Augiades Hübner, [1819]

Augiades Hübner, [1819] . Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 112; included species: Papilio crinisus Cramer, Papilio arcalaus Cramer, Papilio comma Linnaeus, Papilio sylvanus Esper, Papilio helirius Cramer and Papilio euribates Cramer. —Herrich-Schäffer, 1870. Corr.-Blatt zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 24: 157.— Butler, 1870. Ent. monthly Mag. 7: 58; type species: Papilio crinisus Cramer, 1780 .— Scudder, 1872. Report. Peabody Academy of Science 4: 79.—Scudder, 1875. Proc. Amer. Ac. Arts & Sc. 10: 124.—Tutt, 1905. Brit. Butt. 1, p. 85.—Tutt, 1906. Brit. Lep. 8, p. 85.—Draudt, 1923, in Seitz. Gross- Schmett. Erde 5, p. 939.—Lindsey, 1925. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 18: 79.—Handlirsch, 1925, in Schröder, 1925. Handb, Ent. 3, p. 934.— Hemming, 1934. Gen. Nam. Holarctic Butt., p. 160.—Hemming, 1937. Hübner 2, p. 160.— Bell, 1946. Bol. Ent. venezol. 5: 99.—Hayward, 1947. Acta zool. Lill. 4: 268.— Evans, 1949. Cat. Hesp. Europe, Asia and Australia, p. 350.— Evans, 1952. Cat. Amer. Hesp. 2, p. 6, 27.—Barth, 1952. Mem. Inst. Osw. Cruz 50: 466, 469, 470; odoriferous organs.—Barth, 1960. Bol. Parq. Nac. Itatiaia, Rio de Janeiro, 7: 21.—Hemming, 1967. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Ent., Suppl. 9: 69, 319.—Beattie, 1976. Rhop. Direct., p. 8.—Bridges, 1983. Lep. Hesp. 2, p. 4.—Bridges, 1988. Cat. Fam.-Group & Gen.-Group Nam. 4, p. 15; 5, p. 5.—Bridges, 1988. Cat. Hesp. 2, p. 6; App. 2, p. 5.—Lamas; O. Mielke & Robbins, 1993. Jour. Lep. Soc. 47: 81; ethol.—Bridges, 1994. Cat. Fam.-Group, Gen.-Group, Sp.-Group Nam., Hesp. (Lep.) World 4, p. 4; 5, p. 6; 6, p. 10; 9, p. 7.—Maes et al., 1999, in Maes. Cat. Ins. Art. Nicaragua, p. 1247.—Fernández-Rubio; Iñigo & Fernández-A., 2001. Bol. S. E. A. 29: 113; etymology.—O. Mielke, 2004. Hesperioidea, p. 3, 32, in Lamas (ed.). Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A.—O. Mielke, 2005. Cat. Amer. Hesperioidea 2, p. 181.—DeVries; Austin & Martin, 2008. Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc. 94: 727.—Warren; Ogawa & A. Brower, 2008. Cladistics 24: 24.—Warren; Ogawa & A. Brower, 2009. Syst. Ent. 34: 483, 513.— Li et al., 2019. PNAS: 2, appendix 12, 31.

Type species. Papilio crinisus Cramer, 1780, by subsequent designation by Butler (1870).

Diagnosis. Augiades can be distinguished from most genera of Eudaminae by the color pattern of wings: orangish or yellowish ferruginous patch covering the proximal half of DFW and almost the entire surface of DHW. Additionally, Bell (1946) cites the following characters: antennal club gradually thickened, hooked, apiculus about as long as the rest of the club, tapering to a point; third segment of the palpus rather long, naked, divergent; FW of males with a costal fold; and hind tibiae with two pairs of spurs.

Taxonomic discussion. Augiades was originally proposed for six species: Papilio crinisus Cramer, 1780, Papilio arcalaus Stoll, 1782, Papilio comma Linnaeus, 1758, Papilio sylvanus Esper, 1777, Papilio helirius Cramer 1775, and Papilio euribates Stoll, 1782 . Butler (1870: 58) designated P. crinisus as the type species of the genus, as it was the first species listed by Hübner. Scudder (1872: 79), however, disagreed with Butler and proposed P. sylvanus as the type species. Scudder’s decision was made because Stephens (1850) had previously restricted Augiades to P. sylvanus and P. comma, and the latter had already been designated as the type species of Pamphila Fabricius, 1807 by Westwood (1840, Synopsis: 88). Scudder’s nomenclatural decision led to the mistaken usage of Augiades for a Holarctic genus of Hesperiinae . This error was corrected by Hemming (1934) who proposed using Ochlodes Scudder, 1872 to house sylvanus and its Palearctic and Nearctic relatives. Afterwards, Evans re-characterized Ochlodes from the Palearctic (Evans 1949: 350) and Nearctic regions (Evans 1955: 301, 341) and Augiades was restricted to the Neotropical region (Evans 1952: 5, 27).

Identification key to Augiades males

1. FW with hyaline spots well developed; VHW always with a postdiscal orange area; valva strongly bifid distally (Fig. 3A)............................................................................................... A. crinisus

- FW usually without hyaline spots, if present, not well developed; VHW with or without a postdiscal orange area; valva shortly bifid distally (Fig. 3D,G)............................................................................... 2

2. VHW always with a postdiscal orange area, and with a broad central dark brown band (as in A. crinisus) A. vespasius bicolor

- VHW without a conspicuously marked postdiscal area...................................... A. vespasius vespasius

Identification key to Augiades females

1. VHW with an orange postdiscal area, with a broad central dark brown band, and with the marginal area dark brown; lamella antevaginalis with dorsal margin slightly serrated; lamella postvaginalis entirely sclerotized (Fig. 4A).......... A. crinisus

- VHW with a faded yellow postdiscal area, with a broad central light brown band or with yellow-orange discal and postdiscal areas with remnants of a brown band in the postdiscal area, and the marginal area light brown; lamella antevaginalis with dorsal margin smooth; lamella postvaginalis sclerotized at median region (Fig. 4B)...................................... 2

2. VHW with a faded yellow postdiscal area and with a broad central light brown band; VHW marginal area broader (at least almost half the size of the VHW); FW with or without hyaline spots............................ A. vespasius vespasius

- VHW with yellow-orange discal and postdiscal area with remnants of a brown band in the postdical area; VHW marginal area slender (less than half size of the VHW); FW with hyaline spots................................. A. vespasius bicolor