremis canaria (in part.): PAPP (1982): 130 (record from El Hierro, misidentification); RoHÁĆFK et al. (2003):62 (record from El Hierro, misidentification). </p>
            <p> Type material. HoLoTYPF: J (ULCI), labelled: ‘HIERRO, Raya de Llanía, 9-V-99, M. Báez’ (partly handwritten), ‘  Pteremis canaria Papp J, J. Roháček det. 2000’, ‘ HOLOTYPUS J,  Pteremis ferreus sp. n. , J. Roháček des. 2023’ (red label) (Fig. 100). The specimen (see Figs 98, 99) is intact, dry mounted on minutia pinned to rectangular card. PARA- TYPFs: SPAIN: CANARY ISLANDS: EL HIERRO: 1 JJ 4 ♀♀ (1 J 2 ♀♀ genit. prep.), with same data as for holotype (1 J 2 ♀♀ SMOC, 2 ♀♀ ULCI); 1 J (immature, mid leg mounted on microslide, pinned below specimen), labelled:‘Can.Hierro, El Pinar,27. 3. 50, Lindberg’ (MZHF). All paratypes with yellow label ‘ PARATYPUS J or ♀,  Pteremis ferreus sp. n. , J. Roháček des. 2023’. </p>
            <p> Description. Male (Figs 98, 99) closely resembling  P. fenestralis and  P. canaria , in particular. Total body length 1.97–2.10 mm; general colour as in both these species but head (lower parts in particular) darker. </p>
            <p> Head (Figs 98, 99, 101) about 1.45× higher than long. Frons dark brown to blackish except for orange-brown or reddish brown anterior margin. Microtomentose pattern well developed, including silvery grey glittering orbits, interfrontalia and frontal triangle and dull blackish brown M-shaped mark surrounding them (see Fig. 101); frontal triangle narrow and almost reaching anterior margin of frons. Extent of reddish or orange-brown colouration of frontal margin rather variable, narrow (as in Fig. 101) to extend over anterior third of frons and also including anterior corner of frontal triangle. Frontal lunule more or less concolorous with anterior frontal margin and face, but seemingly paler due to light grey microtomentum. Face orange-brown to brown, usually lighter at ventral margin, grey microtomentose; medial carina better developed than in  P. fenestralis , distinct also more ventrally. Gena reddish brown to brown, usually darker than face, particularly posteriorly, grey microtomentose; shining dark postgenal stripe as in other species. Cephalic chaetotaxy (cf. Fig. 101) very similar to that of  P. fenestralis but pvt yet smaller, with apices not meeting medially; occi longer than occe and nearly parallel (hardly inclinate) and about two-thirds of vti; vti normally longer (sometimes distinctly) than vte; posterior ors as long as or longer than oc (sometimes as long as vte) and about 1.4 times as long as anterior ors; 4 ifr, two middle pairs distinctly longer, more robust and usually crossed medially; g short but usually longer and more robust than anterior peristomal setula. Eye subcircular (10:9), with longest diameter about 5 times as long as smallest genal height hence gena lower than that of  P. fenestralis . Antenna with scape brown to pale brown, pedicel and 1 st flagellomere blackish brown. Arista about 3.8 times as long as antenna, very shortly and densely ciliate. </p>
            <p> Thorax generally coloured and microtomentose in  P. fenestralis , including brown (not ochreous) notopleural area (in contrast to that of  P. canaria ) but not only sutures between pleural sclerites ochreous but also sternopleuron distinctly paler than other pleural sclerites. Thoracic chaetotaxy: mesonotal macrosetae somewhat longer than in  P. fenestralis ; 1 hu, anterior npl and, particularly, prs distinctly longer (the latter only slightly shorter than hu markedly longer than sa); outer pa as long as dc but inner pa distinctly longer than those of  P. fenestralis and  P. canaria ; dc microsetae (in front of dc) more enlarged, 2.5–3 times as long as ac microsetae and also the latter longer than in  P. fenestralis ; both sc very long and robust, laterobasal sc as long as or almost as long as apical sc (longest thoracic seta); only 1 long (posterior) stpl because anterior stpl reduced to a hardly visible hair. </p>
            <p> Legs coloured similarly as those of  P. fenestralis but usually only fore leg with knee yellowish ochreous, t 2 and t 3 unicolorous brown. Pedal chaetotaxies differing from those of  P. fenestralis as follows: f 2 anteriorly with a short row of 3 distinct subapical setae, the most distal longest. t 2 chaetotaxy (Figs 116–118) most similar to that of  P. canaria (cf. Figs 95–97) but distinguished by strongly reduced but present va seta (Fig. 118), 3 short setae dorsally above distal pair of long setae (Fig. 117), proximal posterior short seta situated more distally (almost at level of short av seta, cf. Figs 116, 117) and apex of t 2 posteriorly with 3 small setae (Fig. 118). Mid basitarsus (mt 2) usually without enlarged ventral (or anteroventral) setula (Fig. 118). Ratio t 2: mt 2 = 1.75–1.80. </p>
            <p> Wing normally developed (Fig. 102), most resembling that of  P. canaria (with C less produced beyond apex of R 4+5 and A 1 darker pigmented) but relatively (length compared to width) shorter, also dm cell somewhat shorter and membrane yet more darkened along veins (cf. Figs 78 and 102). Wing measurements: length 1.87–1.93 mm, width 0.83–0.85 mm, C-index = 1.03–1.05, r-m\dm-cu: dm-cu = 1.94–2.14. Haltere bicolorous, with pale ochreous to yellow stem and brown knob, the latter more slender than that of  P. fenestralis . </p>
            <p> Abdomen generally formed and coloured as  P. fenestralis but T1+2 longer, about 1.6 times as long as T4; T3 not wider than T1+2; T4 narrower but slightly longer than T3; S1+2 longer and wider (similar to that of  P. canaria ); both S3 and S4 large, trapezoidal (wider posteriorly); S3 narrower but slightly longer than S4. S5 (Fig. 108) as broad as but shorter and more transverse than S4, with large pale-pigmented and finely micropubescent semicircular area (much larger than in  P. canaria ) in front posteromedial comb of spines, being widest of all those in  Pteremis species and composed of dense fine spines; lateral setae of S5 fine but more numerous than in  P. canaria . S6+7 as in  P. fenestralis , but with 2 + 2 setae finer and S8 dorsally with a pair minute microsetae. </p>
            <p> Genitalia. Epandrium (Figs 104, 105) resembling that of  P. canaria but with setae denser and finer, more asymmetrical in caudal view (Fig. 104), and anal fissure more narrow, elongately ovoid, thus tapered dorsally. Cerci large, each dorsally laterally somewhat bulging (Fig. 104) and ventrally flattened, projecting into distinctive ventromedial flat but acutely pointed and bare apex (Figs 104, 105). Medandrium medially long, narrowly darkened and reaching almost to apex of cerci (Fig. 104). Hypandrium with apodeme distinctly longer than in  P. fenestralis , thus more similar to that of  P. canaria but less flattened. Gonostylus (Figs 104–106) very characteristic, unlike all other W Palaearctic species its anterior lobe with anterodorsal process extremely long, far projecting (almost) dorsally (Fig. 106); also division of anterior lobe of gonostylus into anterodorsal pale part and posteroventral dark-pigmented and strongly sclerotized part very characteristic; the latter part ventrally with 2 strong curved setae and 1 robust, darkened, posteriorly directed projection with simply pointed apex (Fig. 106); posterodorsal part of anterior lobe pale-pigmented and also more or less separate, carrying usual oblique longitudinal spinulose ledge. Posterior lobe (see Fig. 106) relatively small, hidden behind anterior lobe because situated medially (cf. Fig. 104) and terminated by robust blunt spine and 2 or 3 fine subapical setae; its posterior subconical process robust and projecting more ventrally than main part, with 1 usual, medially curved seta on apex. Aedeagal complex (Fig. 107) constructed similarly as in other  Pteremis species , characterized by combination of relatively robust phallophore with blunt (ventral) apex, proximally strongly tapered and distally strongly dilated distiphallus having a small finely haired area in middle part of its dorsal side. Postgonite sinuate in lateral view as that of  P. fenestralis but its dilated apex different, rather shortly lancet-shaped than knob-like, and minute anterodorsal sclerite (= remnant of pregonite) with 2 fine setulae. Ejacapodeme not observed. </p>
            <p>Female. Similar to male unless mentioned otherwise. Total body length 2.02–2.26 mm. Mid basitarsus (mt 2) sometimes with 1 slightly enlarged ventral setula in proximal fourth; mt</p>
            <p>2</p>
            <p>longer on the average: ratio t</p>
            <p>2</p>
            <p>: mt</p>
            <p>2</p>
            <p>= 1.78–1.80. Wing measurements: length 1.73– 195 mm, width 0.77–0.85 mm, C-index = 0.91–1.06, r-m\dm-cu: dm-cu = 1.53–1.87.</p>
            <p> Abdomen resemblingthatof  P.fenestralis but T1+2 longer (about 1.7 times as long as T3); T3 somewhat narrower than T1+2; T5 distinctly longer than T4; S1+2 longer and wider, S3 and S4 subequal in length and S5 distinctly shorter than S4 (as those of  P. canaria ); S3 narrower than S4 and more trapezoidal; S5 only slightly narrower than S4 and posteriorly somewhat tapered, thus not transversely oblong but trapezoidal, with rounded corners. </p>
            <p> Postabdomen (Figs 109–111) also similar to those of  P. fenestralis and  P. canaria . T6 transversely subtrapezoidal and yet wider than that of  P. canaria but with posterior margin pale-pigmented; T6 and T7 (Fig. 110) with more setae than those of both these relatives and lacking pale posterior marginal stripe. T8 with dorsomedial part relatively broad, pale-pigmented and micropubescent in only posterior half (membranous areas between the latter and dark lateral parts without micropubescence - Fig. 110). T10 slightly longer than broad, roughly pentagonal and its posterior half micropubescent (Fig. 110). S6 more transverse and uniformly pigmented as in  P. fenestralis but with richer setae (Fig. 111). S7 entirely dark-pigmented (Figs 109, 111), larger, wider and more setose than that of both  P. fenestralis and  P. canaria . S8 species-specific (Figs 111, 112), transversely semioval, with only 2 pairs of setae (lateral longer) and micropubescence sparse and restricted to small posteromedial area of anterior pigmented part; posterior membranous part provided with a medial group of 2 long sinuate and 4 short setae between them, all on elevated sockets (Fig. 112). S10 (in largest extension) only slightly narrower than S8, transversely subpentagonal, but anteriorly broadly emarginate (deeper than in  P. fenestralis ), largely micropubescent and relatively long but finely setose in front of posterior margin (Fig. 114). Spectacles-shaped sclerite (Fig. 113) developed as a pair of unpigmented, irregularly ovoid rings, most similar to those of  P. canaria . Spermathecae 2+1 most resembling those of  P. canaria , pyriform, but having basal conical part separated from ovoid body by only 1 complete ring-shaped ledge; terminal parts of ducts formed as in  P. canaria but those of paired spermathecae more divergent (see Fig. 115). Cerci (Figs 109, 110) robust and subconical, thus resembling those of  P. canaria including setosity. </p>
            <p> Etymology. The name is a Latin adjective  ferreus (= iron, ferrous, but also meaning hard) and is derived from El Hierro (= iron in Spanish), the island from which the new species originates and also refers to the hard, heavily sclerotized ventral process of the anterior lobe of its gonostylus. </p>
            <p> Comments.  Pteremis ferreus sp. nov. externally resembles  P. canaria in having strongly reduced va seta on the mid tibia (Fig. 118) but it differs from this and other  Pteremis species as follows: male S5 armed by a very wide posteromedial comb of dense spines (Fig. 108), apex of male cercus flat but acutely projecting (Fig. 104), anterior lobe of gonostylus somewhat tripartite and with anterodorsal process extremely long and projecting dorsally, and its ventral projection robust, dark, simply pointed (Fig. 106), distiphallus dorsoventrally strongly dilated but with micropubescence restricted to small dorsal area (Fig. 107). Female  P. ferreus is best characterized by the transversely semioval shape of S8 (Fig. 112) and spermathecae with the basal conical part separated from the ovoid body by only 1 complete ring-shaped ledge (Fig. 115). Spermathecal structures suggest a relationship to  P. pulliceps ,  P. canaria and (possibly)  P. apterina , as discussed above under  P. pulliceps . The long anterodorsal process of the anterior lobe of the gonostylus is similar to that of the Nearctic  P. wirthi (see below) but the latter species is considered more closely allied to  P. fenestralis (see comments above under this species). </p>
            <p>Biology. Six type specimens were collected by sweeping undergrowth of native laurel forest (Fig. 103) in the protected area Raya de La Llanía in the central montane part of El Hierro I. in May 1999 (M. Báez, personal communication, 2023). The remaining (immature) paratype was captured in March.</p>
            <p> Distribution. Canary Is.: El Hierro. Apparently,  P. ferreus is endemic to this island. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E71187EA4005FF8D6010FF0213F2FBA3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Roháček, Jindřich	Roháček, Jindřich (2024): The genus Pteremis (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) in the West Palaearctic area, with description of four new species. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 64 (1): 153-206, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2024.012, URL: https://doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2024.012
E71187EA403AFF866017FBEC161DFC43.text	E71187EA403AFF866017FBEC161DFC43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteremis apterina Roháček 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Pteremis apterina sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figs 119–145)</p>
            <p> Type material. HoLoTYPF: J (SMOC), labelled: ‘ AZORES: São Miguel I., Sete Citades 1.5 km SE, 35°51ʹN 25°47ʹW, J. Roháček leg.’, ‘sifting detritus in broadleaved forest, 31.8.2006 ’, ‘Mus. Silesiae Opava, Inv.č. d 097 9-2006’, ‘ HOLOTYPUS J,  Pteremis apterina sp. n. , J. Roháček des.2023’ (red label) (Fig. 120).The specimen (see Fig.119) is intact,dry mounted on triangular pinned card. PARATYPFs: PORTUGAL: AZORES: SẪO MIGUEL I.: 8 JJ 4 ♀♀ (1 J headless, 2 JJ 1 ♀ genit. prep.), with same data as for holotype; 2 JJ 3 ♀♀ (1 ♀ genit. prep.), with same data but collected 8.ix.2006; 3 JJ 2 ♀♀, with same data but collected 11.ix.2006; 2 JJ, São Miguel I., Caldeiras nr. Ribeira Grande, 37°48ʹN 25°29ʹW, sifting detritus in broadleaved forest, 5.ix.2006; 2 ♀♀, São Miguel I., Caldeira Velha (nr.Ribeira Grande), 37°47ʹN 25°30ʹW, sifting detritus in broadleaved forest, 7.ix.2006, all J. Roháček leg. (SMOC). TERCEIRA I.: Caldeira de Serra de Santa Bárbara (TER-NFSB-T164), 38°44′06″N, 27°18′26″W, 940 m, laurel forest, pitfall trap T92-E4, 1 J 1 ♀, T92-E8, 1 J, T92-E12, 1 J 1 ♀, T92-E14, vii. 2008, 1 J 1 ♀, T92-E22, vii. 2008, 3 JJ 2 ♀♀, T92-E24, 1♀, T92-E26, 1♀, T92-E28, 2 ♀♀, T92-E30, 1J 2♀♀, T92-T11, 2♀♀, T92-T15, 1J (all dried from ethanol, 1 J 1 ♀ genit. prep.), all P. A. V. Borges et al. leg. (7 JJ 11 ♀♀ DTP, 2 JJ 2 ♀♀ SMOC). SANTA MARIA I.: Pico Alto, 36°58′25″N, 25°05′23.07″W, 437 m, pitfall traps in exotic plantation of  Cryptomeria japonica , 26.v.–12.vi.2009, 3 JJ 3 ♀♀ (all dried from ethanol, 1 J genit. prep.), P.A.V. Borges et al. leg. (2 JJ 2 ♀♀ DTP, 1 J 1 ♀ SMOC); Santa Maria I., Anjos, 36°59′29″N, 25°08′23″W, 181 m, pitfall traps in exotic plantation of  Acacia sp. , 12.–18.vi.1990, 79 JJ 42 ♀♀ (all dried from ethanol, 1 J 1 ♀ genit. prep.), P. A. V. Borges et al. leg. (64 JJ 32 ♀♀ DTP, 5 JJ 5 ♀♀ SMOC, 10 JJ 5 ♀♀ NMPC). All paratypes with ‘ PARATYPUS J or ♀,  Pteremis apterina sp. n. , J. Roháček des. 2023′ (yellow label). </p>
            <p>Additional material examined (excluded from type series, poorly preserved or damaged specimens, all in ethanol). PORTUGAL: AZORES: TERCEIRA I.: Caldeira de Serra de Santa Bárbara (TER-NFSB-T164), 38°44′06″N, 27°18′26″W, 940 m, laurel forest, pitfall trap T92-E10, vii. 2008, 1 J 1 ♀, T92-E14, vii. 2008, 1 J 2 ♀♀, P. A. V. Borges et al. leg.</p>
            <p> SANTA MARIA I.: Anjos, 36°59′29″N, 25°08′23″W, 181 m, pitfall traps in exotic plantation of  Acacia sp. , 12.–18.vi.1990, 120JJ 29 ♀♀ (7JJ 1 ♀ immatures), P. A. V. Borges et al. leg.; Santa Maria I., Pico Alto, 36°58′25″N, 25°05′23.07″W, 437 m, pitfall traps in exotic plantation of  Cryptomeria japonica , 26.v.–12.vi.2009, 1 J (headless), Paulo A. V. Borges et al. leg (all in DTP). </p>
            <p>Description. Male (Figs 119, 124). Fully apterous, also halteres entirely absent. Total body length 1.67–2.58 mm; general colour blackish brown (only teneral specimens pale brown) with greyish brown microtomentum, dorsal side of thorax and abdomen subshining (cf. Fig. 121), head, thoracic pleuron and abdominal sterna duller (Fig. 119).</p>
            <p> Head (Figs 119, 123, 124) 1.3–1.4× higher than long, blackish brown to (posteriorly) black, with only frons anteriorly lighter. Frons generally darker but with microtomentose pattern (see Fig. 123) resembling that of  P. fenestralis ; dark brown to blackish except for orange-brown or reddish brown anterior margin but extent of this anterior colouration variable, ranging from narrow marginal stripe to covering (medially, between interfrontalia and frontal triangle) anterior half of frons; occiput almost black but with dense greyish brown microtomentum (as is that on mesonotum). Orbits, interfrontalia and frontal (and ocellar) triangle with silvery grey (more or less glittering) microtomentum; also incomplete (medially interrupted) dull blackish M-shaped mark between them developed; frontal triangle delimited by silvery grey microtomentum and almost reaching anterior margin of frons but its apex often unclear due to sparse microtomentum. Frontal lunule orange-brown to brown, always with light grey microtomentum, thus looking somewhat lighter than face or anterior margin of frons. Face brown to dark brown (darkest in facial cavities below antennae), sparsely grey microtomentose and subshining; medial carina developed, mainly distinct dorsally. Gena brown to dark brown, greyish brown microtomentose; postgena with usual blackish and shining perpendicular stripe. Cephalic chaetotaxy (Figs 119, 123): cephalic setae somewhat stronger than in other  Pteremis species ; true pvt absent but a pair of minute divergent medial postocellar setulae behind ocellar triangle present; and occi distinctly inclinate, slightly to distinctly longer than occe and about two-thirds of vti; vti and vte subequal or vti somewhat longer (longest of frontal bristles); oc usually shorter than posterior ors; 2 ors but only posterior robust and long; anterior ors short and weak, less than half length of posterior ors; 4 (rarely only 3 on one side) ifr, two middle pairs usually long and robust (one of them usually longer and crossed), others short and weak, 1 microseta in front of anterior ifr also developed; 2 or 3 very minute ads as in  P. fenestralis ; g and 1 or 2 shorter setae behind it weak, g only slightly longer and thicker than anterior peristomal setula; vi very long and robust, often as long as vti; peristomal setulae sparse (4 or 5) and those posterior about as long as 2 small postgenal setae; postocular setulae shorter than peristomals but numerous, in single long row. Eye subcircular (8:7), but somewhat tapered ventrally, with longest diameter 3–3.3 times as long as smallest genal height. Gena (Fig. 119) higher than in relatives except for  P. vlasovi . Antenna with scape and 1 st flagellomere more or less paler than (usually) blackish pedicel; 1 st flagellomere brown to dark brown, relatively short, subovoid, with whitish ciliation on apex (Fig. 124) longer than in  P. fenestralis and relatives. Arista relatively long, about 4.4 times as long as antenna, with ciliation (Fig. 123) dense and longer than in all other congeners under study. </p>
            <p>Thorax largely dark brown (Fig. 119) and brown to golden brown microtomentose (Fig. 124); mesonotum subshining, pleuron duller. Sutures between humeral callus, notopleural area, mesonotum and pleural sclerites pale brown to ochreous-yellow or the whole notopleuron pale (Fig. 119). Scutellum shorter than in relatives, nearly twice wider than long, flat on disc, rather subcircular (Fig. 124). Thoracic chaetotaxy (cf. Figs 119, 121, 124): mesonotal macrosetae long and some robust; 1 hu (only as long as posterior npl) and 2 microsetae on humeral callus (that more medial twice longer); 2 relatively long npl (anterior unusually long, twice longer than posterior, see Fig. 124); 1 distinct prs (as long as hu) and 1 much shorter sa; 2 pa, the outer very long, as long as or longer than dc, the inner short, as long as sa; only 1 long and robust dc in prescutellar position but 4 dc microsetae (in front of dc) distinctly enlarged, twice longer and thicker ac microsetae); 8 rows of ac microsetae on suture but only 4 (less often 6) in front of scutellum; prescutellar ac microsetae (or only medial pair) usually somewhat longer but not thicker than other ac microsetae; 2 very long and robust sc, laterobasal (longest thoracic seta) slightly to distinctly longer than apical (Fig. 124); only 1 long and robust posterior stpl (as long as dc, Fig. 119), anterior stpl reduced to fine microseta or absent.</p>
            <p> Legs largely dark brown (coxae, femora, tibiae), with brown to pale brown trochanters, knees, apices of tibiae and tarsi (Fig. 119, 121). Pedal chaetotaxies: f 1 with 3 erect setae in posterodorsal row, and with 3 or 4 longer setae in distal three-fifths in longer posteroventral row. f 2 anteriorly with 1 robust and long subapical seta and 1 short seta in front of it, and posteriorly with 1 short curved posteroapical seta. t 2 ventrally (see Figs 138, 140) with only 1 long robust subapical (diverging from axis of tibia) seta considered to be a distally shifted vpa and 1 small av seta near middle; dorsally (Fig. 139) with setosity very similar to that of  P. fenestralis and relatives but above 1 long proximal posterodorsal seta there is 1 small additional seta (thus as in  P. tenebricus ) and there is only 1 small posterior seta in about proximal two-fifths (Figs 138, 139); apex of t 2 provided with 2 short (1 longer, 1 small) subapical setae anteriorly (Fig. 140) but with a group of small setae posteriorly (Fig. 138) unlike all other relatives. f 3 with 1 short and weak anterior subapical seta; t 3 with ventroapical setula stronger and more distinct than in other  Pteremis species. Other parts of femora and tibiae uniformly finely setulose. Mid basitarsus (mt 2) almost always with 1 enlarged ventral setula (Figs 138, 140). Ratio t </p>
            <p>2</p>
            <p>: mt</p>
            <p>2</p>
            <p>= 1.90–2.12.</p>
            <p>Wing absent, only small scale-like tegula with 3 marginal setulae retained (cf. Fig. 124). Haltere entirely missing, with no remnant preserved.</p>
            <p> Abdomen blackish brown to black, but dorsally with golden brown microtomentum (cf. Fig. 124) and rather subshining ventrally. Dorsal side of abdomen strongly convex (Fig. 119) of ovoid to elongately ovoid outline (cf. Fig. 121), widest at 3 rd segment and being similar both in male and female. T2–T5 more densely but shortly setose than in relatives, with only setae at posterior margins longer and more robust but those in posterior corners not markedly longer (cf. Fig. 132). In contrast to other  Pteremis species , T1+2 is not the largest abdominal tergum, being as long as (or slightly shorter than) T4 but strongly narrower anteriorly, widest at posterior margin; T3 widest and most transverse sternum but shorter than T4 or T1+2; T4 slightly narrowed posteriorly (distinctly less than T1+2 is anteriorly); T5 markedly shorter and narrower than T4 and posteriorly strongly tapered, transversely rounded trapezoidal. Preabdominal sterna also strongly convex: S1+2 smallest, transversely trapezoidal, strongly narrowed anteriorly, pale brown (lightest anteriorly) but with posterior marginal area darkened, blackish brown. S3 and S4 distinctly shorter and much narrower than adjacent terga but similarly blackish brown to black, with sparser and finer short setae; S3 slightly tapered anteriorly and smaller (shorter and narrower) than S4, the latter distinctly largest (widest and longest) sternum. S5 (Fig. 131) short, only about half length of S4 and also shorter than S3, more transverse than in other congeners, with twice emarginated posterior margin on both sides of posteromedial comb of spines; this comb short (narrow) and composed of fine apically blunt spines. Posteromedial membranous area in front of this comb relatively small but somewhat protruding posteriorly, very finely micropubescent. Lateral parts of sternum simply setose, with longest and unusually robust setae in row at posterior margin; no group of curved setae at lateral margin of posteromedial membranous area, there is a single seta on each side instead. S6+7 and S8 formed as in other  Pteremis species but original S7 with posteroventral projection dark-pigmented; S6+7 with setae in both pairs finer and more distant; S8 bare, without a pair of small dorsal setae. </p>
            <p> Genitalia. Epandrium (Figs 125, 126) of medium length and width, somewhat asymmetrical dorsally in caudal view (Fig. 125), with rather uniform and robust setae, those posteroventral somewhat longer than others. Anal fissure elongately suboval, yet narrower than that of  P. fenestralis . Cerci large and long (Fig. 125), each distally narrowed, flattened and bare as that of  P. tenebricus but its flat apex bent posteriorly (see Fig. 126). Medandrium as in most relatives. Hypandrium with anteromedial apodeme short, strongly asymmetrical as usual, but directed more dorsally (Fig. 126). Gonostylus (Figs 125–129) with anterior lobe much larger than posterior. Anterior lobe (Fig. 127) rather compact, anterodorsally with short dark subtriangular process and distinctive setosity (4 short setae plus micropubescence) on outer side (Fig. 127); ventrally with 3 usual robust and long bent setae, and shortened, robust, dark-pigmented posteriorly directed projection and 3 or 4 spinulae between the latter and posterior robust seta; posterolateral oblique longitudinal spinulose ledge narrow but posteroventrally terminated by unique group (comb) of 4 (3 robust, 1 smaller) dark, heavily sclerotized blunt spines (Figs 127, 129) directed medially (see Fig. 125). Posterior lobe (separated in Fig. 128) narrow, largely hidden behind anterior lobe (in lateral view, Fig. 126) terminated by relatively slender spine, 1 fine subapical seta, posteriorly with relatively small subconical process having sinuate, medially directed seta on apex and anterodorsally with 1 unusually robust seta (see Fig. 128). Aedeagal complex (Fig. 130) of typically simple  Pteremis construction, distinguished from other species by simple phallapodeme without dorsal keel; phallophore yet lower (dorsoventrally shorter) and stouter than that of  P. ferreus having relatively blunt apex; distiphallus most dilated in the middle as in some other  Pteremis species , but a pair of slender band-like lateral sclerites apically connected (Fig. 130) and dorsolateral sclerite apparently separated from slender and elongate dorsal sclerite. Postgonite distinctly sinuate in lateral view but relatively slender also proximally, and its apex club-shaped although flatter than that of  P. fenestralis . Ejacapodeme medium sized, having slightly sinuate distal digitiform process gradually projecting from wider proximal part (see Fig. 130). </p>
            <p>Female (Figs 121, 122). Head, thorax, legs and preabdomen very similar to those of male unless given otherwise. Total body length (measured with postabdomen retracted) 1.87–2.78 mm. Ratio t</p>
            <p>2</p>
            <p>: mt</p>
            <p>2</p>
            <p>= 1.90–2.11.</p>
            <p>Abdomen with ovoid, strongly convex preabdomen (Figs 121, 132) and very long and narrow, telescopic postabdomen (at rest retracted in preabdomen). Preabdominal terga (Fig. 132) very similarly sized and formed as in male, only T5 distinctly longer (as long as or somewhat longer than T3) and strongly posteriorly tapered and rounded; all preabdominal terga somewhat more densely setose (Fig. 132). Preabdominal sterna: S1+2, S3 and S4 formed, coloured and setose as in male but S5 unmodified, as long as or even slightly longer than S4 but much narrower, transversely trapezoidal (strongly tapered posteriorly), with rounded corners.</p>
            <p> Postabdomen (Figs 135–137) very slender, elongate, with sclerites pale-pigmented to partly desclerotized, so differing from that of all other known  Pteremis species. T6 distinctly longer than broad, slightly narrower anteriorly, pale-brown pigmented only laterally and anteriorly, with short and fine setae in posterior half including 1 longer in posterior corners. T7 also longer than broad, elongately oblong, narrower and shorter than T6, similarly pigmented and setose but setae fewer; T8 about as long as broad, but its lateral parts reaching far ventrally (cf. Fig. 136), dorsally with tripartite pigmentation composed of a paler tongue-shaped medial part and larger and darker lateral parts (Fig. 135), both micropubescent except for anterior parts but only lateral parts with 1 longer and a few short fine setae (Fig. 136). T10 narrow, longer than broad, elongately pentagonal, very finely micropubescent and with a medial pair of small setae in posterior third (Fig. 135). S6 similar to T 6 in setosity and pigmented pattern, also elongate but somewhat shorter and narrower posteriorly (Fig. 137). S7 closely resembling T7 but somewhat narrower, or slightly tapered posteriorly (Fig. 137), distinctly smaller and narrower than S6. S8 (Figs 136, 142, 144, 145) elongate, narrower than S7, with rounded posterior margin (Fig. 142), thus tongue-shaped but normally with posterior third or two-fifths upcurved dorsointernally (Figs 144, 145); posterior part of S8 micropubescent, with 1 or 2 lateral setae, and posteromedially with a group of 6–8 (4 or 6 very short, 2 long sinuate) setae, all on elevated sockets. S10 (in largest extension) somewhat shorter but wider than S8, also longer than broad (Fig. 141), posteriorly narrowed and rounded, almost completely micropubescent and with rather rich setosity, including several long but fine marginal setae; anterior margin of S10 sinuately emarginate (Fig. 141). Spectacles-shaped sclerite submembranous, represented by a pair of rather large ovoid but often distorted rings (Fig. 143). Spermathecae 2+1 (Figs 133, 134) unique by combining characters known in several other species: elongately pyriform, having main body (ball-shaped to broadly ovoid) separated from conical bases by 2 or 3 incomplete rings but conical bases densely overgrown by short, blunt, dark and curved spines; terminal parts of ducts long, well-sclerotized and dark-pigmented, and those of paired spermathecae connected far from body of spermathecae (Fig. 134) though not so far as in  P. fenestralis . Cerci (Figs 135, 136) relatively small, moderately broad but somewhat dorsoventrally flattened (see Fig. 136), micropubescent, setose as in most other  Pteremis species , including 2 long sinuate setae (dorsopreapical shorter than apical). </p>
            <p> Etymology. The species name is derived from Apterina Macquart, 1835, a genus of  Copromyzinae (currently a synonym of  Crumomyia Macquart, 1825 ), to refer to aptery of the new species. It is a Latin noun in the nominative singular standing in apposition. </p>
            <p> Comments.  Pteremis apterina sp. nov. is (together with  P. vlasovi , see below) externally most dissimilar to other species of the genus  Pteremis . Apart from the entire aptery, it is also characterized by pvt absent, scutellum shortened and with very long laterobasal sc seta (Fig. 124), long and robust, distally shifted vpa (Fig. 140) on t 2 and strongly convex preabdomen and very narrowed female postabdomen (Fig. 142). However, apart from the modified female postabdomen, the structures of male and female terminalia generally resemble those of other congeners. As discussed above, it can be more related to  P. pulliceps ,  P. canaria and  P. ferreus than to  P. fenestralis , mainly because of the spermatheca with surface rings separating the basal conical part from the distal ovoid main body (Fig. 133). </p>
            <p> Pteremis apterina also differs from all congeners in a number of features in the male terminalia, including male S5 with projecting posteromedial comb of spines (Fig. 131), male cercus with flattened apex bent posteriorly (Fig. 126), anterior lobe of gonostylus with longitudinal spinulose ledge terminated by a group (comb) of 4 heavily sclerotized blunt spines (Figs 127, 129) and distiphallus with slender band-like lateral sclerites apically connected (Fig. 130). Also, its unusually long and slender female postabdomen is characterized by a number of features, including all sclerites elongated and often partly depigmented (Figs 135, 137), tongue-shaped S8 (Fig. 142) normally dorsointernally upcurved (Figs 144, 145), S10 with anterior margin sinuately emarginate (Fig. 141) and spermathecae with conical bases densely overgrown by blunt, dark and curved spines (Figs 133, 134). </p>
            <p>Biology. This wholly apterous species is associated with the leaf litter stratum, probably originally in laurel forests (Laurisilva) of Azores, as found by means of pitfall trapping in Caldeira de Serra de Santa Bárbara in Terceira I. and by sifting leaf detritus under laurel trees in São Miguel I. (Fig. 148). However, material obtained by pitfall traps operated in Santa Maria I. shows that it now can also be abundant in exotic forest plantations. The habitat in the type locality at Lagoa verde near Sete Citades (Fig. 146) is also mostly secondary forest with only remnants of laurel trees preserved (Fig. 147).</p>
            <p> Distribution. Azores: Terceira I. (Ilha Terceira), São Miguel I. (Ilha de São Miguel, type locality), Santa Maria I. (Ilha de Santa Maria). Because it is wholly wingless,  P. apterina is surely endemic to the Azores. However, its presence on three different islands (distance between São Miguel I. and Santa Maria I is ca 80 km, distance between São Miguel I. and Terceira I. is ca 135 km) seems to be peculiar and in need of explanation. Because there is no distinct morphological difference between specimens from these three island populations it is improbable they arose simultaneously and independently from a common winged ancestor three times. It is more likely that the species originated on only one of these islands and has been relatively recently introduced (as apterous adults or larvae) to other islands, e.g. via transport of forest detritus when planting trees during reforestation. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E71187EA403AFF866017FBEC161DFC43	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Roháček, Jindřich	Roháček, Jindřich (2024): The genus Pteremis (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) in the West Palaearctic area, with description of four new species. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 64 (1): 153-206, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2024.012, URL: https://doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2024.012
E71187EA4031FF9F62A9FC4710A3F983.text	E71187EA4031FF9F62A9FC4710A3F983.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteremis vlasovi (Duda 1938) Roháček 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Pteremis vlasovi (Duda, 1938) comb. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figs 149–167)</p>
            <p> 
Limosina (Paraspelobia) Vlasovi 
Duda, 1938: 96 (both sexes, illustr.). Type locality: Turkmenistan,  Ashkhabad env. Lectotype:J (designated by RoHÁĆFK 1983: 230) (ZISP). </p>
            <p> Paraspelobia vlasovi : RoHÁĆFK (1983): 230–232 (generic combination, redescription,illustr.); PAPP (1984):87 (Palaearctic catalog); RoHÁĆFK et al. (2001): 189 (world catalog). </p>
            <p> Type material examined. LFCToTYPF (designated by RoHÁĆFK 1983): J (ZISP), labelled (in Russian handwritten alphabet, cf. Fig. 150): ‘okr. Ashkhabada 28.II.32 Vlasov’, ‘Bugristye peski, glubokaya raskopka nory Sp. lept.’, ‘  Paraspelobia Vlasovi Duda J d. Duda’ (handwritten by O. Duda) and ‘ Lectotypus J,  Paraspelobia vlasovi Duda, J. Roháček des. 1980’ (red-framed label) (intact). PARALFCToTYPFs (examined by RoHÁĆFK 1983): 7 JJ 6 ♀♀, with same data as for lectotype; 2 JJ 1 ♀, labelled: ‘okr. Ashkhabada 18.III.933 Vlasov’, ‘Bugrist. peski, v nachale Sp. lept.’; 1 ♀, labelled: ‘19 23/IV nora  Rhombomys opimus Licht. , Vlasov’. All deposited together with about 40 additional type specimens (to be considered paralectotypes) in ZISP. There are 11 more type specimens (also to be considered paralectotypes, 5 of them pinned on the same bricket of elder pith, examined by author in 2022) in the collection of O. Duda (ZMHB), labelled similarly as those in ZISP but with red labels ‘Typus’ or ‘Paratypus’ (see Fig. 150). </p>
            <p>Redescription (adapted from RoHÁĆFK 1983). Male (cf. Figs 149, 151). Total body length ca 1.3–1.6 mm; general colour brown to pale brown (probably dark brown when alive), with greyish brown microtomentum, subshining on thorax and abdomen, otherwise relatively dull.</p>
            <p> Head (Figs 149, 151, 155) about 1.5× higher than long, brown, paler anteriorly. Frons relatively wide in consequence of strongly reduced eyes (Fig. 151), brown, darker posteriorly, ochreous to yellowish at anterior margin, microtomentose, largely dull; occiput dark brown. Orbits, very narrow interfrontalia and ocellar triangle with pale grey (slightly glittering) microtomentum; frontal triangle similarly but very sparsely microtomentose. Dull brown stripes between orbits and interfrontalia twice wider than those between interfrontalia and frontal triangle, together almost forming dull M-shaped mark (Fig. 151) although less distinct than in other  Pteremis species ; frontal triangle very narrow and almost reaching anterior margin of frons; the latter narrowly ochreous to dirty yellow. Frontal lunule relatively long and narrow (almost as long as broad), ochreous-yellow, yellowish white microtomentose, hence lighter than anterior margin of frons or face. Face brown (Fig. 151), sparsely whitish grey microtomentose; facial cavities below antennae deeply concave (see Figs 149, 155) and medial carina well developed, both more shining than rest of head. Gena high because of reduced eye (Fig. 155), brown, greyish microtomentose and distinctly separated from occiput by a very narrow shining perpendicular stripe on postgena (Fig. 149). Cephalic chaetotaxy (Figs 151, 155): macrosetae less robust and shorter than in congeners; pvt small but well developed, strongly convergent to crossed; occe and occi subequal, about half length vti; vti longest of frontal setae; vte shorter than vti, and about as long as posterior ors; oc as long as vte; 2 ors, posterior about as long as oc and about 1.5 times as long as anterior ors; 4 or 5 ifr, all relatively short and weak, two middle pairs usually longer but also slender; 5–9 ads inside and below ors well developed and also setulae on ocellar triangle unusually long; g short weak and almost hidden among a number of (only slightly shorter) setae behind and below it (Fig. 155); vi long (slightly shorter than vti) but not robust, peristomal setulae almost as long as but finer than g and rather numerous (8–10); postocular setulae somewhat shorter than peristomals, in single long row. Eye reduced and flattened (Figs 149, 155), subcircular to suboval, narrowed posterodorsally (Fig. 155), with longest diameter 1.2 to 1.3 times as long as smallest genal height. Antenna brownish yellow (obviously darker when alive), with 1 st flagellomere usually darker and only a little longer than pedicel, having whitish ciliation on apex slightly longer than cilia on arista. Arista long, about 5.3 times as long as antenna, with short but dense ciliation. </p>
            <p>Thorax dark brown to brown, greyish brown microtomentose; mesonotum subshining, pleuron dull. Sutures between pleural sclerites narrowly pale brown to ochreous only in posterior half of pleuron (Fig. 149). Mesopleuron with small and narrow shining spot above fore coxa. Scutellum large and relatively long, rounded subtriangular, slightly convex dorsally. Thoracic chaetotaxy: mesonotal macrosetae relatively weak (Figs 149, 151); 1 hu (almost as long as anterior npl) and 1 enlarged microseta on humeral callus; 2 npl (posterior short, as long as sa); 1 small prs and 1 small sa; 2 pa, the outer long (as long as dc), the inner small and situated rather far from outer pa; only 1 long posterior dc (shorter than laterobasal sc) in prescutellar position, 2 or 3 dc microsetae in front of dc macroseta only slightly enlarged, somewhat longer than ac microsetae); 6–8 rows of ac microsetae on suture but only 4 in front of scutellum; medial prescutellar ac pair not longer than other ac microsetae; 2 very long and robust sc, laterobasal longer than dc or outer pa, apical (by far longest thoracic seta) almost twice longer than laterobasal; 2 stpl, posterior not very long (as long as anterior npl) but also anterior distinct though short (one-third to half length of posterior).</p>
            <p> Legs relatively long and slender (particularly tarsi), yellowish brown, trochanters, knees and tarsi often yellow, femora usually darker. Pedal chaetotaxies: f 1 with a row of 4 or 5 posterodorsal setae and with a longer and denser row of 8 or 9 posteroventral setae (those in middle of tibia longest). f 2 anteriorly with a short subapical row of 1 (most distal) longer seta and 2 or 3 short setae. t 2 ventrally (see Fig. 153) with only 2 setae, 1 long robust subapical (slightly diverging from axis of tibia) seta considered to be a distally shifted vpa and 1 short anteroventral below middle; thus va seta absent; dorsally (Fig. 152) with chaetotaxy similar to that of other  Pteremis species but both posterior setae very small and weak (often hair-like), and also both short setae above distal pair of long setae weak; apex of tibia provided with 3 small subapical setae anteriorly (Fig. 154) and 2 longer posteriorly. t 3 with 1 small but distinct va setula. Other parts of femora and tibiae uniformly finely setulose. Mid basitarsus (mt 2) long and always with 1 short but distinct ventral seta (Figs 153, 154). Hind basitarsus (see Fig. 149) relatively slender and more elongate than in all other congeners as are also all other segments of tarsi. Ratio t </p>
            <p>2</p>
            <p>: mt</p>
            <p>2</p>
            <p>= 1.53–1.73.</p>
            <p>Wing (Fig. 156) peculiar with its whitish membrane (Fig. 149) and yellowish white veins, only C pale yellowish brown. C not extended beyond apex of R</p>
            <p>4+5</p>
            <p>. Cs</p>
            <p>1</p>
            <p>with relatively short setulae, though longer than those on rest of C. Cs 2 distinctly longer than Cs 3. R 2+3 relatively long, basally almost straight, apically slightly upcurved to C; R 4+5 sinuate, but distally only slightly upcurved to C and ending closer to apex of wing, than to venal fold of M. Discal cell (dm) relatively long but not narrow and distally slightly tapered, with small process of M and longer one of CuA 1 beyond dm-cu; that of M continued by venal fold almost to wing margin; both outer corners of dm cell slightly obtuse-angled. A 1 moderately long, with only basal part fully developed, more distally represented by colourless fold ending far from wing margin. Anal lobe well developed; alula small and narrow. Wing measurements: length 1.33–1.78 mm, width 0.51–0.70 mm, C-index = 1.48–1.72, r-m\dm-cu: dm-cu = 2.33–3.27. Haltere yellowish, knob slightly darker.</p>
            <p> Abdomen brown, sparsely greyish microtomentose, rather weakly sclerotized. Preabdominal terga T2–T5 sparsely (less than sterna) and relatively shortly setose, also setae in posterior corners short and weak. T1+2 largest tergum, with rather characteristic structure and pigmentation (cf. Fig. 162, same in both sexes). In contrast to female, preabdominal terga (T3–T5) and sterna (S2–S5) not reduced, broad. S5 (Fig. 157) comparatively large, transversely oblong, with rounded corners. It carries a posteromedial, relatively long, comb consisting of a row of blunt spines (those lateral shortened) and a row of small tuberculiform spines in front of it. In contrast to other  Pteremis species , there is no pale-pigmented and micropubescent semicircular area in front of posteromedial comb but a group of shorter inclinate setae on each side is present (Fig. 157); setae in posterior two-thirds of lateral parts of S5 well developed, longer and thicker. Disc of S5 (medially, behind anterior margin) with transverse, strongly sclerotized and dark-pigmented stripe. </p>
            <p> Genitalia. Epandrium (Figs 158, 159) small compared to other parts of postabdomen, symmetrical, uniformly shortly and densely setulose, particularly around anal fissure (Fig. 159), the latter narrow, elongately suboval, with lateral margins almost parallel. Cerci large, each partly (anterolaterally) separated by an incision from epandrium, far projecting ventrally but distally flattened (Fig. 158) and weakly sclerotized, finely micropubescent, lateroventrally with 1 long and 1 short seta, and ventrally terminated in flat, submembranous appendage, with 2 microsetae on apex (Fig. 159). Cerci medially separated by a deep and very narrow incision, only dorsally, below anal fissure, narrowly fused (Fig. 159). Medandrium low (short) and broad, with usual lateral arms, each connected with posterior part of gonostylus, posteromedially with narrow but short, dark-pigmented keel (Fig. 159). Hypandrium with short and asymmetrical anterior apodeme (Fig. 158) as in other  Pteremis species , but its internal arms (connected posteriorly with postgonites) carrying a pair of very slender, long and apically acutely pointed appendages projecting ventrally (visible medially between cerci, see Fig. 159). Gonostylus (Figs 158–160) of the same general construction as in other  Pteremis species (Figs 28–30), of complex structure, composed of larger (longer) anterior lobe and of smaller (shorter and more medial) posterior lobe. Anterior lobe (Fig. 160) pale-pigmented, flat, with rounded rectangular anterodorsal corner, 3 thicker, slightly curved to sinuate setae anteroventrally plus 1 slender seta close to posterior pair and terminated by 1 ventral, posteriorly directed projection having a pair of small curved spines on apex; posterior part of anterior lobe of gonostylus with oblique longitudinal spinulose ledge (as in other congeners). Posterior lobe of gonostylus more heavily sclerotized and dark-pigmented (cf. Fig. 158), projecting ventrally and terminated by robust (somewhat bent medially) spine (see Figs 158, 159) apart from 2 fine subapical setae; posterolaterally there is a short process carrying a robust, slightly bent and ventrally (or posteroventrally) directed seta (see Fig. 160). Aedeagal complex (Fig. 161) of typically simple construction, surprisingly most similar to that of  P. apterina . Phallapodeme simply rod-like, as long as aedeagus, with reduced dorsal keel. Aedeagus with compact, relatively long (as in  P. apterina ) phallophore (Fig. 32) having shortly bicuspidate (ventral) apex. Distiphallus largely membranous, weakly sclerotized and pale-pigmented mainly proximoventrally, basally narrow, distally dilated (most in the middle), laterally with an usual pair of slender, pale, band-like sclerites. Middle part of distiphallus with small and slender transverse horseshoe-shaped dorsolateral sclerite (similar to that of  P. apterina ); dorsoproximal part of distiphallus finely haired and its dorsal sclerite very slender and pale-pigmented (Fig. 161). Postgonite as long as distiphallus or phallophore, slightly sinuate in lateral view, with proximal third more slender than in all relatives, widest in the middle; distal third slender and relatively straight but ending in terminal knob having a few microsetulae on apex. Ejacapodeme small, with short digitiform process distally (see Fig. 161). </p>
            <p>Female (Fig. 149). Head, thorax, legs and wings as in male unless mentioned otherwise. Total body length 1.3–2.3 mm. Legs more slender than in male; t 2 with setae longer on the average, and often with an additional small seta above most proximal anterodorsal seta; mid tarsus slightly longer including mt</p>
            <p>2</p>
            <p>. Ratio t</p>
            <p>2</p>
            <p>: mt</p>
            <p>2</p>
            <p>= 1.50–1.67. Wing measurements: length 1.15–1.75 mm, width 0.53–0.81 mm, C-index = 1.40–1.89, r-m\dm-cu: dm-cu = 2.35–3.18.</p>
            <p>Abdomen (Figs 162, 163) with preabdominal terga and (less so) sterna reduced and pleural membranous part enlarged, very dilatable during gravidity. T1+2 as large as that of male but T3–T5 markedly shortened and narrowed: T3 as long as but distinctly wider and more transverse than T4 and is the largest and widest tergum; T5 longer but narrower than T4 (Fig. 162), all very shortly and sparsely setose. Preabdominal sterna narrower but S3 and S4 longer than adjacent terga. S2 (or S1+2) unusually larger than S5 but slightly transverse (narrower anteriorly); S3 larger than other sterna (Fig. 163), roughly transversely hexagonal; S4 transversely suboblong, slightly larger than (darker) S5; S2–S5 with long, dense fine setae.</p>
            <p> Postabdomen (Figs 165–167) narrow and telescopically retractile into preabdomen (cf. Fig. 162). T6 narrower but darker than T5, simply suboblong (Fig. 165), with short setae in posterior half; T7 as wide as but yet longer than T6, distinctive by its posterior, almost membranous part being anteromedially deeply extended into anterior darker and shortly setulose part; medially, in submembranous part, there is a pair of robust short setae (Fig. 165). T8 dorsally with tripartite pigmentation composed of pale brown medial spot and dark-pigmented lateral parts (Fig. 165) being shortly setose posterodorsally, and bare, with broadly pale ventral margin (see Figs 166, 167). T10 relatively broad, transversely rounded pentagonal, medially pale-pigmented and carrying 2 pairs of short setae (Fig. 165). S6 slightly narrower and longer than T6, with rounded anterior corners and shortly setulose in posterior half. S7 narrower than S6, somewhat tapered anteriorly, with subcordate darker pigmentation, thus posteromedially with pale-pigmented rounded triangular area; dark part of T7 with very short setulae. S8 (Fig. 167) small, of peculiar form, besides main anterior pale-pigmented but bare plate with dark medial stripe, there is a very small, posterior, transverse, frame-shaped structure carrying 4 setulae posteriorly; an additional pair of small setulae arise on connective membrane between these structures. S10 also distinctive: its lateral parts convex, dark, heavily sclerotized and shortly setulose; its pale medial part bears an unusual, ventrally projecting, fillet-like structure resembling a very narrow U in ventral view (Fig. 167). Spectacles-shaped sclerite not observed. Spermathecae (Fig. 164) blackish, pear-shaped, with elongate, strongly curved and sclerotized distal parts of ducts; proximal part of spermathecal bodies with several small tubercles and thornlets. Cerci (Figs 165, 166) small, subconical, micropubescent, each with several short, hair-like, slightly sinuate or curved setae, apical longest. Comments. DUDA (1938) placed this unusual species in its own subgenus  Paraspelobia and discussed its affinity (on the basis of some external characters) to  Spelobia Spuler, 1924 and  Chaetopodella Duda, 1920 , both clearly unrelated groups of  Limosininae . HACKMAN (1969) placed it near  Chaetopodella . RoHÁĆFK (1983), based on examination of the male and female terminalia, recognized its affinity to  Pteremis species but retained it in the redescribed genus  Paraspelobia because of several distinct differences. </p>
            <p> For the reasons given in the introduction, but mainly because of clearly identical construction of the male genitalia, the species is now considered a member (albeit most aberrant) of the genus  Pteremis and a sister group to the rest of the genus.  Pteremis species other than  P. vlasovi share the following putative synapomorphies: mid basitarsus with ventral seta reduced or absent; male S5 with membranous area in front of posteromedial comb of spines; ventral projection of anterior lobe of gonostylus projecting posteriorly, posterior lobe of gonostylus with setae adjacent to terminal spine long and strong; female S8 with posteromedial group of setae on elevated sockets; paired spermathecae with sclerotized parts of ducts fused behind its common proximal end. </p>
            <p> Externally,  P. vlasovi can easily be recognized by the reduced eyes and high gena (Fig. 155), t 2 with vpa seta shifted distally and so resembling va seta (Fig. 153), mt 2 with distinct basitarsal seta (Fig. 154), wing with milky white membrane and C not extended beyond apex of R 4+5 (Fig. 156). Further, its epandrium is very shortly setose (Fig. 159), female T7 (Fig. 165) and S7 (Fig. 167) are modified, female S8 and S10 (Fig. 167) carry peculiar structures, female T10 has 2 pairs of small setae, cerci are small (Fig. 165) and spermathecae (Fig. 164) have distal sclerotized parts of ducts strongly curved. </p>
            <p> Biology. Judging from label data of type specimens and also the adult morphology (reduced eyes, prolonged legs, partly desclerotized abdomen) the species is microcavernicolous, inhabiting burrows and nests of small rodents, viz. the long-clawed ground squirrel  Spermophilopsis leptodactylus (Lichtenstein, 1823) (for its current classification see KRYšTUrFK et al. 2016) and (less frequently) also the great gerbil  Rhombomys opimus (Lichtenstein, 1823) in sandy desert habitats, see also RoHÁĆFK (1983). Adults were recorded in II–V and VIII (DUDA 1938, Ro- HÁĆFK 1983, type material examined) but surely occur in burrows also in other months of year as is usual for strictly subterranean species of  Limosininae . </p>
            <p>Distribution. Turkmenistan; the species is hitherto only known from (the long) type series from the vicinity of Ashkhabad, the capital of the country.</p>
            <p> Key to West Palearctic species of  Pteremis , including </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E71187EA4031FF9F62A9FC4710A3F983	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Roháček, Jindřich	Roháček, Jindřich (2024): The genus Pteremis (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) in the West Palaearctic area, with description of four new species. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 64 (1): 153-206, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2024.012, URL: https://doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2024.012
E71187EA4028FF9E6004F9A117CFFAC3.text	E71187EA4028FF9E6004F9A117CFFAC3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteremis vlasovi (Duda 1938) Roháček 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> P. vlasovi from Central Asia </p>
            <p>1 Apterous, with halteres also absent (Figs 119, 121) or winged but with eyes strongly reduced (Fig. 155) and wings milky whitish (Fig. 149); t 2 terminally with only 1 subapical vpa seta (Figs 140, 153). ....................... 2</p>
            <p>– Fully winged (Figs 1, 40) or wings shortened (Figs 2, 3, 17–21), wing membrane pale brown fumose (Figs 16–21, 78) and eyes never reduced (Figs 1, 2, 42); t 2 terminally always with vpa (Figs 23, 97, 118) more distant from apex of tibia and often also va seta (directed in axis of tibia), which can be shortened (Figs 23, 57, 70). ...................................................................... 3</p>
            <p> 2(1) Wingless and without halteres, eye relatively large (Figs 119, 121); laterobasal sc slightly to distinctly longer than apical sc (Fig. 124); preabdomen convex, strongly sclerotized and blackish (Fig. 121); epandrium long-setose (Fig. 126); anterior lobe of gonostylus with posterior oblique longitudinal spinulose ledge terminated by 4 robust blunt spines (Figs 127, 129); female postabdomen strongly narrowed, with S8 relatively large, long and usually upcurved (Figs 144, 145), setose as in Fig. 142; female S10 with long setae and medially simple (Fig. 141). .........................  P. apterina sp. nov.</p>
            <p> – Fully winged (Fig. 156) but veins pale and wing membrane milky white (Fig. 149), eye reduced (Fig. 155); laterobasal sc markedly shorter than apical sc (Fig. 151); preabdomen weakly sclerotized, pale brown and in female with sclerites reduced (Figs 162, 163); epandrium very shortly setose (Fig. 158); anterior lobe of gonostylus with posterior oblique longitudinal spinulose ledge terminally without robust spines (Fig. 160); female postabdomen less narrowed, with S8 small, transverse, bare, medially narrowly dark-pigmented and posteriorly bearing small, transverse, frame-shaped structure with 4 setulae (Fig. 167); female S10 very shortly setulose only posterolaterally, medially with narrow, ventrally projecting U-shaped fillet-like structure (Fig. 167).. .............  P. vlasovi (Duda, 1938)</p>
            <p>3(1) t 2 with distinct va seta, as long as (Fig. 24) or slightly shorter than vpa (Fig. 56) or at least half length of vpa (Fig. 71). ................................................................... 4</p>
            <p>– t 2 with va seta reduced (Fig. 116) or absent (Fig. 95). ... 6</p>
            <p> 4(3) t 2 with va seta only half length of vpa seta (Fig. 71); wing relatively elongate, less rounded apically (Fig. 65), with R 4+5 distally almost straight, with apex a little upcurved. Generally darker both on head (frons dark brown to blackish and face dark brown) and thorax (almost entirely dark brown, also with pleural sutures and ventral part of sternopleuron brown).Male S5 rather uniformly a densely setose and with posteromedial microtomentose area reduced, short (Fig. 74); gonostylus large compared to epandrium (Fig. 68), and its anterior lobe with ventral, posteriorly directed projection very robust, heavily sclerotized and strongly bent medially (Fig. 67); postgonite distally only slightly dilated (Fig. 73). Female unknown. ..............  P. tenebricus sp. nov.</p>
            <p>– t 2 with va seta long (Figs 24, 56); wing relatively wider, with apex broadly rounded (Figs 16, 43) and R 4+5 distally more strongly upcurved to C or wing shortened (Figs 17–21), usually with dm-cu absent. Head and thorax relatively pale: frons anteriorly reddish brown to orange yellow, face pale brown or yellow, thorax with sutures between pleural sclerites ochreous and/or ventral part of sternopleuron pale brown. Male S5 setose mainly laterally and at sides of much larger posteromedial microtomentose area (Figs 26, 51); gonostylus small compared to epandrium (Figs 29, 46), with ventral, posteriorly directed projection slender (Figs 30, 48); postgonite distinctly dilated distally (Fig. 50) to knob-like (Fig. 32). ................................ 5</p>
            <p> 5(3) Wing normal (Fig. 16) or shortened (Figs 17–21). t 2 with va seta as long as vpa seta (Figs 23, 24) and both posterior subapical setae short (Fig. 24). Head with frontal lunule, face and gena yellow to ochreous. Male S5 with setae thicker and posteromedial comb formed by more robust, less dense and less numerous spines (Fig. 26); male cercus not bulging dorsolaterally, also ventrally micropubescent, and with only a small tubercle on apex (Fig. 28); anterior lobe of gonostylus with ventral, posteriorly directed projection shorter and apically simple (Fig. 30); posterior lobe of gonostylus with terminal spine robust (Figs 28, 30). Phallophore more robust, distiphallus not dilated dorsoventrally and postgonite strongly sinuate, with apex knob-like (Fig. 32). Female T8 short, with medial pigmented part small (Fig. 35); S8 also shorter, tapered posteriorly and posteromedially (on margin or in membrane behind it) with a pair of small setulae on elevated sockets (Fig. 38); spermathecae ovoid, with a group of spine-like tubercles on tapered base (Fig. 33); sclerotized terminal parts of ducts long and slender, in paired spermathecae fused far from their bodies (Fig. 37). .................................  P. fenestralis (Fallén, 1820)</p>
            <p> – Wing always fully developed (Fig. 43). t 2 with va seta somewhat shorter than vpa seta (Figs 56, 57) and one of posterior subapical setae distinctly enlarged (Fig. 24). Head with frontal lunule, face and gena reddish brown to brown. Male S5 with setae finer and posteromedial comb formed by thinner, dense and more numerous spines (Fig. 51); male cercus distinctly bulging dorsolaterally, ventrally bare (Fig. 47), and terminally modified, provided with subapical protruding curved ledge (with 2 setulae) and flattened apex (see also Fig. 49); anterior lobe of gonostylus with ventral, posteriorly directed projection longer, slender and with finely trifurcate apex (Fig. 48); posterior lobe of gonostylus with terminal spine slender and elongate (Figs 47, 48). Phallophore slender with tapered acute apex; distiphallus distinctly dilated dorsoventrally and postgonite slightly sinuate, with less clubbed apex (Fig. 50). Female T8 distinctly longer, with medial part pale-pigmented but large (Fig. 53); S8 longer, with posterior half membranous and provided with a transverse row of 2 long (lateral) setae and 4 medial setulae on elevated sockets (Fig. 59); spermathecae pyriform, with distinct conical part, separated from distal subcircular part by 3 or 4 (some incomplete) rings (Fig. 61); sclerotized terminal parts of ducts relatively shorter and thicker, in paired spermathecae fused near conical parts of spermathecae (Fig. 61). ......................................  P. pulliceps sp. nov.</p>
            <p> 6(3) t 2 with va seta reduced but present and apex of t 2 posteriorly with 3 small setae (Fig. 118). Humeral callus and notopleural area of thorax brown. Male S5 with large pale-pigmented and micropubescent semicircular area and posteromedial comb of spines wide and composed of dense fine spines (Fig. 108); male cercus micropubescent except for ventral part being flattened and projecting into distinctive ventromedial flat but acutely pointed apex (Figs 104); anterior lobe of gonostylus with anterodorsal process extremely long, far projecting dorsally (Figs 104, 106) and its (more or less separate) dark posteroventral part with robust ventral, posteriorly directed ventral projection heavily sclerotized with simply pointed apex (Fig. 106); phallophore relatively robust and with blunt (ventral) apex (Fig. 107); postgonite with apex dilated but rather shortly lancet-shaped (Fig. 107). Female S8 transversely semioval, with only 2 pairs of setae and reduced micropubescence and its posterior membranous part with a medial group of 2 long sinuate and 4 short setae between them, all on elevated sockets (Fig. 112); S10 transversely subpentagonal, anteriorly broadly emarginate and finely setose (Fig. 114); spermathecae pyriform, with basal conical part separated from ovoid body by only 1 complete ring-shaped ledge (Fig. 115). ..............................................  P. ferreus sp. nov.</p>
            <p> – t 2 with va seta absent and apex of t 2 posteriorly with only 2 small setae (Fig. 95). Humeral callus and notopleural area of thorax pale brown to pale ochreous. Male S5 with small (short) pale-pigmented and micropubescent semicircular area and posteromedial comb of spines narrower, composed of shorter, less dense and thicker spines (Fig. 84); male cercus with micropubescence in two separate groups (on convex posteromedial part and on ventral part, Fig. 81) and its apex terminated by a small rounded lappet (Fig. 83); anterior lobe of gonostylus with short anterodorsal corner (Figs 82, 85) and its posteriorly directed ventral projection spiky jagged and pale-pigmented (Fig. 85); phallophore with (ventral) apex more acute (Fig. 87); postgonite distally elongately spatulate, with apex rounded (Fig. 87). Female S8 longer than broad, pale-pigmented both anteriorly and posteriorly, with more setae in the middle, and with a posteromedial group of 6 longer setae on elevated sockets (Fig. 91); S10 more elongate, semioval, with projecting anterolateral corners and longer setae at posterior margin (Figs 88, 93); spermathecae pyriform, but each with basal conical part separated from spherical body by 3, or more, usually incomplete, rings (Fig. 94). .......................  P. canaria (Papp, 1977)</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E71187EA4028FF9E6004F9A117CFFAC3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Roháček, Jindřich	Roháček, Jindřich (2024): The genus Pteremis (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) in the West Palaearctic area, with description of four new species. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 64 (1): 153-206, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2024.012, URL: https://doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2024.012
E71187EA4029FF9E62EAFA741694F86A.text	E71187EA4029FF9E62EAFA741694F86A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteremis kaszabi (Papp 1973)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Pteremis kaszabi (Papp, 1973)</p>
            <p> 
Leptocera (Pteremis) kaszabi 
Papp, 1973a: 415 (male). Type locality: Mongolia,  Central aimak, Bogdo ul, Bugijn až achuj [1,650 m]. Holotype: J (HNHM). </p>
            <p> Pteremis kaszabi : PAPP (1984): 88 (generic combination, Palaearctic catalog); RoHÁĆFK et al. (2001): 211 (world catalog). </p>
            <p> Comments. This species is known from only the male holotype. According to PAPP (1973a) it has the wing fully developed and differs from  P. fenestralis mainly by its small body (ca. 1.2 mm), very large head (wider than thorax and longer than high), 3 equally long ifr and R 4+5 distally more strongly upcurved to C. The colouration of face (considered by PAPP 1973a also to be different) falls in fact within the variability of  P. fenestralis . Judging from these characters  P. kaszabi possibly is a valid species but its relationships are unknown because PAPP (1973a) did not describe structures of its male terminalia. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Palaearctic: Mongolia.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E71187EA4029FF9E62EAFA741694F86A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Roháček, Jindřich	Roháček, Jindřich (2024): The genus Pteremis (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) in the West Palaearctic area, with description of four new species. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 64 (1): 153-206, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2024.012, URL: https://doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2024.012
E71187EA402AFF9D6026FF021070FC3D.text	E71187EA402AFF9D6026FF021070FC3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteremis mongolicus (Papp 1973)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Pteremis mongolicus (Papp, 1973)</p>
            <p> Leptocera (Pteremis) fenestralis  spp.  mongolica Papp, 1973a: 414 (female). Type locality: Mongolia, Bulgan aimak, between Somon Chischig-Öndör and Somon Orchon, 23 km NNE from Chischig- -  Öndör [1,390 m]. Holotype: ♀ (HNHM). </p>
            <p> Pteremis mongolica : PAPP (1984):88 (generic combination,species status, Palaearctic catalog); RoHÁĆFK et al. (2001): 211 (world catalog). </p>
            <p> Comments.  Pteremis mongolicus was originally described as a subspecies of  P. fenestralis based on 4 brachypterous females, and only subsequently elevated to species status by PAPP (1984). According to PAPP (1973a: 415) the only distinct differences from the brachypterous form of  P. fenestralis (treated by PAPP 1973a, as  L. (P.) fenestralis nivalis ) are the more abbreviated wings with incomplete R 2+3. However, this type of wing reduction with similarly modified R 2+3 vein (see Fig. 21) is also known in the brachypterous form of  P. fenestralis described from Finland by FRFY (1947) as  P. subapterus , see above. Consequently,  P. mongolicus may only be a strongly brachypterous form of  P. fenestralis identical to f.  subapterus . Nevertheless, without study of the female postabdominal structures (S8 and spermathecae in particular) this suspicion cannot be demonstrated. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Palaearctic: Mongolia.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E71187EA402AFF9D6026FF021070FC3D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Roháček, Jindřich	Roháček, Jindřich (2024): The genus Pteremis (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) in the West Palaearctic area, with description of four new species. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 64 (1): 153-206, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2024.012, URL: https://doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2024.012
E71187EA402AFF9D6032FC711007FACA.text	E71187EA402AFF9D6032FC711007FACA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteremis unicus (Spuler 1924)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Pteremis unicus (Spuler, 1924)</p>
            <p> 
Leptocera (Pteremis) unica 
Spuler, 1924: 134 (female). Type locality: USA, Wyoming,  Yellowstone National Park . Holotype: ♀ (USNM). </p>
            <p> Leptocera (Pteremis) unica : RICHARDs (1965): 722 (Nearctic catalog); MARsHALL (1984): 397 (taxonomic notes). </p>
            <p> Pteremis unica : RoHÁĆFK et al. (2001): 211 (world catalog, generic combination). </p>
            <p> Comments. MARsHALL (1984) revised the female holotype, the only known specimen, but it is extremely damaged and could not be redescribed. It has been retained in  Pteremis as a doubtful species although its generic placement is uncertain (RoHÁĆFK et al. 2011). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Nearctic: USA (Wyoming).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E71187EA402AFF9D6032FC711007FACA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Roháček, Jindřich	Roháček, Jindřich (2024): The genus Pteremis (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) in the West Palaearctic area, with description of four new species. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 64 (1): 153-206, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2024.012, URL: https://doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2024.012
E71187EA402AFF9D603DFAC011E9FAE3.text	E71187EA402AFF9D603DFAC011E9FAE3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteremis wirthi (Marshall 1984)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Pteremis wirthi (Marshall, 1984)</p>
            <p> 
Leptocera (Pteremis) wirthi 
Marshall, 1984: 397 (both sexes, illustr.). Type locality: Canada, Quebec,  Mt. Albert , Gaspé Provincial Park. Holotype: J (CNCI). </p>
            <p> Pteremis wirthi : RoHÁĆFK et al. (2001): 212 (world catalog, generic combination). </p>
            <p> Material examined. CANADA: ONTARIO: Algonquin Provincial Park, Swan Lake Station, Scott Lake Survey,  Sphagnum , 6.v.1995, 3JJ 1♀ (1 J 1 ♀ f. brach), S.A. Marshall leg. et det. (DEBU, 1 J 1 ♀ genit. prep.). Comments. This Nearctic species was described by MARsHALL (1984) as a very close relative of  P. fenestralis differing from the latter species by its longer stpl seta and brown gena and some detail of the structure of gonostylus. However, this wing polymorphic species also differs from  P. fenestralis in having wings of a macropterous form shorter than the abdomen. In order to evaluate its relationships to other species of  Pteremis I have examined male and female terminalia of  P. wirthi in more detail. Its closest affinity to  P. fenestralis has been confirmed (see above under  P. fenestralis ) and the most distinct differences against the latter species can be summarized as follows: Male S5 is most similar to that of  P. fenestralis both as regards the posteromedial comb of spines and the shape of the pale-pigmented area in front of it but setae on the sides of this area are sparse, longer and more robust. Male genitalia with cercus relatively short and hence most similar to that of  P. fenestralis including apical tubercle but the latter is more broad. Anterior lobe of gonostylus with ventral process darkened and formed as in  P. fenestralis but anterodorsal process of this lobe is distinctly different, markedly prolonged, more resembling that of  P. ferreus (cf. Fig. 106) although shorter and more slender, and the posterolateral oblique longitudinal ledge finely long-spinulose; posterior lobe of gonostylus, besides the robust terminal spine with also 2 adjacent setae strongly thickened, spine-like (unlike all congeners). Distiphallus in the middle dorsoventrally dilated (as in most species, except for  P. fenestralis ); postgonite not knob-like apically, distally most similar to that of  P. pulliceps , cf. Fig. 50). </p>
            <p> Female S8 different from that of  P. fenestralis , distinctly more transverse, its pigmented part with 2 pairs of setae (lateral and medial), those medial very close each to other and its membranous posterior part with a transverse row of 6 setae (2 lateral long), on elevated sockets, resembling that of  P. pulliceps (see Fig. 59). Spermathecae most similar to those of  P. fenestralis , including spine-like tubercles on tapered base but of more elongate to pyriform shape and with distal sclerotized parts of ducts fused relatively close to bodies of paired spermatheacae. Female cerci broad and distinctly flattened as are those of  P. fenestralis (cf. Figs 34, 35). </p>
            <p> Pteremis wirthi can also be recognized by means of the sequence of the barcoding region of COI (see BIN BOLD:ACB 9048 in BOLD database), with pairwise distance from  P. fenestralis being about 5%, see https:// v4.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_BarcodeCluster?clusteruri=BOLD:ACB9048. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Nearctic: Canada (Alberta, Northwest Territories, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan) (RoHÁĆFK et al. 2011).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E71187EA402AFF9D603DFAC011E9FAE3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Roháček, Jindřich	Roháček, Jindřich (2024): The genus Pteremis (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) in the West Palaearctic area, with description of four new species. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 64 (1): 153-206, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2024.012, URL: https://doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2024.012
