Interaction between Spiroplasma and Trypanosoma

Prevalence of co-infections

The results of the analysis showed that 12.56% of the flies were infected both with Spiroplasma and Trypanosoma, regardless of country, location, and sex. However, the prevalence of single infections of Spiroplasma (35.83%) was higher than that of Trypanosoma (17.46%) (Fig. 4). The association between Spiroplasma and Trypanosoma infections was analyzed using the Cochran-Manthel-Haenzel (CMH) test and chi-square test. Across all samples, the CMH test showed a significant deviation from independence between the two infections (Χ 2 MH = 5.19, df = 1, p = 0.02). The chi-square test confirmed that the independence between Spiroplasma and Trypanosoma infections was significant with a Bonferroni correction of OE = 0.006 (Χ 2 = 9.85, p = 0.03). However, when considering countries, only in Ghana the chi-square test did show a significant deviation from independence between the two microbial infections (Χ 2 = 13.004, p <0.001) (Table 3 and Supplementary Table 4).