Cacopsylla (Hepatopsylla) liaoli (Yang & Li)

(Figs 44–51)

Psylla liaoli Yang & Li, 1981: 43; Hodkinson, 1986: 327. Cacopsylla liaoli (Yang & Li): Li, 2011: 864.

Adult. Coloration: Body black. Females lighter than males in general colour. Vertex black; areas alongside the median suture and middle of the hind margin yellowish brown to blackish brown. Genal process black. Compound eyes red; ocelli yellowish brown. Antenna yellow, with brown apices on segment VI, segments VII–VIII entirely brown, segments IX–X entirely black. Thorax black, terga gradually lightening into brown from bilateral sides to the middle; stripes unclear. Legs yellow, metafemora brown exept for apical 1/5 and basal 1/4, apical tarsal segments brown. Fore wing transparent, more or less yellowish, hind half covered by large brown pattern (Fig. 51) which occupies cells cu2, cu1, m2, m1, apical 1/5 of r2 and apical angle of r1, with the small area around the anal break uncolored. Abdomen blackish brown. Male proctiger brown, paramere yellow. Female terminalia brown.

Structures: Body glabrous and relatively slender. Head relatively small, about as wide as mesoscutum, strongly inclined from longitudinal body axis. Vertex (Fig. 45) finely sculptured with microscopic setae and scaly micro structures that are relatively long, narrow, sparse and remarkably reduced; fore margin relatively strongly deflexed. Genal processes (Fig. 44) cone-shaped and near obliquely truncate subapically, shorter than the vertex along median suture, and covered with very sparse short setae. Antenna relatively short and slender, slightly squiggly; terminal setae (Fig. 50) not as long as each other, the longer one about twice as long as the shorter one, and about as long as antennal segment X. Metatibia with well developed basal spine, apical spurs arranged in (1+1+2+1). Fore wing (Fig. 51) oblong oval, widest at apical third; pterostigma relatively long, ending at apical third of cell r1; cell cu1 relatively flat, turning of vein Cu1a relatively smooth; surface spinules that are obviously denser than normal (as is in most Cacopsylla spp. represented by C. chinensis) present in all cells, leaving spinule-free bands along veins, narrowing apically along Rs, M1+2, M3+4 and Cu1a; 3 sets of relatively less developed radular spinules present in cells m1, m2 and cu1, only distinguished under high-power objective (40× or higher).

Male terminalia: Proctiger (Fig. 46) slightly arched, covered with short setae. Paramere (Figs 46 & 48) lamellar and relatively broad; apex tooth-shaped, blunt, moderately inflexed and projected caudad; dense erect short setae present in both inner and outer surface, relatively evenly distributed, slightly longer and denser in posterior margin than in anterior margin. Apical half of basal aedeagus segment (Fig. 46) moderately curved caudad; distal aedaegus segment (Fig. 47) slightly curved, apical dilatation relatively less dilated; ductus ejaculatorius projecting dorsalbasally and moderately curved apically. Subgenital plate (Fig. 46) near quadrate, with several setae that vary in length in dorsal margin, ventral surface sparsely covered with short setae.

Female terminalia (Fig. 49): Proctiger convex dorsally in profile, covered with setae that vary in length; remarkably curved at about the middle of anus longitudinally, with the basal part rising upward; laterally and apex of apical part covered with peg setae that gradually turn longer in the basal part. Subgenital plate relatively flat, covered with short setae and peg setae.

Material examined. Holotype: male, dry mounted, China, Liaoning, Beizhen, Xingcheng, 11.v.1960, Zhang Ciren.

Paratypes: 8 male, 6 female, with same data as holotype.

Non-paratypic specimens: China, Liaoning, 5 male, Xicheng, vii.1964, Wu Weijun. Hebei, 1 male, 5 female, Guangtoushan, Pingquan, 500–1500 m, 3.vii.1986, Li Fasheng. Shanxi: 1 male, 6 female, Fengshan, Taigu, 1300 m, 5.iv.1982, Pang Zhen. Gansu: 4 male, 11 female, Sanshilipu, Hezheng, 23.iv.2009, Ma Yanfang, on Pyrus ussuriensis .

Distribution. China: Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Gansu.

Host plants. Pyrus communis, P. bretschneideri (common name: Bai li, white pear), P. ussuriensis .

Remarks. This species is known as Liaoning pear psyllid. According to Pang & Pang (1990), it is polyvoltine (2 generations a year in Taigu, Shanxi Province) without seasonal dimorphism, and overwinters as 2nd instar nymphs. These authors also gave a brief description and illustration of the nymphs.