Key to species of Leiodes in Japan and North Chishima Islands

Important morphological characters useful for the identification of species in Japan and North Chishima Islands are also listed in Table 1 on pp. 16–17.

1. Elytra densely and strongly punctate between rows of punctures, superficially appearing not to bear punctural series (e.g., Figs. 16A, 39A). ...................................................... 2

– Elytra with ordered rows of punctures; most punctures between rows smaller than serial punctures (e.g., Fig. 27A), or punctures between rows almost absent (Fig. 85A). ..... 12

2. Median carina of mesoventrite clearly projecting ventrally in lateral view near a transverse carina (Fig. 70E). Shikoku. ....................................................... 23. L. akiyamai sp. nov.

– Median carina low and not projecting ventrally (e.g., Figs. 7E, 16F). ......................... 3

3. Mesoventrite without excavations between median carina and transverse carina (Figs. 16F, 19F, 21E, 24F); male mesotibia strongly protuberant at interoapical corners (Figs. 17C, 20B, 22C, 25C). .................................................................................................... 4

– Mesoventrite with one distinct excavation between median carina and transverse carina (Figs. 39E, 42E, 44E, 47H, 50H, 53F); mesotibia simply slender in both sexes and not showing sexual dimorphism. ......................................................................................... 7

4. Elytra not transversely strigose. .................................................................................... 5

– Elytra transversely strigose (Figs. 16E, 24E). ............................................................... 6

5. Elytra almost unicolor, brown; male metafemur with an inwardly curved dorsal projection posteroapically (Fig. 22I). Hokkaido. ........................................... 6. L. yasudai sp. nov.

– Elytra brown with dark brown stripes (Fig. 19C); male metafemur with a small posteroapical projection (Fig. 20E). Hokkaido (Rishiri Is.)...........................5. L. juzoi sp. nov .

6. Body ca. 1.8× as long as wide (Fig. 24A); head and pronotum dark brown; basal half of parameres relatively slender in lateral view (Fig. 26B). Hokkaido. ................................. .................................................................................................. 7. L. yoshitakei sp. nov.

– Body ca. 1.6× as long as wide (Fig. 16A); head and pronotum brown; basal half of parameres relatively thick in lateral view (Fig. 18B) Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu. .................. ............................................................................................ 4. L. circinipes (Rye, 1873)

7. Antenna almost unicolor, brown. Honshu. ...................................... 12. L. araii sp. nov.

– Antennomeres 7 and 9–11 dark reddish brown or dark brown, darker than remaining antennomeres. ................................................................................................................ 8

8. Head relatively large, ca. 0.62× as long as pronotum (Fig. 42A). Shikoku...................... .................................................................................................... 13. L. haradai sp. nov.

– Head relatively small, less than 0.60× as long as pronotum (Figs. 44A, 47A, 50A, 53A). .............................................................................................................................. 9

9. Metafemur relatively slender, with a narrow but distinct ventral rectangular projection posteroapically in males (Figs. 45B, 45C, 54B) (females unknown)..........................10

– Metafemur relatively robust and weakly expanded posteroapically in both sexes (Figs. 48E, 48F, 51C, 51D, 51E, 51F). ................................................................................... 11

10. Body ca. 1.7× as long as wide (Fig. 44A); aedeagus broadly but irregularly rounded at apex in dorsal view (Fig. 46A). Honshu.....................................14. L. hijikatai sp. nov.

– Body ca. 2.1× as long as wide (Fig. 53A); aedeagus acuminate, nearly triangular at apex in dorsal view (Fig. 54F). Shikoku.................................................17. L. sakaii sp. nov.

11. Body ca. 1.9× as long as wide (Fig. 50A); metaventrite sparsely pubescent in both sexes; median lobe of aedeagus bluntly pointed apically in dorsal view (Fig. 52A). Honshu, Shikoku. ..................................................................... 16. L. multipunctata (Rye, 1873)

– Body ca. 1.7× as long as wide (Fig. 47A); metaventrite densely pubescent in male (Fig. 48A), sparsely pubescent in female (Fig. 48B); median lobe of aedeagus rectangular apically and with a tiny but distinct projection in dorsal view (Fig. 49A). Honshu, Shikoku. ............................................................................................ 15. L. kiuchii sp. nov.

12. Antennomere 11 sharply curved in lateral view (Fig. 85D). Ryukyus. ............................ ........................................................................................................ 29. L. ohtai sp. nov.

– Antennomere 11 simply oval. ..................................................................................... 13

13. Elytra transversely strigose (Fig. 98G). Hokkaido. ................ 34. L. shigehisai sp. nov.

– Elytra not transversely strigose. .................................................................................. 14

14. Elytra bicolored (Figs. 55C, 55D, 58C, 58D, 82D, 87C, 87D, 93D, 93E, 93F, 93G).......................................................................................................................................15

– Elytra unicolor. ............................................................................................................ 19

15. Body cylindrical (Fig. 87A); mesoventrite with one distinct excavation between median carina and transverse carina (Fig. 87I). Honshu..................30. L. osawai Nakane, 1963

– Body oval or elongate oval; mesoventrite without excavations between median carina and transverse carina (Figs. 55G, 58G, 82G, 93J). ..................................................... 16

16. Elytra without dark stripes along lateral margins (Figs. 82D, 93D, 93E, 93F, 93G). .... 17

– Elytra with black or dark brown stripes along lateral margins (Figs. 55C, 55D, 58C, 58D). ............................................................................................................................ 18

17. Body elongate oval, body length 2.4–4.0 mm (but usually less than 3 mm); male metatibiae very weakly curved inwards (Figs. 94C, 94D); median lobe of aedeagus triangular at apex in dorsal view (Fig. 95A). South Chishima Islands, Hokkaido, Honshu. .......................................................................32. L. irregularis Portevin, 1927 (bicolored type)

– Body oval, body length 3.0–4.0 mm; male metatibiae distinctly curved inwards (Figs. 83C, 83D); median lobe of aedeagus rounded at apex in dorsal view (Fig. 84A). South Chishima Islands, Hokkaido. .................. 28. L. obesa (Seidlitz, 1841) (bicolored type)

18. Elytra with relatively large black spots (Figs. 58C, 58D); each paramere of aedeagus bearing a small transparent lobe (Fig. 60A). Ryukyus (Yonaguni Island). ...................... ..................................................................................................... 19. L. shuheii sp. nov.

– Elytra with slender black stripes near suture and along lateral margins (Figs. 55C, 55D); parameres of aedeagus with fringed apices (Fig. 57A). Ryukyus ( Amami-Ôshima Island, Okinawa Islands.). ...................................................................18. L. naraharai sp. nov .

19. Elytral row 9 almost straight, parallel to elytral lateral margin (Figs. 61B, 64B, 67B, 72B). .............................................................................................................................20

– Basal 1/3 or 1/4 of elytral row 9 of punctures divergent from elytral lateral margins (e.g., Fig. 82B). .................................................................................................................... 23

20. Mesoventrite without excavations between median carina and transverse carina (Fig. 72E); male metafemur strongly protuberant ca. at midlength of posterior margin (Figs. 73C, 73D). Honshu. .......................................................... 24. L. fracta (Seidlitz, 1875)

– Mesoventrite with one distinct excavation between median carina and transverse carina (Figs. 61E, 64E, 67E); male metafemur weakly protuberant posteriorly at posterior margin (Figs. 62C, 65C, 68C). ................................................................................................ 21

21. Body length 3.8–4.5 mm; head concave from frons to vertex (Fig. 6E); median lobe of aedeagus slightly constricted at lateral margins in apical fourth in dorsal view (Fig. 69A). Honshu, Kyushu........................................................................ 22. L. yukihikoi sp. nov.

– Body length 2.6–3.5 mm; head almost flat; median lobe of aedeagus almost straight at lateral margins in dorsal view (Figs. 63A, 66A). ........................................................ 22

22. Antennomere 11 clearly narrower than antennomere 10 (Fig. 64C); male metafemur feebly protuberant ca. at midlength of posterior margin (Fig. 65C). Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu. ............................................................................... 21. L. okawai Nakane, 1963

– Antennomere 11 about as wide as antennomere 10 (Fig. 61C); male metafemur largely protuberant ca. at midlength of posterior margin (Fig. 62C). Ryukyus (Amami-Ôshima Island). ................................................................................... 20. L. kamezawai sp. nov.

23. Mesoventrite without excavations between median carina and transverse carina (e.g., Fig. 80E). ..................................................................................................................... 24

– Mesoventrite with one distinct or shallow excavation between median carina and transverse carina (e.g., Fig. 33F). ........................................................................................ 30

24. Parameres of aedeagus much shorter than median lobe (Figs. 81F, 97F). .................. 25

– Parameres of aedeagus nearly as long as median lobe (e.g., 38A). ............................ 26

25. Antennomere 11 narrower than antennomere 10 (Fig. 80C); male metafemur triangularly protuberant ca. at midlength of posterior margin (Fig. 81B). Hokkaido. ......................... .............................................................................................. 27. L. nagayamai sp. nov.

– Antennomere 11 almost as wide as antennomere 10 (Fig. 96C); male metafemora almost straight and weakly narrowing from basal 3/4 to apex (Fig. 97B). North Chishima Islands. .......................................................................... 33. L. rhaetica (Erichson, 1845)

26. Punctures comprising elytral striae relatively large sized. .......................................... 27

– Punctures comprising elytral striae moderately sized. ............................................... 28

27. Dorsum usually brown; median lobe of aedeagus apically rounded in dorsal view (Fig. 84A). South Chishima Islands, Hokkaido ......................................................................... ................................................................... 28. L. obesa (Seidlitz, 1841) (unicolor type)

– Dorsum usually dark reddish brown; median lobe of aedeagus weakly emarginate at apex in dorsal view (Fig. 38A). North Chishima Islands, Hokkaido (Rishiri Is.)..................... ............................................................................... 11. L. longitarsis Baranowski, 1993

28. Body ca. 1.6× as long as wide; aedeagus robust in lateral view (Fig. 32B). Honshu. ..... ................................................................................................ 9. L. masatsugui sp. nov.

– Body more than 1.8× as long as wide; aedeagus slender in lateral view (Figs. 92G, 95B). ............................................................................................................................ 29

29. Body length ca. 3.5 mm; elytra with densely arranged very fine punctures between elytral series (Fig. 91D); aedeagus sharply curved near base in lateral view (Fig. 92G)............. Honshu. ......................................................................................... 31. L. ozakii sp. nov.

– Body length usually less than 3 mm; elytra with moderate number of very fine punctures between elytral series (Fig. 93I); aedeagus weakly curved in lateral view (Fig. 95B). South Chishima Islands, Hokkaido, Honshu ................................................................ ..........................................................32. L. irregularis Portevin, 1927 (unicolor type)

30. Punctures comprising elytral striae relatively large sized. .......................................... 31

– Punctures comprising elytral striae small sized. ......................................................... 36

31. Mesoventrite with a shallow excavation between median carina and transverse carina (Fig. 27E). Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu..........................8. L. koreana Park & Ahn, 2007

– Mesoventrite with a distinct excavation between median carina and transverse carina. (e.g., Fig. 33F). ............................................................................................................ 32

32. Body length 2.2–3.1 mm. ............................................................................................ 33

– Body length 3.2–5.0 mm. ............................................................................................ 35

33. Male protarsi and mesotarsi extremely expanded (Figs. 34A, 34C); female abdominal sternite 8 with two distinct projections on anterior margin (Fig. 35E). Honshu, Shikoku.............................................................................................10. L. toyoshimai sp. nov.

– Male protarsi and mesotarsi weakly or moderately expanded (Figs. 76A, 102A); female abdominal sternite 8 with a simple spiculum ventrale at anterior margin (Fig. 103F). ... ..................................................................................................................................... 34

34. Antennae almost unicolor; parameres slightly expanded at apex (Fig. 76H). Kyushu. ... .................................................................................................... 25. L. iwakirii sp. nov.

– Antennae bicolored; parameres largely expanded at apex (Fig. 103D). Honshu, Shikoku. ............................................................................................... 35. L. tanakai sp. nov.

35. Male metafemora robust but simple (Fig. 105C); male aedeagus relatively thick (Fig. 106A); spiculum ventrale of female abdominal sternite 8 relatively thick (Fig. 106E). Shikoku, Kyushu (Yakushima Is.). ........................................ 36. L. yamauchii sp. nov.

– Male metafemora very sharply protuberant in proximal fourth of posterior margin (Fig. 78C); male aedeagus relatively slender (Fig. 79B); spiculum ventrale of female abdominal sternite 8 relatively slender (Fig. 79D). Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku. ............................ ....................................................................................... 26. L. lucens (Fairmaire, 1885)

36. Excavation of mesoventrite relatively deep (Fig. 7E). Honshu. ...................................... ................................................................................................ 1. L. babai Nakane, 1989

– Excavation of mesoventrite relatively shallow (Figs. 10E, 13E). ............................... 37

37. Aedeagus relatively slender in dorsal view (Fig. 12A); each paramere with a thin transparent lobe at apex (Fig. 12A). Honshu. ....................................... 2. L. kandai sp. nov.

– Aedeagus relatively robust in dorsal view (Fig. 15A); each paramere with a large transparent lobe at apex (Fig. 15A). Shikoku......................................3. L. yoshidai sp. nov.