taxonID	type	description	language	source
79617C4480935728A52E2471BDD883F7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Originally from eastern Asia (China, Japan and Taiwan) and Australia (van Noort and Rasplus 2024). It was reared from figs of F. microcarpa collected in Málaga (Spain) in 2018 and cited from Spain as Eufroggattisca sp. (Demetriou et al. 2023).	en	Pérez-Gómez, Álvaro, Sánchez-García, Íñigo, Royo, José Manuel, Rasplus, Jean-Yves, Robla, Jairo (2025): Unveiling an intricate relationship: Ficus trees, their associated wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) and another story of invasion in the Iberian Peninsula and Europe. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 98: 667-687, DOI: 10.3897/jhr.98.156087
79617C4480935728A52E2471BDD883F7.taxon	description	Short description. The species exhibits the following combination of characters: Head with occipital carina. In male petiole distinct, only slightly transverse, and pronotum long, much narrower than mesoscutum. Scutellum with two pairs of bristles (Bouček 1988). Female with gaster petiolated, either broadly convex or even slightly compressed from side-to-side. Body yellowish or brownish. This species present head and thorax mainly smooth, with sparse long setae, only rarely with some punctures sublaterally on thoracic dorsum. Notauli, usually formed by a line of punctures (Feng and Huang 2010). Both sexes winged, this is true for this species and also for many species in Epichrysomallidae, but not in general Epichrysomallidae because of the fact that several species have apterous males.	en	Pérez-Gómez, Álvaro, Sánchez-García, Íñigo, Royo, José Manuel, Rasplus, Jean-Yves, Robla, Jairo (2025): Unveiling an intricate relationship: Ficus trees, their associated wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) and another story of invasion in the Iberian Peninsula and Europe. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 98: 667-687, DOI: 10.3897/jhr.98.156087
FB48926A020C5819B0E41C6C4F81D913.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This pollinator was described from Malaysia (Waterston 1921) and have been subsequently cited from Indonesia and Philippines (Grandi 1926), although these last records may be based on misidentification. The species is supposed to be native in China or Japan (Grandi 1927 b; Ishii 1934; Corner 1965) and has been introduced in numerous countries with its host plants (van Noort and Rasplus 2024). Falcó-Garí et al. (2010) has not provided specific data for the eastern localities of Spain. Thus, we can consider this the first confirmed record for the Iberian Peninsula. Furthermore, this species was cited from continental Europe in Italy (Lo Verde et al. 2007) and Greece (Koutsoukos et al. 2025). Moreover, it was cited from several islands such as Sicily (Italy) (Lo Verde et al. 1991), Cyprus (Demetriou et al. 2023), Madeira (Koponen and Askew 2002), Canary and Balearic islands (Báez 1998; Carnero et al. 1998; Wang et al. 2015 a, 2015 b), and various Greek islands such as Crete, Cyclades, Dodecanese islands or Ionian islands (Wang et al. 2015 a, 2015 b; Koutsoukos et al. 2025) where F. microcarpa is a frequent ornamental tree.	en	Pérez-Gómez, Álvaro, Sánchez-García, Íñigo, Royo, José Manuel, Rasplus, Jean-Yves, Robla, Jairo (2025): Unveiling an intricate relationship: Ficus trees, their associated wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) and another story of invasion in the Iberian Peninsula and Europe. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 98: 667-687, DOI: 10.3897/jhr.98.156087
FB48926A020C5819B0E41C6C4F81D913.taxon	description	Short description. Female with head subquadrate, shorter than wide across compound eyes which are as long as the gena; with antennal scrobes separated. Antennae filiform; flagellar segments (except for the proximal two) with a whorl of long black sensilla chaetica (Wiebes 1992; Bouček 1993). Dorso-apical comb of fore tibia bearing two teeth; the hypopygium has a short acute spine. Body flattened. Pronotum extended laterally. Mesonotum and propodeum fused, the limit between them only marked by short lateral septa (Wiebes 1992). Fore leg with three tarsomeres; mid and hind legs with four tarsomeres. Molecular analyses have demonstrated that E. verticillata, as presently understood, is in fact a species complex of at least three species (Sun et al. 2011; Wang 2014; Compton et al. 2020 b). This may explain the discrepancies observed in diagnostic characters used by several authors, such as the ovipositor length, which has been classified as shorter (Wiebes 1992) or longer (Bouček 1993) than the gaster.	en	Pérez-Gómez, Álvaro, Sánchez-García, Íñigo, Royo, José Manuel, Rasplus, Jean-Yves, Robla, Jairo (2025): Unveiling an intricate relationship: Ficus trees, their associated wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) and another story of invasion in the Iberian Peninsula and Europe. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 98: 667-687, DOI: 10.3897/jhr.98.156087
552883EA6D205E00B0B8F7F06BB2B636.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The exact origin of the wasp is unknown but could be Southeast Asia as its host plant originates from there. The species was first reported in Hawaii, California (USA) and the Canary Islands (Spain) (Beardsley and Rasplus 2001; Rodríguez and Rodríguez 2006). Subsequently it was recorded from several European areas like Sicily (Italy), Balearic Islands (Spain), Malta, Portugal, Greece, and Cyprus (Lo Verde et al. 2007; Caldwell 2008; Rasplus et al. 2010; Mifsud et al. 2012; Wang et al. 2015 a; Kalaentzis et al. 2023). The species was recently reported in the Spanish peninsular area, namely Valencia (Rodrigo et al. 2017), Alicante (Hernández Martínez and Marcos García 2019) and Catalonia (Riba-Flinch and Pujade-Villar 2022).	en	Pérez-Gómez, Álvaro, Sánchez-García, Íñigo, Royo, José Manuel, Rasplus, Jean-Yves, Robla, Jairo (2025): Unveiling an intricate relationship: Ficus trees, their associated wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) and another story of invasion in the Iberian Peninsula and Europe. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 98: 667-687, DOI: 10.3897/jhr.98.156087
552883EA6D205E00B0B8F7F06BB2B636.taxon	description	Short description. The female has a body uniformly dark brown except antennal and legs pale yellow, wings hyaline. Head reticulate in dorsal occipital area behind ocelli. Pronotum reticulate without carinae, mesoscutum smooth centrally, scutellum smooth with weak, longitudinally oriented reticulation. Hind coxae reticulate. Gaster smooth and shiny (Beardsley and Rasplus 2001). This species is recognized also by the spherical swellings or warty blisters that develop on the lower and upper surfaces of the leaves of Ficus microcarpae.	en	Pérez-Gómez, Álvaro, Sánchez-García, Íñigo, Royo, José Manuel, Rasplus, Jean-Yves, Robla, Jairo (2025): Unveiling an intricate relationship: Ficus trees, their associated wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) and another story of invasion in the Iberian Peninsula and Europe. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 98: 667-687, DOI: 10.3897/jhr.98.156087
5AA43C0C196955F68835025C896920AB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species originates from eastern Asia, namely China, Hong Kong, Japan and Taiwan (van Noort and Rasplus 2024). This is the first record from Spain and the Iberian Peninsula.	en	Pérez-Gómez, Álvaro, Sánchez-García, Íñigo, Royo, José Manuel, Rasplus, Jean-Yves, Robla, Jairo (2025): Unveiling an intricate relationship: Ficus trees, their associated wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) and another story of invasion in the Iberian Peninsula and Europe. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 98: 667-687, DOI: 10.3897/jhr.98.156087
5AA43C0C196955F68835025C896920AB.taxon	description	Short description. Female yellowish red brown in general. Antennae brown except the scape which is yellowish red brown; abdominal segments 5 – 6 with transverse brown band at the base; segments 7 – 9 with a median longitudinal brown band; ovipositor black. Mandible tridentate the lower tooth largest. Mesoscutum and scutellum with a shallow median longitudinal furrow; propodeum with three longitudinal keels, the median one only indicated in the anterior half; Wings hyaline, the veins pale brown. Legs yellowish red-brown. Abdomen almost as long as the head and thorax combined, long ovate; stalk very short; ovipositor if the abdomen, dilated in the middle.	en	Pérez-Gómez, Álvaro, Sánchez-García, Íñigo, Royo, José Manuel, Rasplus, Jean-Yves, Robla, Jairo (2025): Unveiling an intricate relationship: Ficus trees, their associated wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) and another story of invasion in the Iberian Peninsula and Europe. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 98: 667-687, DOI: 10.3897/jhr.98.156087
A4D61C5D66B556D98A865B9133C26EBE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Native from eastern Australia (van Noort and Rasplus 2024) and already reported from Israel, New Zealand and United States (López- Vaamonde et al. 2002). The species has been found from several Mediterranean islands in which it was introduced recently: Sicily in Italy (Lo Verde et al. 2007; Speciale et al. 2015), Gozo in Malta (Mitsud et al. 2012), Canary Islands (Reyes-Betancort et al. 2013) and Greece and Cyprus (Compton et al. 2020 a; Koutsoukos et al. 2024 a). As the reports by Falcó-Garí et al. (2010) on eastern Spanish have no localities, we consider this as a first confirmed record for the Iberian Peninsula.	en	Pérez-Gómez, Álvaro, Sánchez-García, Íñigo, Royo, José Manuel, Rasplus, Jean-Yves, Robla, Jairo (2025): Unveiling an intricate relationship: Ficus trees, their associated wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) and another story of invasion in the Iberian Peninsula and Europe. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 98: 667-687, DOI: 10.3897/jhr.98.156087
A4D61C5D66B556D98A865B9133C26EBE.taxon	description	Short description. Small species 1.8 – 1.9 mm. Female of Pleistodontes can easily be recognized by their elongated head, with long subparallel genae, mandibular appendage elongate, usually bearing more than 20 transverse laminae, rarely less, sometimes bearing transverse rows of small teeth (Bouček 1988). Antennal scape usually elongate, sometimes shorter, mostly bearing a dorsal lamina which can be curved outwards and downwards. Pedicel rather short without dorsal spines. Third antennal segment elongates into a triangular process, always undivided and frequently elongate. Some species have no triangular expansion on the third antennal segment. Mesosoma bears pollen pockets, sometimes reduced, or absent. The fore tibia usually bears 2 – 3 spines in the dorso-apical comb, rarely only one. Ovipositor sheaths about as long as or shorter than metasoma. Venation is always complete (López- Vaamonde et al. 2002). P. imperialis has been demonstrated to be a complex of morphologically related species (Sutton et al. 2015). The wasps discussed here share all characters of the nominal species and morphologically the species occurring in Europe belong to the nominal entity.	en	Pérez-Gómez, Álvaro, Sánchez-García, Íñigo, Royo, José Manuel, Rasplus, Jean-Yves, Robla, Jairo (2025): Unveiling an intricate relationship: Ficus trees, their associated wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) and another story of invasion in the Iberian Peninsula and Europe. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 98: 667-687, DOI: 10.3897/jhr.98.156087
6E389EC2FB145A7CA3F0D69B1FB30D87.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species probably originates from the Oriental region and was introduced to the Palearctic and the Nearctic (Ma et al. 2013). In Europe, it is only known from the Canary Islands (Tenerife) (Carnero Hernandez et al. 1998), Majorca (Wang et al. 2015 a), as well as Cyprus (Demetriou et al. 2023) and Greece (Koutsoukos et al. 2025). As the reports by Falcó-Garí et al. (2010) from eastern Iberian Peninsula have no localities, we consider this as a first confirmed record for the Iberian Peninsula.	en	Pérez-Gómez, Álvaro, Sánchez-García, Íñigo, Royo, José Manuel, Rasplus, Jean-Yves, Robla, Jairo (2025): Unveiling an intricate relationship: Ficus trees, their associated wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) and another story of invasion in the Iberian Peninsula and Europe. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 98: 667-687, DOI: 10.3897/jhr.98.156087
6E389EC2FB145A7CA3F0D69B1FB30D87.taxon	description	Short description. Difficult to separate morphologically from other genera of European Pteromalidae. Walkerella is recognized by the following characters: body blackish, without conspicuous external ovipositor and apterous males with long mandibles. The genus Otitesella is also present in the Palearctic region (associated with Platyscapa). Also, the genus Micranisa from Greece and Cyprus (Demetriou et al. 2023; Koutsoukos et al. 2025), which is quite close to Walkerella, although is easily separated by its ovipositor which is extended and curved downwards.	en	Pérez-Gómez, Álvaro, Sánchez-García, Íñigo, Royo, José Manuel, Rasplus, Jean-Yves, Robla, Jairo (2025): Unveiling an intricate relationship: Ficus trees, their associated wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) and another story of invasion in the Iberian Peninsula and Europe. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 98: 667-687, DOI: 10.3897/jhr.98.156087
