Rivulidae .

The family Rivulidae was proposed by Parenti (1981) to accommodate the new world aplocheiloids; its monophyly was supported by seven synapomorphies. Subsequent morphological (Costa, 1990, 1998, 2004a; Hertwig, 2008) and molecular (Murphy, Collier, 1997; Hrbek, Larson, 1999; Murphy et al., 1999; Costa, 2013) phylogenetic analyses have supported a monophyletic Rivulidae; although the proposed synapomorphies have changed since Parenti (1981; see Loureiro, de Sá, 2016). In Tab. 1, we show the currently recognized synapomorphies of the family considering the analyses of Costa (2004) and Hertwig (2008). Costa (2004) suggested the existence of three clades within Rivulidae, and although he proposed eight synapomorphies supporting the Rivulinae + Cynolebiasinae sister group relationship, other phylogenetic analyses (combined and molecular) showed conflicting results: a basal polytomy at the origin of these clades (Hrbek, Larson, 1999; Murphy et al., 1999; Costa, 2011a, 2013); a sister group relationship between Kryptolebiasinae + Rivulinae (Vermeulen, Hrbek, 2005; Furness et al., 2015); and a sister group relationship between Kryptolebiasinae + Cynolebiasinae (Pohl et al., 2015; Costa et al., 2017a).