Phalloptychus Eigenmann

Clade 100, Lucinda & Reis, 2005

Phalloptychus Eigenmann, 1907: 426 [diagnosis in key], 430 [formal diagnosis], fig. 6. Gender masculine.

Type species: Girardinus januarius Hensel, 1868 . Type by original designation and monotypy.

Diagnosis. Phalloptychus species share the following uniquely derived and unreversed features: (1) extremely large dorsolateral process of basipterygium in adult males [36-2**] (Lucinda & Reis, 2005: fig. 8c; 15); (2) first ray of left and right pelvic fins different from each other in adult males [40-1**] (Lucinda & Reis, 2005: fig. 10); (3) first pelvic-fin ray of adult males very wide, mainly right one [41-3**] (Lucinda & Reis, 2005: fig. 10); (4) lateral projection near the bifurcation of second right pelvic-fin ray of adult males [43-1**] (Lucinda & Reis, 2005: fig. 10a); (5) callosity at the distal portion of right pelvic fin of adult males [45-1**] (Lucinda & Reis, 2005: fig. 12); (6) third gonapophysis angled zero-10 degrees relative to vertebral column [55-3**]; (7) pleural rib 9 of adult males well-developed, longer than remaining pleural ribs, curved forward and expanded at distal tip [58-1**]; (8) gonactinost complex axis little inclined backwards, forming an angle between 45 º and 90 º relative to body longitudinal axis [68-3**]; (9) short and dorsal protuberance close to base of R4p [117-1**] (Lucinda & Reis, 2005: fig. 27); and (10) lower branch of R6 as long as upper branch [129- 1**]. Additionally, Phalloptychus species can be diagnosed by the following not uniquely derived and/or reversed features: (1) parietals absent [2-2] (Ghedotti, 2000: fig. 3); (2) epiotic process absent [3-3] (Ghedotti, 2000: fig. 3); (3) posterior section of posterior remnant of infraorbital system open forming a groove [7-1] (Rosen & Mendelson, 1960: fig. 2A, B); (4) preorbital canal absent or open, forming a very shallow groove [9-2] (Rosen & Mendelson, 1960: fig. 2C, D); (5) four pelvic-fin rays in males [33-2]; (6) ligastyle tripartite (three axis) [46-3] (Lucinda & Reis, 2005: fig. 13c); (7) first gonapophysis approximately parallel to vertebral column [53-3]; (8) second gonapophysis approximately parallel to vertebral column [54- 2]; (9) pleural ribs associated with haemal arches in males [60- 1]; (10) pleural ribs associated with haemal arches in females [61-1]; (11) absence of a convex expansion on anterior border of second gonactinost [70-0]; (12) flanks with elongate vertical bars reaching dorsal and ventral profiles plus short bars on caudal peduncle [133-1] (Fig. 5; 7); and (13) orbital bones absent [143-0].

Key to the species of Phalloptychus .

1. Females with six pelvic-fin rays; 13 predorsal scales; predorsal distance 64.0-68.6 % SL (rio Catu, Bahia) ............... ................................................. Phalloptychus eigenmanni

1’. Females with five pelvic-fin rays; 10-12 predorsal scales; predorsal distance 55.4-62.2 % SL .................................... 2

2. Five to 12 (median = 7) vertical bars along body side in females; 12 or 13 epipleural ribs in adult specimens; 9 gonopodial rays; ninth minute, incompletely ossified gonopodial ray present (Coastal drainages from Rio de Janeiro to Paraná) ..................... Phalloptychus januarius

2’. Eight to 18 (median = 12) vertical bars along body sides in females; 9 to 11 epipleural ribs on adult specimens; 8 gonopodial rays (Coastal drainages of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul) ...................... Phalloptychus iheringii