Gibberifera simplana (Fischer von Röslerstamm, 1836)

[Japanese name: Usukishiro-himehamaki]

(Figs 5, 9, 10, 14)

Penthina simplana Fischer von Röslerstamm, 1836: 38 (original description; type locality: Czech Republic, near Reichstadt; type depository: unknown).

Semasia simplana: Kennel, 1916: 489, pl. 19, fig. 32 (adult).

Epinotia simplana: Issiki, 1932: 1461, fig. 2891 (adult); Issiki, 1950: 482, fig. 1309 (adult); Inoue, 1954: 100.

Gibberifera simplana: Obraztsov, 1946: 28 (in key), 35; Issiki, 1957: 64, pl. 10, fig. 299 (adult); Swatschek, 1958: 155 (larva); Bradley, 1959: 72, pl. 10, fig. 109 (adult); Okano, 1959: 261, pl. 175, fig. 2 (adult); Hannemann, 1961: 149, fig. 302 (wing venation); fig. 302a (head, lateral view); fig. 302b (male genitalia); Diakonoff, 1964: 49, pl. 24, fig. 5 (adult), pl. 26, fig. 15 (male genitalia); Bentinck & Diakonoff, 1968: 124, pl. 18, fig. 8 (adult), pl. 72, fig. 176a (male genitalia), figs 176b, 176c (female genitalia); Kuznetzov, 1971: fig. 4b (male genitalia); Bradley, 1972: 29; Kuznetzov, 1976: 83; Kuznetzov, 1978: 478; Bradley et al., 1979: 155, pl. 34, figs 13–14 (adult); Leraut, 1980: 144 (cataloged); Liu et al., 1981: 46, pl. 10, fig. 255 (adult); Kawabe, 1982: 1: 122, 2: 174, pl. 26, fig. 23 (adult) (part.); Palm, 1985: 73; Byun & Park, 1994: 163, fig. 1 (male genitalia); Kawabe & Nasu, 1994: 82 (in checklist), 83 (in key), 83, fig. 1 (wing venation), fig. 2 (adult), fig. 9 (male genitalia), fig. 16 (female genitalia); Byun et al., 1998: 165, fig. 292 (adult); Razowski, 1999: 448 (cataloged); Liu & Li, 2002: 320 (in key), 322, pl. 43, fig. 437 (adult), pl. 88, fig. 437 (male genitalia), pl. 127, fig. 437 (female genitalia); Oku, 2003: 123; Razowski, 2003: 64, pl. 18, fig. 178 (male genitalia), pl. 68, fig. 178 (female genitalia), pl. VII, fig. 178 (adult); Brown, 2005: 351 (cataloged); Zhang & Li, 2004: 290 (in key), 293; Nasu & Komai, 2013: 237, pl. 4–30, fig. 30 (adult); Gilligan et al., 2018 (cataloged); Nasu, 2021: 29, pl. 4, fig. 48 (adult); pl. 22, fig. 48 (male genitalia); pl. 51, fig. 48 (female genitalia); Zhang, 2021: 410 (in key), 414.

Diagnosis. Gibberifera simplana is closely similar to G. glaciata by sharing the following character: cucullus oblong. However, based on the remarks of Kawabe & Nasu (1994) and Zhang (2021), it can be distinguished by the following characters: vertex white (dark brown in G. glaciata); inner edge of median fascia of forewing moderately concave (straight in G. glaciata); uncus Y-shaped (widely bifurcated in G. glaciata); absence of non-deciduous cornuti in vesica (presence of one or two non-deciduous cornuti in G. glaciata).

Material examined. [JAPAN] Hokkaido: 1♂, Takuhoku, Shinorochou, Kita-ku, Sapporo-City, 43.182336°N, 141.388618°E, 3 m, 30.VII.2021, light trap, S. Suzuki leg., DNA extraction No. IKA0063 (ELKU); 1♀, Hanakawahigashi, Ishikari-City, 43.108391°N, 141.63341°E, 1.5 m, 28.VII.2021, light trap, S. Suzuki leg., DNA extraction No. IKA0131 (ELKU). Honshu: Yamagata Pref.: 1♂, Nishimurayama-gun, Nishikawa-machi, Shizu, 618 m, 8. VI.2024, C. Takayama leg. (ELKU). Shizuoka Pref.: 1♀, Fujinomiya-shi, Asagiri-kogen, 1.VIII.1994, T. Mano leg. (ELKU). Aichi Pref.: 1♀, Toyota-shi, Iguma-cho, Igumajinja, 561 m, 29.VIII.2013, T. Mano leg. (ELKU); 1♀, Kitasitara-gun, Inabu-cho, Ohkuwa, 29.VIII.1992, T. Mano leg. (ELKU). Mie Pref.: 1♂, Mie-gun, Komono-cho, Chikusa, 21.VII.1990, T. Mano leg., genitalia slide No. IK0092 -M (ELKU); 1♀, Mie-gun, Komono-cho, Yunoyama, 19. VI.1990, T. Mano leg. (ELKU); 1♂, ditto, 9.VIII.1990, T. Mano leg., genitalia slide No. IK0042 -F (ELKU); 1♂, ditto, 5. VI.1991, T. Mano leg., genitalia slide No. IK0082 -M (ELKU). Osaka Pref.: 2♀, Makinoosan, 17.VIII.1958, K. Yano leg. (ELKU). Tottori Pref.: 1♂, Tottori-shi, Kokuhu-chô, Kawaidani-forestry road, 35.46°N, 134.42°E, 480–1050 m, 11. V.2016, Y. Matsui leg., DNA extraction No. IKA0132 (ELKU).

Distribution. Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Sado Is., and Shikoku), Korea, Taiwan, China, Russia, and Europe.

Host plant. Populus tremula (Kennel 1910; Swatschek 1958; Bradley et al. 1979; Oku 2003) and Salix sp. (Kuznetzov 1976) ( Salicaceae).