taxonID	type	description	language	source
FB276A042071B86851DF417BFB634F49.taxon	description	(Figs 24 A – D, 25)	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042071B86851DF417BFB634F49.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil (Pará) (new record). Type-locality: Venezuela, Amazonas, San Fernando de Atabapo.	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042071B86851DF417BFB634F49.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Large specimens (18 – 19 mm). Frons narrow (FI: 4.25), convergent at base (DI: 1.26, 1.29); palpus mostly covered by white setulae. Wing hyaline. Scutum reddish-brown, covered by gray pruinosity and with two faint dark dorsolateral integumental stripes. Legs integument light yellow with gray pruinosity and mostly covered by white setulae. Abdomen reddish-brown, covered by gray pruinosity, and with dorsomedial triangles (tergite 2 to 4) and dorsolateral stripes (tergite I to V or VI) of pale setulae, when well-preserved.	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042071B86851DF417BFB634F49.taxon	discussion	Remarks: T. comosus resembles T. guyanensis. differing by having a hyaline wing, gray pruinosity on scutum, abdomen and legs, a pair of faint integumental stripes on the scutum, light yellow legs with white setulae, and a palpus mostly covered by white setulae. T. guyanensis has a wing brownish tinged at the base, dark brown calypters and orange costal cell, conspicuous integumental stripes on the scutum, scutellum with an evident white pilose spot on the lateral, legs ranging from brown to black with brown to black setulae, and palpus mostly covered by black setulae. The male is unknown. The type-locality of T. comosus is in Venezuela and this is the first time this species is recorded from Brazil, in the state of Pará. There are indeed cases of small clades or species that are present in the Guyana Shield, including Venezuela, extending their distribution to the state of Pará, east of the opening of the Amazon River (Amorim & Pires, 1996, Fig. 25; Amorim 2009). A good example is the empidine Lamprempis amazonida Bier & Rafael (Diptera: Empididae) (Bier & Rafael 2023).	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042071B86851DF417BFB634F49.taxon	materials_examined	Examined material: Belém, Pará, [BRAZIL], Damasceno [Photographed] [1 ♀] [MZUSP].	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042076B86B51DF4512FAAC4C11.taxon	description	(Figs 26 A – D, 27 A – D, 28)	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042076B86B51DF4512FAAC4C11.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Trinidad, eastern Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, eastern Bolivia, Brazil (Roraima, Pará, Maranhão, Paraíba, Rondônia, Acre, Amazonas, Pará, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Bahia, Distrito Federal, Minas Gerais (new record), Mato Grosso do Sul, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro). Type-locality: “ Brazil ”	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042076B86B51DF4512FAAC4C11.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Large specimens (18.7 – 23 mm). Frons narrow (FI: 4.7 – 5.8), divergent at base or nearly parallel (DI: 0.82 – 1.05); palpus mostly covered with black setulae. Wing brown infuscated, costal cell orange, never with a cloud on the fork of vein R 4 + 5. Scutum and scutellum with integument black and gray pruinosity. Femora black or at least darker than the tibiae. Abdomen orangish-brown, nearly always with a black dorsomedial integumental stripe (tergite 1 to 2 or sometimes more), dorsomedial pale triangles (tergite I to VI) and dorsolateral spots (tergite I to VI) of yellow or orange setulae when well-preserved.	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042076B86B51DF4512FAAC4C11.taxon	discussion	Remarks: T. glaucus resembles T. nebulosus, differing by having a darker integument on the scutum, scutellum, and femora, a parallel or divergent frons at the base, wing brown infuscated with an orange costal cell, and never with a brownish cloud in the fork of vein R 4 + 5, abdomen usually presenting a black integumental stripe on the first two segments, dorsomedial triangles narrow and dorsolateral spots. T. nebulosus usually has lighter integument on the scutum, scutellum, and femora, frons almost always convergent at the base, wing with light brown clouds at crossveins and in the fork of vein R 4 + 5, costal cell hyaline or at most pale yellow, abdomen rarely have an integumental stripe on the first tergites, dorsomedial triangles broader and fainter, dorsolateral spots broader and rarely connected. The male is similar to the female, except for the reduced mouthparts, slender antenna lacking the ventral angle found in females, holoptic eyes with the facets well-demarcated, the largest ones occupy the the upper half of the eyes and are lighter than the smaller ones. This species has a wide distribution in South America and this is the first record for the state of Minas Gerais.	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042076B86B51DF4512FAAC4C11.taxon	materials_examined	Examined material: BRASIL, Tocantins, Pq. Estadual do Lajeado, 10 º 10 ’ 02 ” S 48 º 10 ’ 34 ” W, xii. 2017, Arm. Malaise em igarapé [malaise trap at river], G. Amora & J. O. Silva cols. [1 ♀] [INPA]; BRASIL, Pará, Óbidos, Colônia São Tomé, 01 º 50 ’ 46 ” S 55 º 02 ’ 23 ” W / 1 – 11. ix. 2001, J. A. Rafael & J. F. Vidal, Malaise [1 ♀] [INPA]; BRASIL, Amazonas, Humaitá, Rio Ipixuna, 07 º 31 ’ 18 ” S 63 º 20 ’ 49 ” W, x. 2014, Arm. Malaise, JA Rafael, FF Xavier-Fº, RM Vieira & RH Aquino [1 ♀] [INPA]; BRASIL, AM [Amazonas], Benjamin Constant, 4 º 25 ’ 3.96 ” S 70 º 3 ’ 37.73 ” W, Malaise em floresta [malaise trap at florest], x. 2019, F. Xavier leg. [1 ♀] [INPA]; BRASIL, Rondônia, Ariquemes, Rio Ji-Paraná, 28. x 1986 / 09 ° 44 ’ S 61 ° 52 ’ W, JA Rafael, Arm. Malaise [1 ♀] [INPA]; BRASIL, Mato Grosso, Chapada dos Guimarães, 800 m altitude, 18 – 26. xi. 1983, Elias Binda / Campo Aberto, Armadilha Suspensa [canopy trap], 2 metros / Polo Noroeste [blue label] [Photographed] [1 ♂] [INPA]; Utiariti, Rio Papagaio, Mt [Mato Grosso, BRASIL], x. 1966, Lenko & Pereira [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRASIL, MG [Minas Gerais], Perdizes, EDPA Galheiro, casa 4, 19 º 12 ’ 34 ” S 47 ° 8 ’ 21 ” W, 15 – 29. i. 2020, Capellari, Riccardi & Pirani, leg [3 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRASIL, MG [Minas Gerais], Uberlândia, P. E. Pau Furado, Rio Araguari, 18 º 48 ’ 23 ” S 48 ° 9 ’ 57 ” W, Malaise, 19. xi. 2019 – 12 - i. 2020, RS Capellari, leg [1 ♂] [MZUSP]; BRASIL, MG [Minas Gerais], Uberaba, IFTM Campus Uberaba, Malaise, 15. ix. 2018, R. S. Capellari leg. [2 ♀] [MZUSP]; Corrégo Azul, Araçatuba, SP [São Paulo], BRASIL, III- 1947, M. P. Barretto col. / 146 [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; 2 - 946 [on the lateral of the label], Est. S. Paulo [São Paulo, BRASIL], Avanhandava, Barra Mansa, Barreto col. [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; I- 945 [on the lateral of the label], Est. S. Paulo [São Paulo, BRASIL], Guatapará, Barreto col. [Photographed] [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; São Simão [BRASIL], I- 38 [1 ♀] [MZUSP].	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042075B87551DF4254FF5E48C8.taxon	description	(Figs 29 A – D, 30 A – D, 31)	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042075B87551DF4254FF5E48C8.taxon	distribution	Distribution: French Guiana, eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru, Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, Mato Grosso, and Mato Grosso do Sul), and eastern Bolivia. Type-locality: “ French Guiana ”.	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042075B87551DF4254FF5E48C8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Large specimens (16.4 – 20.3 mm). Frons narrow (FI: 4.0 – 5.0), parallel, or slightly convergent or divergent at the base (DI: 0.93 – 1.1). Palpus equal to or larger than half the length of the stylets. Wing brownish tinged at the base, costal cell orange, strongly infuscated calypters. Scutum reddish-brown covered in gray pruinosity with two dark dorsolateral integumental stripes. Postalar wall with an evident setulose white spot. Abdomen reddish-brown with dorsomedial (tergite 1 or 2 to 4) triangles and dorsolateral stripes (tergite 2 to 6) of light setulae when well-preserved.	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042075B87551DF4254FF5E48C8.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Resembling T. comosus (see T. comosus). Integument and setulae of pleura and legs ranges from brown to black. The male is similar to the female, except for the reduced mouthparts, slender antenna lacking the ventral angle found in females, holoptic eyes with the facets well-demarcated, and the largest ones occupy the upper half of the eyes and are lighter than the smaller. The distribution of this species largely corresponds to the northwestern South America pattern of Amorim & Pires (1996), with elements east and west the opening of the Amazon River at the east, but also including elements in Guyana Shield and in the southwest Amazon basin. In other groups, this distribution pattern applies to more than one species that, as a clade, corresponds to the northwestern South America track.	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042075B87551DF4254FF5E48C8.taxon	materials_examined	Examined material: Ter. Amapá [BRASIL], Mazagão / Jari ao V. Nova, 1968, Damasceno [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; Fazenda Taperinha, Santarém, PA [Pará], BRASIL, x – xi. 1970, Exp. Perm. Amaz. [10 ♀] [MZUSP]; Bôca do Guajará, Mun. Pôrto de Moz, P. A [Pará], BRASIL, x. 1970, Exp. Perm. Amaz. [one female photographed] [2 ♀] [MZUSP]; Belém, Pará [BRASIL], Damasceno [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; Maués, Am [Amazonas], Worontzow [2 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRASIL, Amazonas, C. UNIV - Manaus, 10 – 11 1979, J. A Rafael [1 ♀] [INPA]; BRASIL, Amazonas, Carauari, 5 ° 05 ’ 31 ” S 67 ° 10 ’ 03 ” W, vii. 2005, Suspensa na praia [canopy at the beach] / A. Henriques & Xavier-Filho leg. [3 ♀] [INPA]; BRA [BRASIL], Amazonas, Manacapuru, Mundo Azul, Sítio Agroinclusivo, - 3.279958 - 60.546108, 10 – 14. viii. 2020, Malaise Mahlmann, Nogueira & Ribeiro Leg. [1 ♀] [INPA]; BRASIL, Benjamin Constant [Amazonas], Rio Javari, Alto do Amazonas, Dirings / Jun [vi]. 1962 [behind the label] / 545 [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRASIL, Amazonas, Benjamin Constant, Campus UFAM, 04 ° 21 ’ 42 ” S 70 ° 02 ’ 04 ” W / iv. 2004, Luz Mista, F. F. Xavier Leg [1 ♀] [INPA]; BRASIL, Amazonas, BR 319, Km 350, 5 ° 12 ’ 56,4 ” S 61 ° 50 ’ 22,6 ” W, 30. vii. 07 – 2. viii. 2007, H. Gasca Leg [1 ♀] [INPA]; BRA [BRASIL], AM [Amazonas], Lago Ayapuá, Beruri, viii. 2007, 4 ° 27 ’ 30 ” S 62 ° 11 ’ 56 ” W, J. G Rabello leg. [1 ♀] [INPA]; Boca L. Beruri, Rio Purus, Am [Amazonas, Brasil], 11. xi. 67, 670746 [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRASIL, Amazonas, Costa do Urá, Rio Solimões, 23. x. 83, V. M da Silva [2 ♀] [INPA]; BRASIL, AM [Amazonas], Fonte Boa, Estr. Mamopina, 023227 S - 660408 W, 23. IX. 2005, arm. luz, J. A. Rafael & F. F. Xavier Fº [Photographed] [1 ♂] [INPA].	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A04206BB87151DF472FFBBF4A19.taxon	description	(Figure 32 A – D, 33 A – D, 34)	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A04206BB87151DF472FFBBF4A19.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Trinidad, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil (Roraima, Amazonas, Amapá, Pará, Maranhão, Rio Grande do Norte, Rondônia, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Goiás, Distrito Federal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay, and Argentina. Type-locality: “ Brazil ”.	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A04206BB87151DF472FFBBF4A19.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Large specimens (16 – 22.2 mm). Frons narrow (FI: 5.0 – 6.0), convergent at the base (DI: 1.17 – 1.37). Palpus extremely short and inflated, smaller than half the length of the stylets, and drop-shaped. Postpedicel long and narrow, longer than high. Scutum and scutellum reddish-brown with gray pruinosity, mostly covered by setulae of the same color. Wing strong or slightly tinged at the end of cells br and bm, below the pterostigma, and in the fork of vein R 4 + 5. Abdomen orangish-brown with a black dorsomedial integumental and setulose stripe or a row of spots, and a row of dorsolateral spots (tergite I to IV) of orange setulae when well-preserved.	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A04206BB87151DF472FFBBF4A19.taxon	discussion	Remarks: This is a highly variable species and its wide distribution in Panama and South America raise the suspicion that it could be a case of a small clade with cryptic species. Some specimens of Tabanus importunus are difficult to distinguish from T. nebulosus and T. pseudonebulosus. T. importunus differs from both species by having a wing strongly tinged at the end of the cells br and bm and below pterostigma, a drop-shaped, short and inflated palpus, and a scutum with grayish pruinosity. The antenna is never as seen in T. pseudonebulosus (Fig. 10 A). T. pseudonebulosus has relatively smaller individuals (10.6 – 17.4 mm), with the wing hyaline or less tinged, rarely tinged below pterostigma, some may have the palpus similar to T. importunus, but they never have the postpedicel of the antenna longer than high. The abdomen of T. pseudonebulosus has a continuous black dorsomedial integumental stripe, which is present in T. importunus and absent or reduced (tergite 1 to 2) in T. nebulosus, and dorsomedial triangles of pale setulae when well-preserved, that are absent on T. importunus and may be present in T. nebulosus. The wing is hyaline or less tinged than in T. nebulosus with seldom any tinged areas below pterostigma and at the wing base, and the palpus is longer and not inflated. The difficulty in separating these three species is accentuated when specimens are stored in ethanol, due to the loss of vestiture (setulae and pruinosity) characters, important for the identification of Tabanidae. The male is similar to the female, except for the reduced mouthparts, slender antenna lacking the ventral angle found in females, holoptic eyes with the facets well-demarcated, the largest ones occupy the upper half the eyes and are lighter than the smaller ones. As discussed above, an integrative approach to the taxonomy of the group would help to clarify the divergence between subclusters of what now fits into Tabanus importunus and their separation from T. nebulosus and T. pseudonebulosus.	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A04206BB87151DF472FFBBF4A19.taxon	materials_examined	Examined material: Moja Pollo [PANAMA], R. P, 3 – 28 – 40 [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; Moja Pollo [PANAMA], R. P, 4 – 15 – 40 [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; Fazenda Taperinha, Santarém, PA [Pará], BRASIL, X – XI. 1970, Exp. Perm. Amaz. [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; Boca Furo do Aquiqui, Rio Amazonas, AM [Amazonas, BRAZIL], 11. VIII. 1968, Exp. Perm. Amaz. [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRASIL, RO [Rondônia], Porto Velho, Rio Madeira, 9 º 38.5 ’ 5.6 ” S 65 º 27 ’ 11.2 ” W, Malaise, 6 º camp. T 9 e T 11, 28. iii – 08. iv. 2011. Silva & Albuquerque col. [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; SISBIOTA CNPq / FAPESP [on the lateral of the label], BRASIL, MT [Mato Grosso], Chap. dos Guimarães, P. N. Chapada dos Guimarães, 15 º 24 ’ 33 ” S 55 º 49 ’ 54.9 ”, Coleta manual (rede) [manual collection (net)], Sede ICMBio, 08. ix. 2011, Lamas, C. J. E & eq. col. [1 ♂] [MZUSP]; BRASIL, MT [Mato Grosso], Tangará da Serra, Fazenda Aparecida da Serra, Serra dos Parecis, 14 º 21 ’ 29.78 ” S 57 º 42 ’ 44 ” W, Malaise, 28. V. 2008, Franciosi, R. (col) [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; Mato Grosso [BRAZIL], Rio 7 de Setembro, Posto Garaparu, Werner, XI- 1949 [Photographed] [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; X- 49 [on the lateral of the label], Mato Grosso [BRAZIL], Brejo Rudeia, 50 km do Rio 7 de Setembro, Werner col. [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRASIL, MT [Mato Grosso], Cuiabá, Vale do Mutuca, Fazenda Sadia, 17 – 24. X. 2009, G. Rosa, F. Fernandes, B. Medeiros & L. Prado cols. [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; XI- 49 [on the lateral of the label], Mato Grosso [BRASIL], S. Domingos, Werner [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; SISBIOTA CNPq / FAPESP [on the lateral of the label], BRASIL, Mato Grosso do Sul, Aquidauana, Reserva Ecológica UEMS 20 ° 26 ’ 07.2 ” S 55 ° 39 ’ 32.8 ” W, Malaise 09, 26. ix – 11. x. 2011, Lamas, Nihei eq. col. [1 ♂] [MZUSP]; SISBIOTA CNPq / FAPESP [on the lateral of the label], BRASIL, Mato Grosso do Sul, Bodoquena, Fazenda Califórnia, 20 ° 41 ’ 49.08 ” S 56 º 52 ’ 54.0 ” W, Malaise 5, 06. x. 2011, Lamas eq. col. / 21. ix – 6. x. 2011 [2 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRASIL, Mato Grosso do Sul, Porto Murtinho (norte), Estrada para Pirizal — Km 18, 21 ° 33 ’ 0.5 ” S 57 º 45 ’ 35 ” W, 19 – 31. i. 2008, Nihei S, Figueiredo R & Almeida J [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; Goiânia - GO [Goiás, BRAZIL], 09 – 11 - 1991, Jacomé, A. G [Photographed] [1 ♂] [UFG]; 50126 [On a green label] / Ilha do Bananal-GO [Tocantins, BRAZIL], 29 - ix- 1987, P. B. Silva, leg [1 ♀] [UFG]; 50125 [On a green label] / Ilha do Bananal-GO [Tocantins, BRAZIL], 29 - ix- 1987, P. B. Silva, leg [1 ♀] [UFG]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado Queimado [Burned cerrado] 14 ° 07 ’ 43 ” S 47 ° 44 ’ 08 ”, 09. x. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 1, Perioto & Lara cols. [3 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado Queimado [Burned cerrado] 14 ° 07 ’ 43 ” S 47 ° 44 ’ 06 ”, 04. xii. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 2, Perioto & Lara cols. [5 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado Queimado [Burned cerrado] 14 ° 07 ’ 43 ” S 47 ° 44 ’ 06 ”, 28. viii. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 2, Perioto & Lara cols. [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado Queimado [Burned cerrado] 14 ° 08 ’ 36 ” S 47 ° 46 ’ 04 ”, 28. viii. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 3, Perioto & Lara cols. [4 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado Queimado [Burned cerrado] 14 ° 08 ’ 36 ” S 47 ° 46 ’ 04 ”, 09. x. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 3, Perioto & Lara cols. [3 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado 14 ° 08 ’ 36 ” S 47 ° 46 ’ 04 ”, 11. ix. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 3, Perioto & Lara cols. [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado Queimado [Burned cerrado] 14 ° 08 ’ 36 ” S 47 ° 46 ’ 04 ”, 25. ix. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 3, Perioto & Lara cols. [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado Queimado [Burned cerrado] 14 ° 07 ’ 44 ” S 47 ° 44 ’ 00 ”, 25. ix. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 4, Perioto & Lara cols. [3 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado Queimado [Burned cerrado] 14 ° 07 ’ 44 ” S 47 ° 44 ’ 00 ”, 11. ix. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 4, Perioto & Lara cols. [3 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado Queimado [Burned cerrado] 14 ° 07 ’ 44 ” S 47 ° 44 ’ 00 ”, 28. viii. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 4, Perioto & Lara cols. [2 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, MG [Minas Gerais], Chapada Gaúcha, P. N. Grande Sertão Veredas, Cerrado, 15 ° 10 ’ 29.6 ” S 45 º 43 ’ 17.6 ” W, 11. ix. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 2, Perioto & Lara cols. [7 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, MG [Minas Gerais], Chapada Gaúcha, P. N. Grande Sertão Veredas, Cerrado, 15 ° 10 ’ 30.6 ” S 45 º 43 ’ 16.6 ” W, 25. ix. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 3, Perioto & Lara cols. [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRASIL MG [Minas Gerais], Uberaba, IFTM, 19 ° 39 ’ 55 ” S 47 ° 57 ’ 29 ” W, Malaise Vareda, 1 – 17. x. 2019, Capelari leg. [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRASIL, MG [Minas Gerais], Perdizes, EDPA Galheiro, Galheiro, Céu do Cavalo, 19 º 18 ’ 31 ” S 42 ° 8 ’ 55 ” W, Malaise, 5 – 23. ix. 2020, RS Capellari & SH Seike, leg [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, São Paulo, Turmalina, Fazenda São João (20 ° 00 ’ 13 ” S 50 ° 26 ’ 02 ” W) 16. xii. 2008 - W. Noll leg [30 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, São Paulo, Turmalina, Fazenda São João (20 ° 00 ’ 13 ” S 50 ° 26 ’ 02 ” W) 05. xii. 2007 - W. Noll leg [39 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, São Paulo, Turmalina. Fazenda Primavera (20 ° 30 ’ 52 ” S 50 ° 26 ’ 02 ” W) 26. ix. 2008. Malaise Branca. F. B. Noll leg. [3 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, São Paulo, Getulina. Santa América (21 ° 49 ’ 12 ” S 50 ° 03 ’ 44 ” W) 31. x – 26. xi. 2016 - Malaise trap on moist soil. RS Capellari leg. [1 ♀] [MZUSP].	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A04206FB87151DF446BFC7E49FE.taxon	description	(Figs 35 A – D, 36)	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A04206FB87151DF446BFC7E49FE.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Colombia, Venezuela. Type-locality: “ Venezuela ”.	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A04206FB87151DF446BFC7E49FE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Large specimens (19.7 mm). Frons narrow (FI: 6.0), parallel or convergent at base (DI: 1.2). Scutum and scutellum integument reddish-brown and mostly yellowish pruinose and setulose. Pleura with a slightly evident tuft of dark setulae below the wing base. Wing light brown tinged at cells br and bm and costal cell. Legs integument ranges from light brown to black, with setulae exhibiting the same color variation. Abdomen integument yellowish-brown without well-defined setulae spots, yellowish setulae on dorsolateral and central portion darker (tergite I to IV), from tergite IV onwards only dark setulae.	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A04206FB87151DF446BFC7E49FE.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Our illustrated specimen of Tabanus lutzi (Figs. 35 A – D) has the thorax and legs darker than the holotype. This color range has also been documented by Fairchild (1984). T. lutzi is easily distinguished from other species of the T. nebulosus group due to the absence of any dorsal spots, triangles or stripes on the abdomen. This in some extension resembles T. punctipleura, but these species can be easily separated by the long antennal tooth (which is absent in T. lutzi) and a tuft of evident dark setulae on the pleura, which is less noticeable in T. lutzi. Fairchild (1984) suggested that T. lutzi might belong to the T. nebulosus group, but he was uncertain of the species placement. We decided to keep the species in the T. nebulosus group due to the presence of the pre-scutellar black setulae spot and frons similar to other species of the group. The male is unknown. The localities in Colombia with T. lutzi fits the Andean / Mesoamerica distribution pattern of Amorim & Pires (1996). If this is correct, it is likely that this species should also be found in Panama and Costa Rica, for example.	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A04206DB87D51DF40A9FDF94DE5.taxon	description	(Figs 37 A – D, 38 A – D, 39)	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A04206DB87D51DF40A9FDF94DE5.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad, Barbados, French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Colombia, Peru, Brazil (Roraima, Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Maranhão, Acre, Rondônia, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Goiás (new record), and Mato Grosso do Sul), and Paraguay. Type-locality: “ Surinam ”.	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A04206DB87D51DF40A9FDF94DE5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Relatively large specimens (14.2 – 20.2 mm). Frons narrow (FI: 4.5), convergent at the base (DI: 1.1 – 1.40). Palpus long, equal to or greater than half the length of the stylets, not inflated. Postpedicel of antenna long and narrow, longer than high. Wing with weak brownish clouds at crossveins and the fork of vein R 4 + 5, hyaline costal cell, and rarely tinged below the pterostigma. Scutum and scutellum integument reddish-brown, usually covered with brown pruinosity, sometimes gray. Dorsal comb of golden setae on hind tibia. Abdomen with reddish-brown integument, last tergites may be darker, occasionally present a black dorsomedial integumental line (tergite 1 to 2 or sometimes more), dorsomedial pale setulose triangles sometimes present, and dorsolateral patches of pale setulae always present when well-preserved.	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A04206DB87D51DF40A9FDF94DE5.taxon	discussion	Remarks: This is another highly variable species, with its nominal distribution from Central America to Paraguay, including north and central Brazil. The pruinosity and setulae of the scutum, scutellum and pleura may vary from reddish-brown to grayish. The wing can be hyaline to uniformly slightly brown infuscated or with weak, sometimes barely perceptible, clouds at crossveins and the fork of vein R 4 + 5. The dorsomedial abdominal triangles of pale setulae are present on northern specimens, often absent on those from south of the Amazon river (Fairchild, 1984). Some specimens are difficult to distinguish from T. pseudonebulosus (see comment on T. importunus). T. nebulosus also resembles T. glaucus (see T. glaucus). The male is similar to the female, except for the reduced mouthparts, slender antenna lacking the ventral angle found in females, holoptic eyes with the facets well-demarcated, and the largest ones occupy the upper half of the eyes and are lighter than the smaller ones. Our examined material includes the first record of the species for the state of Goiás. Tabanus nebulosus has a large distribution in Central and South America and it will be interesting to have an integrative taxonomy approach of the species checking the divergence among the populations across its entire range.	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A04206DB87D51DF40A9FDF94DE5.taxon	materials_examined	Examined material: Moja Pollo [PANAMA], A. P, 3 – 28 – 40 [2 ♀] [MZUSP]; Ft. Kobbe E. Z. [PANAMA] 12 Dez. 56, horse trap. [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; Canal Zone, Pan [PANAMA], 1929. L. H. Dunn [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; FRANÇA [FRENCH GUIANA], Riviére de Cayenne, Stn 2, ZL, 04 ° 54.7 ’ 98 ” N 052 ° 21.6 ’ 08 ” W, 4. x. 2009, JMA, MT et CL, coll. [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; Santana, Terr. Amapá, BRASIL, 17. x 1957, J. Lane Leg [Photographed] [1 ♀] [INPA]; Belém, Pará [BRASIL], Damasceno / eyes relaxed [in pencil handwritten] uniform green / Compared homo- [handwritten] with type ♀ T. nebulosus De Gr. T. ferrifer Wlx. T. incertus Macq, CB. Philip Jan 56, Agrees closely [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRASIL, RR [Roraima], Alto Alegre, Flora Roraima, 2 ° 56 ’ 28 ” N 61 ° 37 ’ 40 ” W, vii. 2018, Arm. Malaise, Boldrini leg. [Photographed] [1 ♂] [INPA]; BRASIL, Roraima, Rio Uraricoera, Ilha de Maraca / 21 – 30. xi. 1987, J. A Rafael e equipe [1 ♀] [INPA]; BRASIL, Amazonas, Humaitá, Rio Ipixuna, 07 º 31 ’ 18 ” S 63 ° 20 ’ 49 ” W, x. 2014, Arm. Malaise, JA Rafael, FF Xavier-Fº, RM Vieira & RH Aquino [1 ♀] [INPA]; BRASIL, Amazonas, Novo Aripuanã, Reserva Soka, 05 ° 15 ’ 53 ” S 60 º 07 ’ 08 ” W, 17 – 25. viii. 1999 [1 ♀] [INPA]; BRASIL, Rondônia, Nova Mamoré, Parque Estadual de Guarujá-Mirim, Rio Formoso, 101926 S 643388 W / 23. x. 1995, J. Vidal, 16.002 5 [handwritten] em cavalo [at horse] [1 ♀] [INPA]; XI- 31. GOYAZ [BRASIL, Goiás] (Vianópolis), Coll. R. Splitz [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRASIL, MT [Mato Grosso], BR 174, Km 178, 4. x. 1984, Arm. Malaise, Elias Binda [1 ♀] [INPA]; SISBIOTA CNPq / FAPESP [on the lateral of the label], BRASIL, MS [Mato Grosso do Sul], Corumbá, Base de Estudos do Pantanal 19 ° 34 ’ 30.5 ” S 57 º 00 ’ 50,6 ” W Malaise 3, 18. x. 2011, Lamas eq. col. [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; SISBIOTA CNPq / FAPESP, BRASIL [on the lateral of the label], MS [Mato Grosso do Sul], Corumbá, Base de Estudos do Pantanal 19 ° 34 ’ 20.9 ” S 57 º 00 ’ 57.9 ” W Malaise 2, 18. x. 2011, Lamas eq. col. / 03 – 18. x. 2011 [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; SISBIOTA CNPq / FAPESP [on the lateral of the label], BRASIL, MS [Mato Grosso do Sul], Corumbá — BEP, 19 ° 34 ’ 20.09 ” S 57 º 00 ’ 57.9 ” W, Malaise, 05. ix. 2011, Lamas e eq. col. [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; SISBIOTA CNPq / FAPESP [on the lateral of the label], BRASIL, MS [Mato Grosso do Sul], Serra da Bodoquena, Fazenda California, 20 ° 41 ’ 49.08 ” S 56 º 52 ’ 54.0 ” W, Malaise 04, 06 – 22. x. 2011, Lamas, Nihei & eq. col, [1 ♀] [MZUSP].	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042060B87F51DF40A9FCAE4894.taxon	description	(Figs 40 A – D, 41)	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042060B87F51DF40A9FCAE4894.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil (Amapá, Pará, and Maranhão), Trinidad. Type-locality: Brazil, Pará.	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042060B87F51DF40A9FCAE4894.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Relatively large specimens (13.5 – 20.2 mm). Narrow frons (FI: 4.5 – 6.4), parallel or convergent at the base (DI: 1.0 – 1.4). Wing hyaline or uniformly light brown infuscated. Scutum and scutellum covered by pale grayish pruinosity. Abdomen integument light yellow to pale greenish, olive green, sometimes with dorsomedial and dorsolateral pale setulose spots or stripes, when well preserved. Legs with brownish integument and mostly pale setulae.	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042060B87F51DF40A9FCAE4894.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Tabanus olivaceiventris varies in size and wing color, some specimens having infuscated wings and the abdominal setulae may be black, yellow or have three pale stripes (Fairchild, 1984). Nevertheless, specimens are easily identified by the pale greenish abdomen integument and most often have hyaline wing. The type of T. olivaceiventris is lost (Fairchild, 1984) and the species description available so far is short. It is, however, relatively common in northern South America and Fairchild’s (1984) morphological discussion is enough for identification. The male is paler, with the abdomen densely covered by white setulae, and the enlarged facets occupy half of the eyes and are fairly well-differentiated from the smaller facets, but not well-demarcated (Fairchild, 1984). The distribution of T. olivaceiventris largely overlaps the known distribution of Tabanus comosus and partially fits the Northwestern Amazonia track of Amorim & Pires (1996).	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042060B87F51DF40A9FCAE4894.taxon	materials_examined	Examined material: Santana, Terr. Amapá, BRASIL, 17 [handwritten] X- 1957, J. Lane leg. [4 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRASIL, Pará, Belém [2 ♀] [MZUSP]; Santana, Terr. Amapá, BRASIL, 18 [handwritten] X- 1957, J. Lane leg. [One female photographed] [2 ♀] [MZUSP]; Belém, PA [Pará, BRASIL], X [handwritten]. 1964, E. Dente leg. [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; Belém, Pará, BRASIL, IX. 1964, E. Dente [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; Belém, Pará, BRASIL, III. 1964, E. Dente [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; Belém, Pará [BRASIL], Damasceno [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; Instituto Agronômico do Norte, Belém, PA [Pará], Brasil, VII. 1965, I. Gomes col. [6 ♀] [MZUSP].	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042061B87A51DF46D3FCE14C35.taxon	description	(Figs 42 A – D, 43 A – D, 44)	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042061B87A51DF46D3FCE14C35.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Brazil (Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Santa Catarina), Argentina (Tucumán, Formosa, Corrientes, Santa Fé, Chaco), Bolivia (Potrero), Paraguay, and Uruguay. Type-locality: Argentina, Formosa; Bolivia, Portrero.	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042061B87A51DF46D3FCE14C35.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Large specimens (15 – 19.1 mm). Frons narrow (FI: 4.16 – 5.63), convergent at base (DI: 1.25 – 1.66). Wing with strong dark clouds at crossveins and fork of vein R 4 + 5. Fore tibia bicolored, paler at base. Dorsal comb of black setae on hind tibia. Abdomen reddish-brown, last tergites may be darker, may present a dorsomedial black integumental stripe (tergite 1 to 7 or less), and may also present dorsomedial triangles and dorsolateral oblique spots of pale setulae when well-preserved.	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042061B87A51DF46D3FCE14C35.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Kröber (1929 a) redescribed Tabanus druyvesteijni Szilády, a junior synonym of T. nebulosus, mentioning that the specimens under his possession was originally recognized as Hybostraba ornativentris. Although he never formally described the species, Kröber (1929 a) commented that H. ornativentris would be a junior synonym of T. druyvestreijni. Fairchild (1956) placed T. ornativentris as a subspecies of T. nebulosus, what was later followed by Coscarón (1979). In the material available to Fairchild (1956), there was no geographical overlap of T. ornativentris with T. nebulosus (Fairchild, 1984, map 3) — his records of T. ornativentris at that moment were for Argentina, Paraguay, and Bolivia, while the records for T. nebulosus were from Brazil (Pará, Mato Grosso), Venezuela, Belize, and Nicaragua. As more data became available, geographic overlap between both these nominal species have been observed in the states of Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso (Krolow & Henriques, 2017). In the Catalog of Neotropical Tabanidae (Coscarón & Papavero, 2009 b), T. ornativentris was treated as a synonym of T. nebulosus, but without addressing the morphological differences to support the synonymy. More recently, in their catalog for the fauna of Tabanidae from Uruguay, Coscarón & Martinez (2019) treated T. ornativentris as a subspecies of T. nebulosus, again without a formal discussion. Recently, Krolow et al., (2024) proposed the revalidation of T. ornativentris as a valid species. We agree with their position and there are noticeable morphological differences between the two species, as already mentioned in the literature (e. g. Coscarón, 1979; Fairchild, 1984; Coscarón et al., 1998). T. ornativentris is easily separated from T. nebulosus (see T. nebulosus) due to the strong clouds present on the wing crossveins, reduced dorsolateral abdominal setulose pale triangles. An additional character is that T. nebulosus has a comb of golden setae along the hind tibia, while in T. ornativentris these setae are black. T. ornativentris also differs from T. nebulosus in larval morphology (Coscarón et al., 1998). The male is similar to the female, except for the reduced mouthparts, slender antenna, holoptic eyes with the facets well-demarcated, and the largest ones occupy the upper half of the eyes and are lighter than the smaller ones. The distribution of T. ornativentris is pretty much well delimited and perfectly fits the Northern Argentina and Southern Brazil pattern of Amorim & Pires (1996).	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042061B87A51DF46D3FCE14C35.taxon	materials_examined	Examined material: SISBIOTA CNPq / FAPESP [on the lateral of the label], BRASIL, MT [Mato Grosso do Sul], Porto Murtinho, 21 ° 40 ’ 59.7 ” S 57 ° 46 ’ 42.5 ” W, Malaise 31, 26. xii. 2011 – 10. i. 2012, Lamas, Nihei & eq col. [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRASIL, Mato Grosso do Sul, Porto Murtinho, Ponto APA Cachoeira, 21 ° 50 ’ 0.5 ” S 57 º 34 ’ 742 ” W, Malaise 1, 21 – 29. i. 2008, Esteves et al col. [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRASIL, MS [Mato Grosso do Sul], Porto Murtinho (norte), Estrada para Pirizal — Km 18, 21 ° 33 ’ 0.5 ” S 57 º 45 ’ 35 ” W, 19 – 31. i. 2008, Nihei S, Figueiredo [2 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRASIL, Mato Grosso do Sul, Porto Murtinho, Fazenda São Fernando — Km 12, 21 ° 36 ’ 30 ” S 57 º 49 ’ 02 ” W, 19 – 31. i. 2008, Nihei S, Figueiredo R & Almeida J (col.) [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; SISBIOTA CNPq / FAPESP [on the lateral of the label], BRASIL, Mato Grosso do Sul, Corumbá, Passo do Lontra — BEP, 19 ° 34 ’ 20.09 ” S 57 º 00 ’ 57.9 ” W, Malaise 2, 06 – 18. ix. 2011, Lamas, Nihei & eq. col. [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; 06. x. 47 [on the lateral of the label], PARAGUAY, Vila Rica [Guairá], Schade col. [One female photographed] [1 ♀, 2 ♂] [MZUSP]; xi. 47 [on the lateral of the label], PARAGUAY, Vila Rica [Guairá], Schade col. [One male photographed] [1 ♀, 1 ♂] [MZUSP]; 22. xii. 49 [on the lateral of the label], PARAGUAY, Vila Rica [Guairá], Schade col. [1 ♂] [MZUSP]; xi. 50 [on the lateral of the label], PARAGUAY, Vila Rica [Guairá], Col. Duvet [on the back of the label] [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; Sacupay, PARAGUAY [Paraguarí], 23 / 24. xi. 71 [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; 28. ii. 47 [on the lateral of the label], PARAGUAY, Serra Pelada, Schade col. [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; General Pedro (N), PARAGUAY, 1972 [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; 9. xii. 45 [on the lateral of the label], ARGENTINA, Saltá, Sta. Victoria, Col. Duret [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; i. 1947 [on the lateral of the label], ARGENTINA, Chaco, Resistencia, Coll Duret, Baero Leg. [on the lateral of the label] [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; i. 1947 [on the lateral of the label], ARGENTINA, Chaco, Resistencia, Coll Duret, Baero Leg. [on the lateral of the label] / Compared homo- [handwritten] with type ♀ Tabanus ornativentris C. B. Philip 56, Krb. Agrees closely [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; 18. xii. 49, [on the lateral of the label] Chaco [ARGENTINA], La Verde, Col. Duret [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; 2. xii. 49 [on the lateral of the label] ARGENTINA, Chaco, Laguna Limpia, Col. Duret [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; 18. xi. 49 [on the lateral of the label], Chaco [ARGENTINA], Las Palmas, Rio de Oro, Col. Duret [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; 11. xii. 50 [on the lateral of the label], Chaco [ARGENTINA], Pto. Bermejo, Col. Duret [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; I – II- 1953 [on the lateral of the label], Rep. Argt. [ARGENTINA], Terr. Formosa, Gran Guardia, Col. J. Foerster [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; 26. i. 48 [on the lateral of the label], ARGENTINA, Jujuy, St. Barbara, Col. Duret [1 ♀] [MZUSP].	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042064B84551DF4616FB9A4DC1.taxon	description	(Figs 45 A – D, 46 A – D, 47)	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042064B84551DF4616FB9A4DC1.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Venezuela (Guarico, Aguaio, Santa Elena, Palmarito), Brazil (Pará, Amazonas, Tocantins, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais (new record), and Goiás (new record), and Bolivia. Type-locality: Brazil, Pará, Santana do Araguaia.	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042064B84551DF4616FB9A4DC1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Medium to moderately large sized specimens (10.6 – 17.4 mm). Frons narrow (FI: 4.5 – 5.8), convergent at base (DI: 1.15 – 1.35). Palpus ranges from longer than half of the stylets to smaller than half of the stylets. Postpedicel short and wide, always as high as long. Scutum and scutellum brown with gray pruinosity. Wing usually hyaline or with weak clouds on the crossveins and at the fork of vein R 4 + 5 or slightly tinged at the end of cells br and bm. Abdomen yellowish-brown with a dorsomedial black integumental stripe (tergite 2 to 7), dorsomedial triangles and dorsolateral pale setulose spots when well-preserved.	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042064B84551DF4616FB9A4DC1.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Tabanus pseudonebulosus is another highly variable species, with large range of body size, palpus length and some differences in wing patterns. In some cases, it is difficult to distinguish T. pseudonebulosus from T. nebulosus and T. importunus, especially in poorly preserved specimens (see discussion below). Gorayeb & Barros (2006) present a character table to differentiate these three species. T. pseudonebulosus differs by having a short and wide postpedicel (as high as long), wing hyaline or with weak clouds on the crossveins and at the fork of vein R 4 + 5, and a smaller size, compared to the other two species. Analyzing paratypes from MZUSP, it was observed that the palpus of some specimens of T. pseudonebulosus is short and inflated, as in T. importunus, not mentioned in the original description. This was the main feature used here to identify T. importunus. Material examined from Goiás, Alto Paraíso de Goiás, Parque Nacional Chapada dos Veadeiros (25 ♀), and from Minas Gerais, Chapada Gaúcha, Parque Nacional Grande Sertão Veredas (1 ♀) showed specimens of T. pseudonebulosus with some overlap of features seen in T. importunus: wing slightly tinged at the end of cells br and bm and below the pterostigma and extremely short palpus (less than half of the stylets). The postpedicel, however, in T. pseudonebulosus was always short and wide. The male is similar to the female, except for the reduced mouthparts, slender antenna (the ventral angle found in female lacking in males), more setulose, holoptic eyes with the facets well-demarcated, and the largest ones occupy the upper half of the eyes. This species is recorded for the first time for the states of Goiás and Minas Gerais for the first time. The species has a wide distribution in South America and is another case that would be interesting to address with an integrative taxonomy approach.	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042064B84551DF4616FB9A4DC1.taxon	materials_examined	Examined material: BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado Queimado [Burned Cerrado] 14 ° 07 ’ 43 ” S 47 ° 44 ’ 08 ” W, 11. ix. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 1, Perioto & Lara cols. [4 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado Queimado [Burned Cerrado] 14 ° 07 ’ 43 ” S 47 ° 44 ’ 08 ” W, 14. viii. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 1, Perioto & Lara cols. [1 ♂, 1 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado Queimado [Burned Cerrado] 14 ° 07 ’ 43 ” S 47 ° 44 ’ 08 ” W, 28. viii. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 1, Perioto & Lara cols. [1 ♂] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado Queimado [Burned Cerrado] 14 ° 07 ’ 43 ” S 47 ° 44 ’ 06 ” W, 28. viii. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 2, Perioto & Lara cols. [2 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado, 15 ° 10 ’ 29.6 ” S 45 ° 43 ’ 17.6 ” W, 28. viii. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 2, Perioto & Lara cols. [2 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado Queimado [Burned Cerrado] 14 ° 07 ’ 43 ” S 47 ° 44 ’ 06 ” W, 14. viii. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 2, Perioto & Lara cols. [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado, 15 ° 10 ’ 29.6 ” S 45 ° 43 ’ 17.6 ” W, 11. ix. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 2, Perioto & Lara cols. [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado, 14 ° 08 ’ 36 ” S 47 ° 46 ’ 04 ” W, 17. vii. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 3, Perioto & Lara cols. [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado, 14 ° 08 ’ 36 ” S 47 ° 46 ’ 04 ” W, 31. vii. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 3, Perioto & Lara cols. [1 ♂] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado, 14 ° 08 ’ 36 ” S 47 ° 46 ’ 04 ” W, 11. ix. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 3, Perioto & Lara cols. [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado, 14 ° 08 ’ 36 ” S 47 ° 46 ’ 04 ” W, 25. ix. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 3, Perioto & Lara cols. [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado queimado [Burned cerrado], 14 ° 07 ’ 44 ” S 47 ° 44 ’ 04 ” W, 09. x. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 3, Perioto & Lara cols. [2 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado Queimado [Burned cerrado] 14 ° 07 ’ 44 ” S 47 ° 44 ’ 00 ” W, 03. vii. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 4, Perioto & Lara cols. [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado Queimado [Burned Cerrado] 14 ° 07 ’ 44 ” S 47 ° 44 ’ 00 ” W, 28. viii. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 4, Perioto & Lara cols. [2 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado, 14 ° 08 ’ 36 ” S 47 ° 46 ’ 07 ” W, 28. viii. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 4, Perioto & Lara cols. [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado, 14 ° 08 ’ 36 ” S 47 ° 46 ’ 07 ” W, 25. ix. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 4, Perioto & Lara cols. [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado Queimado [Burned cerrado] 14 ° 07 ’ 44 ” S 47 ° 44 ’ 00 ” W, 11. ix. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 4, Perioto & Lara cols. [2 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado Queimado [Burned cerrado] 14 ° 07 ’ 44 ” S 47 ° 44 ’ 00 ” W, 14. xii. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 4, Perioto & Lara cols. [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado Queimado [Burned cerrado] 14 ° 07 ’ 44 ” S 47 ° 44 ’ 00 ” W, 14. viii. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 4, Perioto & Lara cols. [Photographed] [1 ♂] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado, 14 ° 08 ’ 36 ” S 47 ° 46 ’ 07 ” W, 11. ix. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 4, Perioto & Lara cols. [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado Queimado [Burned cerrado] 14 ° 07 ’ 44 ” S 47 ° 44 ’ 00 ” W, 25. ix. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 4, Perioto & Lara cols. [7 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado Queimado [Burned Cerrado] 14 ° 07 ’ 44 ” S 47 ° 43 ’ 97 ” W, 11. ix. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 5, Perioto & Lara cols. [3 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado Queimado [Burned Cerrado] 14 ° 07 ’ 44 ” S 47 ° 43 ’ 97 ” W, 25. ix. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 5, Perioto & Lara cols. [2 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado Queimado [Burned cerrado] 14 ° 07 ’ 43 ” S 47 ° 43 ’ 97 ” W, 14. viii. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 5, Perioto & Lara cols. [1 ♂] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, GO [Goiás], Alto Paraíso de Goiás, P. N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado Queimado [Burned Cerrado] 14 ° 07 ’ 43 ” S 47 ° 43 ’ 97 ” W, 09. x. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 5, Perioto & Lara cols. [3 ♀] [MZUSP]; SISBIOTA CNPq FAPESP [On the lateral of the label], BRASIL, MS [Mato Grosso do Sul], Corumbá, Base de Estudos do Pantanal, 19 ° 34 ’ 11.5 ” S 57 º 01 ’ 8.6 ” W, Malaise 1, 18. x. 2011, Lamas eq. col. / 03 – 18. x. 2011 [Photographed] [1 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRAZIL, MG [Minas Gerais], Chapada Gaúcha, P. N. Grande Sertão Veredas, Cerrado, 15 ° 10 ’ 30.6 ” S 45 º 43 ’ 16.6 ” W, 25. ix. 2018, Malaise, Ponto 3, Perioto & Lara cols. [1 ♀] [MZUSP].	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042058B84751DF40A9FAC94EDD.taxon	description	(Figs 48 A – D, 49)	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042058B84751DF40A9FAC94EDD.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Costa Rica, Panama. Type-locality: Costa Rica, San Carlos.	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042058B84751DF40A9FAC94EDD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: One of the largest species of Tabanus in the Americas (Fairchild, 1984) (reaching 23 mm). Frons narrow (FI: 5.6), parallel or divergent at the base (DI: 1.0). Postpedicel with a long dorsal tooth, larger than one-third of the postpedicel’s size. Scutum and scutellum integument purplish-brown with gray pruinosity and black setulae. Pleura yellowish-brown setulose except for a well-defined tuft of dark setulae below the wing base. Wing light brown infuscated. Abdomen integument darker than thorax, without any dorsal setulose or integument well-defined spots, triangles or stripes, except for pale yellow setulose tufts on the posterolateral margin of tergites I to IV or V.	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042058B84751DF40A9FAC94EDD.taxon	discussion	Remarks: We had no specimens of T. punctipleura available for examination in this study. The species diagnosis presented here is based on Hine’s (1920 b) description, on Fairchild’s (1947, 1984, 1986) comments, and on photos of the holotype made available in the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History database. T. punctipleura is easily distinguished from other species in the T. nebulosus group due to the absence of any dorsal spots, triangles or stripes on the abdomen, whether it integumental or setulose, the long postpedicel tooth, and the well-defined setulose dark tuft on the pleura (see T. lutzi). The male is similar to the female except for the reduced mouthparts, slender antenna lacking the ventral angle found in females, holoptic eyes with the facets poorly-demarcated, and the largest ones occupying less than a half of the upper eye areal (Fairchild, 1986). T. punctipleura has part of the Andean / Mesoamerican components of Amorim & Pires (1996, Fig. 27), and it would not be a surprise to find the species further north in Central America and in Colombia west to the Andes in the areas of Cauca, Bojayá etc.	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042059B84751DF44F5FB41496B.taxon	description	(Figs 50 A – D, 51)	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042059B84751DF44F5FB41496B.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Brazil (Rondônia, Acre (Augusto Loureiro Henriques, Personal Communication )). Type-locality: Brazil, Rondônia, Monte Negro.	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042059B84751DF44F5FB41496B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Relatively large specimens (15 – 17 mm), brownish integument. Frons narrow (FI: 5.5 – 6.0), convergent at base (DI: 1.5 – 1.8). Scutum and scutellum brown with mixed yellowish and black setulose, prescutellum black surrounded by white setulae that are also distributed throughout the scutellum. Wing with light brown infuscation at the anterior half. Abdomen with a single row of well-defined and connected dorsomedial light setulose triangles (tergite 2 to 5), reduced to a narrow strip on tergite 6, posterolateral margin of the tergite pale yellowish setulose (Henriques et al. 2022).	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A042059B84751DF44F5FB41496B.taxon	discussion	Remarks: We had no specimens of T. rondoniensis available for this study and the diagnosis here was made based on the original description and illustrations (Henriques et al. 2022). The species can be easily distinguished from other species in the T. nebulosus group based on the evident and continuous dorsomedial row of triangles on the abdomen. T. guyanensis and T. comosus also have a noticeable dorsomedial row of triangles, but both species also have dorsolateral rows of triangles, which are absent in T. rondoniensis. The male is unknown.	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A04205FB84D51DF40A9FEE54C8D.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: FBF 3 D 8 F 6 - 4 D 4 F- 4 FE 5 - B 3 EB-C 8 FFCF 342 FB 0 (Figs 52 A – D, 53 A – D, 54 A – F, 55)	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A04205FB84D51DF40A9FEE54C8D.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Brazil (São Paulo). Type-locality: Brazil, São Paulo, Araçatuba.	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A04205FB84D51DF40A9FEE54C8D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Medium to moderately large sized specimens (12,8 – 17 mm). Frons relatively broad (FI: 3.5 – 4), and convergent at base (DI: 1.2 – 1.5). Palpus mostly covered by black setulae. Wing hyaline. Scutum yellowish-brown with a broad dorsomedial and two narrower dorsolateral gray pruinosity stripes. Abdomen yellowish-brown with a row of dorsomedial pale setulose acute triangles and dorsolateral oblique spots, footprint-shaped, of the same color (tergite I to VI).	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A04205FB84D51DF40A9FEE54C8D.taxon	description	Description: Female Holotype: Moderately large species, body 15,8 mm, wing 14,3 mm. Frons wide (FI: 3.5) and convergent at base (DI: 1.3), yellowish-brown, yellowish pruinose with mostly black and few golden setulae, callus yellowish-brown and drop-shaped, not touching the eye margin, prolonged in a narrow median callus, surpassing half of frons, vertex white pruinose and slightly sunken, weak vestigial ocelli. Subcallus and gena concolor with frons, subcallus rectangular shaped and yellowish pruinose, gena whitish pruinose with white setulae, yellowish pruinose band lateral to subcallus. Clypeus yellowish and white pruinose and setulose. Scape with white setulae ventrally and black setulae dorsally, the apex expanded over the pedicel, scape and pedicel yellowish-brown, pedicel black setulose with a project spike at apex, postpedicel orangish-brown, darkening at the end, with a moderate tooth at base, tooth with black setulae at apex, the stylus dusky, nearly the same size as postpedicel. Palpus yellow in ground color and yellowish pruinose, the first segment white setulose, the second mostly black setulose with a few yellow setulae. Proboscis smaller than head height, light brown, prementum, and labellum almost yellow. Scutum reddish-brown with a broad whitish gray dorsomedial stripe and a sublateral pair of the same color, mostly black but a few mixed golden setulae. Prescutellum with a black setulose spot surrounded by light setulae. Scutellum reddish brown, whitish gray pruinose, mostly black but a few mixed golden setulae on the margin. Notopleuron lighter than scutum, yellow with black and golden setulae. Pleura yellowish brown and white setulose, except by dark setulae at the anepisternum, whitish pruinose. Legs mostly yellow and whitish pruinose, except by darker tarsi. Coxae white setulose and pruinose. Fore femur black setulose dorsally, white setulose ventrally and laterally, the remainder entirely white setulose. Fore tibia white setulose at base and black setulose at apex, the remainder black setulose dorsally and white setulose ventrally. Tarsi dark setulose. Wing hyaline, except by the yellow pterostigma, all veins light brown. Costal vein with a prominent sulcus basally. No appendix at R 4. Abdomen reddish-brown mostly dark setulose, except by yellow setulae at lateral of segments and abdominal stripes, integument slightly darker medially at segments 3 to 7; a posterior narrow white setulose band at all tergites; dorsomedial pale setulose and integumental interrupted triangles; dorsolateral pale setulose and integumental oblique spots, footprint-shaped, in segments 1 to 6; and tergites 4 to 6 with yellow integument laterally. Sternites with yellow integument, whitish pruinosity, and golden setulose, except for black setulae at sternite 7. Cerci nearly as long as wide. Sternite 8 longer than wide and moderately elevated at base. Lateral lobes located at medial portion of the plate. Hypogynial valves tapered and close together. Variation: Body 12,8 to 17 mm. FI: 3.5 – 4. DI: 1.2 – 1.5. Postpedicel of the antenna ranges from orange to brown. Male: Moderately large length, body 13,9 mm wing 12,5 mm. As in female, except as follows. Ocellar tubercle vestigial, without ocelli. Holoptic eyes. Enlarged ommatidia occupying ⅔ of the eye. Subcallus reddish brown, and yellowish pruinose except by a dorsal triangle. Gena same color as subcallus, whitish gray pruinose with mixed brown and golden setulae. Palpus porrect, the first segment light setulose, the second dark setulose, except by a few mixed pale setulae. Gonocoxite higher than wide, apical extremity extending well beyond the limits of the gonostylus. Gonostylus truncated. Aedeagus short, not extending the apex of the gonocoxite. Gonocoxal apodemes and lateral ejaculatory apodeme long greatly surpassing the gonocoxite’s limits. Aedeagal tines slender and widened at the anterior extremity.	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A04205FB84D51DF40A9FEE54C8D.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the abdominal dorsolateral pale setulose oblique spots, footprint-shaped. Vestigium originates from Latin and means trace, footprint.	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A04205FB84D51DF40A9FEE54C8D.taxon	discussion	Remarks: This species is described based on records of eleven different localities in the state of São Paulo. Tabanus vestigium sp. nov. obviously fits in the T. nebulosus group due the presence of the dark setulose tuft in the prescutellum surrounded by pale setulae, unbanded eyes, moderately narrow frons and the absence of a long appendix at vein R 4 + 5. T. vestigium sp. nov. slightly resembles T. comosus, from which it can be easily distinguished by the narrower light-yellow setulose dorsomedial triangles on the abdomen (tergite 1 to 6), predominantly black setulae on palpus, and brownish on the pleura and legs, brown pruinosity on the scutum, and wider frons (FI <4). T. comosus has broader white setulose triangles (tergite 2 to 4), predominantly white setulae on palpus, pleura and legs, gray pruinosity on the scutum, and a narrower frons (FI> 4). The study of endemism patterns for Mycetophilidae in the Atlantic Forest (Amorim & Santos 2018) showed a clearly separate fauna in the Semideciduous Atlantic Forest, with a 100 % species turnover in relation to the same genera in the ombrophiles forest along the coast. Interestingly, all known specimens of Tabanus vestigium sp. nov. precisely fit into the general distribution pattern of the semideciduous forest. It is worth noting that this species was kept so far undetected, maybe misidentified with other of the species of the group nebulosus group in one of the states that received the largest attention of horse fly taxonomists. This means that tabanids, even being conspicuous and having received considerable attention in the literature, also have some traces of “ dark taxa ”.	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
FB276A04205FB84D51DF40A9FEE54C8D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Araçatuba, S. P. [São Paulo, BRAZIL] Faz. Jacarecatinga, Lane & Rabello col. xi- 62 [Photographed] [Holotype 1 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRASIL, SP [São Paulo], Cássia dos Coqueiros, Cachoeira Itambé, 21 º 17 ’ 45 ” S 47 ° 06 ’ 43 ” W, x. 27.2009, Coleta manual [Manual collected], Benjamin A. C. A, Bircol G. A. C, Carvalho J. E. R, Eiras M. C, Ferreira G. S, Manchon F. T, Santos L. G col. [Paratype 1 ♂] [MZUSP]; xii- 56 [On the lateral of the label], S. Paulo [BRAZIL], Magda, 20 ° 38 ’ 42.26 ” S 50 ° 13 ’ 30.90 ” W, xii. 1956, J. Lane [One male photographed] [Paratype 9 ♀, 1 ♂] [MZUSP]; BRASIL, São Paulo, Turmalina, Fazenda São João, 20 ° 00 ’ 13 ” S 50 ° 26 ’ 02 ” W, 05. xii. 2007, Malaise 1 branca [White malaise], F. B. Noll leg [Paratype 1 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRASIL, SP [São Paulo], Getulina, Santa América, 21 ° 49 ’ 12 ” S 50 ° 03 ’ 44 ” W 31. x – 26. xi. 2016, Malaise trap on moist soil. RS Capellari leg [Paratype 5 ♀, 1 ♂] [MZUSP]; BRASIL, SP [São Paulo], Macaubal, Distrito de Ida Iolanda, Fazenda Pauã, 20 ° 44 ’ 34 ” S 49 ° 55 ’ 45 ” W, 20. xii. 2007, Malaise 1 Branca, F. B. Noll leg [Paratype 5 ♀] [INPA]; Faz. Itaquerê, Boa Esperança do Sul, SP [São Paulo, BRAZIL], 17. xii. 1964 [handwritten], K. Lenko col. [Paratype 2 ♀] [MPEG]; Faz. Itaquerê, Boa Esperança do Sul, SP [São Paulo, BRAZIL], 18. xii. 1964 [Handwritten], K. Lenko col. [Paratype 2 ♀] [MPEG]; Faz. Itaquerê, Boa Esperança do Sul, SP [São Paulo, BRAZIL], 20. xii. 1964 [handwritten], K. Lenko col. [Paratype 1 ♀] [MPEG]; 2 - 946 [on the lateral of the label] Est. S. Paulo [BRAZIL], Avanhandava, Barra Mansa, Barreto col. [Paratype 3 ♀] [MNRJ]; São Paulo [BRAZIL], Onda Verde, Faz. São João, Jan, 1946, F. Lane col. / 2503 / SF [Paratype 1 ♀] [MNRJ]; BRASIL, São Paulo, Turmalina, Fazenda São João, 20 ° 00 ’ 13 ” S 50 ° 26 ’ 02 ” W, 09. xii. 2007 W. Noll Leg. [Paratype 1 ♀] [RPSP]; Castilho, marg. esq. r. Paraná [Left margin of Paraná river], SP [São Paulo, BRAZIL], 27. XI. [Handwritten] 1964, Exp. Depto. Zoo. [1 ♀] [RPSP]; Faz. Itaquerê, Boa Esperança do Sul, SP [São Paulo, BRAZIL], 17. xii. 1964 [Handwritten], K. Lenko col. [Paratype 2 ♀] [RPSP]; Faz. Itaquerê, Boa Esperança do Sul, SP [São Paulo, BRAZIL], 20. xii. 1964 [Handwritten], K. Lenko col. [1 ♀] [RPSP]; Faz. Itaquerê, Nova Europa, SP [São Paulo, BRAZIL], 19. xii. 1964 [Handwritten], K. Lenko col., parque [park, Handwritten] [1 ♀] [RPSP]; BRASIL, SP [São Paulo], Macaubal, Distrito de Ida Iolanda, Fazenda Pauã, 20 ° 44 ’ 34 ” S 49 ° 55 ’ 45 ” W, 20. xii. 2007, Malaise 1 Branca, F. B. Noll leg [4 ♀] [CEUFT]; BRASIL, SP [São Paulo], Getulina, 21 ° 49 ’ 12 ” S 50 ° 03 ’ 44 ” W, 31. x – 26. xi. 2016, Malaise trap on moist soil. RS Capellari leg [1 ♀] [CEUFT]. Additional material: BRASIL, São Paulo, Turmalina, Fazenda São João, 20 ° 00 ’ 13 ” S 50 ° 26 ’ 02 ” W, 05. xii. 2007 W. Noll Leg. [79 ♀, 2 ♂] [MZUSP]; BRASIL, São Paulo, Turmalina, Fazenda São João, 20 ° 00 ’ 13 ” S 50 ° 26 ’ 02 ” W, 16. xii. 2008 W. Noll Leg. [40 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRASIL, SP [São Paulo], Getulina, 21 ° 49 ’ 12 ” S 50 ° 03 ’ 44 ” W, 31. x – 26. xi. 2016, Malaise trap on moist soil. RS Capellari leg [14 ♀] [MZUSP]; BRASIL, SP [São Paulo], Macaubal, Distrito de Ida Iolanda, Fazenda Pauã, 20 ° 44 ’ 34 ” S 49 ° 55 ’ 45 ” W, 20. xii. 2007, Malaise 1 Branca, F. B. Noll leg [124 ♀] [MZUSP]; Faz. Itaquerê, Boa Esperança do Sul, SP [São Paulo, BRAZIL], 17. xii. 1964 [Handwritten], K. Lenko col. [2 ♀] [MZUSP]; xii- 56 [On the lateral of the label], S. Paulo [BRAZIL], Magda, 20 ° 38 ’ 42.26 ” S 50 ° 13 ’ 30.90 ” W, xii. 1956, J. Lane [5 ♀] [MZUSP]; Faz. 8 pontos, Remédios, SP [São Paulo, BRAZIL], artigas — 1936 [8 ♀] [MZUSP].	en	Dutra, Maria Carolina Pimenta, Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Carmo, Daniel Dias Dornelas Do (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 5588 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
