taxonID	type	description	language	source
F303879EFFBCFFCFFC6AFEB4FB4FFAE9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. In both sexes, body robust, labrum with relatively deep and broad medio-apical emargination; mesosoma with yellow-orange to bright yellowish tawny setae except black dorsal medio-horizontal setal band from tegula to tegula, about as long as bright yellowish tawny anterior setal band, and black lateral tuft on mesoscutellar basal border. In females, supraclypeal area with triangular yellowish mark, tergum I with slightly more orangish setae except black setae apically, tergum II black except yellowish-orange setal band apically, tergum III with apical half covered by yellowish-orange setae, tergum IV wholly with yellow-orange to bright orange setae; pygidial plate with lateral margins straight and gradually converging to rounded apex. In males, sternum VII narrowed beyond midlength, at which level lateral ridges small, distal (discal) portion expanded, with broad lateral lobes and thick, curved discal setae in apical third, abruptly narrowed medially post lateral lobes, with slender, rod-like median process bearing smaller setae similar to discal setae; sternum VIII with disc broadly convex apically except medioapically straighter, with some short setae. Male gonostylus double, the dorsal process long, slender, narrowly rounded apically with some relatively long setae and the ventral process narrow truncate, spatular, with short setae along mesal margin and patch of gonotrichia on ventral surface toward mesal margin.	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFBCFFCFFC6AFEB4FB4FFAE9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. H. mimetica was previously recorded in Vietnam by Lieftinck (1974) under H. disconota.	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFBFFFCBFF50FA19FA9BF7CE.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 – 4)	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFBFFFCBFF50FA19FA9BF7CE.taxon	materials_examined	The original type of H. disconota in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden was not examined. The recently collected Vietnamese material is treated herein. Material examined. VIETNAM: 2 females, 3 males, Cao B ằng Province, Trà Lĩnh District, Thang Hen lake, 22 ° 45 ′ 48 ″ N, 106 ° 17 ′ 38 ″ E, alt. 611 m, coll. Liên Th ị PhƯƠng Nguy ễn, Ngát Th ị Tr ần, CƯ ờng Quang Nguy ễn, 3. viii. 2022 [1 female, 2 males in IEBR; 1 female, 1 male in AMNH]; 4 females, 1 male, Cao B ằng Province, Trà Lĩnh District, Thang Hen lake, 22 ° 45 ′ 46.7 ″ N, 106 ° 17 ′ 36 ″ E, alt. 593 m, coll. Liên Th ị PhƯƠng Nguy ễn, Anh Đ ức Nguy ễn, Ngát Th ị Tr ần, 18. ix. 2023; 1 female, SƠn La Province, Yên Châu District, MƯ ờng L ựm Commune, 21 ° 01 ′ 03.9 ″ N, 104 ° 29 ′ 59.5 ″ E, alt. 798 m, coll. Đ ại Đ ắc Nguy ễn, 19. vi. 2015 [IEBR].	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFBFFFCBFF50FA19FA9BF7CE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. H. mimetica disconota is separated from the nominate form as follows: in females, black medio-horizontal setal band on mesoscutum longer, about twice as long as anterior yellow-orange setal band (black medio-horizontal setal band on mesoscutum shorter, about as long as anterior bright yellowish tawny setal band in H. m. mimetica); basal half of tergum III with black setae, remainder with yellow-orange setae intermixed with some black setae (tergum III wholly with bright orange setae in H. m. mimetica); metatibia with conspicuous, much denser, black scopal setae and longer than greatest breadth of metatibia (metatibia with relatively short, black scopal setae, and not exceeding greatest breadth of metatibia in H. m. mimetica); sterna II – IV apically with blackish setae (sterna II – IV apically with light yellow setae in H. m. mimetica); sterna II – V of males with light yellow-orange setae (sterna II – V of males with pure white setae in H. m. mimetica); sternum VII of males with broad lateral lobes of disc more distal, lobes at transverse proximal tangent of discal setae and apical margin at base of rod-like process concave (sternum VII of males with broad lateral lobes of disc more proximal, lobes basad transverse proximal tangent of discal setae and apical margin at base of rod-like process straight in H. m. mimetica, refer to Lieftick, 1974: fig. 5); sternum VIII of males with apical margin more blunt and straight medially with broad angle separating posteriorly sloping margins laterally (sternum VIII of males not blunt medioapically, with continuous curve between lateral sloping margins and apical margin in H. m. mimetica, refer to Lieftinck, 1974: fig. 5).	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFBFFFCBFF50FA19FA9BF7CE.taxon	description	Redescription. Female: Total body length 15.5 – 16 mm, forewing length 12 – 12.5 mm. Body robust (Fig. 1 A, B). Head broader than long, about 1.4 × as broad as long. Compound eyes large and bulging. Clypeus slightly convex in profile, broader than long, about 1.7 × as broad as long (Fig. 2 A). Labrum subrectangular, 1.6 × as broad as long, with relatively broad, deep medio-apical emargination (Fig. 2 B). Mandible bidentate. Scape slender, approximately 4 × as long as broad, flagellomere I longest, flagellomere II shortest, length of flagellomere I about 3 × flagellomere II, flagellomere III little longer than flagellomere II, flagellomeres IV – IX subequal in lengths, flagellomere X longer than individual lengths of flagellomeres IV – IX (Fig. 2 C). Mesosoma approximately as broad as long (Fig. 2 D). Forewing subhyaline, with three submarginal cells, first and third submarginal cells broader than second submarginal cell, 1 m-cu entering near apex of second submarginal cell (Fig. 2 E). Metasoma plump (Fig. 2 F). Pygidial plate with lateral margins straight and gradually converging to rounded apex (Fig. 2 G). Clypeus with relatively dense, wrinkled punctures in apical half and laterally, punctures separated by 0.5 – 1.5 puncture width except impunctate medio-basal area; supraclypeal area with small, dense punctures separated by 0.5 × puncture width except impunctate medio-apical area (Fig. 2 A); labrum with dense, contiguous, coarse punctures (Fig. 2 B); paraocular area with smaller punctures than those on clypeus, punctures separated by 0.5 × puncture width; frons with small, dense, near contiguous punctures; vertex with elongate, dense punctures separated by 0.5 – 1 × puncture width and puncture size larger than those on frons; lateral margin of lateral ocellus shiny, impunctate (Fig. 2 D); gena with dense punctures separated by 0.2 – 0.5 × puncture width, punctures coarser than on frons. Mesoscutum and mesoscutellum with round, dense, contiguous punctures, size of punctures larger than those on frons. Metasomal terga with round, dense punctures separated by a puncture width, size of punctures equal to punctures on mesoscutum; sterna with punctures and shallower than those of terga, sterna with wrinkled punctures in apical halves. Body brownish black to black except as follows: mandible dark yellowish apically; labiomaxillary complex ferruginous; supraclypeal area with crescentic yellowish mark bordering frontoclypeal portion of epistomal sulcus (Fig. 2 A); flagellomeres III – X dark ferruginous ventrally (Fig. 2 C); legs and sterna dark ferruginous to black. Setae on body plumose except for simple setae mostly found on clypeus and labrum. Clypeus with short, sparse, yellow setae except on the laterals, where the setae are long, sparse, blackish plumose. Labrum with yellow setae, setae a little longer and denser than those on clypeus. Paraocular area with sparse, short, yellow setae, above antennal torulus with long, blackish setal tuft (Fig. 2 A). Frons with short, sparse, yellow setae intermixed with tuft of dense, blackish plumose setae. Inner space between ocelli with dense, blackish setal tufts (Fig. 2 A). Vertex with long, blackish setae (Fig. 2 D). Occiput with long, dense, blackish setae. Gena from below compound eye to mid-height of eye with long, dense and yellowish setae, and from there to near the top of eye mixed with blackish setae. Mesoscutum with yellow-orange setae except by a black medio-horizontal setal band between tegulae, about twice as long as yellow-orange anterior setal band, mesoscutellum with light yellow-orange setae except black setal tuft baso-laterally (Fig. 2 D). Tergum I with yellow-orange setae except by the black setae apically, tergum II black setae, tergum III black setae on basal half, remainder of tergum III and tergum IV wholly with yellow-orange setae intermixed with some black setae; tergum V with black setae basally, dark brown setae apically; terga II – IV apical margins with yellow-orange setal bands (Fig. 2 F). Male. Total body length 15 – 15.5 mm, forewing length 11 – 11.5 mm. Mandible bidentate, teeth relatively round apically, apical tooth little longer than preapical tooth (Fig. 3 B); scape about 3 × as long as broad, flagellomere I approximately 2.7 × length of flagellomere II, flagellomeres III – X subequal in lengths, flagellomere XI about 1.3 × length of flagellomere III (Fig. 3 C); tergum VII with apical margin nearly straight (Fig. 3 F). Sternum IV subrectangular, with long, dense setae apically (Fig. 4 A); sternum V with apical width narrower than basal width and with long, dense setae apically (Fig. 4 B); sternum VI gradually narrowed toward apex, with tuft of short setae (Fig. 4 C); sternum VII with broad lateral lobes of disc more distal, lobes at transverse proximal tangent of discal setae and apical margin at base of rod-like process concave (Fig. 4 D); sternum VIII with apical margin more blunt and straight medially with broad angle separating posteriorly sloping margins laterally (Fig. 4 E). Male gonostylus with the dorsal process long, slender, narrowly rounded apically, with some relatively long setae, and the ventral process narrow spatulate, with some short setae on mesal margin and patch of gonotrichia on ventral surface near mesal margin (Fig. 4 F – G). Sculpturing as described for female except punctures of clypeus smaller and fainter. Integument black except labiomaxillary complex dark ferruginous; mandible dark ferruginous except dark yellow apically; clypeus yellow except teardrop-shaped reddishbrown stain medio-laterally (sloping from anterior tentorial pit) and black at lateral borders, apical margin brown (Fig. 3 A). Supraclypeal area with broad yellow crescent mark bording sulcus, thicker than that of female (Fig. 3 A). Flagellomere I apically and flagellomeres II – XI ventrally dark ferruginous (Fig. 3 C). Legs dark brown to black (ferruginous on apical tarsomeres and in some areas ventrally), pretarsal claws black apically. Pubescence generally paler on male than in female (Fig. 1 C, D); terga III – IV with much thicker setal bands apically than those of female (Fig. 3 E).	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFBFFFCBFF50FA19FA9BF7CE.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Initially, while collecting bees we accidentally used slightly too much ethyl acetate and this resulted in the setae becoming matted particularly on the metasoma. Thus, the setae were stuck together and became discoloured when dried. This left the setae of terga II – IV in females appearing black (as Lieftinck (1974) mentioned in his key, p. 175). On a subsequent excursion, by reducing the amount of ethyl acetate, setae on the body were kept drier and the true colours of this subspecies were preserved and illustrated (see Figs. 1 – 3). We observed the morphology of the females collected from northern provinces, and found that they perfectly matched the description of H. disconota by Lieftinck (1974). Moreover, upon dissecting sterna VII – VIII and the genitalia of associated males from the same location, these structures appeared remarkably similar to Lieftinck’s (1974: fig. 5, 6) illustrations of male genitalia of H. mimetica (see also Wu, 2000: fig. 172). The differences are minor and we believe it is best to consider H. disconota as a geographical subspecies of H. mimetica.	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFBFFFCBFF50FA19FA9BF7CE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Vietnam (Northern). Floral association. Females and males were collected on flowers of Rubus alceifolius Poir. and Rubus sp. (Rosaceae: Rosoideae) (Fig. 20 A, B). These plants often grow in bushes at forest edges in relatively humid locations. The bees often visit flowers that are quite high up or other hard-to-reach locations and, likewise, easier to escape from in case of attack. Like most Anthophorini bees, they are exceptionally quick, making capture on the wing challenging.	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFBBFFC9FECCF97CFE83FC2E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. In both sexes, clypeus strongly convex medially; labrum subrectangular with small, shallow emargination; tergum I completely with long, dense, plumose setae; terga I – V with setal bands of dense plumose setae on apical border apically, those of females broader, thicker than those of males. In female, clypeus with T-inverted yellowish mark medially; pygidial plate with lateral margins gradually narrowed to basal ⅔, then slender on the remaining part and apex nearly rounded. In males, sternum VII strongly constricted at about midlength; discal (distal) portion diamond-shaped and covered with fine, short setae; sternum VIII concave apically and with some short setae. Male gonostylus with the dorsal process long, expanded gradually from base to apex, round apically with long setal tuft, and the ventral process obovate-shape, with dense setae.	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFBBFFC9FECCF97CFE83FC2E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Included species. Habropoda sinensis Alfken, 1937 and H. taiwana Dubitzky, 2007, new status (elevated to species rank owing to the significant differences in the hidden male sterna and morphological traits outlined in the key below).	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFBBFFC9FECCF97CFE83FC2E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This is a complex of exceedingly similar species and which were previously considered subspecies of a single species (Dubitzky, 2007). The discovery of a new form of this group from Vietnam clearly intermingled some of the more minor external morphological features but has a wholly unique form of the male terminalia, and is described as a new species. This led us to reinterpret the subspecies of H. sinensis, in which the male terminalia among the mainland and Taiwanese forms also differ significantly. We therefore believe this is a complex of three closely related species. Based on differences in illustrations from existing publications (Lieftinck, 1974; Dubitzky, 2007), the Vietnamese population superficially resembles H. sinensis from mainland China in most characters but has the male antennal form of H. taiwana from Taiwan. Distinctions between the forms are outlined by Dubitzky (2007: 55 – 56) and it is clear that each population has unique forms to the male sterna VII and VIII. We consider the Vietnamese population a new species, raise the other two forms to species rank within the sinensis complex, and present here a key to the three species.	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFBAFFC2FC5AFEBCFE7DF961.taxon	description	(Figs. 5 – 8)	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFBAFFC2FC5AFEBCFE7DF961.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype. VIETNAM: female, Gia Lai Province, Kbang District, SƠn Lang Commune, coll. Liên Th ị PhƯƠng Nguy ễn, Đ ại Đ ắc Nguy ễn, Ngát Th ị Tr ần, 26. iv. 2016 [IEBR]. Paratypes. VIETNAM: 1 female, 2 males, same data as type [1 male in IEBR; 1 female, 1 male in AMNH]; 1 female, Qu ảng Nam Province, Nam Giang District, Chà Vàl Commune, alt. 400 – 600 m, coll. Department of Insect Systematics, 29. iv. 2005; 1 male, Kon Tum Province, Đ ắk Glei District, Đ ắk Choong Commune, Ng ọc Linh Natural Reserve, 15 ° 11.9 ′ N, 107 ° 47.6 ′ E, alt. 1064 m, coll. Liên Th ị PhƯƠng Nguy ễn, Đ ại Đ ắc Nguy ễn, PhƯ Ợng Minh Nguy ễn, 9. iv. 2015; 2 females, 1 male, Gia Lai Province, Kbang District, SƠn Lang Commune, Kon ChƯ Răng Natural Reserve, 14 ° 43 ′ 48.9 ″ N, 108 ° 29 ′ 22.2 ″ E, alt. 866 m, coll. Liên Th ị PhƯƠng Nguy ễn, Lam Xuân TrƯƠng, Tu ấn Vi ết LƯƠng, 5. v. 2018; 1 male, Đ ắk L ắk Province, Krông Bông District, Krông Kmar Town, ChƯ Yăng Sin National Park, 12 ° 25 ′ 18.4 ″ N, 108 ° 17 ′ 49.4 ″ E, alt. 1052 m, coll. Liên Th ị PhƯƠng Nguy ễn, Đ ại Đ ắc Nguy ễn, Ngát Th ị Tr ần, 3. v. 2016; 7 females, Đ ắk L ắk Province, Krông Bông District, Krông Kmar Town, ChƯ Yăng Sin National Park, 12 ° 25 ′ 02.8 ″ N, 108 ° 22 ′ 30.8 ″ E, alt. 1081 m, coll. Liên Th ị PhƯƠng Nguy ễn, Đ ại Đ ắc Nguy ễn, Ngát Th ị Tr ần, 4. v. 2016; 2 females, Đ ắk L ắk Province, Krông Bông District, Krông Kmar Town, ChƯ Yăng Sin National Park, 12 ° 27 ′ 05.3 ″ N, 108 ° 20 ′ 24.3 ″ E, alt. 744 m, coll. Liên Th ị PhƯƠng Nguy ễn, Đ ại Đ ắc Nguy ễn, Ngát Th ị Tr ần, 5. v. 2016; 1 female, 1 male, Lâm Đ ồng Province, Đà L ạt City, Bidoup Núi Bà National Park, 12 ° 10 ′ 56.7 ″ N, 108 ° 40 ′ 47.9 ″ E, alt. 1458 m, coll. Liên Th ị PhƯƠng Nguy ễn, Đ ại Đ ắc Nguy ễn, Ngát Th ị Tr ần, 7. v. 2016 [IEBR].	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFBAFFC2FC5AFEBCFE7DF961.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Discal setae of terga of female dark brown to black; apical fimbrial bands of female terga I – IV bright yellow; flagellomere I of male at most as long as flagellomere II; flagellum of male except flagellomere I light brown ventrally; sternum VII of male not expanded medially nor hatchet-shaped, tapering slightly from midlength to apical margin with broad medioapical lobe; sternum VIII of male with lateral margins of disc almost straight, converging to apical margin with broad medial concavity between to apical angles, concavity with minute, bluntly rounded lobe.	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFBAFFC2FC5AFEBCFE7DF961.taxon	description	Description. Female: Total body length 11 – 11.5 mm (holotype = 11.5 mm), forewing length 9 – 9.5 mm (holotype = 9.5 mm). Body robust (Fig. 5 A – B). Head broader than long, about 1.4 × as broad as long. Compound eyes large and bulging. Clypeus strongly convex in profile, broader than long, about 1.5 × as broad as long (Fig. 6 A). Labrum subrectangular, 1.6 × as broad as long, with relatively small, shallow medio-apical emargination (Fig. 6 B). Mandible bidentate and relatively round apically. Scape slender, approximately 3.8 × as long as broad, flagellomere I longest, flagellomere II shortest, length of flagellomere I approximately 2.2 × flagellomere II, flagellomere III little longer than flagellomere II, flagellomeres IV – IX subequal in lengths, flagellomere X longer than individual lengths of flagellomeres IV – IX (Fig. 6 C). Forewing subhyaline, with three submarginal cells, first and third submarginal cells broader than second submarginal cell, 1 m-cu entering near apex of second submarginal cell (Fig. 6 E). Metasoma bulge, heart-shaped (Fig. 6 F). Pygidial plate with lateral margins gradually narrowed to basal ⅔, then slender on remaining part and apex nearly rounded (Fig. 6 G). Clypeus with dense uniform punctures basally, and wrinkled dense punctures baso-laterally, punctures separated by 0.2 – 1 × puncture width, except on medio-central area of clypeus disc and on yellow maculation, where punctures are shallow, very sparse forming an impunctate longitudinal line medially; supraclypeal area with dense punctures separated by 0.2 – 1 × puncture width (Fig. 6 A); labrum with dense, contiguous, coarse, wrinkled punctures (Fig. 6 B); paraocular area with round, smaller, dense punctures separated by 0.2 – 1 × puncture width; frons and vertex with round, minute, dense, nearly contiguous punctures; the impunctate area next to lateral ocelli much small, almost non-existent (Fig. 6 D). Mesoscutum and mesoscutellum with round, dense, nearly contiguous punctures, size of punctures larger than those on frons. Metasomal terga with round, small, relatively dense punctures separated by a puncture width, size of punctures smaller than those on mesoscutum. Body black except as follows: mandible yellowish except by the medial ⅓ and apical edge light brown to black; labiomaxillary complex ferruginous; clypeus brown except T-inverted yellow medio-apical maculation; supraclypeal area brown (Fig. 6 A); antenna brown to dark brown except flagellomeres I – II brownish black (Fig. 6 C); legs brown; sterna dark brown except amber apical margins. Setae on body plumose except for simple setae mostly found on clypeus, labrum, and discs of terga II – IV. Clypeus with short, sparse, yellow setae except longer, scattered, blackish plumose setae basolaterally and dense, yellowish plumose setae apicolaterally. Labrum with yellow setae, setae longer and denser than those on clypeus. Paraocular area with short, dense, yellowish setae, above antennal torulus with longer, yellowish setal tuft. Frons with dense, yellowish intermixed blackish setae. Inner space between ocelli with dense, blackish setal tufts and inter space between ocelli and vertex with yellow setae intermixed with blackish setae (Fig. 6 A). Vertex with long, blackish setae (Fig. 6 D). Occiput with long, dense, yellowish to yellow setae. Gena from below compound eye to mid-height of eye with long, dense, yellowish setae, and from there up to near top of eye with yellow setae intermixed with blackish setae. Mesoscutum and mesoscutellum with yellow setae intermixed blackish setae (Fig. 6 D). Tergum I with long, dense, yellow plumose setae; terga II – IV with short, dense, dark brown or black setae except apical margins with dense, bright yellow plumose setal bands, tergum V with dense, yellowish brown plumose setal band apically (Fig. 6 G). Male. Total body length 9.5 – 10 mm, forewing length 7.5 – 8 mm. Mandible bidentate, preapical tooth with blunt apically, apically tooth with relatively round apically, apical tooth little longer than preapical tooth (Fig. 7 B); scape approximately 2.2 × as long as broad, flagellomere I as long as flagellomere II, flagellomeres III – X subequal in lengths, flagellomere XI about 1.5 × length of flagellomere III (Fig. 7 C); tergum VII with apical margin slightly curved (Fig. 7 F). Sterna IV – VIII as in Fig. 8 A – E. Male gonostylus with the dorsal process long, expanded gradually from base to apex, broad and round apically with long setal tuft, and the ventral process obovate in shape, with dense setae (Fig. 8 F, G). Sculpturing as described for female except punctures of clypeus scattered and fainter. Integument black except labiomaxillary complex dark ferruginous; mandible yellowish except brown to brownish black apically; clypeus yellowish except teardrop-shaped black stain medio-laterally (sloping from anterior tentorial pit) and black at lateral borders, apical margin brown (Fig. 7 A). Supraclypeal area with thin, yellowish crescent mark bordering sulcus (Fig. 7 A). Scape and flagellomeres II – XI ventrally dark brown (Fig. 7 C). Legs brown to dark brown, pretarsal claws black apically. Pubescence generally a little paler on male than in female (Fig. 5 C, D); terga I – IV with thinner setal bands apically than those of female (Fig. 7 E).	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFBAFFC2FC5AFEBCFE7DF961.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Vietnam (Central and Central Highlands).	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFBAFFC2FC5AFEBCFE7DF961.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In this species males have gonostyli identical to those of H. sinensis illustrated by Lieftinck (1974: fig. 3) and Wu (2000: fig. 178 c), and with sternum VIII as depicted by Wu (2000: fig. 178 b), but differs from the drawing presented by Lieftinck (1974: fig. 2). Sternum VII of the new species is also very different from the sketches presented by both Lieftinck (1974: fig. 2) and Wu (2000: fig. 178 a), particularly in that the disc of sternum VII is broader or more hatchet-shaped in H. sinensis, while in the new species the disc is narrower, with margins converging less abruptly apically and not expanded horizontally (i. e., not hatchet-shaped).	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFBAFFC2FC5AFEBCFE7DF961.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet honors Ms. Agnieska Pierwola, multi-talented, vibrant, and astute entomologist of the AMNH who has been an unflagging source of support and inspiration for our work on bees. Floral association. Unknown.	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFB1FFC3FF01F96BFBA3F863.taxon	description	(Figs. 9 – 12)	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFB1FFC3FF01F96BFBA3F863.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. VIETNAM: 6 females, 2 males, Lai Châu Province, MƯ ờng Tè District, Tà T ổng Commune, 22 ° 23 ʹ 30 ʺN, 102 ° 39 ʹ 23 ʺE, alt. 1250 m, coll. Ngát Th ị Tr ần, 8. iii. 2023 [5 females, 1 male in IEBR; 1 female, 1 male in AMNH].	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFB1FFC3FF01F96BFBA3F863.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. In both sexes, head with subtriangular shape, labrum with semicircular medio-apical emargination. In females, clypeus with a shining vertical keel baso-medially and a triangular creamy-white mark medio-apically; labrum with prominent dark yellow tubercles baso-laterally and plumose setae laterally; metasoma with dense, light copper red to red setae except apical bands with lighter setae; pygidial plate with lateral margins straight and gradually converging to nearly pointed apex. In males, sternum VII with strong, thickened, nearly complete lateral ridges separating proximal portion from disc, the disc with lateral margins parallel in proximal half, then sloping concavely to paramedial angles separated by broad medial concavity with a prominent lanceolate process medially, disc if thickened, short, curved setae laterally and to subapically on paramedial points, elongate setae at apex of lanceolate process (Fig. 12 D); sternum VIII with disc broadly rounded laterally then converging to shallow, broadly rounded, paramedial lobes separated by broad, shallow concavity medially (Fig. 12 E). Male gonostylus with the dorsal process long, slender, acutely rounded to nearly pointed apically with long setal tuft and the ventral process lamellate, concave on apical margin, and with short setae on mesal margin (Fig. 12 F, G).	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFB1FFC3FF01F96BFBA3F863.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand, Vietnam (Northwestern).	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFB1FFC3FF01F96BFBA3F863.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is recorded from Vietnam for the first time. All characters agree with the diagnosis of H. sutepensis by Cockerell (1929) and the male sterna VII – VIII and gonostylus are consistent with Lieftinck (1974: figs. 44, 45). Floral associations. The females were collected on flowers of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. (Lamiaceae: Lamioideae) and males from flowers of Hedyotis capitellata Wall. ex G. Don (Rubiaceae: Rubioideae) along the trail into the forest (Fig. 20 C, D).	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFB3FFC1FF09F896FC35F7D7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. In both sexes, body robust; clypeus convex in profile; labrum with broad medio-apical emargination. In females, clypeus black, without yellow maculation; pygidial plate elongate, tongue-shaped, distinctly longer than its greatest width at base, downcurved and gradually narrowed towards end, sides almost straight and apex simply rounded, the setal colour of mesosoma dorsally and metasomal terga nearly always partly grey-brown to black except metasomal terga III – VI with orangish or rufous setae. In males, apical portion of sternum VII situated beyond the two heavily sclerotised transverse lateral ridges, at first parallel-sided, then much expanded and terminating in a pair of divergent flaps separated by a broad shallow median emargination; sternum VII with broad medio-apical emargination, discal portion with dense setae; sternum VIII with slight medio-apical emargination. Male gonostylus with dorsal process spatular, long — nearly twice as long as ventral process — with long setae; ventral process longer than broad, with short setae.	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFB3FFC1FF09F896FC35F7D7.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This is the first record of H. tainanicola for Vietnam. The species has been separated into two subspecies: H. tainanicola tainanicola Strand, 1913 from Taiwan and H. t. maiella Lieftinck, 1974 from southeastern China. The Vietnamese material is easily distinguished from both of these. Accordingly, we here recognise a third subspecies, with the most obvious character-state differences outlined in table 1.	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFADFFDCFF58FB72FE7BF92E.taxon	description	(Figs. 13, 14)	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFADFFDCFF58FB72FE7BF92E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype. VIETNAM: female, Đ ắk Nông Province, Đ ắk Glong District, Đ ắk Som Commune, Tà Đùng Natural Reserve, 11 ° 50 ʹ 16 ʺN, 107 ° 59 ʹ 16.7 ʺE, alt. 745 m, coll. Liên Th ị PhƯƠng Nguy ễn, Đ ại Đ ắc Nguy ễn, Ngát Th ị Tr ần, 6. v. 2016 [IEBR].	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFADFFDCFF58FB72FE7BF92E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This subspecies can be distinguished from others by the presence of a triangular yellow maculation on the supraclypeal area of females, forewing orange-yellow subhyaline, metasomal terga I and II black setae, terga III – VI covered by yellow-orange setae, metatibia and metabasitarsus with black setae except yellowish-orange setae on posterior margin of metatibia.	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFADFFDCFF58FB72FE7BF92E.taxon	description	Description. Female: Total body length (holotype) 14.5 mm, forewing length (holotype) 11.5 mm. Head broader than long, approximately 1.5 × as broad as long (Fig. 14 A). Mandible bidentate. Labrum with tubercles baso-laterally, rather broadly emarginate medio-apically (Fig. 14 B). Clypeus convex in profile, about 1.6 × as broad as long and slightly depressed medioapically (Figs. 13 A, 14 A). Scape slender, about 4.4 × as long as broad, flagellomere I slender, about 5 × as long as broad, flagellomere II shortest, as broad as long, flagellomeres III – IV subequal in lengths and longer than flagellomere II, flagellomeres VI – IX subequal in lengths and longer than flagellomere III, flagellomere X long, about 2.3 × flagellomere II in length (Fig. 14 C). Mesosoma round, approximately as broad as long (Fig. 14 D). Forewing with three submarginal cells, first and third submarginal cells broader than second submarginal cell, 1 m-cu entering at two-third length of second submarginal cell (Fig. 14 E). Pygidial plate with lateral margins gradually converging to rounded apex (Fig. 14 F). Clypeus with dense, wrinkled punctures laterally and medio-apically, punctures round and separated by 0.5 – 1.5 × puncture width, sparser punctures medially, forming a impunctate linear longitudinal area on midline basally, and minute area medioapically. Supraclypeal area with faint, sparse punctures except denser punctures laterally (Fig. 14 A). Labrum with dense punctures of unequal size, punctures contiguous but small and sparse basally and laterally, punctures separated by 1 – 1.5 × puncture width. Mandible with elongate, wrinkled punctures on basal half and impunctate on remainder (Fig. 14 B). Paraocular area, frons, and vertex with elongate, dense punctures. Mesoscutum and mesoscutellum with rather round, dense, contiguous punctures, size of punctures unequal. Metasomal terga with small, round, dense punctures, space between punctures about 0.5 – 1 × puncture width. Body black except labrum with dark ferruginous marks baso-laterally; mandible with dark reddish brown on basal half; supraclypeal area with triangular yellow mark (Fig. 14 A); scape dark brown except ferruginous basally and apically, flagellomere I dark brown except ferruginous apically, flagellomere II dark ferruginous, flagellomeres III – X pale ferruginous ventrally (Fig. 14 C); forewing orange-yellow hyaline (Fig. 14 E). Most of legs dark ferruginous except lighter on apical tarsomeres, pretarsal claws apically. Sterna dark ferruginous. Setae on body plumose except for simple setae mostly found on clypeus and labrum. Clypeus with some extremely short, yellow setae except dense, longer, yellowish grey plumose setae laterally. Labrum with short, yellow setae. Paraocular area with short, dense, yellowish grey setae. Frons, inner space betweenocelli with dense, blackish setal tufts (Fig. 14 A). Vertex and occiput with dense, blackish setae (Fig. 14 D). Mesoscutum blackish setae except yellowish grey setae basally and yellowish grey setae laterally. Mesoscutellum with dense, blackish setae (Fig. 14 D). Propodeum with yellowish grey setae. Anterior-facing surface and base of dorsal-facing surface of tergum I with long, sparse yellowish grey setae, remainder of tergum I with long, dense, black setae; tergum II dense, black setae except orange-yellow setae apically; terga III – VI with dense, yellow-orange setae (Fig. 13 B); sterna I – IV with long, grey setal bands apically. Sternum V with long, orange grey setae apically. Ventral surface of pro- and mesofemora with long, blackish setae; anterior, posterior margins, and apex of protibia with yellowish setae, inner surface of protibia and probasitarsus with stiff, dense ferruginous setae; outer surface of mesotibia and mesobasitarsus with blackish setae except yellowish setal tuft on mesotibia apically; inner surface of mesotibia with sparse, blackish setae. Outer surface of metafemur with dense, black setae except ferruginous setal tuft apically. Outer surface of metatibia with long, dense, stiff, black setae except yellowish-orange setae on posterior margin, inner surface of metatibia with blackish setae. Outer surface of metabasitarsus with stiff, dense, black setae; inner surface with ferruginous setae (Fig. 13 A).	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFADFFDCFF58FB72FE7BF92E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The subspecific epithet refers to the country of Vietnam and is combined with the Latin suffix – ‘ ica’ – feminine form of ‘ - icus’ meaning, “ belonging to ” or “ derived from ”.	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFADFFDCFF58FB72FE7BF92E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Vietnam (Central Highlands). Floral association. Unknown.	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFAFFFD9FF1AF894FE64F9F1.taxon	description	(Figs. 15 – 18)	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFAFFFD9FF1AF894FE64F9F1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. VIETNAM: 2 females, 3 males, Cao B ằng Province, Nguyên Bình District, Quang Thành Commune, Hoài Khao Village, 22 ° 36 ʹ 57 ʺN, 105 ° 56 ʹ 59 ʺE, alt. 628 m, coll. Liên Th ị PhƯƠng Nguy ễn, Ngát Th ị Tr ần, CƯ ờng Quang Nguy ễn, 10. v. 2021 [1 female, 2 males in IEBR, 1 female, 1 male in AMNH]; 2 females, Cao B ằng Province, Nguyên Bình District, Thành Công Commune, Phia O ắc – Phia Đén National Park, 22 ° 34 ʹ 18 ʺN, 105 ° 52 ʹ 34 ʺE, alt. 1052 m, coll. Ngát Th ị Tr ần, 24. vii. 2024; 3 females, Cao B ằng Province, H ạ Lang District, Đ ức Quang Commune, 22 ° 45 ʹ 39 ʺN, 106 ° 37 ʹ 36 ʺE, alt. 517 m, coll. Liên Th ị PhƯƠng Nguy ễn, Ngát Th ị Tr ần, CƯ ờng Quang Nguy ễn, 19. v. 2023; 2 females, Tuyên Quang Province, Hàm Yên District, Yên Thu ận Commune, Cao ĐƯ ờng Village, Ch ạm Chu Natural Reserve, 22 ° 20 ′ 16.4 ″ N, 103 ° 51 ′ 09.4 ″ E, alt. 670 m, coll. Lam Xuân TrƯƠng, Liên Th ị PhƯƠng Nguy ễn, CƯ ờng Quang Nguy ễn, Ngát Th ị Tr ần, Thái Văn Mai, 12. v. 2019; 8 females, Tuyên Quang Province, Hàm Yên District, Yên Thu ận Commune, Cao ĐƯ ờng Village, Ch ạm Chu Natural Reserve, road to the top, 22 ° 17 ′ 26.6 ″ N, 104 ° 59 ′ 09.7 ″ E, alt. 695 m, coll. Lam Xuân TrƯƠng, CƯ ờng Quang Nguy ễn, Ngát Th ị Tr ần, Thái Văn Mai, 13. v. 2019; 1 female, Tuyên Quang Province, Hàm Yên District, Yên Thu ận Commune, Cao ĐƯ ờng Village, Ch ạm Chu Natural Reserve, way to waterfall, 22 ° 17 ′ 32.5 ″ N, 104 ° 59 ′ 28 ″ E, alt. 643 m, coll. Lam Xuân TrƯƠng, CƯ ờng Quang Nguy ễn, Thái Văn Mai, 15. v. 2019; 2 females, 22 ° 17 ′ 32.5 ″ N, 104 ° 59 ′ 28 ″ E, alt. 643 m, coll. Liên Th ị PhƯƠng Nguy ễn, CƯ ờng Quang Nguy ễn, 16. v. 2019; 9 females, 1 male, Tuyên Quang Province, Hàm Yên District, Yên Thu ận Commune, Cao ĐƯ ờng Village, Ch ạm Chu Natural Reserve, 22 ° 17 ′ 08.6 ″ N, 104 ° 59 ′ 27.4 ″ E, alt. 691 m, coll. Lam Xuân TrƯƠng, Ngát Th ị Tr ần, Thái Văn Mai, 16. v. 2019 [IEBR].	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFAFFFD9FF1AF894FE64F9F1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. In both sexes, body robust; clypeus convex in profile, labrum subrectangular and with minute medio-apical emargination; mesosoma uniformly covered with dense, long, ochraceous-orange setae; metasomal terga I covered by ochraceous-orange setae; apical margin of terga I – III with thin linear, ochraceous-orange setal bands. In females, clypeus with inverted T-shaped yellow to chrome-yellow maculation medially; pygidial plate with lateral margins gradually narrowed to basal half, then slender on the remaining part and apex nearly rounded. In general, male gonostylus similar to that of H. pierwolae except the dorsal process not so expanded apically; sternum VII narrowed near midlength, apical disc hexagon-shaped, apical margin concavely emarginate medially, dense setae laterally and apically; sternum VIII expanded horizontally, round apically, with dense setae medio-apically.	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFAFFFD9FF1AF894FE64F9F1.taxon	description	Description (hitherto undescribed). Male: Total body length 11.5 – 12 mm, forewing length 8.5 – 9 mm. Body robust. Head broader than long, approximately 1.6 × as broad as long (Fig. 17 A). Compound eyes large and bulging (Fig. 17 A). Mandible bidentate, preapical tooth extremely short, apical tooth long and slightly pointed apically (Fig. 17 B). Clypeus convex, approximately 1.6 × as broad as long. Supraclypeal area slightly convex (Figs. 15 C, 17 A). Labrum broader than long, approximately 1.7 × as long as broad, shiny tubercles baso-laterally, with minute emargination medio-apically (Fig. 17 B). Scape rather short, approximately 2.6 × as long as broad, flagellomere I longer than broad, flagellomere I 1.1 × length of flagellomere II; flagellomeres III – X subequal in lengths and longer than flagellomere II; flagellomere XI longest flagellomere (Fig. 17 C). Sterna IV – VI as in Fig. 18 A – C. Sternum VII narrowed near midlength, apical disc hexagon-shaped, apical margin concavely emarginate medially, dense setae laterally and apically (Fig. 18 D); sternum VIII expanded horizontally, round apically, with dense setae medio-apically (Fig. 18 E). Male gonostylus with the dorsal process relatively slender, apically little expanded with a setal tuft, and the ventral process plate-shaped, apical margin nearly straight with abundant setae on mesal corner. (Fig. 18 F, G). Clypeus shiny, with small, shallow, sparse, wrinkled punctures, punctures separated by 1 – 3 × puncture width except dense, coarser punctures laterally (Fig. 17 A). Labrum mostly with dense, contiguous, wrinkled punctures, basolateral tubercles smooth and shiny. Mandible with small, sparse punctures half basally and shiny, smooth, impunctate on remainder (Fig. 17 B). Paraocular area, supraclypeal area, frons, vertex with coarse, dense punctures. Mesoscutum, mesoscutellum with round, dense, near contiguous punctures. Metasomal terga with round, dense punctures separated by 0.5 – 1 × puncture width, size of punctures smaller than those on mesoscutum (Fig. 17 E, F). Clypeus yellow except black apico-laterally and drop-shaped mark baso-laterally, with brownish red apical margin (Fig. 17 A). Labrum dark yellow except brownish red baso-laterally, laterally, and apically (Fig. 17 B). Basal half of mandible yellow, then brownish red to brownish black (Fig. 17 B). Labiomaxillary complex ferruginous (Fig. 15 C). Flagellomeres II – XI dark brownish red ventrally (Fig. 17 C). Legs largely dark brownish red to brownish red, claws black. Sterna apically brownish red. Setae on body plumose except for simple setae mostly found on clypeus and labrum. Clypeus with some short, sparse, yellow setae except short, ochraceous-orange setae mixed some long, black plumose setae laterally (Fig. 17 A). Labrum with yellow setae, setae longer and denser than those on clypeus. Mandible with long, yellowish setae half baso-ventrally (Fig. 17 B). Paraocular area with short, yellowish orange setae from base to below antenna socket and the remaining part of paraocular area, supraclypeal area and scape with short, dense, ochraceous-orange setae. Frons, the inner space between and laterally of ocellus with long, ochraceous-orange setae mixed black setal tufts (Fig. 17 A). Gena from base to half-length of compound eyes with long, dense, white setae, then to the top of compound eyes with dense, ochraceous-orange setae (Fig. 15 C). Mesosoma with abundant, ochraceous-orange setae mixed some black setae dorsally; setal colour paler laterally and ventrally (Fig. 15 C). Setae on metasomal terga similar to female except terga VI – VII apically with black setal bands (Fig. 17 E). Ventral surface of profemur and mesofemur with long, dense, pale ochraceous-orange setae. Outer surface of protibia, probasitarsus, mesotibia, and mesobasitarsus with short, dense ochraceous-orange setae; retrolateral surface of metabasitarsus with stiff, ochraceous-orange setae. Prolateral surface of metatibia with brownish black setae. Sternum IV with near straight apically and with long, blackish setae latero-apically; sternum V slightly concave apically and with long, blackish setae latero-apically; sternum VI with short, blackish setae apico-laterally (Fig. 18 A – C).	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFAFFFD9FF1AF894FE64F9F1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Vietnam (Northern and Central Highlands).	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
F303879EFFAFFFD9FF1AF894FE64F9F1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. H. tumidifrons has been recorded in the Central Highlands, Vietnam (Lam Dong province). This species is most similar in the Vietnamese fauna to H. pierwolae owing to the form of the body and shape of the male gonostylus, but can be separated from the latter based on the following: 1) in both sexes, clypeus gently convex in profile (clypeus profile strongly convex in H. pierwolae), 2) in females, apical margins of terga I – III with thin linear, ochraceous-orange setal bands and of tergum IV with black setal band (apical margins of terga I – IV with thick, uniform, bright yellow setal bands in H. pierwolae), 3) sternum VII of males narrowed near midlength, apical disc hexagon-shaped (sternum VII of males not expanded medially nor hatchet-shaped, tapering slightly from midlength to apical margin with broad medioapical lobe in H. pierwolae); 4) sternum VIII of males expanded horizontally, round apically (sternum VIII of males with lateral margins of disc almost straight, converging to apical margin with broad medial concavity between to apical angles, concavity with minute, bluntly rounded lobe in H. pierwolae), and 5) the dorsal process of male gonostylus slightly expanded apically (the dorsal process of male gonostylus much expanded apically in H. pierwolae). This species was described by Lieftinck (1974) based on a unique female collected in the Central Highlands of Vietnam (Lam Dong Province). The present paper describes the male of H. tumidifrons for the first time. Floral association. This species was collected at flowers of Rubus multibracteatus Levl. and Rubus pyrifolius Sm. (Rosaceae: Rosoideae) (Fig. 20 E, F). Nesting biology. In Cham Chu Natural Reserve (Tuyen Quang Province), six nests were found within an area of about 3 m 2 and were constructed into the soil (in some areas with a layer of moss) floor of a stilt house (Fig. 19 D). The nests were only observed during the earliest stages of the nest building process, with nest entrance diameter and nest length of about 1.5 cm and 15 cm, respectively (Fig. 19 C). During the nesting process, the bees’ excavation produced small humus particles around the nest entrance (Fig. 19 A). In Quang Thanh Commune (Cao Bang Province), four nests were found on the ground of an abandoned house, and were also only early in development.	en	Tran, Ngat Thi, Engel,, Michael S. (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of Habropoda from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 73: 125-152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2025-0009
