identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
F770A4688731FFAE005AF2C1DF80BCDF.text	F770A4688731FFAE005AF2C1DF80BCDF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acanthodynerus multimaculatus Gusenleitner 2000	<div><p>Acanthodynerus multimaculatus Gusenleitner, 2000 *</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, Mt . Gara, 1912 m, 37.0158°N 43.3505°E, 11 May 2023, 1 ♀ (MSVI) .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Turkey, Israel, Iraq *, Iran (Gusenleitner 2011, 2013a).</p><p>voucher code. All data are available on GenBank. Countries are abbreviated using ISO 3166–1 alpha-2 codes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688731FFAE005AF2C1DF80BCDF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688736FFA80001F784D959BC9C.text	F770A4688736FFA80001F784D959BC9C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alastor (Alastor) ruficornis Gusenleitner 2001	<div><p>Alastor (Alastor) ruficornis Gusenleitner, 2001 *</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.3808&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.2427" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.3808/lat 37.2427)">Bnavi village</a>, 1580 m, 37.2427°N 43.3808°E, 7 June 2024, 1 ♀ (MSVI) .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Turkey, Iraq * (Gusenleitner 2001, 2013a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688736FFA80001F784D959BC9C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688736FFA80032F6D9D80BBE69.text	F770A4688736FFA80032F6D9D80BBE69.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alastor (Alastor) seidenstueckeri Bluthgen 1956	<div><p>Alastor (Alastor) seidenstueckeri Blüthgen, 1956 *</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, 3 km SSE of Ashewa, Mt . Gara, 1450–1525 m, 37.9997°N 43.3055° E, 9–12 June 2024, 3 ♀ (DUMAI, MSVI); Kurdistan, Duhok, 5 km E of Ashewa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.3055&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.9997" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.3055/lat 37.9997)">Mt</a>. Gara, 1750–1950 m, 37.0158°N 43.3505°E, 30 May-12 June 2024, 4 ♂ (DUMAI, MSVI); Kurdistan, Duhok, S of Zawita, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.1205&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.8675" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.1205/lat 36.8675)">Bablo Park</a>, 1063 m, 36.8675°N 43.1205°E, 3–8 June2024, 1 ♀ (MSVI) .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Austria, Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Iraq * (Gusenleitner 1996).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688736FFA80032F6D9D80BBE69	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688736FFA80051F455DAFBB8EE.text	F770A4688736FFA80051F455DAFBB8EE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alastor (Megalastor) mediomaculatus subsp. mediomaculatus Gusenleitner 1970	<div><p>Alastor (Megalastor) mediomaculatus mediomaculatus</p><p>Giordani Soika, 1952</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Giordani Soika (1970).</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, Erbil-Duhok Road, 4.5 km N of Ba’adra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.2491&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.7725" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.2491/lat 36.7725)">Derke</a>, 630 m, 36.7725°N 43.2491°E, 2–6 May 2024, 1 ♂ (DUMAI); Kurdistan, Duhok, Erbil-Duhok Road, 4.5 km N of Ba’adra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.2491&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.7725" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.2491/lat 36.7725)">Derke</a>, 630 m, 36.7725°N 43.2491°E, 16–22 May 2024, 1 ♀ (MSVI); Kurdistan, Duhok, Erbil-Duhok Road, 4.5 km N of Ba’adra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.2491&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.7725" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.2491/lat 36.7725)">Derke</a>, 630 m, 36.7725°N 43.2491°E, 30 May- 1 June 2024, 1 ♀ (MSVI); Kurdistan, Duhok, 5 km E of Ashewa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.2491&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.7725" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.2491/lat 36.7725)">Mt</a>. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.3505&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.0158" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.3505/lat 37.0158)">Gara</a>, 1750–1950 m, 37.0158°N 43.3505°E, 30 May-12 June 2024, 1 ♂ (MSVI) .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Turkey, Israel, Syria, Jordan, Armenia, Iraq, Iran (Giordani Soika 1970; Gusenleitner 2013a; Schmid-Egger et al. 2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688736FFA80051F455DAFBB8EE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688736FFAB00F6F2E8DA1BBC55.text	F770A4688736FFAB00F6F2E8DA1BBC55.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Allodynerus dignotus (Morawitz 1895)	<div><p>Allodynerus dignotus (Morawitz, 1895)</p><p>Remarks</p><p>This species is reported as occurring in Iraq by Rafi et al. (2017), although no earlier sources could be located that reported its presence and later sources do not report it for Iraq (e.g., Carpenter and Gadallah 2020). We were unable to examine specimens of this species from</p><p>Iraq; however, given the known distribution, its presence is highly probable and is therefore retained in the list.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Greece, Turkey, Syria, Israel, Jordan, Iraq, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Iran, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, China (Rafi et al. 2017; Carpenter and Gadallah 2020; Li and Chen 2023).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688736FFAB00F6F2E8DA1BBC55	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688735FFAB0029F6CBD904B906.text	F770A4688735FFAB0029F6CBD904B906.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Allodynerus floricola subsp. floricola (de Saussure 1853)	<div><p>Allodynerus floricola floricola (de Saussure, 1853) *</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, 5 km E of Ashewa, Mt . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.3505&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.0158" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.3505/lat 37.0158)">Gara</a>, 1750–1950 m, 37.0158°N 43.3505°E, 30 May-12 June 2024, 1 ♂ (MSVI, PQ676353) .</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The only examined specimen is small and shows a rather dark pattern, with reduced paleyellow markings, and lacks the yellow spots on T2 often reported to be a diagnostic character of the species. Comparison with several males from Europe did not, however, show the slightest difference in external morphology and genitalia, and the barcoding of it and two Italian males (Table 1) did not reveal any genetic difference.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>France, Portugal, Spain, Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily), Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Croatia, Slovenia, Albania, Russia, Tunisia, Algeria, Cyprus, Turkey, Jordan, Armenia, Iraq * (Gusenleitner 2013a; Fateryga 2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688735FFAB0029F6CBD904B906	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688735FFAB00FCF347DF10B8B6.text	F770A4688735FFAB00FCF347DF10B8B6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ancistrocerus auctus (Fabricius 1793)	<div><p>Ancistrocerus auctus (Fabricius, 1793)</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Giordani Soika (1970).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Spain, France, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Italy (including Sicily), Slovenia, Albania, North Macedonia, Greece, Russia, Turkey, Armenia, Israel, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Iran, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan (Gusenleitner 2013a; Fateryga 2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688735FFAB00FCF347DF10B8B6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688735FFAA000AF2EAD93BBDE0.text	F770A4688735FFAA000AF2EAD93BBDE0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ancistrocerus tenebrosus Gusenleitner 2010	<div><p>Ancistrocerus tenebrosus Gusenleitner, 2010 *</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, SW of Ashewa, 1100 m, 37.013611°N 43.284444°E, 1–4 June 2024, 1 ♂ (MSVI); Kurdistan, Duhok, 5 km E of Ashewa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.284443&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.01361" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.284443/lat 37.01361)">Mt</a>. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.3505&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.0158" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.3505/lat 37.0158)">Gara</a>, 1750–1950 m, 37.0158°N 43.3505°E, 30 May-12 June 2024, 1 ♂ (MSVI) .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Iraq *, Iran (Gusenleitner 2010b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688735FFAA000AF2EAD93BBDE0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688734FFAA00C1F61AD83ABF36.text	F770A4688734FFAA00C1F61AD83ABF36.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Antepipona curialis (Morawitz 1895)	<div><p>Antepipona curialis (Morawitz, 1895)</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Giordani Soika (1970).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Iraq, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, China (Qin et al. 2024).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688734FFAA00C1F61AD83ABF36	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688734FFAA00F8F56BDF39BEFC.text	F770A4688734FFAA00F8F56BDF39BEFC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Antepipona deflenda (Saunders 1853)	<div><p>Antepipona deflenda (Saunders, 1853)</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Giordani Soika (1970).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>France, Portugal, Spain, Algeria, Morocco, Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily), Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Croatia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Albania, Ukraine, Russia, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, China (Fateryga et al. 2019).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688734FFAA00F8F56BDF39BEFC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688734FFAA00C3F311D9DBB867.text	F770A4688734FFAA00C3F311D9DBB867.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Antepipona iconia (Bluthgen 1951)	<div><p>Antepipona iconia (Blüthgen, 1951) *</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, Sharifa env ., NW of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.465&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.1066" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.465/lat 37.1066)">Amadiya</a>, 1420 m, 37.1066°N 43.465°E, 6 June 2024, 1 ♀ (MSVI) .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Turkey, Syria, Israel, Iraq *, Iran (Gusenleitner 2013a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688734FFAA00C3F311D9DBB867	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688734FFAA000AF29AD91DBBEB.text	F770A4688734FFAA000AF29AD91DBBEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Antepipona insana subsp. calva Gusenleitner 1988	<div><p>Antepipona insana calva Gusenleitner, 1988 *</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, 2 km NNE of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.166943&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.149445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.166943/lat 37.149445)">Dihe village</a>, 1135 m, 37.149444°N 43.166944°E, 1–11 June 2024, 2 ♀ (MSVI) .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Turkey, Iraq * (Gusenleitner 2013a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688734FFAA000AF29AD91DBBEB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A468873BFFA5001CF784DAF6BCB3.text	F770A468873BFFA5001CF784DAF6BCB3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Antepipona irakensis Giordani Soika 1970	<div><p>Antepipona irakensis Giordani Soika, 1970</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Giordani Soika (1970).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Iraq (Giordani Soika 1970).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A468873BFFA5001CF784DAF6BCB3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A468873BFFA500E8F6D1D917BE22.text	F770A468873BFFA500E8F6D1D917BE22.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Antepipona varentzowi (Morawitz 1895)	<div><p>Antepipona varentzowi (Morawitz, 1895)</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Giordani Soika (1970).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, China (Qin et al. 2024).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A468873BFFA500E8F6D1D917BE22	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A468873BFFA50011F441D91DB952.text	F770A468873BFFA50011F441D91DB952.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brachypipona schmidti (Gusenleitner 1967)	<div><p>Brachypipona schmidti (Gusenleitner, 1967) *</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, 5 km E of Ashewa, Mt . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.3505&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.0158" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.3505/lat 37.0158)">Gara</a>, 1750–1950 m, 37.0158°N 43.3505°E, 30 May-12 June 2024, 1 ♀ (MSVI) .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Turkey, Iraq * (Gusenleitner 2013a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A468873BFFA50011F441D91DB952	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A468873BFFA500E5F3B6DF64BBEB.text	F770A468873BFFA500E5F3B6DF64BBEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Delta dimidiatipenne (de Saussure 1852)	<div><p>Delta dimidiatipenne (de Saussure, 1852)</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Derwesh (1965), mentioning ‘B. M. list No. 1493’; Augul (2017).</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, SW of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.1466&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.8966" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.1466/lat 36.8966)">Zawita</a>, 1000 m, 36.8966°N 43.1466°E, 25 May 2024, 1 ♀ (MSVI) .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Canary Islands, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, India, Nepal, China, Chad, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mauritania, Niger, Socotra, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Uganda (Carpenter et al. 2010; Fateryga et al. 2021; Li and Chen 2023).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A468873BFFA500E5F3B6DF64BBEB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A468873AFFA400ECF784D9DBBF32.text	F770A468873AFFA400ECF784D9DBBF32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Delta esuriens subsp. esuriens (Fabricius 1787)	<div><p>Delta esuriens esuriens (Fabricius, 1787)</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Morice (1921); Derwesh (1965), mentioning ‘B. M. list No. 1493’ and ‘Survey of Iraq Fauna, 1915–1919’; Giordani Soika (1970); van der Vecht and Fischer (1972); Abdul-Rassoul (1976); Augul (2017); Al-Saffar and Augul (2021).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Mauritius, Israel, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, China, adventive in New Caledonia (Carpenter 2023; Li and Chen 2023).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A468873AFFA400ECF784D9DBBF32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A468873AFFA400D3F55FDFBDBEB7.text	F770A468873AFFA400D3F55FDFBDBEB7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Delta unguiculatum (Villers 1789)	<div><p>Delta unguiculatum (Villers, 1789)</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Khalaf and Al-Omar (1974).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Morocco, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy (including Sicily), Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Greece, Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan (Fateryga et al. 2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A468873AFFA400D3F55FDFBDBEB7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A468873AFFA4005AF4DDD84DBBEB.text	F770A468873AFFA4005AF4DDD84DBBEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eumenes (Eumenes) coarctatus (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Eumenes (Eumenes) coarctatus (Linnaeus, 1758) s. l. *</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, 5 km E of Ashewa, Mt . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.3505&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.0158" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.3505/lat 37.0158)">Gara</a>, 1750–1950 m, 37.0158°N 43.3505°E, 30 . V- 12 June 2024, 1 ♂ (MSVI) .</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The taxonomy of Eumenes coarctatus is quite complex and still not completely resolved, as in the past it has been repeatedly divided into several species and subspecies (Gusenleitner 1999), which more recently were grouped under just two subspecies: E. c. coarctatus and E. c. lunulatus Fabricius (van Achterberg et al. 2023). Pending a revision that clarifies the taxonomy of its numerous forms, a broad concept of Eumenes coarctatus is maintained.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Morocco, Libya, United Kingdom, Sweden, Finland, Netherlands, France (including Corsica), Spain (including Balearic Islands), Portugal, Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily), Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Belarus, Russia, Slovenia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Cyprus, Syria, Israel, Jordan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Iraq *, Iran, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia, China, Japan (van Achterberg et al. 2023).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A468873AFFA4005AF4DDD84DBBEB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688739FFA701A7F6CBDFBDB949.text	F770A4688739FFA701A7F6CBDFBDB949.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eumenes (Eumenes) mediterraneus subsp. mediterraneus Kriechbaumer 1879	<div><p>Eumenes (Eumenes) mediterraneus mediterraneus Kriechbaumer, 1879</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Gusenleitner (1972); Augul (2017).</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, 5 km E of Ashewa, Mt . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.3505&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.0158" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.3505/lat 37.0158)">Gara</a>, 1750–1950 m, 37.0158°N 43.3505°E, 3–6 June 2023, 1 ♀ (MSVI) .</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Augul (2017) recorded this species from Iraq, misidentified as Eumenes pomiformis (see below).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>France, Spain, Portugal, Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily), Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Serbia, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Egypt, Sudan, Tunisia, Morocco, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, adventive in Tahiti (Carpenter 2023).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688739FFA701A7F6CBDFBDB949	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688739FFA6005FF10AD893BC3B.text	F770A4688739FFA6005FF10AD893BC3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eumenes (Eumenes) subpomiformis Bluthgen 1938	<div><p>Eumenes (Eumenes) subpomiformis Blüthgen, 1938 *</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, 5 km E of Ashewa, Mt . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.3505&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.0158" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.3505/lat 37.0158)">Gara</a>, 1750–1950 m, 37.0158°N 43.3505°E, 3–6 June 2023, 1 ♂ (MSVI) .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Belgium, France, Spain (including Balearic Islands), Portugal, Italy (including Sicily), Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Serbia, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Turkey, Iraq *, Algeria, Morocco (van Achterberg et al. 2023).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688739FFA6005FF10AD893BC3B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688738FFA60026F65BD825BF57.text	F770A4688738FFA60026F65BD825BF57.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eumicrodynerus europaeus (Giordani Soika 1942)	<div><p>Eumicrodynerus europaeus (Giordani Soika, 1942) *</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, Mt . Gara, 1912 m, 37.015833°N 43.350556°E, 11 May 2023, 2 ♀ (MSVI) .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey, Iraq * (Castro and Dvořák 2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688738FFA60026F65BD825BF57	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688738FFA6002EF5B7D98DBEED.text	F770A4688738FFA6002EF5B7D98DBEED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euodynerus (Euodynerus) annae (Kostylev 1937)	<div><p>Euodynerus (Euodynerus) annae (Kostylev, 1937) *</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Goyje Dagh, 3 May 1937, leg . A . Memarian, 1 ♀ (MSNVE) .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Iraq *, Iran (Kostylev 1937; Giordani Soika 1970).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688738FFA6002EF5B7D98DBEED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688738FFA10072F12CD967BC95.text	F770A4688738FFA10072F12CD967BC95.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euodynerus (Euodynerus) disconotatus (Lichtenstein 1884)	<div><p>Euodynerus (Euodynerus) disconotatus (Lichtenstein, 1884)</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Giordani Soika (1970).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>This species was recorded by Giordani Soika (1970) under the name Euodynerus sulfuripes (Morawitz), now considered a synonym (Selis et al. 2024b).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>France, Spain, Italy (including Sicily), Germany, Austria, Croatia, Serbia, Albania, Greece, Russia, Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Cyprus, West Bank, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, Pakistan (Fateryga et al. 2021; Selis et al. 2024b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688738FFA10072F12CD967BC95	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A468873FFFA10063F6FDD99CB84D.text	F770A468873FFFA10063F6FDD99CB84D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euodynerus (Euodynerus) semidantici (Giordani Soika 1952) IQ Dihe	<div><p>Euodynerus (Euodynerus) semidantici (Giordani Soika, 1952) *</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, 5 km E of Ashewa, Mt . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.166943&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.149445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.166943/lat 37.149445)">Gara</a>, 1750–1950 m, 37.0158°N 43.3505°E, 30 May-12 June 2024, 3 ♂ 1 ♀ (DUMAI, MSVI, PQ676358); Kurdistan, Duhok, 2 km NNE of Dihe, 1135 m, 37.149444°N 43.166944°E, 1–11 June 2024, 1 ♀ (MSVI, PQ676359) .</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Giordani Soika (1952) described this species based on a single male from Rosh, comparing it with Euodynerus dantici (Rossi) due to the sculpture of the tegula, and to E. curictensis Blüthgen and E. velutinus Blüthgen due to the vestiture of the mesosoma. A morphological study of new material from Iraq and specimens from Turkey identified by Giordani Soika showed how the sculpture of the tegula is in fact variable, ranging from clearly punctate in the posterior half to mostly smooth with very fine scattered punctures, and the species does not show any clear affinity with E. dantici . The comparison with E. curictensis and E. velutinus is instead supported by the dense brush-like vestiture of the mesosoma and by other morphological similarities; however, E. semidantici is readily distinguished by having different clypeal morphology, a not-modified hind femur and more developed inferior and lateral carinae of propodeum, as mentioned in the original description. DNA barcoding of an Iraqi pair (Table 1) further supports the treatment of E. semidantici as a distinct species, presenting a genetic distance of 8.25–9.72% from E. velutinus and 38.70–41.43% from E. curictensis .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Turkey, Israel, Iraq *, Iran (Gusenleitner 2013a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A468873FFFA10063F6FDD99CB84D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A468873FFFA00077F102D9A2BFFF.text	F770A468873FFFA00077F102D9A2BFFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euodynerus mavromoustakisi Giordani Soika 1970	<div><p>Euodynerus mavromoustakisi Giordani Soika, 1970 syn. n.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, 5 km E of Ashewa, Mt . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.3505&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.0158" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.3505/lat 37.0158)">Gara</a>, 1750–1950 m, 37.0158°N 43.3505°E, 30 May-12 June 2024, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (MSVI, PQ676356, PQ676357) .</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Giordani Soika (1970) described Euodynerus mavromoustakisi based on a few females from Lebanon and Syria, distinguishing it from the female of E. velutinus based on the shape of the apical emargination of the clypeus and the sculpture of T2. Comparison of new material from Iraq with a paratype of E. mavromoustakisi from Lebanon and several specimens of E. velutinus ranging from Greece to Azerbaijan (see Selis et al. 2024b for a list of examined specimens) revealed how these two characters are in fact variable in both sexes and that males attributable to E. mavromoustakisi have the hind femur basally expanded as in the males of E. velutinus . The absence of stable morphological differences indicates that E. mavromoustakisi is in fact just a more xanthic form of E. velutinus, and the genetic data support this view as a distance of just 1.23% was recovered between E. velutinus and a pair of E. mavromoustakisi from Iraq (Table 1). Euodynerus mavromoustakisi is therefore synonymised under E. velutinus .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>North Macedonia, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq * (Giordani Soika 1970; Selis et al. 2024b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A468873FFFA00077F102D9A2BFFF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A468873EFFBC0033F404DAA1BF05.text	F770A468873EFFBC0033F404DAA1BF05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euodynerus (Pareuodynerus) garaensis Selis 2025	<div><p>Euodynerus (Pareuodynerus) garaensis Selis sp. n.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Although the monophyly of the subgenera of Euodynerus has been recently questioned (Selis et al. 2024b), Euodynerus garaensis can be placed in the subgenus Pareuodynerus Blüthgen due to the presence of the following characters: metanotum with posterior margin of dorsal face finely denticulate and not laterally raised, darkened and weakly expanded last segment of mid and hind tarsi, subrectangular digitus with a hyaline spot in its centre. It is to be noted that the new species shows a strong reduction of the dorsal propodeal carinae (Figure 2d), which are barely visible and do not form the lamellar tooth usually observed in E. ( Pareuodynerus); however, this reduction is also observed in E. bidentiformis (Giordani Soika) from Sardinia and the development of the propodeal carinae is widely variable in numerous genera of Eumeninae, so its diagnostic value at the subgeneric level is somewhat questionable. Among the species of the subgenus Pareuodynerus, E. garaensis presents the second sternite strongly protruding at the base with a distinct vertical face (Figure 2f) and a reduction of the translucent margin at the apex of the T1 (Figure 2e), characters that place the new species close to E. bidentiformis and E. bidentoides (Giordani Soika), both species from the western Mediterranean, while the other Palearctic species of the subgenus have the second sternite regularly convex and/or the translucent margin of the T1 well developed, in addition to the greater development of the dorsal carinae of the propodeum that form a lamellar tooth at the sides of the metanotum. Euodynerus garaensis is further differentiated from both E. bidentiformis and E. bidentoides, in that the dorsal carinae of the propodeum are barely visible as in E. bidentiformis (Figure 2d) (well developed in E. bidentoides) and the S 2 in lateral view is bent at a right angle at the base and then flat as in E. bidentoides (Figure 2f) (acutely protruding at the base and then concave in E. bidentoides), and unlike both species the F11 is proportionally smaller (Figure 2c), the pronotal humeri are more sharply angled, and the metasoma is more elongated and with more evident punctures (Figure 2e). Genitalia in Figure 2g.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>HOLOTYPE: ♂ labelled: ‘IQ – Kurdistan, Duhok gov./ 5 km E of Ashewa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=3.3505&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.0158" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 3.3505/lat 37.0158)">Mt. Gara</a> / 37.0158 N 3.3505E 1750–1950 m /30.V-12.VI.202 leg. D. Baiocchi // GenBank /PQ676360 // Euodynerus garaensis / HOLOTYPUS ♂ /Det . Marco Selis 2024 [red label]’ (currently in MSVI, will be deposited in MSNVE; PQ676360) .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male holotype (Figure 2a). Body length (head + mesosoma + T1–T2) 7.0 mm; fore wing length 6.0 mm.</p><p>Head (Figure 2b) in frontal view 1.3× as wide as long, evenly curved from side to side except for shallowly raised ocellar area. Mandible short, about as long as ventral lobe of eye; inner margin of mandible five-toothed, first tooth curved and as long as second and third together, second and third teeth small and more produced apically than basally, fourth tooth forming a small equilateral triangle perpendicular to longitudinal axis of the mandible, fifth tooth very small and consisting in a shallow angulation of the inner margin. Clypeus in frontal view 1.1× as wide as long, free apical part slightly shorter than interocular basal part and with converging sides; apical margin 0.3× as wide as width of clypeus and very shallowly emarginate, laterally margined by right-angled and barely produced apical teeth; clypeus in lateral view weakly convex, flattened in ventral third. Flagellum thick and barely widening apically; F1 1.9× as long as apically wide and 1.5× as long as F2, F2 longer than wide and following flagellomeres becoming progressively shorter, F11 finger-shaped and apically rounded, straight in dorsal view and barely curved in lateral view, its apex reaching the middle of F8; F6–F9 weakly nodose dorsally; F7–F9 on ventral side with tyloids represented by a finely shagreened area starting from middle of F7 (Figure 2c). Vertex short, 1.4× as long as ocellocular distance, in lateral view flattened and weakly sloping posteriorly; ocellar area weakly raised and with a short but distinct longitudinal furrow just behind median ocellus; gena 1.1× as long as eye at bottom of ocular sinus; occipital carina incomplete, absent in median third and fine on lateral thirds of vertex, thickened and shortly lamellate on gena, evenly and weakly curved from vertex to mandible. Mesosoma short and robust, 1.15× as long as wide in dorsal view. Pronotum in dorsal view short and with strongly converging sides, forming obtuse but marked angle on humeri; pronotal carina complete and narrowly depressed in the middle, sharp but very short on dorsal face, becoming higher on lateral faces, especially in front of pronotal fovea; pretegular carina complete and strong, sharp. Mesoscutum 0.85× as long as wide, with barely visible indications of notauli in front of scutellum; mesoscutum in lateral view evenly convex. Scutellum wider than long, posterior margin slightly wider than anterior margin, deeply separated from mesoscutum by a shallowly crenate furrow; opening of axillary fossa large, much larger than one ocellus. Metanotum vertical with a short dorsal horizontal face, separated from the posterior part by an irregular and finely denticulate transverse carina; posterior part transversely convex and posteriorly produced above, so that in lateral view it faces towards the propodeum. Tegula longer than wide with subtriangular but blunt posterior lobe, equalling the very short and right-angled parategula. Mesepisternum with epicnemial carina starting below epipleural suture, carina fine and blunt. Propodeum (Figure 2d) very short, almost entirely vertical; dorsal faces of propodeum weakly convex and strongly oblique, smoothly passing into the posterior depressed face; lateral faces of propodeum flattened above and shallowly depressed above valvula; posterior face of propodeum wide and weakly depressed, forming two deep pits above propodeal orifice, mid-line with a small basal triangular sclerite smoothly passing into a longitudinal carina; dorsal carinae barely developed, visible only for short traces mixed in the very coarse sculpture, lateral and inferior carinae well developed but irregular due to the sculpture, forming an obtuse and shallowly produced angle where they meet; propodeal valvula completely fused with submarginal carina, which is subtle and runs on upper margin of valvula. Tarsus of mid and hind legs with darkened apical segment, clearly widened on mid leg and barely on hind leg. Metasoma subcylindrical (Figure 2e). T1 0.6× as long as apically wide, sides subparallel and smoothly passing into convex anterior margin; T 1 in lateral view rising perpendicularly behind suspensory ligament and then perpendicularly curved, clearly forming two faces; apex of T1 with a translucent margin, about as long as one ocellar diameter on extreme sides and becoming much shorter medially, so that it is nearly linear in the middle. T2 elongate and with weakly convex subparallel sides, posterior margin convex; T 2 in lateral view weakly and evenly convex, obliquely cut off at posterior end, so that it is 1.5× as long as S2 (Figure 2f). S2 evenly convex from side to side, in lateral view flattened and then almost perpendicularly bent at extreme base, forming a well-developed vertical face delimited by a blunt transverse ridge (Figure 2f).</p><p>Clypeus shiny with sparse fine punctures, interspaces as wide as several puncture diameters and smooth, only sides and base with few and barely visible micropunctures. Scape finely shagreened and shiny, with sparse fine punctures. Frons and ocular sinus with shallow punctures, denser and separated by convex narrow interspaces that become wider on ocular sinus; vertex more irregularly punctate, punctures variable in size and density; gena with coarser and sparser punctures, mixed with fine striation on posterior half. Punctures on mesosoma larger and deeper than on frons, interspaces narrower and more sharply raised, many punctures fused in irregular series; lateral faces of pronotum irregularly and densely striate; interspaces on scutellum forming irregular longitudinal ridges; metanotum with very coarse punctures on dorsal face, interspaces reduced to sharp ridges and spine, posterior face with smaller punctures on dorsal half and almost impunctate ventrally; mesepisternum with very large and flat-bottomed elongate punctures arranged in irregular oblique series, forming an irregular and elongate sharp reticulation; dorsal plate of metaepisternum regularly striate, ventral plate irregularly and finely striate with few shallow punctures intermixed; dorsal faces of propodeum with very large and flat-bottomed polygonal cells, interspaces reduced to sharp ridges; lateral faces of propodeum in upper half with elongate cells larger than those on dorsal faces, finely and irregularly striate below; posterior face of propodeum with fine and irregular oblique striation. T1 with deep punctures, very dense on basal convexity and becoming progressively sparser apically; T2 shiny with sparse deep punctures, slightly larger at extreme base, interspaces very finely and sparsely micropunctate; T3–T4 with sparse punctures, similar to apex of T2; T5–T6 finely shagreened with scattered fine punctures; T7 shagreened with dense micropunctures; S2 with punctures larger and much sparser than on T2, anterior vertical face impunctate; S3–S6 with punctures larger than on respective tergites; S7 shiny with micropunctures sparser than on T7. Head, mesosoma, S1 and base of S2 with long and wavy dark-brown setae, denser on gena and sides of mesosoma; clypeus with sparse and short pale pubescence on base and scattered appressed short setae on whole surface; metasoma with very short appressed pubescence, sparse and barely noticeable; apical margin of S7 with short brush of dark setae.</p><p>Black; following parts yellow: basal triangle of mandible, clypeus except narrow black margins, transverse spot above interantennal space, anterior face of scape, small spot on gena behind upper lobe of eye, narrow and medially interrupted band along pronotal carina, barely visible anterior spot on tegula, bilobate band covering apical third of T1, apical band on T2 weakly expanded on sides, T3–T4 with bands similar to T2, T5 with band reduced to irregular spots, S2–S3 with apical band similar to respective tergites but narrower and more sinuate, S4–S5 with posterolateral spots, large spot on ventral face of mid coxa, very small dorsal spot at apex of fore and hind femur, anterior elongate spot on apical third of mid femur, tibiae except large spots on inner face, basitarsi; tarsi ferruginous (except yellow basitarsus), with darkened apical segment on mid and hind legs. Wings hyaline with brownish tinge along costa.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The species epithet refers to the collecting locality of the holotype, Mount Gara .</p><p>Remarks</p><p>DNA barcoding of the holotype places E. garaensis close to the West-Mediterranean species E. bidentoides (Giordani Soika) from which it differs by 6.22–11.76% genetic distance, further supporting its recognition as a distinct species in combination with morphological differences and geographic isolation. The other morphologically similar species, E. bidentiformis (Giordani Soika) from Sardinia, differs by 37.75%.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Iraq: Kurdistan Region.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A468873EFFBC0033F404DAA1BF05	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688722FFBC01CCF566D8D5B83E.text	F770A4688722FFBC01CCF566D8D5B83E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eustenancistrocerus (Parastenancistrocerus) amadanensis subsp. amadanensis (de Saussure 1855)	<div><p>Eustenancistrocerus (Parastenancistrocerus) amadanensis amadanensis (de</p><p>Saussure, 1855)</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Giordani Soika (1970).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Morice (1921) recorded this species from Amarah and Shahroban [Miqdadiyah] under the synonym Odynerus transitorius, but stated that ‘many specimens, apart from their “pictura pallida” [pale pattern], were largely or even entirely red’. Eustenancistrocerus amadanensis is always black and yellow, without any red markings; therefore, Morice’s records likely refer in fact to one of the several red-marked Eustenancistrocerus occurring in the Middle East. The presence of E. amadanensis in Iraq is, however, confirmed by the records published by Giordani Soika (1970).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Portugal, Spain, Italy (including Sicily), Hungary, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Russia, Azerbaijan, Syria, Israel and Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, China (Fateryga and Proshchalykin 2024).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688722FFBC01CCF566D8D5B83E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688722FFBF01A9F25EDAB0BDC6.text	F770A4688722FFBF01A9F25EDAB0BDC6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Jucancistrocerus (Jucancistrocerus) jucundus subsp. jucundus (Mocsary 1883)	<div><p>Jucancistrocerus (Jucancistrocerus) jucundus jucundus (Mocsáry, 1883)</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Morice (1921); Derwesh (1965), mentioning ‘Survey of Iraq Fauna, 1915–1919’; Giordani Soika (1970).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>This species was described from Iraq as Nortonia deceptrix Morice, 1921, a taxon later regarded as a variety or subspecies (Blüthgen 1939; Giordani Soika 1970) and finally as a synonym (Gusenleitner 2013a) of J. jucundus .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Austria, Hungary, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan (Gusenleitner 2013a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688722FFBF01A9F25EDAB0BDC6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688721FFBF0023F638DAF6BF14.text	F770A4688721FFBF0023F638DAF6BF14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Katamenes sichelii subsp. timanensis Giordani Soika 1986	<div><p>Katamenes sichelii timanensis Giordani Soika, 1986</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Giordani Soika (1986).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Iraq (Giordani Soika 1986).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688721FFBF0023F638DAF6BF14	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688721FFBF0079F58ED915BE9F.text	F770A4688721FFBF0079F58ED915BE9F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptochilus (Lionotulus) ambitiosus Giordani Soika 1986	<div><p>Leptochilus (Lionotulus) ambitiosus Giordani Soika, 1986 *</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, 5 km E of Ashewa, Mt . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.3505&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.0158" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.3505/lat 37.0158)">Gara</a>, 1750–1950 m, 37.0158°N 43.3505°E, 30 May-12 June 2024, 1 ♀ (MSVI) .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Turkey, Iraq * (Giordani Soika 1986).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688721FFBF0079F58ED915BE9F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688721FFBF005BF4F3D9FBB802.text	F770A4688721FFBF005BF4F3D9FBB802.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptochilus (Lionotulus) hermon Gusenleitner 1971	<div><p>Leptochilus (Lionotulus) hermon Gusenleitner, 1971 *</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, Mt . Gara, 1912 m, 37.015833°N 43.350556°E, 11 May 2023, 1 ♂ (MSVI) .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Greece, Turkey, Israel, Iraq * (Gusenleitner 2013a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688721FFBF005BF4F3D9FBB802	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688721FFBF01D2F264D87ABBEB.text	F770A4688721FFBF01D2F264D87ABBEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptochilus (Lionotulus) membranaceus subsp. membranaceus (Morawitz 1867)	<div><p>Leptochilus (Lionotulus) membranaceus membranaceus (Morawitz, 1867) *</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, 5 km E of Ashewa, Mt . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.3505&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.0158" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.3505/lat 37.0158)">Gara</a>, 1750–1950 m, 37.0158°N 43.3505°E, 30 May-12 June 2024, 2 ♂ (MSVI) .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Italy, Bulgaria, Greece, Russia, Ukraine, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Israel, Iraq *, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan (Fateryga et al. 2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688721FFBF01D2F264D87ABBEB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688720FFBE0058F784DAC8BCFC.text	F770A4688720FFBE0058F784DAC8BCFC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptochilus (Lionotulus) simurgh Gusenleitner 2016	<div><p>Leptochilus (Lionotulus) simurgh Gusenleitner, 2016 *</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, 5 km E of Ashewa, Mt . Gara, 1750–1950 m, 37.0158°N 43.3505°E, 3–6 June 2023, 1 ♂ (MSVI); Kurdistan, Duhok, 5 km E of Ashewa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.3505&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.0158" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.3505/lat 37.0158)">Mt</a>. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.3505&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.0158" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.3505/lat 37.0158)">Gara</a>, 1750–1950 m, 37.0158°N 43.3505°E, 30 May-12 June 2024, 1 ♂ (MSVI) .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Iraq *, Iran (Gusenleitner 2016).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688720FFBE0058F784DAC8BCFC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688720FFB8019FF51ED9C6BF04.text	F770A4688720FFB8019FF51ED9C6BF04.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptochilus (Lionotulus) turcicus Gusenleitner 1971	<div><p>Leptochilus (Lionotulus) turcicus Gusenleitner, 1971 stat. nov. *</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, Bessre, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.284443&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.01361" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.284443/lat 37.01361)">Bablo village</a>, 1065 m, 36.8675°N 43.120556°E, 5–6 May 2023, 1 ♂ (MSVI, PQ676391); Kurdistan, Duhok, Mangeshke, 806 m, 36.923884°N 43.159401°E, 13 May 2023, 1 ♀ (MSVI, PQ676393); Kurdistan, Duhok, SW of Ashewa, 1100 m, 37.013611°N 43.284444°E, 1–4 June2024, 1 ♀ (MSVI, PQ676392) .</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Gusenleitner (in Bytinski-Salz and Gusenleitner 1971) described the subspecies Leptochilus mimulus turcicus (Figure 3a-b) from Turkey and Israel, differentiating it from the nominotypical subspecies from the Balkan Peninsula based on few characters: coarser sculpture of T2 and S2, T3–T6 entirely black in the female, and ventral face of flagellum orange. The study of type specimens and new material revealed, however, further differences [characters of nominotypical L. mimulus in square brackets]: pronotal carina lower on sides and pronotal humeri evenly rounded (Figure 3c) [pronotal carina higher on sides and humeri obtusely but distinctly angled, especially in the male (Figure 3d)], interspaces on mesoscutum and scutellum strongly shiny with few scattered micropunctures (Figure 3e) [weakly shiny with denser micropunctures (Figure 3f)], dorsal faces of propodeum sparsely punctate and mirror-like shiny above dorsal carinae [densely punctate with micropunctate interspaces, not so shiny], dorsal carinae of propodeum blunt but strongly developed (Figure 3g) [sharp but weak (Figure 3h)], lateral faces of propodeum very shallowly depressed and separated from dorsal faces by blunt hints of lateral carinae [flattened and without hints of lateral carinae delimiting them], apical emargination of female clypeus deeper and evenly concave with more protruding and sharp lateral teeth (Figure 3i) [shallower and more or less flattened medially, with less protruding and blunt lateral teeth (Figure 3j)], tegula with ferruginous discal spot (Figure 3c) [black and white without ferruginous (Figure 3d)], female with legs largely reddish in addition to yellow markings [black with yellowish markings only], male F11 shorter, stouter and more curved in lateral view and broader in dorsal view (Figure 3k) [longer, narrow and weakly curved in lateral view and narrower in dorsal view (Figure 3l)], digitus with more projecting and apically reflexed ventrobasal angle (Figure 3m) [less projecting and not reflexed], apical part of aedeagus parallel-sided [constricted in basal half and then apically expanding (Figure 3n)], ventral lobes of aedeagus longer and with less produced apical part, ventral</p><p>Figure 3. a–c, e, g, i, k, m, Leptochilus (Lionotulus) turcicus Gusenleitner, stat. n. d, f, h, j, l, n, Leptochilus (Lionotulus) mimulus Gusenleitner. a, habitus of male, dorsal view. b, habitus of female, dorsal view. c–d, anterior half of mesosoma of male, dorsal view. e–f, mesoscutum and scutellum of female, dorsal view. g–h, propodeum of female, posterior view. i–j, clypeus of female, frontal view. k– l, apex of male flagellum, lateral view. m–n, male genitalia, from left to right: aedeagus in ventral view, aedeagus in lateral view, digitus+volsella.</p><p>margin weakly reflexed and in ventral view forming semielliptical lobe (Figure 3m) [shorter and with ventrally produced apical part, almost divided into two parts, ventral margin strongly reflexed and in ventral view forming subtriangular lobe (Figure 3n)], median sclerite in lateral view with expanded apical part and apically subtruncate [barely thickened apically and with almost pointed apex]. This series of characters does not support the recognition of the taxon turcicus as a mere subspecies of L. mimulus and is further supported by genetic data, as DNA barcoding revealed a genetic distance of 3.17% between Greek L. mimulus mimulus and Iraqi L. mimulus turcicus (Table 1). Similar values of genetic distance have been observed to indicate intraspecific variability in other genera of Eumeninae (Selis et al. 2024a, 2024b); however, a comparison with the related Leptochilus tarsatus (de Saussure) showed comparable values, as the latter species differs from L. mimulus mimulus by 6.66–6.84% and from L. mimulus turcicus by 4.90–5.07%, indicating the diagnostic value of such genetic distance in the L. tarsatus group, and these values are also much higher than the intraspecific distances observed in the three barcoded taxa (0.00% in both subspecies of L. mimulus and 0.00–0.15% in L. tarsatus). The combination of several morphological differences, genetic distance and geographic separation does not support the treatment of L. mimulus turcicus as a mere subspecies, leading to its elevation to the species rank.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Turkey, Israel, Jordan, Iraq * (Castro and Dvořák 2010).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688720FFB8019FF51ED9C6BF04	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688726FFB80189F57CDBCEBE82.text	F770A4688726FFB80189F57CDBCEBE82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microdynerus (Microdynerus) appenninicus Giordani Soika 1960	<div><p>Microdynerus (Microdynerus) appenninicus Giordani Soika, 1960 *</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, Mt . Gara, 1912 m, 37.0158°N 43.3505°E, 11 May 2023, 1 ♀ (MSVI) .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>France, Italy, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Jordan, Iraq * (Gusenleitner 2013a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688726FFB80189F57CDBCEBE82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688726FFB8007AF4FAD9B5B808.text	F770A4688726FFB8007AF4FAD9B5B808.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microdynerus (Microdynerus) confinis Gusenleitner 1979	<div><p>Microdynerus (Microdynerus) confinis Gusenleitner, 1979 *</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, 5 km E of Ashewa, Mt . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.3505&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.0158" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.3505/lat 37.0158)">Gara</a>, 1750–1950 m, 37.0158°N 43.3505°E, 30 May-12 June 2024, 3 ♂ (DUMAI, MSVI) .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Bulgaria, Turkey, Iraq * (Gusenleitner 2013a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688726FFB8007AF4FAD9B5B808	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688726FFB801D8F260D91DBBEB.text	F770A4688726FFB801D8F260D91DBBEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microdynerus (Microdynerus) rubronotatus subsp. rubiculus Gusenleitner 2000	<div><p>Microdynerus (Microdynerus) rubronotatus rubiculus Gusenleitner, 2000 *</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.166943&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.149445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.166943/lat 37.149445)">Bnavi village</a>, 1580 m, 37.2427°N 43.3808°E, 7 June 2024, 1 ♀ (MSVI); Kurdistan, Duhok, 2 km NNE of Dihe, 1135 m, 37.149444°N 43.166944°E, 1–11 June 2024, 1 ♀ (MSVI) .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Turkey, Iraq * (Gusenleitner 2013a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688726FFB801D8F260D91DBBEB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688725FFBB0076F784D981BCBB.text	F770A4688725FFBB0076F784D981BCBB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microdynerus (Microdynerus) urdunus Gusenleitner 2004	<div><p>Microdynerus (Microdynerus) urdunus Gusenleitner, 2004 *</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, Mt . Gara, 1912 m, 37.0158°N 43.3505°E, 11 May 2023, 1 ♂ (MSVI) .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Turkey, Jordan, Syria, Iraq * (Gusenleitner 2013a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688725FFBB0076F784D981BCBB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688725FFB4006DF6C7D921BC70.text	F770A4688725FFB4006DF6C7D921BC70.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Odynerus (Odynerus) armeniacus (Morawitz 1885)	<div><p>Odynerus (Odynerus) armeniacus (Morawitz, 1885) stat. rest.</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Morice (1921); Derwesh (1965), mentioning ‘Survey of Iraq Fauna, 1915–1919’; Augul (2017).</p><p>Material examined</p><p>CYPRUS: Lemesos, Amathus, Ancient Site, 14 April 2002, leg . E . Scheuchl, 1 ♂ (MSVI, PQ676371) . IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.1505&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.023" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.1505/lat 3.023)">Amedi</a>, NW of Banka, 13442 m, 37.1605°N 43.1641°E, 9 May2023, 1 ♂ (MSVI); Kurdistan, Duhok, Bablo, 1065 m, 36.8675°N 43.1205°E, 6 May 2023, 3 ♂ (MSVI); Kurdistan, Duhok, Derke, 627 m, 36.7724°N 43.2491°E, 10 May 2023, 1 ♀ (MSVI); Kurdistan, Duhok, E of Mangesh, 1046 m, 3.0230°N 43.1505°E, 8 May 2023, 8 ♂ 2 ♀ (MSVI); Kurdistan, Duhok, Mt . Gara, 1912 m, 37.0158°N 43.3505°E, 11 May 2023, 10 ♂ 7 ♀ (MSVI); Kurdistan, Duhok, NW of Scren, 829 m, 37.0527°N 43.2633°E, 9 May 2023, 2 ♀ (MSVI); Kurdistan, Duhok, Road Arbil-Duhok, 4.5 km N of Ba’adra, 630 m, 36.7725°N 43.2491°E, 9–22 May 2024, 11 ♀ (MSVI, PQ676378, PQ676379); Kurdistan, Duhok, SW of Ashewa, 1100 m, 37.0136°N 43.2844°E, 1–4 June 2024, 1 ♂ 5 ♀ (MSVI, PQ676376, PQ676377); Kurdistan, Duhok, SW of Bagera, 948 m, 36.9169°N 43.2325°E, 6 May 2023, 4 ♀ (MSVI); Kurdistan, Duhok, SW of Beshingi, 760 m, 36.9813°N 43.0291°E, 7 May 2023, 1 ♂ 2 ♀ (MSVI); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.2391&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.7725" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.2391/lat 36.7725)">Kurdistan</a>, Duhok, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.2391&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.7725" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.2391/lat 36.7725)">Zawita</a>, 852 m, 36.9141°N 43.1516°E, 6 May 2023, 1 ♀ (MSVI); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.2391&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.7725" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.2391/lat 36.7725)">Kurdistan</a>, Duhok, 4.5 km N of Ba’adra, 630 m, 36.7725°N 43.2391°E, 9–12 May 2024, 4 ♀ (MSVI) . LEBANON: Balbek-Hermel, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=36.0754&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.924" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 36.0754/lat 33.924)">Haouch Snaid</a>, AUB farm, 1000 m, 33.924°N 36.0754°E, 6 April 2023, leg . T .J . Wood, 1 ♂ (MSVI); Beqaa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.7853&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.7321" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.7853/lat 33.7321)">Aammiq</a> wetland, 850 m, 33.7321°N 35.7853°E, 3 April 2023, leg . T .J . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.9503&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.7372" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.9503/lat 33.7372)">Wood</a>, 1 ♂ (MSVI, PQ676373); Beqaa, 1 km E of Anjar, cemetery, 900 m, 33.7372°N 35.9503°E, 7 April 2023, leg . T .J . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.9478&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.7311" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.9478/lat 33.7311)">Wood</a>, 1 ♂ (MSVI); Beqaa, 1 km E of Anjar, reforestation area, 1000 m, 33.7311°N 35.9478°E, 7 April 2023, leg . T .J . Wood, 1 ♂ (MSVI); Beqaa, Mansourah, Aana village, 900 m, 333.6910°N 35.7581°E, 2 April 2023, leg . T .J . Wood, 1 ♂ (MSVI); Beqaa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.6851&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.5483" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.6851/lat 33.5483)">Qaraoun</a> dam, 850 m, 33.5483°N 35.6851°E, 4 April 2023, leg . T .J . Wood, 2 ♂ (MSVI); Beqaa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.7038&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.5377" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.7038/lat 33.5377)">Qaraoun</a>, 3.5 km W of Madjal Balhis, 900 m, 33.5377°N 35.7038°E, 4 April 2023, leg . T .J . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.8192&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.7989" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.8192/lat 33.7989)">Wood</a>, 1 ♂ (MSVI); Beqaa, 500 m NW of Qob Elias, 900 m, 33.7989°N 35.8192°E, 5 April 2023, leg . T .J . Wood, 1 ♀ (MSVI, PQ676372) .</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Odynerus armeniacus was reduced to subspecies of Odynerus melanocephalus (Gmelin) by Eck (1971) based on morphological and geographic data, with this treatment followed by most subsequent authors, except Kurzenko (1977) who treated it as a separate species. Our combination of genetic and morphological data does not support Eck’s treatment of armeniacus as a subspecies of O. melanocephalus . DNA barcoding shows how O. melanocephalus (specimens sequenced from Italy, Greece and Iran, see Table 1) and O. armeniacus (specimens sequenced from Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon, Israel and Iraq, see Table 1) form two distinct groups separated by a genetic distance of 8.93%, a value in line with the interspecific distances observed between other species of the nominotypical subgenus of Odynerus (e.g., 7.87% between O. femoratus and O. spinipes, 8.46% between O. spinipes and O. alpinus, 9.10% between O. armeniacus and O. rotundigaster). This genetic distance cannot be justified as intraspecific variability by geographic separation, as specimens of O. melanocephalus ranging from Italy to Iran, and therefore co-occurring with O. armeniacus in the Middle East, do not show the slightest variability in the COI gene. In addition, the following morphological characters were found distinguishing the males of O. armeniacus from O. melanocephalus [characters of O. melanocephalus in square brackets]: apical emargination of clypeus subtriangular and about as wide as deep (Figure 4c) [semicircular and wider than deep (Figure 4d)], F8–F10 with straight and parallel sides (Figure 4g) [with convex and weakly diverging sides (Figure 4h)], F11 1.85× as long as wide, with straight posterior margin and weakly curved anterior margin, its apex somewhat pointed (Figure 4g) [F11 1.35× as long as wide, with diverging sides and anterior margin strongly curved, its apex subtruncate (Figure 4h)], fore femur strongly constricted in the middle and with concave sides in posterior view (Figure 4i) [weakly constricted and with barely sinuate sides in posterior view (Figure 4j)], median tooth of mid femur lower and broader, weakly sloping towards apex of femur (Figure 4k) [higher and narrower, strongly sloping towards apex of femur (Figure 4l)], apical tooth of mid femur lower and more shallowly separated from mid tooth (Figure 4k) [higher and separated from mid tooth by a deep incision (Figure 4i)], apical expansion of mid tibia stronger and more angular (Figure 4k) [weaker and rounded (Figure 4l)], hind femur proportionally shorter and more strongly expanded basally, almost bulbous (Figure 4m) [proportionally longer and basal expansion weaker (Figure 4n)]. Excluding the constant morphology of the flagellomeres, it should be noted that the other characters are subject to a certain degree of variability and the modification of the legs is also related to the size of the specimen, making some isolated specimens present some characters approaching the state of the other species in various combinations; therefore, the identification should always be based on the examination of the whole series of characters and mostly on the antennal morphology. The separation of the two taxa in the female sex is more challenging, as the females of Odynerus s. str. are generally homogeneous in morphology; however, two constant differences in sculpture were observed: in O. armeniacus the frons has well-impressed and separated punctures, with slightly convex and distinct interspaces (Figure 4e), and the S2 has coarser and much more abundant punctures, leaving only a small medioapical area with large interspaces (Figure 4o), while in O. melanocephalus the punctures on the frons are shallower and mostly fused in longitudinal series, with the interspaces reduced to sharp ridges (Figure 4f), and the S2 is more finely punctate with a shiny and very sparsely punctate area almost covering the whole median third (Figure 4p). In addition to the characters listed above, the two species are immediately recognisable on the basis of their colouration, as O. armeniacus (Figure 4a,b) has a brighter yellow pattern, with yellow tegulae, two yellow spots of variable size on the scutellum and black legs with sharply separated yellow spots, while in O. melanocephalus the markings are paler and whitish, with red-brown</p><p>Figure 4. a–c, e, g, i, k, m, o, Odynerus (Odynerus) armeniacus (Morawitz) stat. rest. d, f, h, j, l, n, p, Odynerus (Odynerus) melanocephalus (Gmelin) . a, habitus of male, dorsal view. b, habitus of female, dorsal view. c–d, clypeus of male, frontal view. e–f, frons of female, frontal view. g–h, F8–F11 of male, dorsal view. i–j, fore femur of male, posterior view. k–l, mid leg of male, frontal view. m–n, hind femur of male, frontal view. o–p, S2 of female, ventral view.</p><p>tegulae (at most with small yellow dots at the extremities), entirely black scutellum and legs with yellow spots that gradually pass to black through an intermediate reddish area, usually largely to almost entirely reddish in the females. Of the numerous specimens examined, only one particularly dark female of O. armeniacus from the south-west of Bagera has an unspotted scutellum, but all other chromatic characters correspond to those reported above. Fateryga et al. (2021) reported that Eck (1971) did not study the male genitalia of the two species; however, a comparison of the genitalia of various specimens of the two species did not reveal any substantial differences; this does not conflict with the treatment of the two taxa as distinct species, as the genitalia are generally homogeneous and little informative in the nominal subgenus of Odynerus .</p><p>Morice (1921) recorded seven specimens of Odynerus melanocephalus from Amarah, stating that some of them had distinct yellow spots on the scutellum, suggesting that they belonged in fact to Odynerus armeniacus . Augul (2017) recorded this species from Iraq misidentified as Odynerus spinipes (see below).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Turkey, Cyprus *, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Syria, Lebanon *, Jordan, Israel, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan (Fateryga et al. 2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688725FFB4006DF6C7D921BC70	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A468872AFFB40022F697D883BE56.text	F770A468872AFFB40022F697D883BE56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Odynerus (Odynerus) femoratus de Saussure 1856	<div><p>Odynerus (Odynerus) femoratus de Saussure, 1856 *</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, SW of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.284443&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.01361" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.284443/lat 37.01361)">Ashewa</a>, 1100 m, 37.013611°N 43.284444°E, 1–4 June 2024, 1 ♂ (MSVI, PQ676368) .</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The only Iraqi specimen available was barcoded, showing no genetic distance from Italian and Greek specimens (Table 1).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Portugal, Spain, France, Austria, Hungary, Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily), Bulgaria, Russia, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Syria, Israel, Iraq *, Iran (Fateryga et al. 2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A468872AFFB40022F697D883BE56	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A468872AFFB70055F109DF0BBDE0.text	F770A468872AFFB70055F109DF0BBDE0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paravespa (Paravespa) quadricolor (Morawitz 1885)	<div><p>Paravespa (Paravespa) quadricolor (Morawitz, 1885) *</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, SW of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.284443&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.01361" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.284443/lat 37.01361)">Ashewa</a>, 1100 m, 37.013611°N 43.284444°E, 1–4 June 2024, 1 ♀ (MSVI) .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Turkey, Iraq *, Iran, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan (Yildirim 2012; Gusenleitner 2013a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A468872AFFB70055F109DF0BBDE0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688729FFB70018F602DF5CBF5F.text	F770A4688729FFB70018F602DF5CBF5F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parodontodynerus ephippium (Klug 1817)	<div><p>Parodontodynerus ephippium (Klug, 1817) *</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, 5 km E of Ashewa, Mt . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.3505&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.0158" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.3505/lat 37.0158)">Gara</a>, 1750–1950 m, 37.0158°N 43.3505°E, 30 May-12 June 2024, 1 ♀ (MSVI) .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Morocco, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily), Switzerland, Austria, Croatia, Albania, Greece, Russia, Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Lebanon, Iraq *, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan (Fateryga and Proshchalykin 2024).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688729FFB70018F602DF5CBF5F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688729FFB70020F5B8D958B81C.text	F770A4688729FFB70020F5B8D958B81C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syneuodynerus fritzi (Gusenleitner 1997) Selis & Ismael & Hamad & Baiocchi & Cilia 2025	<div><p>Syneuodynerus fritzi (Gusenleitner, 1997) comb. n. *</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, 2 km NNE of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.166943&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.149445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.166943/lat 37.149445)">Dihe</a>, 1135 m, 37.149444°N 43.166944°E, 1–11 June 2024, 1 ♀ (MSVI) .</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Gusenleitner (1997b) described the genus Intereuodynerus Gusenleitner, 1997 to include three species similar to the genus Syneuodynerus Blüthgen, 1951 but lacking the lamellar dorsal carinae of the propodeum. It should be noted, however, that the development of the propodeal carinae is a highly variable character within a genus, as is also observed in the related genus Euodynerus (Selis et al. 2024b), and comparison of the type species of Intereuodynerus, Intereuodynerus fritzi Gusenleitner, 1997, with various species of Syneuodynerus did not allow us to find any further differences beyond those of specific value. The genus Intereuodynerus syn. n. is therefore synonymised under Syneuodynerus .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Turkey, Syria, Iraq * (Gusenleitner 2013a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688729FFB70020F5B8D958B81C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688729FFB6005CF2E9D83CBDE0.text	F770A4688729FFB6005CF2E9D83CBDE0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Celonites (Eucelonites) hamanni Gusenleitner 1973	<div><p>Celonites (Eucelonites) hamanni Gusenleitner, 1973 *</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, S of Zawita, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.1205&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.8675" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.1205/lat 36.8675)">Bablo village</a>, 1063 m, 36.8675°N 43.1205°E, 3–8 June 2024, 1 ♀ (MSVI); Kurdistan, Duhok, 3 km SSE of Ashewa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.1205&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.8675" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.1205/lat 36.8675)">Mt</a>. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.3055&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.9997" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.3055/lat 37.9997)">Gara</a>, 1450–1525 m, 37.9997°N 43.3055°E, 9–12 June 2024, 1 ♂ (MSVI) .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Syria, Jordan, Turkey, Iraq * (Gusenleitner 1973, 1997a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688729FFB6005CF2E9D83CBDE0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688728FFB6001CF5E0DF75B958.text	F770A4688728FFB6001CF5E0DF75B958.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parapolybia escalerae Meade-Waldo 1911	<div><p>Parapolybia escalerae Meade-Waldo, 1911</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Carpenter (1999); Ali et al. (2023).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Ali et al. (2023) recorded Parapolybia escalerae as new for Iraq, but in fact it was already recorded by Carpenter (1999).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan (Gusenleitner 2013b; Rahmani et al. 2020; Ali et al. 2023).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688728FFB6001CF5E0DF75B958	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688728FFB6001CF3A6D854BBEB.text	F770A4688728FFB6001CF3A6D854BBEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polistes (Gyrostoma) wattii Cameron 1900	<div><p>Polistes (Gyrostoma) wattii Cameron, 1900</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Morice (1921), as P. hebraeus; Derwesh (1965), as P. hebroeus and mentioning ‘Survey of Iraq Fauna, 1959–1919’; Khalaf and Al-Omar (1974), as P. olivaceus; Swailem et al. (1974); Abdul-Rassoul (1976), as P. macaensis; Al-Ali (1977), as P. hebroeus; Augul (2017); Al-Saffar and Augul (2021).</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, 5 km E of Ashewa, Mt . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.3505&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.0158" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.3505/lat 37.0158)">Gara</a>, 1750–1950 m, 37.0158°N 43.3505°E, 3–6 June 2023, 1 ♂ 3 ♀ (DUMAI, MSVI) .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Iraq, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Mauritius, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, China (Castro and Dvořák 2010).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688728FFB6001CF3A6D854BBEB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688728FFB600F0F60EDBCDBF6C.text	F770A4688728FFB600F0F60EDBCDBF6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Quartinia separata Gusenleitner 1997	<div><p>Quartinia separata Gusenleitner, 1997 *</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.3808&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.2427" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.3808/lat 37.2427)">Bnavi village</a>, 1580 m, 37.2427°N 43.3808°E, 7 June 2024, 4 ♂ (DUMAI, MSVI) .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Syria, Turkey, Iraq * (Gusenleitner 1997a; Yildirim 2012; Yildirim and Gusenleitner 2012, 2013b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688728FFB600F0F60EDBCDBF6C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A468872FFFB100F8F784DA1EBF00.text	F770A468872FFFB100F8F784DA1EBF00.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polistes (Polistes) associus Kohl 1898	<div><p>Polistes (Polistes) associus Kohl, 1898 *</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, SW of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.284443&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.01361" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.284443/lat 37.01361)">Ashewa</a>, 1100 m, 37.013611°N 43.284444°E, 1–4 June 2024, 2 ♀ (MSVI) .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Spain, France (including Corsica), Italy (including Sicily), Malta, Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Greece, Turkey, Israel, Azerbaijan, Russia, Iraq *, Iran, Pakistan, India, Tajikistan, China (Schmid-Egger et al. 2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A468872FFFB100F8F784DA1EBF00	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A468872FFFB10041F5E7DF0BBB50.text	F770A468872FFFB10041F5E7DF0BBB50.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polistes atrimandibularis subsp. albidus Bluthgen 1957	<div><p>Polistes atrimandibularis albidus Blüthgen (1957) . syn. n.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, 5 km E of Ashewa, Mt . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.3305&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.0158" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.3305/lat 37.0158)">Gara</a>, 1750–1950 m, 37.0158°N 43.3305°E, 30 May-12 June 2024, 2 ♂ (MSVI, PQ676388) .</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Blüthgen (in Bytinski-Salz 1957) described the subspecies Polistes atrimandibularis albidus from Turkey, characterising it as a form with whitish markings instead of the bright yellow markings usually observed in the European populations of P. atrimandibularis, and more recently this taxon has been considered as a probable synonym of P. atrimandibularis by Schmid-Egger et al. (2017). Comparison of two white-marked specimens from Iraq with yellow-marked specimens from Europe did not reveal any morphological difference except for the colour, and DNA barcoding of Italian and Iraqi specimens (Table 1) revealed a genetic distance of just 0.76%, a value in line with the intraspecific variability observed in other parasitic Polistes species (0.00–0.95% in P. austroccidentalis van Achterberg and Neumeyer, and 0.00–0.82% in P. semenowi Morawitz) and well-below the interspecific distances observed between P. atrimandibularis and the other social parasites (1.69–3.00% from P. semenowi Morawitz, 2.17–3.43% from P. austroccidentalis van Achterberg and Neumeyer, and 4.11% from P. maroccanus Schmid-Egger). Polistes atrimandibularis albidus is therefore confirmed as a synonym of nominotypical P. atrimandibularis .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Spain, France, Italy (including Sicily), Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Armenia, Iraq *, Iran (Schmid-Egger et al. 2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A468872FFFB10041F5E7DF0BBB50	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A468872EFFB0000EF784D92ABFA6.text	F770A468872EFFB0000EF784D92ABFA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polistes (Polistes) bucharensis Erichson 1849	<div><p>Polistes (Polistes) bucharensis Erichson, 1849</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Derwesh (1965), mentioning ‘Zoologische Sumlon d. Bayer. Staates’.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, Bnavi village, 1580 m, 37.2427°N 43.3808°E, 7 June 2024, 3 ♀ (DUMAI, MSVI); Kurdistan, Duhok, SW of Ashewa, 1100 m, 37.013611°N 43.284444°E, 1–4 June 2024, 1 ♀ (MSVI); Kurdistan, Duhok, 5 km E of Ashewa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.284443&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.01361" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.284443/lat 37.01361)">Mt</a>. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.3505&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.0158" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.3505/lat 37.0158)">Gara</a>, 1750–1950 m, 37.0158°N 43.3505°E, 30 May-12 June 2024, 1 ♀ (MSVI) .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Greece (Crete), Cyprus, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Egypt, Israel, Iraq, Iran, Uzbekistan, Mongolia, China (Schmid-Egger et al. 2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A468872EFFB0000EF784D92ABFA6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A468872EFFB000EFF5C7DBDAB83A.text	F770A468872EFFB000EFF5C7DBDAB83A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polistes (Polistes) foederatus Kohl 1898	<div><p>Polistes (Polistes) foederatus Kohl, 1898</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Derwesh (1965), mentioning ‘Zoologische Sumlon d. Bayer. Staates’; Al-Ali (1977).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Al-Ali (1977) recorded this species as widespread in Iraq. We have not examined any specimens of this species from Iraq and the taxonomy of this taxon has long been confused and only recently resolved (Schmid-Egger et al. 2017), but given its presence in Turkey and Azerbaijan, its presence in at least northern Iraq is plausible. The southernmost records are likely to be attributable to P. mongolicus, newly recorded from Iraq in this note, but it is impossible to confirm this without re-examining the specimens.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Italy, Croatia, Slovenia, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Azerbaijan, Iraq (Schmid-Egger et al. 2017, 2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A468872EFFB000EFF5C7DBDAB83A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A468872EFFB300FEF25BDA73BC4E.text	F770A468872EFFB300FEF25BDA73BC4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polistes (Polistes) indicus Stolfa 1934	<div><p>Polistes (Polistes) indicus Stolfa, 1934</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Kumar and Lambert (2010)</p><p>Remarks</p><p>We have not been able to locate in the literature the first record for Iraq of this species, which appears to be reported as present in Iraq for the first time by Kumar and Lambert (2010), without providing information on the origin of this record. We have not examined any Iraqi specimen of this species that could confirm the record; however, given the known distribution its presence in Iraq is highly probable and is therefore maintained in the list.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>United Arab Emirates, Oman, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India (Carpenter and Gadallah 2020).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A468872EFFB300FEF25BDA73BC4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A468872DFFB30036F6BED838BE12.text	F770A468872DFFB30036F6BED838BE12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polistes (Polistes) mongolicus du Buysson 1911	<div><p>Polistes (Polistes) mongolicus du Buysson, 1911 *</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.166943&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.149445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.166943/lat 37.149445)">Kurdistan</a>, Duhok, SW of Ashewa, 1100 m, 37.013611°N 43.284444°E, 1–4 June 2024, 3 ♀ (DUMAI, MSVI); Kurdistan, Duhok, 2 km NNE of Dihe, 1135 m, 37.149444°N 43.166944°E, 1–11 June 2024, 1 ♀ (MSVI) .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Croatia, Serbia, North Macedonia, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Israel, Egypt, Azerbaijan, Iraq *, Iran, Mongolia, China (Schmid-Egger et al. 2017, 2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A468872DFFB30036F6BED838BE12	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A468872DFFB300F1F483DA1EBB24.text	F770A468872DFFB300F1F483DA1EBB24.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polistes (Polistes) nimpha (Christ 1791)	<div><p>Polistes (Polistes) nimpha (Christ, 1791)</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Derwesh (1965), mentioning ‘Zoologische Sumlong d. Bayer. Staates’; Gusenleitner (1976); Al-Ali (1977).</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, SW of Ashewa, 1100 m, 37.013611°N 43.284444°E, 1–4 June 2024, 1 ♀ (MSVI); Kurdistan, Duhok, 5 km E of Ashewa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.284443&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.01361" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.284443/lat 37.01361)">Mt</a>. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.3305&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.0158" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.3305/lat 37.0158)">Gara</a>, 1750–1950 m, 37.0158°N 43.3305°E, 30 May-12 June 2024, 1 ♂ (MSVI) .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Sweden, Germany, Belgium, France, Spain, Portugal (including Madeira), Switzerland, Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily), Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Latvia, Russia, Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Morocco, Israel, Turkey, Iraq, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Pakistan, India, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China (Schmid-Egger et al. 2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A468872DFFB300F1F483DA1EBB24	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A468872CFFB200A3F7FCD8B5BE53.text	F770A468872CFFB200A3F7FCD8B5BE53.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vespa orientalis Linnaeus 1771	<div><p>Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Morice (1921); Derwesh (1965), mentioning ‘B. M. list No. 70’; Swailem et al. (1974); Abdul-Rassoul (1976); Al-Ali (1977); Augul (2016, 2017); Al-Saffar and Augul (2021).</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, 5 km E of Ashewa, Mt . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.3505&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.0158" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.3505/lat 37.0158)">Gara</a>, 1750–1950 m, 37.0158°N 43.3505°E, 3–6 June 2023, 1 ♀ (MSVI) .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Ethiopia, Somalia, Chad, Sudan, Malta, Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily), Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, North Macedonia, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece (including Crete), Cyprus, Russia, Turkey, Israel, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Bahrein, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, introduced into United Kingdom, Belgium, Czech Republic, Spain, China, Chile, Mexico, United States (Carpenter and Gadallah 2020).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A468872CFFB200A3F7FCD8B5BE53	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A468872CFFB200C5F4BED8A0BB50.text	F770A468872CFFB200C5F4BED8A0BB50.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vespula germanica (Fabricius 1793)	<div><p>Vespula germanica (Fabricius, 1793)</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Khalaf (1958); Derwesh (1965); Al-Ali (1977); Augul (2017).</p><p>Material examined</p><p>IRAQ: Kurdistan, Duhok, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.3791&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.2477" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.3791/lat 37.2477)">Bnavi village</a>, 1498 m, 37.2477°N 43.3791°E, 7 June 2024, 2 ♀ (MSVI) .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>United Kingdom, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, France, Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily), Switzerland, Austria, Lichtenstein, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Romania, Moldova, Bulgaria, Albania, North Macedonia, Greece, Poland, Lithuania, Estonia, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia, Spain (including Balearic and Canary Islands), Portugal (including Azores), Malta, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, India, Mongolia, China, Korea, introduced into Iceland, New Zealand, Australia, Ascension Islands, South Africa, Chila, Argentina, Canada, United States (Rahmani et al. 2020).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A468872CFFB200C5F4BED8A0BB50	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688713FF8D00E3F4BED8D6B849.text	F770A4688713FF8D00E3F4BED8D6B849.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorodynerus chloroticus (Spinola 1838)	<div><p>Chlorodynerus chloroticus (Spinola, 1838)</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Morice (1921); Derwesh (1965), mentioning ‘Survey of Iraq Fauna, 1915–1919’.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>We have examined no specimens of Chlorodynerus from Iraq. Morice (1921) recorded this species from Amarah and Basra, close to the Iranian border. Chlorodynerus chloroticus is a mainly North-African species, reaching the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula in the east, without further findings in the areas near the locations cited by Morice (1921). Many species of Chlorodynerus were described after 1921, and several also in Iran, so it is impossible to ascertain the identity of the specimens examined by Morice.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688713FF8D00E3F4BED8D6B849	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688713FF8C0034F297D98DBCB1.text	F770A4688713FF8C0034F297D98DBCB1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eumenes (Eumenes) pomiformis (Fabricius 1781)	<div><p>Eumenes (Eumenes) pomiformis (Fabricius, 1781)</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Khalaf (1958); Derwesh (1965); Augul (2017).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>We have examined no specimens of this species from Iraq. Augul (2017) cites Khalaf (1958) as a previous source for the occurrence of this species in Iraq and provides further records, but as visible from the pictures provided these records are in fact attributable to Eumenes mediterraneus . The data published by Khalaf (1958) cannot be considered reliable, as in the past the name E. pomiformis has been used in a very broad sense including several taxa now considered distinct species. Given the currently known distribution, E. pomiformis could be present in Iraq, but for the moment the species is excluded as its presence in the Middle East needs to be reviewed given the past taxonomic problems and misidentifications (e.g., the only record from the Arabian Peninsula published by Gusenleitner (2010a) should be referred to E. mediterraneus).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688713FF8C0034F297D98DBCB1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688713FF8D00D6F784D973BE25.text	F770A4688713FF8D00D6F784D973BE25.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vespula vulgaris (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Vespula vulgaris (Linnaeus, 1758)</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Khalaf (1961); Derwesh (1965).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Augul (2017) reports further findings of this species from Solaf [Sulev], but these records belong in fact to Vespula germanica, as visible from the pictures provided.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>United Kingdom, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (including Corsica), Spain (including Balearic Islands), Portugal, Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily), Switzerland, Austria, Lichtenstein, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Albania, North Macedonia, Greece, Bulgaria, Moldova, Romania, Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Syria, Israel, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, India, Buthan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, China, Korea, Japan; introduced into Iceland, New Zealand, Australia, French Polynesia, Chile, Argentina (Rahmani et al. 2020).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688713FF8D00D6F784D973BE25	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688712FF8C0055F6D5D9AABEB1.text	F770A4688712FF8C0055F6D5D9AABEB1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euodynerus (Euodynerus) variegatus (Fabricius 1793)	<div><p>Euodynerus (Euodynerus) variegatus (Fabricius, 1793)</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Morice (1921); Derwesh (1965), mentioning ‘Survey of Iraq Fauna, 1915–1919’.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>We have examined no specimens of this species from Iraq. Morice (1921) recorded this species from Amarah under the name Odynerus crenatus Lepeletier, currently regarded as a synonym. As evidenced by Selis et al. (2024b), Euodynerus variegatus is a mainly western and southern Mediterranean species, barely reaching the Levant in the east; therefore, its presence in Iraq is improbable. Morice’s records likely belong to the similar E. disconotatus, recorded from Iraq by Giordani Soika (1970).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688712FF8C0055F6D5D9AABEB1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688712FF8C0001F4D4DA32B8F4.text	F770A4688712FF8C0001F4D4DA32B8F4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Odynerus (Odynerus) spinipes (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Odynerus (Odynerus) spinipes (Linnaeus, 1758)</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Khalaf (1958); Derwesh (1965); Augul (2017); Al-Saffar and Augul (2021).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>We have examined no specimens of this species from Iraq. Augul (2017) and Al-Saffar and Augul (2021) cite Khalaf (1958) as a previous source for the occurrence of this species in Iraq and provide further records, but as visible from the pictures provided by Augul (2017) these records are in fact attributable to Odynerus armeniacus . The data published by Khalaf (1958) cannot be considered reliable, as O. spinipes is a mainly northern species, occurring in central and northern Europe with few isolate records in southern Europe and northern Turkey. Pending further investigation, we exclude O. spinipes from the list of Iraqi Vespidae .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688712FF8C0001F4D4DA32B8F4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688712FF8F003FF129D92EBC53.text	F770A4688712FF8F003FF129D92EBC53.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Odynerus (Spinicoxa) reniformis (Gmelin 1790)	<div><p>Odynerus (Spinicoxa) reniformis (Gmelin, 1790)</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Derwesh (1965), mentioning ‘Zoologische Sumlong d. Bayer. Staates’.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>We have examined no specimens of this species from Iraq. Derwesh (1965) reports it as ‘Hoplomerus teniformis [!] Gmel. var.?’ without providing any detailed specimen records. There are currently no other records of Odynerus reniformis in the Middle East and several other species of the subgenus Spinicoxa are present in the area, making it impossible to ascertain the identity of the record published by Derwesh (1965). The species is not considered to be present in Iraq.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688712FF8F003FF129D92EBC53	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688711FF8F0006F6CBD830BEED.text	F770A4688711FF8F0006F6CBD830BEED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polistes (Gyrostoma) olivaceus (DeGeer 1773)	<div><p>Polistes (Gyrostoma) olivaceus (DeGeer, 1773)</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Morice (1921); Derwesh (1965), mentioning ‘Survey of Iraq Fauna, 1959–1919’; Khalaf and Al-Omar (1974); Abdul-Rassoul (1976); Al-Ali (1977).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>We have examined no specimens of this species from Iraq. Morice (1921) records it from Amarah and Baghdad, reporting that the specimens ‘are very pale forms with hardly any black markings’, suggesting that they belonged in fact to Polistes wattii, which is common and widespread in the Middle East. Khalaf and Al-Omar (1974), Abdul-Rassoul (1976) and Al-Ali (1977) recorded it from several localities, but given the confusion in the past between P. olivaceus and P. wattii, these records are attributed to the latter. We do not know of any confirmed record of P. olivaceus from Iraq.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688711FF8F0006F6CBD830BEED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688711FF8F0017F304D8E7BB50.text	F770A4688711FF8F0017F304D8E7BB50.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polistes (Polistes) biglumis (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Polistes (Polistes) biglumis (Linnaeus, 1758)</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Blüthgen and Königsmann (1969).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>We have examined no specimens of this species from Iraq. This species is listed as present in Iraq in several recent sources (e.g., Castro and Dvořák 2010; Rafi et al. 2017); however, it has not been possible to find a source indicating a precise locality in Iraq. Castro and Dvořák (2010) indicate Blüthgen and Königsmann (1969) as the source of the presence of P. biglumis in Iraq; however, the latter authors only indicate the species as present in ‘Mesopotamien’, a name indicating a territory covering much of today’s Iraq but also large areas in Turkey, Syria, Iran and the extreme north of the Arabian Peninsula. Given the impossibility of clarifying the actual origin of the record published by Blüthgen and Königsmann (1969) and the uncertainty about the identity of the Middle Eastern specimens identified so far as P. biglumis (Schmid-Egger et al. 2017; C. Schmid-Egger, personal communication), the species is, for now, excluded from the fauna of Iraq.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688711FF8F0017F304D8E7BB50	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688710FF8E001DF784DA7EBFA9.text	F770A4688710FF8E001DF784DA7EBFA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polistes (Polistes) gallicus (Linnaeus 1767)	<div><p>Polistes (Polistes) gallicus (Linnaeus, 1767)</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Abdul-Rassoul (1976); Al-Ali (1977); Augul (2017).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>We have examined no specimens of this species from Iraq. Augul (2017) cites Derwesh (1965) as a previous source for the occurrence of this species in Iraq and provides further records, but as visible from the pictures provided these records are in fact attributable to at least two different species, none of which is Polistes gallicus . Moreover, the record published by Derwesh (1965) refers to ‘ P. gallicus L. var. bucharensis ’, currently regarded as a distinct species. As shown by Schmid-Egger et al. (2017), Polistes gallicus is a western and central Mediterranean species with its eastern limit in Corfu; therefore, its presence in Iraq is implausible.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688710FF8E001DF784DA7EBFA9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
F770A4688710FF8E0044F5B5DF26B967.text	F770A4688710FF8E0044F5B5DF26B967.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudepipona (Pseudepipona) augusta (Morawitz 1867)	<div><p>Pseudepipona (Pseudepipona) augusta (Morawitz, 1867)</p><p>Literature records</p><p>Khalaf and Al-Omar (1974).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>We have examined no specimens of this species from Iraq. Khalaf and Al-Omar (1974) recorded a single specimen collected in Baghdad under the name Odynerus aurantiacus Mocsary, currently regarded as a synonym. Pseudepipona augusta is known to range from eastern Europe to Central Asia and China, with the southernmost records in Hungary, Ukraine and southern Russia, making its occurrence in central Iraq implausible.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F770A4688710FF8E0044F5B5DF26B967	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco;Ismael, Halgurd R.;Hamad, Mudhafar I.;Baiocchi, Daniele;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Ismael, Halgurd R., Hamad, Mudhafar I., Baiocchi, Daniele, Cilia, Giovanni (2025): A first update to the vespid fauna of Iraq (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 941-981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2460842
