identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
E93687EBFFABBE17FF40FAC8FE5DFEB6.text	E93687EBFFABBE17FF40FAC8FE5DFEB6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laurinoxylon czechense Prakash, Brezinova et Buzek 1971	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Laurinoxylon aff. czechense Prakash, Březinová et Bůžek, 1971</p>
            <p>Fig. 2, photos a-I</p>
            <p> Studied material.   From the studied material, 12 samples showing similar lauraceous structure were selected as  Laurinoxylon - Type 1 – (Mantzouka et al., 2016), representing fragments of silicified wood, collected from  lower Miocene volcano-sedimentary deposits of Lesvos, numbered with Lsv59, Lsv63, Lsv65, Lsv71, Lsv116, Lsv374, Lsv385, Lsv386, Lsv387, Lsv388, Lsv393, Lsv395. These samples are registered and kept in the Collections of the Faculty Geol. &amp; Geoenviron. of NKUA  . </p>
            <p>Microscopic description. The growth rings – are distinct in cross-section, usually showing a difuse porous wood structure, with relatively distinct ring boundaries, marked by some rows of smaller fibres, abruptly followed by the early-wood with normal sized fibres and with larger vessels.</p>
            <p>The vessels – in cross-section viewed, appear usually thick-walled, mainly solitary and in small clusters or small radial multiples or of 2-3, in radial patern between two successive rays, defining a diffuse porous arrangement. However, sometimes, in the final wood the vessels appear slightly smaller, suggesting a tendency to a semi-ring-porous arrangement. The solitary vessels are round to oval and have the radial / tangential diameter of 50-110(-150) / 40-85(-120) µm. When grouped, the vessels are slightly deformed by compression. Their walls are relatively thick, of 7-10 µm the double wall. In the late-wood the vessels could be slightly smaller than 50 / 40 µm r / tg.d. In the longitudinal view, the perforation plates appear of simple type, more or less inclined. The intervessel pits have an alternate arrangement, and are polygonal and medium-sized, with a diameter of around 10 µm. The vessel-ray pits are quite similar to intervessel pits, in size and shape: the cross-field pitting is described below. Helical thickenings in the vessel elements are not present. The mean tangential diameter of vessel lumina is around 65 µm. Vessel density is of 52–74 vessels per square millimeter (mean density 63). Mean vessel element length is around 550 µm (between 350 - 800 or more). Tyloses in vessels commonly appear. Deposits in vessels usually not present.</p>
            <p>Tracheids, vascular fibres or vasicentric tracheids – not observed.</p>
            <p>The fibres – constitute the major part of the ground tissue, and are sometimes septate and usually not pitted, or difficult to observe, due to poor preservation.</p>
            <p>The axial parenchyma – appears relatively few, as scanty paratracheal and of vasicentric type, around the solitary or grouped vessels. On the vertical walls 1-2-seriate simple pits appear. The end-walls are horizontal to slightly inclined.</p>
            <p>The rays – are 1-3 seriate, but commonly 2-3 seriate. Their height, in tangential sections, appear low to high, of 3 up to 25 cells, (up to 300-500 µm) with the terminal cells triangular, or flame-like. Radially, appear a heterocellular aspect, with body ray-cells all procumbent and with 1-2 rows of marginal cells taller, square and/or upright (of 4-12 µm), some of them as hypertrophied idioblasts, globular to oval shaped or flame-like, usually having dark or bright content. The cross-fields with vessels show some round pits, of 5-7 µm in diameter, in horizontal row arranged. Sometimes larger pits on the taller marginal fields can be observed. Sheath cells and tile cells are not present. Ray density - up to 12 rays/mm tangential.</p>
            <p>Storied structures – not present, neither to rays nor to the axial parenchyma and/or vessel elements. Secretory elements – appear as oil and/or mucilage hypertrophied ray cells, as idioblasts associated with rays, as described above. Intercellular canals – as normal or traumatic axial or radial canals not observed. Cambial variants and included phloem absent. Mineral inclusions not observed. Affinities and discussions. From the here studied samples of petrified wood with dicotyledonous structure, 12 samples collected from Lesbos island, quoted above, showed a similar lauraceous structure, essentially characterized by the presence of typical flame-like idioblasts associated with rays. They usually show a diffuse porous structure, with vessels mainly solitary and in short radial multiples, thick-walled, with simple perforations, and alternate intervessel pits, with parenchyma few scanty paratracheal to vasicentric, with rays 1-3 seriate, heterocellular, having 1-2 marginal rows of taller or upright cells, often hypertrophied, oval or flame-like, and full of oil and/or mucilage, representing those specific idioblasts.</p>
            <p>All these xylotomic details observed in the studied fossil specimens, but especially the presence of the typical idioblasts suggest a possible affinity with the Lauraceous taxa, as it appears specified in the papers of Metcalfe &amp; Chalk (1950), Greguss (1954, 1959), Schweingrüber (1990), Watson &amp; Dallwitz (1992), Schoch et al. (2004), Wheeler (2011), Akkemik &amp; Yaman (2012) and Mantzouka et al. (2016).</p>
            <p> Lauraceae is a rich plant family, having about 45 current genera with around 2850 species, which are spread mainly in the warm regions: tropical America, Brazil, Southeast Asia, Australia, and the Pacific islands.  Laurus is the only genus living in Europe, with few species, appearing in the Mediterranean region and in southern Europe and warm temperate Asia, including Northern Africa and the Middle East (  Laurus - Wikipedia, accessed 05.09.2023). </p>
            <p> Considering the location of the mucilaginous idioblasts as a main taxonomic indicator, Mantzouka et al. (2016) showed that there are 4 types of  Laurinoxylon , as it follows: </p>
            <p> •  Laurinoxylon Type 1 – with idioblasts associated only with ray parenchyma cells, +/- crystals; </p>
            <p> •  Laurinoxylon Type 2a – with idioblasts associated with both ray and axial parenchyma, +/- crystals; </p>
            <p> •  Laurinoxylon Type 2b – with idioblasts associated both with rays, also present among the fibres, + crystals (more or less numerous); </p>
            <p> •  Laurinoxylon Type 3 – with idioblasts associated with ray and axial parenchyma and also among the fibres, +/- crystals). </p>
            <p> Thus, Berger (1953b) described the species  L. weylandi from around Wien (Austria) as having one row of upright and/or square marginal ray cells, so a  Laurinoxylon of Type 1, fairly similar to here studied specimens. In other paper (see Berger 1953a), he described  L. ehrendorferi Berger , from the Aegean area (from Limnos, Tessaloniki) as having frequently grouped vessels and oil and/or mucilage cells, associated with ray parenchyma but, Mantzouka et al. (2016) suspected the presence of idioblasts associated to parenchyma cells and considered this species as  Laurinoxylon of Type 2a, similar to  L. mueller-stollii Greguss, 1954 and to  L. microtracheale Süss, 1956 (in Süss, 1958). </p>
            <p> Schönfeld (1956) have described a  L. parenchymatosum from Germany, which have one row of upright and / or square marginal ray cells (a  Laurinoxylon of Type 1), and is characterized by the presence of more numerous axial parenchyma cells and, so, is quite similar to our studied specimens. </p>
            <p> Also, from Germany, Süss (1958) has described a new species of  Laurinoxylon Type 1, as  L. litseoides Süss , presenting idioblasts, associated with rays. This species,  L. litseoides Süss was also recently identified in Turkey (see Akkemik et al., 2019; Akkemik, 2021). Other new species of Süss (1958) identified as  L. hasenbergense Süss and  L. microtracheale Süss are  Laurinoxylon of Type 2a, and a  L. endiandroides Süss is a  Laurinoxylon of Type 3, both proposed for revision, having some xylotomical details which does not agree with the diagnosis of  Laurinoxylon (see Mantzouka et al., 2016, p.470). </p>
            <p> Huard (1967) has described another  Laurinoxylon of Type 1 from some Neogenes lignites from Arjuzans, France, as  Laurinoxylon perfectum Huard , which is quite similar to our specimens. </p>
            <p> Also, from Transylvania, Romania, Iamandei &amp; Iamandei (1997) have described a  Laurinoxylon of Type 1, as  L. neagui Iamandei et Iamandei , also slightly similar to studied specimens in the present research. </p>
            <p> Prakash et al. (1971) have described from Czech Rep. two species of  Laurinoxylon of Type 1: as  L. oligocenicum , found and described also by Petrescu (1978) from Romania, and as  L. czechense , also of type 1, found and described later again by Sakala et al. (2010) from Czech Rep., both quite similar to our studied specimens. Another similar form of  Laurinoxylon Type 1, was described by Mantzouka et al. (2016) from Lesbos, and named  Laurinoxylon aff. czechense Prakash et al. , suspecting that the original species  L. czechense Prakash et al. is quite similar to the current  Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl., which is of Type 3. </p>
            <p>Thus, in the here studied specimens we described: growth rings with quite distinct boundaries and with porous; vessels with tg.d.&lt;100 mm, relatively thick-walled, solitary or grouped in small radial multiples of up to 2-3 vessels, vertically showing usually simple perforation plates; alternate intervessel pits mean-sized, with 4-10 µm; vessel-ray pitting, similar; mean density 63 vessels per sq.mm.; fibres usually not pitted and sometimes septate; axial parenchyma scanty paratracheal to vasicentric few; rays 1-3 seriate, but usually 2-3 seriate, low to high, of 3 to 25 cells or more, with terminal cells triangular, high, ovoid or flame-like; ray density around 12 rays/mm tg.; radially show heterocellular character, with cells all procumbent in the ray-body, and 1-2 rows of marginals cells taller, square or upright, some of them hypertrophied, as globular to oval, or flame-like, usually having dark content; cross-fields with some round pits medium-sized in horizontal row arranged.</p>
            <p> All these features clearly indicate a  Laurinoxylon Type 1 (Mantzouka et al., 2016), and are very similar, up to identity with  Laurinoxylon aff. czechense Prakash, Březinová et Bůžek, 1971 , to which we assign the studied specimens, and we consider it as a perfect ancestor of the current  Laurus nobilis L., a species still living in the Mediterranean region. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E93687EBFFABBE17FF40FAC8FE5DFEB6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Iamandei, Stanila;Iamandei, Eugenia;Velitzelos, Dimitrios;Velitzelos, Evangelos	Iamandei, Stanila, Iamandei, Eugenia, Velitzelos, Dimitrios, Velitzelos, Evangelos (2024): Palaeoxylotomical Studies In The Cenozoic Petrified Forests Of Greece. Part Three - Dicots. Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae 20 (2): 61-96, DOI: 10.35463/j.apr.2024.02.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.35463/j.apr.2024.02.06
E93687EBFFA8BE1AFF16FE97FEF8FD53.text	E93687EBFFA8BE1AFF16FE97FEF8FD53.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laurinoxylon ehrendorferi Berger, Cinnamomoxylon 1953	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Laurinoxylon ehrendorferi Berger, 1953a</p>
            <p>Fig. 3, photos a-i; Fig. 4, photos a-i</p>
            <p> Studied material.   From the studied material, 17 samples of fossil wood collected from Aegean area, showed a similar lauraceous xylostructure of Type 2a (Mantzouka et al., 2016), slightly different of the above described species. They were collected from late Oligocene to early Miocene volcano-sedimentary deposits and are registered and kept in the Collections of the Faculty Geol. &amp; Geoenviron. of NKUA, under these field numbers: Aet 983, Aet 989,  Aet 991, collected from  Aetohory (Evros);  Li 213,  Li 214,  Li 215,  Li 218,  Li 485b from  Limnos island ; and  Lsv 48,  Lsv 50,  Lsv 52,  Lsv 56,  Lsv 57,  Lsv 392,  Lsv 420,  Lsv 421,  Lsv 422 from  Lesvos island . </p>
            <p>Microscopic description. The growth rings – show quite indistinct boundaries, sometimes weakly marked by few rows of smaller flattened fibres, and by the start of the early-wood with normal-sized ground-tissue cells and large vessels.</p>
            <p>The vessels – show in cross-section usually a diffuse-porous arrangement, only the vessels of final wood appear slightly smaller. The solitary vessels are numerous (around 50%), are round to oval-shaped and have the radial / tangential diameter of 100-200 / 70-170 µm. When grouped, usually as 2-3, the vessels are slightly deformed by compression and their wall thickness is of 7- 10 µm the double wall. Sometimes, in the final wood, the vessel lumen size is more diminished (to 70 / 40 µm r/tg.d). In longitudinal view, the perforation plates appear usually of simple type, more or less inclined and sometimes scalariform, with relatively few thin bars, up to 10-15 (in Lsv48, Lsv52). The intervessel pitting has an alternate arrangement, and the pits are polygonal, slightly rounded, and medium-sized with a diameter of around 10 µm. The vessel-ray pits have much-reduced borders to apparently simple, and are similar to intervessel pits, in size and shape. The cross-field pitting is described below. Helical thickenings in vessel elements are rarely present. The mean tangential diameter of vessel lumina is around 130 µm. Vessels density is of 20-40 vessels per square millimeter, or more. The mean vessel element length is more than 350 µm. Tyloses in vessels, sometimes present. Deposits in vessels usually not present.</p>
            <p>Tracheids and vascular fibres/vasicentric tracheids usually absent.</p>
            <p>The fibers – constitute the major part of the ground tissue. They appear sometimes septate and usually have few, small, simple or distinctly bordered pits.</p>
            <p>The axial parenchyma – is present within the ground-tissue few of apotracheal type as diffusely dispersed cells among fibres and as scanty paratracheal or of vasicentric type. Their vertical walls have small simple pits. Sometimes, some parenchyma cells appear to be hypertrophied and full of mucilaginous substance, representing idioblasts.</p>
            <p>The medullary rays – are usually fine: 1-3 seriate. Their height, in tangential sections, appear low to high, of 3 up to 25 cells, sometimes more, and the terminal cells appear triangular high, often flame-like. Radially, the cellular composition appear of heterocellular type, with body ray-cells all procumbent and one marginal row of taller cells, square and/or upright (of 4-12 µm), some of them as hypertrophied idioblasts, flame-like, globular to oval shaped, usually having bright or dark content. The cross fields with vessels show some small round pits, of 5-7 µm in diameter, in some horizontal rows arranged. Sometimes larger pits on the taller marginal fields can be observed. Ray density around 12 rays per tangential mm. Sheath cells and tile cells in rays are not present.</p>
            <p>Storied structures – not present, neither to rays nor to the axial parenchyma and/or vessel elements. Secretory elements – appear as oil and/or mucilage hypertrophied ray-cells, as idioblasts associated with rays as are described above, and sometimes, associated with axial parenchyma. Mineral inclusions – absent. Intercellular canals – normal or traumatic axial or radial canals are absent.</p>
            <p> Affinities and discussions.   From the studied samples of petrified wood collected from Aegean area, mainland and insular, 17 specimens showed similar lauraceous structures of diffuse-porous type with quite indistinct ring boundaries, with numerous solitary vessels or in short radial multiples, vessels thick-walled with simple and sometimes scalariform perforations, with alternate intervessel pitting, also with scanty paratracheal to vasicentric parenchyma and with 1-3 seriate rays, heterocellular, having one marginal row of taller or upright cells, often hypertrophied, oval or flame-like, and full of oil and/or mucilage, representing idioblasts. But idioblasts appear associated with axial parenchyma too, even if, sometimes, is difficult to observe  . </p>
            <p> The xylotomy of the here studied specimens is in accord with the emended diagnosis of  Laurinoxylon Felix, 1883 , emend. Dupéron et al., 2008. And, taking into account the location of the mucilaginous idioblasts as a main taxonomic indicator, after Mantzouka et al. (2016), it seems that we face a  Laurinoxylon - Type 2a, with idioblasts associated with both ray and axial parenchyma. We will compare the here studied specimens with some lauraceous species described especially from the European and Mediterranean area. </p>
            <p> Thus, Berger (1953a) described the species  Laurinoxylon ehrendorferi , from the Aegean area, from Limnos and Tessaloniki, which show a xylotomy very similar to here studied specimens, as having frequently grouped vessels and idioblasts associated with ray parenchyma, but Mantzouka et al. (2016) suspected the presence of idioblasts associated to parenchyma cells and have considered this species as  Laurinoxylon of Type 2a, similar to  L. mueller-stollii Greguss, 1954 , to  L. hasenbergense Süss, 1956 and to  L. microtracheale Süss, 1956 (see Süss, 1958), all of them as  Laurinoxylon - Type 2a, (see Mantzouka et al., 2016). </p>
            <p> Thus, taking into account the xylotomy of the here studied specimens, with a structure marked by the presence of the typical idioblasts associated with ray parenchyma and with axial parenchyma too (even sometimes this is difficult to observe), and the similarity up to identity with the description of Berger (1953a) and of Mantzouka et al., (2016) for  L. ehrendorferi (otherwise originally described by Berger as collected from Limnos), we assign the here studied specimens to the species  Laurinoxylon ehrendorferi Berger, 1953a , as a possible ancestor of the current  Persea L., a species that probably lived in the Mediterranean region during Cenozoic (see Kopp, 1966; and  Persea - Wikipedia - accessed at 10.31.2023). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E93687EBFFA8BE1AFF16FE97FEF8FD53	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Iamandei, Stanila;Iamandei, Eugenia;Velitzelos, Dimitrios;Velitzelos, Evangelos	Iamandei, Stanila, Iamandei, Eugenia, Velitzelos, Dimitrios, Velitzelos, Evangelos (2024): Palaeoxylotomical Studies In The Cenozoic Petrified Forests Of Greece. Part Three - Dicots. Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae 20 (2): 61-96, DOI: 10.35463/j.apr.2024.02.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.35463/j.apr.2024.02.06
E93687EBFFA5BE1AFF67FCFBFD2CFCD7.text	E93687EBFFA5BE1AFF67FCFBFD2CFCD7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cinnamomoxylon Gottwald 1997	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Cinnamomoxylon Gottwald, 1997</p>
            <p> Cinnamomoxylon seemannianum (Mädel) Gottwald,</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E93687EBFFA5BE1AFF67FCFBFD2CFCD7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Iamandei, Stanila;Iamandei, Eugenia;Velitzelos, Dimitrios;Velitzelos, Evangelos	Iamandei, Stanila, Iamandei, Eugenia, Velitzelos, Dimitrios, Velitzelos, Evangelos (2024): Palaeoxylotomical Studies In The Cenozoic Petrified Forests Of Greece. Part Three - Dicots. Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae 20 (2): 61-96, DOI: 10.35463/j.apr.2024.02.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.35463/j.apr.2024.02.06
E93687EBFFA1BE01FF6EFA23FF05F95B.text	E93687EBFFA1BE01FF6EFA23FF05F95B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Quercoxylon intermedium Petrescu & Velitzelos 1981	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Quercoxylon intermedium Petrescu &amp; Velitzelos, 1981</p>
            <p>Fig. 7, photos a – i.</p>
            <p>Studied material. Numerous petrified (silicified) wood remains (87 samples) showed a similar oak xylostructure. They were collected from late Oligocene deposits of Evros, more specific from Aetohory – 16 samples numbered with the field numbers: Aet238, Aet303, Aet304, Aet305, Aet317, Aet319, Aet322, Aet326, Aet327, Aet330, Aet332, Aet984, Aet985, Aet994, Aet1135, Aet1136); 11 samples from Fylacto with field numbers: Fy25, Fy157, Fy158, Fy159, Fy160, Fy161, Fy162, Fy163, Fy1137, Fy1138, Fy1139; 6 samples from Dadia, with field numbers: Dd710, Dd711, Dd712, Dd713, Dd714, Dd715; 10 samples from Likofi, with field numbers: Lkf239, Lkf 240, Lkf 241, Lkf 242, Lkf 243, Lkf 244, Lkf 245, Lkf 246, Lkf 247, Lkf 248; 23 samples from Provatonas, with field numbers: EP1 D1, EP2 D4, EP3 D4, EP7 D5, EP8 D6, EP11 D7, EP13 A D8, EP13 D9, EP14 D10, EP15 A D11, EP15 D12, EP17 D13, EP19 D15, EP20 D22, EP20 A D16, EP27 D17, EP34 D18, EP35 D19, EP40 D20, EP1999 D21); 9 samples from Lefkimi, with field numbers: Lfk267, Lfk276, Lfk278, Lfk280, Lfk285, Lfk287, Lfk289, Lfk324, Lfk328a; one from Sappes – field number: Spp1084; and two from Chalkidiki – field numbers: Ckdk439 and Ckdk440. Also, 4 samples from Limnos island, with field numbers: Li78, Li224, Li225, Li482; and 5 samples from Lesvos island, with field numbers: Lsv7, Lsv82, Lsv407, Lsv410, Lsv546. They are all registered under these field numbers and kept in the Collections of the Faculty of Geol. &amp; Geoenviron., of NKUA.</p>
            <p>Microscopic description. The growth rings – are present in the secondary wood, but with less distinct ringboundaries, that difficultly can be guessed there where, after the late-wood with small vessels, and some final rows of ground tissue devoid of vessels are suddenly followed by the early-wood with normal sized fibres and large vessels. Also, the presence of two-sized rays gives to the structure a typical aspect. In some studied specimens the structure is crushed or poorly preserved, so fewer well-preserved xylotomical details can be recognized, but the general aspect of the structure is typical.</p>
            <p>The vessels – appear, in cross section, almost exclusively solitary, rarely in pairs or small groups and their arrangement define a wood structure of semi-ring porous type, with larger solitary vessels in the early-wood, gradually diminishing to the late-wood. Sometimes, a tendency to porous or even ring porous aspect appears, possibly as intraspecific or climatic variability. The large solitary vessels have the lumina size of 100-260(-290) / 100-220 μm the radial / tangential diameter, gradually diminishing to 60-90 / 50-90 μm in the late- wood. The shape of the solitary pores is usually round to radial oval and have thick walls, of 5-8 μm the simple wall. Vessels' arrangement is very specific due to the presence two-sized rays, i.e. between two thick rays there appear a composite general bundle with radial pattern and/or diagonal, sometimes even with dendritic aspect. It comprises all the vessels which, between two successive thin rays, are radially arranged. Often, between two thin rays, few vessels appear or not at all, but all together contribute to that diagonal or dendritic aspect of the structure. However, in some specimens, between two uniseriate rays appear radial rows of vessels of almost similar size (in many specimens from Provatonas area). In other bundles some irregularities can appear, but usually, all these bundles show obvious gradual diminishing vessels' size to the late-wood, which gives the typical semi-ring-porous aspect of the structure. In longitudinal view, the vessels show exclusively simple perforation plates, sometimes less visible, because the presence of tyloses or of bad preservation. On the vertical walls, numerous, round intervessel pits appear, or toward the vasicentric tracheids, having opposite, subopposite to alternate arrangement, contiguous or spaced. These pits of bordered type are mean sized, of 5-10 µm in diameter. The vessel-ray pits are quite similar to the vascular pits, in size and shape, having much reduced borders, to apparently simple, corresponding to the cross-field pitting, which is described below. Helical thickenings in vessel elements were not observed. The tangential diameter of vessel lumina varies between 50-220 µm and the mean tangential diameter is around 100 µm. Vessels' density is of 5-20 vessels/mm 2. The mean vessel element length is around 350 µm or slightly more. Inside the vessels' lumina, visible in all sections, more or less numerous and relatively thick-walled, big and/or small tyloses commonly can be seen. Also, sometimes appears in vessels or inside tyloses, fungi as hyphae, or some tanninous dark content.</p>
            <p>Vasicentric tracheids – are present, surrounding the vessels, having pitted vertical walls with 1-2(3)-seriate, bordered pits of 4-5 µm in diameter.</p>
            <p>The fibers – constitute the major part of the ground tissue, are relatively thick walled and, on the vertical walls have small bordered pits. Also, they are not visibly septate.</p>
            <p>The axial parenchyma – constitute the major part of the ground tissue, are relatively thick walled and, on the vertical walls have small bordered pits. Also, they are not visibly septate.</p>
            <p>The axial parenchyma – in cross section appears as few cells, dispersed between among the fibers, often difficult to identify each other, in cross-section, having quite similar aspects, but usually the parenchyma appears as narrow bands (1-3 cells wide), visible as tangential shorter or longer bands, even suggesting an almost reticulate arrangement. Sometimes those bands of parenchyma are slightly irregular as direction or thickness. In longitudinal view, the parenchyma can be recognized as rows of vertical-rectangular cells, often chambered and crystalliferous, usually with big or small rounded crystals inside, floating in a tanninous dark content, in which appear round empty spaces, like variably sized bubbles (especially in the samples from Licofi and from Lefkimi).</p>
            <p>The rays – after their thickness are rays of two distinct sizes: thin rays, usually exclusively uniseriate, rarely 2-3- seriate (as in many specimens from Provatonas), which in cross-section appear as molding the vessels, and thick rays, multiseriate, commonly more than 10-seriate, of compact type or, mostly, of compound type, i.e. dissected by numerous libriform fibres, so giving typical aspect of almost aggregate rays, or are even of typical aggregate type, as it appear in almost all the studied specimens. Regarding the ray height in tangential view, the fine rays are usually low, but the multiseriate rays are high to very high, often more of 1 mm. Also, the ray cellular composition, observed in radial view, shows that the rays are in some cases homocellular, with all ray cells procumbent, but usually are heterocellular, having the body ray cells procumbent and 1-2(-3) marginal rows of taller cells, as square or even upright cells. In cross-fields with vessels, large quadrangular simple pits 8-12(-15) / 4- 5 µm, in palisade arrangement appear, sometimes with rounded corners or lens-like (of 15-20(25) / 5-6 µm), usually vertical, but sometimes tilted up to horizontal, but often poorly visible, because the ray cells are full of dark content and or rounded crystals or, simply, are poorly preserved. Between the horizontal ray cells, the tangential wall is relatively thick and is vertical to inclined. Ray density is between 4-12 rays/mm horizontal, sometimes more. Sheath cells or tile cells are not present.</p>
            <p>Storied structures – absent. Secretory elements are absent. Intercellular canals – absent. Only in the sample Pvt8 appears, in cross-section, a traumatic rounded canal of big dimensions with lumen of 120/90 μm in diameters and with very thick walls, of 20-25 µm. It could be, also, an insect gallery, since is intersecting other structural elements. Cambial variants – as included phloem absent. Only in the sample Aet1135 appears a primary structure with pith and primary wood, suggesting a branch fragment. Mineral inclusions – are present as usually small, rounded crystals, in chambered axial parenchyma cells and in ray parenchyma cells. Also, is good to specify that in the specimens Pvt24 and Pvt35, clearly appear important deposits of suber.</p>
            <p> Affinities and discussions. We had in study a big number or specimens (87) that showed a similar quercineous xylo-structure, characterized by wood semi-ring-porous, with almost exclusively solitary vessels, rarely in small groups, having simple perforations; with two-sized rays - the broad ones as compact-compound and/or aggregate rays and with typical cross-field pitting as quadrangular pits, „ in palisade “ arrangement. All these details are presented in a synthetic description of all the available specimens and strongly suggest a structure of  Quercus type –  Ilex Section, as it appears in the consulted papers of Greguss (1954), Hadziev &amp; Mädel (1962), Schweingrüber (1990), Schoch et al. (2004), Wheeler et al. (2011). </p>
            <p> Thus, in their study of some petrified oaks from Bulgaria, Hadziev &amp; Mädel (1962) showed that the xylotomy of the current oaks corresponds to four structural wood types, as follows : </p>
            <p> • „   Weisseichen“ – the white oak type, comprising most of the species included now in the section  Quercus (see Denk et al., 2017), a group of species living now in  Europe , Asia and North Africa, and characterized by a ring-porous structure, with small, polygonal and thin-walled vessels, in the late-wood  . </p>
            <p> • „Roteichen“ – the red oak type, comprising the species from Eritrobalanus section (now  Lobatae section - see Denk et al., 2017), as well as some species of the Lepidobalanoideae (now  Quercus section - see Denk et al., 2017), characterized by ring-porous structure, with relatively large, round, thick-walled late-wood vessels. </p>
            <p> • The „evergreen oak“ type (  Ilex section), including species of  Quercus and  Lithocarpus , with diffuse-porous or semi-ring porous xylo-structure, the relatively small and spaced vessels, often being radially arranged. </p>
            <p>• The „root wood“ oak- type, corresponds to all the oak types, showing diffuse-porous structure, and large and crowded pores.</p>
            <p> Later, Privé-Gill (1975), noted in her studies that the oak wood is characterized by vessels in radial rows more or less dendritically distributed and showing only simple perforations. She emphasized, also, as a feature of taxonomic value, the presence of two-sized rays: multiseriate, very thick and, respectively, fine rays, uniseriate or biseriate, usually present in actual or fossil wood of  Quercus and  Lithocarpus . These genera have numerous species living in the temperate or warm regions of the northern hemisphere. The wood structure can also be diffuse-porous, typical of evergreen species, whereas the ring-porous structure is characteristic of deciduous  Quercus species and the most northern  Lithocarpus species. In the root-wood, the deciduous species often tend to lose their ring-porousness, becoming similar to the evergreen species, and the broad rays become divided into false rays, i.e. aggregate rays (Privé-Gill, 1975). All these observations are in perfect accord with the observations of Hadziev &amp; Mädel (1962). </p>
            <p> A fossil species with very similar features was described from Evros, by Petrescu et Velitzelos (1981), as  Quercoxylon intermedium , identified also by us in Rhodopes, Bulgaria (Iamandei et al., 2014) and, the xylotomy of the numerous specimens studied here is very similar, up to identity with the cited species. </p>
            <p> Thus, comparing description of the studied specimens with the species diagnosis and based on the above discussion, we assign them to the fossil species  Quercoxylon intermedium Petrescu et Velitzelos, 1981 , considering it as a fossil correspondent of  Quercus ilex L. or, possibly, to  Q. suber L., both native to SW-Europe, NW-Africa and Mediterranean basin (see  Quercus ilex - Wikipedia - accessed 05.02.2023;  Quercus suber - Wikipedia - accessed 05.02.2023). </p>
            <p> Also, we consider that this type of oak had evergreen foliage, described from Aegean area as  Eotrigonobalanus furcinervis (Roosm.) Walter et Kvacek, 1989 , (in Kvaček &amp; Walther, 1989) and as is mentioned in other previous studies on fossil remains of oak, from Greece (see Selmeier &amp; Velitzelos, 2000; Velitzelos et al., 1999; 2008). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E93687EBFFA1BE01FF6EFA23FF05F95B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Iamandei, Stanila;Iamandei, Eugenia;Velitzelos, Dimitrios;Velitzelos, Evangelos	Iamandei, Stanila, Iamandei, Eugenia, Velitzelos, Dimitrios, Velitzelos, Evangelos (2024): Palaeoxylotomical Studies In The Cenozoic Petrified Forests Of Greece. Part Three - Dicots. Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae 20 (2): 61-96, DOI: 10.35463/j.apr.2024.02.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.35463/j.apr.2024.02.06
E93687EBFFBEBE01FF67F8E0FD2EF831.text	E93687EBFFBEBE01FF67F8E0FD2EF831.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Engelhardioxylon (Manchester) Duperon 1988	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Engelhardioxylon (Manchester) Dupéron, 1988 , </p>
            <p> Engelhardioxylon lesbium Iamandei &amp; Iamandei, sp.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E93687EBFFBEBE01FF67F8E0FD2EF831	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Iamandei, Stanila;Iamandei, Eugenia;Velitzelos, Dimitrios;Velitzelos, Evangelos	Iamandei, Stanila, Iamandei, Eugenia, Velitzelos, Dimitrios, Velitzelos, Evangelos (2024): Palaeoxylotomical Studies In The Cenozoic Petrified Forests Of Greece. Part Three - Dicots. Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae 20 (2): 61-96, DOI: 10.35463/j.apr.2024.02.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.35463/j.apr.2024.02.06
E93687EBFFBABE08FCC8FD8FFCAFF8C8.text	E93687EBFFBABE08FCC8FD8FFCAFF8C8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eucaryoxylon lesbium Iamandei et Iamandei 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Eucaryoxylon lesbium Iamandei et Iamandei ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Fig. 10, photos a-i; Fig.11, photos a-i.</p>
            <p> Studied material.   Other two samples of silicified wood, collected from early  Miocene volcano-sedimentary deposits, of Lesbos Island showed a similar special juglandaceous xylostructure of  Carya type. They are registered under the field numbers: Lsv 1, Lsv 6, and kept in the Collections of the Faculty of Geol. &amp; Geoenviron., of NKUA  . </p>
            <p>Microscopic description. The growth rings – are present, with porous to slightly semi-ring-porous structure, showing quite distinct ring boundaries, marked by a few rows of smaller and flattened cells of ground tissue, at the outer border of the growth ring, suddenly followed by normal ground tissue cells, where larger vessels of early-wood appear. Also, in cross-section, the long tangential bands of axial parenchyma, regularly arranged, give the structure a reticulate aspect.</p>
            <p>The vessels – appear, in cross sections, as solitary pores and radial multiples of 2-3(-5), in a radial arrangement between two successive rays, defining a porous to semi-porous structure, in which the thick-walled large vessels of the early-wood are slightly diminishing in size to the late-wood. The solitary vessels are round to oval-shaped, having in the early-wood a lumina size of 70-200 / 50- 150 µm the radial / tangential diameter. In the late-wood, the vessels are smaller, of 45-60 / 30-45 μm (r/tg.d). When grouped, the vessels are slightly deformed. Their walls are thick, of 8-12 µm the double wall. In longitudinal view, the vessels show exclusively simple perforation plates and the intervessel pits are numerous, polygonal, of bordered type, small (their mean size of 5-7 µm) and have a contiguous alternate arrangement. The vessel-ray pits are quite similar and have much reduced borders, the cross-fields pits are described below. Helical thickenings in the vessel elements were not observed. The mean tangential diameter of vessel lumina is around 120 µm. Vessels' density is 5-10 vessels per square millimeter. The mean vessel element length is between 300-600 µm. Inside the vessels' lumina rare, big, and relatively thin-walled tyloses sometimes appear.</p>
            <p>Tracheids – or vascular fibres or vasicentric tracheids were not observed.</p>
            <p>The libriform fibres – represent the major part of the ground tissue and appear minutely pited and not septate.</p>
            <p>The axial parenchyma – is present in cross-section, paratracheal fewer, apotracheal more, as long tangential 1-3-seriate bands, quite regularly arranged giving a reticulate aspect. In longitudinal section the parenchyma can be recognized as vertical rows of rectangular cells. Sometimes some cells are chambered, hypertrophied and crystalliferous, appearing as huge solitary and/or in short chains of 2-3 enormous barel-like cells (rarely more: 4 in Lsv6), bearing a singular big polygonal crystal inside.</p>
            <p>The rays – appear as fine rays, usually 1-3(-4) seriate. The ray height is usually low to high, sometimes of more than 30 cells. The ray density is between 8-12 rays/mm tangential. As cellular composition, in radial view, the rays are of heterocellular type: the body ray cells are all procumbent, having 1-2 row of upright and/or square marginal cells which have a white or dark content and, sometimes, crystalliferous. In cross-fields with vessels, small polygonal rounded pits, in 1-2 horizontal rows, often not visible due to presence of dark content, or poor preservation.</p>
            <p>Storied structures are absent. Secretory elements seem to be absent. Mineral inclusions – appear as large prismatic crystals, solitary or in short vertical chains of 2-3(-4), as a single big crystal inside an enlarged cell (or chamber of axial parenchyma cell). Also, as noted above, crystal sand appears in rays, especially in the upright and/or square marginal ray cells.</p>
            <p>Affinities and discussions. From the numerous petrified wood remains with Juglandaceous affinities, studied here, two specimens showed a special xylostructure, showing thick-walled vessels, with exclusively simple perforations and numerous alternate bordered pits; with banded and crystalliferous parenchyma in a reticulate arrangement, vasicentric less; vertically, the axial parenchyma appear as solitary cells or short chains of 2-3 enlarged chambers, each bearing a single big crystal inside.</p>
            <p> Thus, the xylotomy of the studied specimens is comparable with that of the current  Carya Nutt. (known as hickory, or pecan) which has also, besides the typical juglandaceous xylotomy with thick-walled vessels, the apotracheal parenchyma as long continuous bands in cross section and, the crystalliferous parenchyma appears with big solitary crystals in some enormous „ barrel-like “ solitary cells which, in vertical view, appear solitary or in short chains of 2-3. </p>
            <p> The fossil correspondent of the current  Carya Nutt. is  Eucaryoxylon (Müller-Stoll et Mädel) Dupéron, 1988 . Its emended diagnosis shows that „the wood- structure is porous, with solitary vessels or short multiples, with thick to very thick walls, has simple perforations, alternate intervascular pitting rather big, paratracheal and apotracheal banded parenchyma, 1-2(4)-seriate, long and rather regular; has crystalliferous parenchyma as large idioblasts, with solitary crystals in such barrel-like idioblasts, which appear isolated or in short vertical chains of 2-3 cells; has rays 1-3(5)-seriate, and septate pith“. </p>
            <p> This discussion and the critical overview of the features of our studied specimens strongly suggest that we are facing to a  Eucaryoxylon species , since the observed details are perfectly consistent with the generic diagnosis, especially by the presence of the enormous crystalliferous cells, barrel-like (see Dupéron, 1988, citing Manning, 1978). </p>
            <p> Comparing the xylotomy of our studied specimens with some valid fossil species described till now, as:  Eucaryoxylon boureaui Dupéron, 1977 ;  E. budense Greguss, 1969 ;  E. crystallophorum Müller-Stoll et Mädel, 1960 ;  E. guembelii Müller-Stoll et Mädel, 1983 ;  E. moenanum Müller-Stoll et Mädel, 1983 ;  E. protojaponicum (Watari) Müller-Stoll et Mädel, 1960 and  E. zarandense Iamandei et Iamandei, 2002 , we observed many similar features, but not identical. Thus, the here studied specimens show some specific features as follows: semi-ring-porous structure with thick-walled vessels, solitary or in short radial multiples of 2-3(-5), with perforations exclusively simple and intervessel pitting alternate; long banded parenchyma with a reticulate arrangement, crystalliferous, as solitary or short vertical chains of 2-3(-5) enlarged chambers with big crystals; rays 1-3(-4) seriate, heterocellular, with 1-2 rows of square or upright marginal cells with crystalsand. </p>
            <p> All these xylotomical features, described in the studied specimens, compared with previous studied species, allow us to define a new species that we name  Eucaryoxylon lesbium Iamandei et Iamandei ,  sp. nov. , after the name of the provenance place (Lesbos Island). It could be a possible ancestor of some disappeared types of  Carya , that lived, during the Cenozoic time in Europe, as shown by the identifications of Dupéron (1977), Greguss (1969), Müller-Stoll &amp; Mädel (1960, 1983), Iamandei &amp; Iamandei (2002). </p>
            <p>So, we designate the specimen Lsv1 as holotype and, the specimen Lsv6 as paratype, and this is the diagnosis of the new species: “Growth rings present, with porous to semi-ring-porous structure and with long tangential bands of axial parenchyma giving a reticulate aspect; vessels are solitary or in short radial multiples of 2-3(-5), thick-walled, circular to oval, 50-150 µm tg.d., 5-10(-20) vessels on sq. mm; exclusively simple perforations plates, alternate intervascular pitting; parenchyma banded reticulate, with solitary or vertical chains of 2-3 enormous crystals; rays 1-3(-4) seriate, heterocellular, with 1-2 rows of square or upright marginal cells sometimes crystalliferous; cross field small, few simple pits, in 1-2 rows”.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E93687EBFFBABE08FCC8FD8FFCAFF8C8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Iamandei, Stanila;Iamandei, Eugenia;Velitzelos, Dimitrios;Velitzelos, Evangelos	Iamandei, Stanila, Iamandei, Eugenia, Velitzelos, Dimitrios, Velitzelos, Evangelos (2024): Palaeoxylotomical Studies In The Cenozoic Petrified Forests Of Greece. Part Three - Dicots. Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae 20 (2): 61-96, DOI: 10.35463/j.apr.2024.02.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.35463/j.apr.2024.02.06
E93687EBFFB7BE0BFCA9F813FB7DFB35.text	E93687EBFFB7BE0BFCA9F813FB7DFB35.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhysocaryoxylon madsenii Sakala et Gryc 2011	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Rhysocaryoxylon madsenii Sakala et Gryc, 2011</p>
            <p>Fig. 12, photos a-i.</p>
            <p> Studied material.   A similar special juglandaceous xylostructure of  Juglans type was observed in 33 samples of petrified wood, collected from early Miocene volcano-sedimentary deposits, of Limnos and  Lesbos Islands . They are registered and kept in the Collections of the Faculty of Geol. &amp; Geoenviron. of   NKUA, under these field numbers: Li192, Li277; and from  Lesvos Island : Lsv10, Lsv11, Lsv12, Lsv15, Lsv 19, Lsv25, Lsv49, Lsv58, Lsv62, Lsv69, Lsv76, Lsv79, Lsv81, Lsv84, Lsv86, Lsv94, Lsv102, Lsv104, Lsv110, Lsv350, Lsv382, Lsv383, Lsv384, Lsv396, Lsv397, Lsv416? Lsv423, Lsv430, Lsv446, Lsv452 Lsv544  ?. </p>
            <p>Microscopic description. Growth rings – present, with quite indistinct ring boundaries, poorly marked by a few rows of smaller and flattened cells of ground tissue as final wood, which are suddenly followed by larger normal cells of the early wood, where larger vessels also appear. However, in some specimens, such a sudden passage from late-wood to early-wood is often poorly preserved and so, the ring boundary is less distinct.</p>
            <p>The vessels – usually thick-walled, are so arranged that define a wood structure with porosity sometimes of diffuse porous type, but most usually of semi-ring porous type, since larger vessels appear in the early wood, gradually diminishing in the late wood. Between two successive rays they appear in radial pattern arranged, but in all the structure with multiple neighbor fascicles, a diagonal pattern is visible. The vessels appear chiefly solitary (60-90%) and in radial multiples of 2-3(-5) vessels. The large solitary vessels have the lumina size of 60-150 / 45-90 μm the radial / tangential diameter, diminishing to 15-50 / 10-36 μm in the late- wood. Their shape is round to radial oval, often more or less deformed, and has a wall thickness of 7-10 μm the double wall. In the longitudinal view, the vessels show exclusively simple perforation plates. The intervessel pits - are polygonal of bordered type and have a contiguous, alternate arrangement, sometimes opposite to subopposite. The pits are polygonal and mean-sized, of around 10-12 µm in diameter. The vessel-ray pits are similar to intervessel pits, having much reduced borders. The cross-field pits, usually difficult to observe due to poor preservation, are described below. Thin helical thickenings in vessel elements sometimes appear (Lsv15, Lsv62). Tyloses inside the vessels' lumina rarely were seen but, usually, a blurry brown to dark content is present. The mean tangential diameter of vessel lumina is around 70 µm. Vessels' density is between 20 - 40 vessels/mm 2. The mean vessel element length is between 300-800 µm.</p>
            <p>Tracheids – vascular fibres or vasicentric tracheids were not observed.</p>
            <p>The fibers – represent the major part of ground tissue, and the vertical walls seem to have small bordered pits. Sometimes, they are septate.</p>
            <p>The axial parenchyma – in cross-section, appears paratracheal few, but usually apotracheal banded, visible as long tangential bands 1-3-seriate, in a reticulate arrangement. In the longitudinal view, the parenchyma appears as rows of vertical rectangular cells. Some parenchyma cells are chambered and crystalliferous, with a single big prismatic crystal in each chamber, visible in the longitudinal sections as long vertical chains of 8- 11(15) successive chambers.</p>
            <p>The rays – are present as fine rays, usually 1-3 seriate, low to high. The analysis of ray-cellular composition defines rays of heterocellular type, since the body ray cells are all procumbent, with 1(-2) rows of upright and/or square marginal cells, which sometimes have polygonal-rounded big crystals inside and also, dark content. In cross-fields with vessels, small quadrangular to elliptic horizontal elongate simple pits, more numerous in the marginal cross fields, as superposed pairs are often poorly visible because of the dark content or of numerous crystals, or simply, of bad preservation. Sheath cells or tile cells, in rays, are not present. The ray density is between 4-12 rays/mm.</p>
            <p>Storied structures – absent. Secretory elements – as oil/mucilage cells absent. Intercellular canals – absent. Cambial variants – as included phloem, absent. Mineral inclusions – prismatic crystals appear in chambered axial parenchyma cells often as long series and this is a special diagnostic character: the presence of big crystals in enlarged chambered cells, in long chains of 8-11 or more large crystals. Also, small prismatic crystals or crystal sand could appear in ray cells, in upright and / or square ray cells, but also in procumbent ray cells.</p>
            <p>Affinities and discussions. From the studied petrified wood remains to show juglandaceous structure we remarked some of them with similar features, showing a diffuse porous structure in cross-section, and the axial parenchyma which appears in cross-section as long tangential bands 1-3-seriate, in a reticulate arrangement and longitudinal view, as chambered and crystalliferous parenchyma, with long vertical chains of 8-11 hypertrophied chambers with a singular crystal inside. Other details, like the size and arrangement of the vessels, in cross-section, with exclusively simple perforations and numerous alternate bordered pits, in vertical view, are typical for the juglandaceous wood, as is presented in Greguss (1954), Dupéron (1988), Schweingrüber (1990), Schoch et al. (2004), Wheeler et al. (2011) and Akkemik &amp; Yaman (2012).</p>
            <p>  Thin helical thickenings in the vessel elements, sometimes, are present. Taking into account the discussions at the above-identified species, especially on the specific xylotomical details of the main extant juglandaceous genera, as summarized by Dupéron (1988), who discussed the presence or absence of the crystalliferous parenchyma, as well as the thickness of the vascular wall, we observe the possible similitude of the xylotomy of our specimens with the current species of  Juglans L., most probably of Black Tropical Walnut type, which have quite thick-walled vessels and present variations of the crystalliferous parenchyma that could appear as long vertical chains of chambers (more than 5), bearing solitary crystals and apotracheal parenchyma as long tangential bands (see Duperon, 1988), similar to our fossil specimens  . </p>
            <p> Blokhina (2007), doing a new revision of the knowledge on Juglandaceous xylotomy and palaeoxylotomy, presented some questions on taxonomy, evolution and phylogeny of this group and gave a key of identification of wood anatomy of modern and fossil  Juglandaceae . Using this key, but also the other information from the paper, it is clear that „a wood structure with diffuse or semi-ring-porous structure, crystals in axial parenchyma and thin to thick-walled vessels“ define a  Rhysocaryoxylon structure, completed by „solitary vessels or in radial multiples, vessel-ray and vesselparenchyma pits with significantly reduced borders and large apertures, apotracheal parenchyma in bands of 1– 2(4) cells wide, and rays are 1-3(5) - seriate, homocellular to slightly heterocellular, with or without crystals“. </p>
            <p> Originally, juglandaceous fossil wood was described as  Juglandinium schenki Felix, 1884 , revised later as  Caryojuglandoxylon schenkii (Felix) Müller-Stoll &amp; Mädel, 1960 . Later, it was revised again as  Rhysocaryoxylon schenkii (Felix) Dupéron, 1988 , and it was designated as a type-species for the genus  Rhysocaryoxylon Dupéron, 1988 . </p>
            <p> But, in 2011, describing a new species of  Rhysocaryoxylon, Sakala &amp; Gryc (2011) , suggested that is necessary to be prepared a proposal for TAXON (the Journal of the IAPT), to conserve the name  Rhysocaryoxylon against  Caryojuglandoxylon and this, because of the presence in these xylostructures of crystalliferous idioblasts similar to  Carya type, but more numerous, and because of the presence of smaller vessels and narrower rays tending to be uniseriate in the majority, features that do not correspond to the accepted diagnosis based on the type-species  Rhysocaryoxylon schenkii (Felix) Dupéron.</p>
            <p> However, using the generic key for juglandaceous fossil wood of Dupéron (1988), we observe that the affinity of our studied specimens with  Rhysocaryoxylon genus is valid, especially by the aspect of the crystalliferous axial parenchyma in cross sections and the longitudinal ones. Thus, Dupéron (1988) characterized this genus like this: „porous to semi- ring-porous structure with thick-walled vessels, solitary or in small multiples, having simple perforations and intervascular pitting polygonal, alternately arranged; by banded apotracheal parenchyma, as 1-2(4) seriate bands, long, regular, paratracheal less abundant and, in longitudinal view obviously crystalliferous appearing as vertical chains of cells a little bit bigger than the ordinary ones; also, by rays 1-3(5)- seriate and heterogeneous and septate pith“, features that appear in our here studied specimens too. </p>
            <p> We compared the described features of our specimens with other European species already described as:  Rhysocaryoxylon schenkii (Felix) Dupéron, 1988 ;  R. triebelii (Caspary) Dupéron, 1988 ;  R. fryxellii (Prakash &amp; Barghoorn) Dupéron, 1988 ;  R. caucasicum (Gaivoronsky) Dupéron, 1988 ;  R. tertiarum (Prakash &amp; Barghoorn) Dupéron, 1988 ;  Rhysocaryoxylon pilinyense (Greguss) Dupéron, 1988 ;  R. pravalense Iamandei &amp; Iamandei, 2002 ;  R. ocii Iamandei &amp; Iamandei, 2002 ;  R. transylvanicum Iamandei &amp; Iamandei, 2003 (and in Iamandei et al., 2013), and  R. madsenii Sakala et Gryc, 2011 , also described by us from Rhodopes, Bulgaria (Iamandei et al., 2016). Almost all these cited taxa were considered to represent fossil equivalents of Black Tropical Walnuts, having parenchyma with vertical chains that are longer than 5 successive crystalliferous chambers, like in our specimens. Only  R. transylvanicum seems to be similar to  J. nigra , a species of Black Temperate Walnuts type (Iamandei &amp; Iamandei, 2003; Iamandei et al., 2013), having short vertical chains of no more than 5 chambers with solitary crystals, so this type is different of the here studied specimens. </p>
            <p> However we found a very close similarity, up to identity with the species described by Sakala &amp; Gryc (2011) from Czech Rep., and by us from Rhodopes Mts., as having semi-ring-porous structure, indistinct ring boundary, thick-walled vessels, with simple perforations and alternate pitting; banded and reticulate, typically crystalliferous parenchyma, with long vertical chains of more than 5 barrel-like cells with large, solitary crystals; rays 1-3(5)-seriate, heterocellular rays with 1-4 marginal crystalliferous cells. Accordingly, based on the similarities listed above, we assign our specimens described here, to the species  Rhysocaryoxylon madsenii Sakala et Gryc, 2011 , representing a fossil correspondent of the Black Tropical Walnut type. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E93687EBFFB7BE0BFCA9F813FB7DFB35	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Iamandei, Stanila;Iamandei, Eugenia;Velitzelos, Dimitrios;Velitzelos, Evangelos	Iamandei, Stanila, Iamandei, Eugenia, Velitzelos, Dimitrios, Velitzelos, Evangelos (2024): Palaeoxylotomical Studies In The Cenozoic Petrified Forests Of Greece. Part Three - Dicots. Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae 20 (2): 61-96, DOI: 10.35463/j.apr.2024.02.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.35463/j.apr.2024.02.06
