Lyroda subita Say

Lyroda subita Say, 1837:372, ♀. Holotype or syntypes: USA: Indiana: no specific locality (lost). Neotype: ♀, Michigan: Cheboygan County, no specific locality (USNM), present designation. – Le Conte, 1859:755 (original description copied); Patton, 1880:387 (in checklist of North American Larrinae); Provancher, 1882:49 and 1883:632 (original description translated into French); Kohl, 1885:267 (in checklist of world Lyroda); Cresson, 1887:277 (in catalog of North American Hymenoptera); W. Fox, 1892 c:138 (does not belong to Didineis); Patton, 1892:90 (may belong to Didineis, prey carrying), 1893:202 ( Nemobius prey is killed and not paralyzed); W. Fox, 1894:533 (in revision of North American Larrinae); Dalla Torre, 1897:696 (in catalog of world Hymenoptera); G. Peckham and E. Peckham, 1898:169 (nesting habits); Ashmead, 1899:250 (in checklist of North American Crabronidae); J. Smith, 1900:518 (in list of insects of New Jersey); Harrington, 1902:222 (Canada: Ontario: Ottawa); Adlerz, 1904:137 (known prey: gryllids); G. Peckham and E. Peckham, 1905:253 (nesting habits); Snow, 1906:134 (Arizona); H. Smith, 1908:374 (in revision of Nebraskan Sphecidae); J. Smith, 1910:684 (in new list of insects of New Jersey); F. Williams, 1914:174 (in revision of Larrinae of Kansas), 207 (nesting habits); Rohwer, 1916:683 (in catalog of Hymenoptera of Connecticut); Gahan and Rohwer, 1918:30 (Provancher’s specimens not located); Mickel, 1918:408 (in catalog of Nebraskan Sphecidae); Rohwer in Viereck, 1925:683 (in key to Sphecidae of Connecticut; East Hartford, New Haven); J.Ch. Bradley, 1928:1010 (in catalog of New York Crabronidae); Hendrickson, 1930:159 (Iowa); Iwata, 1933:7 (in list of world Lyroda); Krombein, 1936:98 (New York: Buffalo; floral records); Brimley, 1938:443 (North Carolina: Fayetteville, Raleigh); Krombein, 1950:267 (North Carolina: Dare County), 1951a:143 (Virginia: Dunn Loring; visiting tulip-tree honeydew); Krombein in Muesebeck, Krombein, and Townes 1951:941 (in catalog of North American Hymenoptera); Krombein, 1952:93 (USA: Virginia: Westmoreland State Park); K. Cooper, 1953:33 (Massachusetts: Island of Penikese); Krombein, 1953:328 (North Carolina); Gittins, 1960:135 (Idaho); Kurczewski and Kurczewski, 1963:146 (Pennsylvania: Presque Isle State Park); Evans, 1964:281 (description of larva), 282 (nesting habits); Krombein, 1963:273 (Maryland: Plummers Island near Washington, D.C.); G. Bohart, Nye, and Hawthorn, 1970:48 (Utah: Logan, onion pollinator); Kurczewski and Kurczewski, 1971:132 (prey: Nemobius carolinus Scudder, a gryllid); Evans, 1975:265 (unsuccessful colonizer of a new habitat); R. Bohart and Menke, 1976:299 (in checklist of world Sphecidae); L. Davis, 1978:217 (North Carolina: Kill Devil Hills, data from Krombein, 1953); Krombein, 1979:1633 (in catalog of North American Hymenoptera); Finnamore, 1982:109 (in Sphecid Fauna of southern Quebec); Kurczewski and Peckham, 1982:149–155 (nesting habits); Kurczewski and Spofford, 1985:113 (unusual prey: Tridactylidae); Radović, 1985:65 (sting apparatus analyzed); Piek and Spanjer, 1986:185 (in list of Sphecidae with known prey); Steiner, 1986:104 (references to publications on nesting habits); Spofford, Kurczewski, and Downes, 1989:256, 259 (reference to publications on nest parasites Metopia argyrocephala (Meigen) and Senotainia trilineata (Wulp), miltogrammine flies), 257, 260 (nest parasites: Metopia luggeri Townsend, Phrosinella aurifacies Downes, Senotainia rubriventris Macquart, Senotainia vigilans Allen, miltogrammine flies, and undetermined miltogrammine species); Kurczewski and Acciavatti, 1990:60 (New York: Cayuga County); Spofford and Kurczewski, 1990:746, 747, 748, 749, 751 (nest parasites: Metopia luggeri (Townsend), Phrosinella aurifacies, Senotainia rubriventris Macquart, Senotainia trilineata (Van der Wulp), Senotainia vigilans Allen, and unknown species of Miltogrammini, Sarcophagidae); Kurczewski, 1991:203 (burrow construction from ground surface); Spofford and Kurczewski, 1992:997 (species of miltogrammine parasites listed), 1002 (counter-cleptoparasitic habits: freeze-stop and face-off, diversionary flight), 1005 (post-larvipositional counter-cleptoparasitic habits: abandon prey); Ahlstrom, 1995:109 (in checklist of insects of North Carolina); Kurczewski, 1998:250 (pine barrens in upstate New York); Sugar et al., 1998:15 (Canada: southern Ontario); Buck, 2004:25 (Canada: in checklist of Crabronidae of Ontario); Giles and Ascher, 2006:231 (New York: Black Rock Forest Preserve). – As Tachytes subitus: F. Smith, 1856:307 (new combination, in catalog of Hymenoptera in British Museum). – As Lyrops subita: Cresson, 1862:238 (new combination, in catalog of North American Hymenoptera). – As Larrada subita: Cresson, 1873:213 (new combination, Texas).

Lyroda sp.: Alayo Dalmau, 1973:176 and 1976:21, corrected to Lyroda antillana by Genaro and Portuondo, 2001:45.

Lyroda antillana Genaro and Portuondo, 2001:45, ♀. Holotype: ♀, Cuba: Guantánamo: El Imbano, Cuchillas de Baracoa (MNHN Habana). Paratypes: Dominican Republic (FSCA), one paratype examined. New synonym. – Portuondo and Fernández, 2004:135 (Cuba: Sierra Maestra and Nipe-Sagua-Baracoa mountains); Amarante, 2005 a:5 (in addendum to his 2002 catalog of Neotropical Crabronidae and Sphecidae); Genaro, 2006:54 (in checklist of Cuban Sphecidae and Crabronidae; also: Hispaniola); Perez-Gelabert, 2008:240 (in list of arthropods of island of Hispaniola).

RECOGNITION. Lyroda subita resembles L. triloba in having a black gaster. Unlike that species, the propodeal side is at most inconspicuously ridged and has at least a short, rudimentary spiracular grove (Fig. 12), rather than with well-defined ridges and no spiracular grove. The female has three well defined teeth on each side of the clypeal lamella (Fig. 10), its wing membrane is mostly translucent except darkened in Floridian populations, the clypeal setae are silvery, and also silvery is the pubescence on the propodeum and the apical depressions of terga I-III (rather than the clypeal teeth inconspicuous, wing membrane dark, clypeal setae dark, and the pubescence of the propodeum and the gaster dark). In the male, the clypeal free margin has an obtuse, median projection (Fig. 11) rather than being rounded mesally.

JUSTIFICATION OF NEW SYNONYMY. Genaro and Portuondo, 2001 differentiated Lyroda antillana from L. subita by a single character: a more intensely sculptured propodeal dorsum in the former species. We have examined a female paratype of L. antillana from the Dominican Republic as well as two males from that country, and were unable to detect any other difference. The presence of a spiracular groove on the propodeum is as in L. subita . We have also noticed that the sculpture of the propodeal dorsum varies significantly: it is inconspicuous in many specimens from the continental North America (Fig. 13), but almost as conspicuous in some specimens from Florida (Fig. 14) as in the Dominican paratype examined (Fig. 15). Based on these observations we conclude that Lyroda antillana in no more than a Caribbean population of L. subita, and we synonymize these two names.

DESCRIPTION. Propodeal side at most with evanescent ridges, with spiracular groove that varies from short, inconspicuous to long, well defined. Clypeal setae silvery. Tergum I in vast majority of specimens with several smaller ridges in addition to pair of main basomedian carinae. Body black. Wings membrane mostly translucent except darkened in Floridian populations.

♀: Anterior margin of clypeus with three teeth on each side, truncate medially (Fig. 10). Gastral terga I-III with silvery pubescence on apical depressions. Length 10.0–13.0 mm.

♂: Free margin of clypeal lamella with obtuse prominence mesally (Fig. 11). Length 6.1–10.0 mm.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 16). North America from southern Canada south to Jalisco State in Mexico, also Cuba and the Dominican Republic.

RECORDS. CANADA: Alberta: Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park (4 ♀, CAS) . Manitoba: Aweme (1 ♀, CNC) , Brandon (1 ♂, CNC) , Carberry (2 ♀, CNC) , 5 mi. W Carberry (2 ♀, CNC) , 13 mi. N Glenboro: Bald Head Hills (1 ♀, CNC) . New Brunswick: Kouchibouguac National Park (1 ♀, CNC) , St. John (1 ♂, CNC) . Nova Scotia: Kings Co. (1 ♀, CNC) . Ontario: Belleville (1 ♀, 2 ♂ CNC) , Brighton (1 ♀, 1 ♂, CNC) , Dunrobin (1 ♀, CNC) , Chatham (1 ♀, CNC) , Jordan (1 ♀, CNC) , Kearney (1 ♀, CAS) , 15 mi. SE Kenora (1 ♂, CAS) , Ottawa (2 ♀, 7 ♂, CNC) , Point Pelee (3 ♀, CNC) , Sant David (1 ♀, CNC) , Spencerville (2 ♀, CNC) , Strathroy (7 ♀, 1 ♂, CNC) , Toronto (1 ♂, CNC) , Vineland (1 ♀, CNC) . Quebec: Aylmer (1 ♂, CNC) , Harrington (1 ♂, CNC) , Hemmingford (1 ♂, CNC) , Hull (1 ♀, CNC) . Saskatchewan: Fort Qu′Appelle (1 ♀, CNC) .

CUBA (Genaro and Portuondo, 2001): Guantánamo: El Imbano: Cuchillas de Baracoa . Santiago de Cuba: Santa María de Loreto . Holguín: La Melba: Moa .

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Hato Mayor: Farm Mango Limpio 25 km NNW Hato Mayor (1 ♂, CAS) . Pedernales: 21 km N Cabo Rojo (1 ♀, FSCA, paratype of L. antillana) .

MEXICO: Chihuahua: 50 road km S Creel which is 27°46’S 107°39’W (1 ♀, CAS) .

Jalisco: Teocaltiche (2 ♀, CAS) .

USA: Arizona: Cochise Co.: 28 mi. N Douglas (1 ♀, UCD) . Arkansas: Benton Co.: 2 mi. N Siloam Springs (1 ♂, USNM). California: Davis (12 ♀, 6 ♂, UCD), Fresno Co.: Firebaugh (1 ♀, USNM), Merced Co.: Dos Palos (1 ♀, AMNH), Hayward (1 ♂, FSCA), Riverside Co.: 18 mi. W Blythe, Hopkins Well (1 ♀, 6 ♂, CAS), Mendota (1 ♀, USNM), Orange Co.: Santa Ana (1 ♀, 1 ♂, USNM) , Shasta Co.: 10 mi. N Redding (1 ♀, 1 ♂, FSCA), Shasta Co.: 2 mi. W Shingletown (21 ♀, 2 ♂, FSCA) , Kern Co.: 3 mi. SW Taft (1 ♀, UCD) , Vacaville (1 ♂, UCD) , Woodland (4 ♀, 1 ♂, UCD) . Colorado: Boulder (2 ♀, USNM) , Crook (1 ♀, AMNH) , Larimer Co.: Fort Collins (2 ♀, CAS) , Springs Co.: Fountain Valley (1 ♀, AMNH) , Glenwood (1 ♀, AMNH) , Yuma Co.: 4 mi. NE Idalia (2 ♀, AMNH) , Shafter Co.: Kern (1 ♀, FSCA) , White Rock (1 ♀, AMNH) , no specific locality (3 ♀, USNM) . Connecticut: East Haven (1 ♀, UCD) , Hartford (1 ♀, UCD) , North Canaan (1 ♀, AMNH) , Saybrook (1 ♂, AMNH) , Samford (1 ♀, USNM) . Delaware: Dewey Beach (1 ♀, USNM) . District of Columbia: Washington (5 ♀, 1 ♂, USNM) . Florida: Austin Carey (2 ♂, FSCA) , Jackson Co.: Florida Caverns (1 ♀, CNC) , Gainesville (6 ♀, 9 ♂, FSCA) , Interlachen (1 ♀, FSCA) , Alachua Co.: 4 mi. N La Crosse (1 ♀, FSCA) , Lake Placid (2 ♀, CAS) , Quincy (14 ♀, 1 ♂, FSCA) , Santa Rosa (1 ♀, FSCA), Tall Timbers (1 ♂, FSCA) , Gulf Co.: Wewahitchka (1 ♂, FSCA) , no specific locality (1 ♂, FSCA) . Georgia: Clarke Co.: Athens (3 ♀, FSCA) , Liberty Co.: St. Catherine Island (3 ♀, AMNH) , Tarversville (1 ♀, FSCA, 1 ♂, FSCA), Clarke Co.: Whitehall Forest (1 ♂, FSCA) . Idaho: Buhl (1 ♂, BISH) , Notus (1 ♀, 1 ♂, UCD) , Canyon Co.: Parma (1 ♀, UCD) , Pingree (1 ♀, CNC) . Illinois: Bellville (1 ♀, BISH) , Chicago (1 ♀, USNM) , Fort Sheridan (1 ♀, USNM) , Scott Co.: Bluffs (3 ♀, UCD) , Mason Co.: Farmer City (1 ♀, 2 ♂, CAS) , Waukegan (1 ♀, AMNH) , West Frankfort (1 ♀, UCD) , no specific locality (1 ♀, AMNH) . Indiana: Lafayette (1 ♀, USNM) . Iowa: Ames (1 ♀, USNM) , Ankeny (1 ♀, UCD) , Bellevue (5 ♀, UCD) , Sioux City (4 ♀, USNM) , Clinton Co.: Clinton (1 ♀, 1 ♂, UCD) , Coralville (1 ♀, CAS) , Iowa City (1 ♀, UCD) , Sioux (7 ♀, 1 ♂, CAS) , Polk Co. (1 ♂, FSCA) . Kansas: Baldwin (1 ♀, CAS, 3 ♀, USNM, 2 ♂, USNM), Dickson Co. (1 ♀, USNM) , Douglas (1 ♀, CAS, 1 ♀, UCD, 1 ♂, USNM), Plainville (1 ♀, CNC) , Rooks (1 ♀, CAS) . Louisiana: Opelousas (3 ♂, USNM) , Tallulah (1 ♀, AMNH) , no specific locality (1 ♀, 2 ♂, USNM) . Maryland: 4 mi. SW Ashton (2 ♀, USNM) , Calvert Co. (2 ♀, USNM), Camp Springs (1 ♀, USNM) , Beltsville (1 ♀, USNM) , Burtonsville (2 ♀, CAS) , Montgomery Co.: Colesville (1 ♀, UCD) , Frederick Co. (1 ♀, USNM), Patuxent River: Rout 4 (1 ♀, USNM) , Cecil Co.: Pleasant Hill (1 ♀, USNM) , Plummers Island (1 ♂, CAS, 2 ♀, UCD, 1 ♀, 1 ♂, USNM), Montgomery Co.: Silver Spring (1 ♀, FSCA) , no specific locality (1 ♂, UCD) . Massachusetts: Billerica (2 ♀, CNC) , Boston (2 ♀, UCD, 1 ♂, USNM), Forest Hills (8 ♀, CAS, 5 ♀, UCD, 1 ♀, USNM), Woods Hill (1 ♀, UCD) . Michigan: Antrim Co. (1 ♀, AMNH) , Cheboygan Co. (1 ♀, USNM), Detroit (1 ♂, UCD) , Gratiot Co. (1 ♂, AMNH), Manistee Co. (1 ♂, IML), Mason Co. (1 ♂, AMNH), Menominee Co. (1 ♀, IML), Camp Miniwanka (1 ♀, FSCA) , Montcalm Co. (1 ♂, AMNH) . Minnesota: 6 mi. N Chillicothe (1 ♀, UCD) , Nicollet Co.: Courtland (1 ♀, CNC), Itasca State Park (1 ♀, AMNH) . Mississippi: Yalobusha Co.: Water Valley (1 ♀, UCD, 1 ♀, FSCA) . Missouri: Henry Co.: Clinton (1 ♀, UCD), Columbia (4 ♀, USNM) , Marion Co.: Hannibal (4 ♀, UCD) . Montana: Columbia Falls (8 ♀, UCD, 1 ♀, USNM), no specific locality (4 ♀, 2 ♂, UCD) . Nebraska: Hooker Co.: 1.5 mi. N Mullen (1 ♂, USNM) , 8 mi. N Ogallala (6 ♀, 1 ♂, AMNH) , Valley (1 ♀, CAS) . New Hampshire: Durham (2 ♂, USNM) , Belknap Co.: Gilford-Alton (1 ♀, USNM), Nelson (1 ♀, USNM) . New Jersey: Burlington Co.: Atsion (2 ♀, UCD), Browns Mills (1 ♀, 1 ♂, AMNH) , Kearny (1 ♀, AMNH) , Metuchen (3 ♀, 1 ♂, FSCA) , 3 mi. E Medford Lakes (2 ♀, UCD) , Mountain View (1 ♂, AMNH) , Bergen Co.: Norwood (1 ♀, AMNH), Palmyra (1 ♀, AMNH, 1 ♀, USNM), Princeton (1 ♀, USNM) , Riverton (1 ♂, USNM) , South Orange (1 ♀, AMNH) , Teaneck (1 ♂, CAS) , no specific locality (1 ♀, UCD, 1 ♂, AMNH) . New Mexico: McKinley Co.: 19 mi. N Gallup (2 ♀, AMNH) . New York: Auburn (1 ♀, UCD, 1 ♀, USNM), Bear Mountain State Park (1 ♀, USNM) , Bronx Co.: Bartow-Pell Mansion (1 ♀, AMNH), Batavia (1 ♀, 1 ♂, BISH) , Bushnellsville (1 ♀, AMNH) , Buffalo (1 ♀, CAS) , Chaffee (1 ♀, UCD) , Ulster Co.: Cherrytown (14 ♀, AMNH), Colden (1 ♀, CAS) , Ellenville (1 ♂, FSCA) , Orange Co.: Cornwall, Black Rock Forest (5 ♀, 2 ♂, AMNH) , Croton Falls (1 ♀, UCD) , Suffolk Co.: Gardiners Island (3 ♀, AMNH) , Great Kills (1 ♀, AMNH) , Huntington (1 ♀, UCD) , Tompkins Co.: Ithaca: Kite Hill (1 ♀, CAS, 1 ♀, 2 ♂, CNC, 4 ♀, AMNH), Westchester Co.: Lewisboro (4 ♀, AMNH) , Long Island: Huntington (8 ♀, 4 ♂, AMNH) , Long Island: South Haven (1 ♀, AMNH) , New Rochelle (1 ♀, AMNH) , New York City: Brooklyn (1 ♀, 1 ♂, AMNH) , New York City: Central Park (1 ♀, AMNH) , New York City: Flatbush (4 ♀, AMNH) , New York City: Floyd Bennett Field (1 ♀, AMNH) , New York City: Van Cortland Park (1 ♀, AMNH) , New York City: no specific locality (1 ♂, AMNH) , North Fairhaven (1 ♀, USNM) , Oswego (1 ♂, USNM) , Tompkins Co.: Ringwood (1 ♀, CAS), Orange Co.: 5 mi. NW Tuxedo (3 ♂, AMNH) , Bronx Co.: Van Cortland Park (1 ♀, 2 ♂, AMNH), Grand Island: Warrendale (1 ♀, USNM) , no specific locality (1 ♀, USNM) . North Carolina: Cumberland Co.: Fort Bragg (3 ♀, CAS) , Kill Devil Hills (1 ♀, CAS, 2 ♀, USNM), Swain (1 ♀, CNC) , Wilmington Co.: Tidewater (1 ♂, FSCA), Tuckasegee (1 ♀, CNC) . North Dakota: Bottineau (1 ♀, USNM) , Cannon Ball (2 ♀, AMNH) , Fargo (1 ♀, AMNH) , Slope Co.: Logging Camp Ranch (2 ♀, AMNH), Moffit (1 ♀, AMNH) , Walcott (1 ♀, AMNH) . Ohio: Garfield Co. (1 ♀, FSCA), Stark Co.: Massillon (1 ♀, UCD) . Oklahoma: Garfield Co. (2 ♀, USNM), Fairmont (1 ♂, FSCA) , Norman (1 ♀, CNC) , 2 mi. E Lake Texoma (6 ♀, UCD) . Oregon: Harney Co.: Borax Lake (1 ♀, USNM) . Pennsylvania: 5 mi. NW Davidsburg (1 ♀, USNM) , Jeanette (1 ♂, UCD) , Northampton Co.: Portland (1 ♂, USNM), Presque Isle (1 ♀, UCD, 1 ♀, AMNH, 1 ♀, USNM), Westmoreland Co. (1 ♀, USNM) . Rhode Island: Newport (1 ♀, CNC), Washington Co.: Westerly (1 ♀, AMNH) . Texas: Travis Co.: Austin BFL [= Brackenridge Field Laboratory] (1 ♀, CAS), Fedor (1 ♀, USNM) , Kleberg Co.: 20 mi. SE Kingsville (1 ♀, CAS) , Salmon (1 ♀, FSCA) , Shenandoah (1 ♀, AMNH) , Victoria (1 ♂, USNM) , no specific locality (1 ♀, USNM) . Utah: Cornish (1 ♀, CNC) , Delta (2 ♀, UCD 1 ♂, CAS), Flowell (1 ♂, CAS) , Newton (1 ♀, UCD) , Pahvant Range (1 ♀, UCD) , Provo (1 ♂, AMNH) , Box Elder Co.: 10 mi. SW Tremonton (1 ♂, AMNH) . Vermont: Fairfax Co.: near, Annandale (1 ♀, CAS, 1 ♀, USNM), Rutland Co.: Pico (1 ♂, FSCA) . Virginia: Alexandria at 38°49′10.9′′N 77°06′59.9′′W (10 ♀, CAS) , Arlington (1 ♀, USNM) , Dunn Loring (1 ♂, USNM) , Williamsburg (1 ♀, UCD) , Isle of Wight Co.: 6 km S Zuni (1 ♀, USNM) . West Virginia: Park Hardy Co.: Lost River (1 ♀, CNC) . Wisconsin: Cranmoor (1 ♀, USNM) , Waukesha Co.: Pine Lake (4 ♀, CAS) , Clark Co.: Worden Township (6 ♀, 25 ♂, AMNH) . Illegible: (2 ♀, USNM) .