Scorpaena papillosa papillosa (Schneider & Forster, 1801)

English name: Red Scorpionfish

Figures 1 A–B, 2A, 3A–B, 4, 5, 6, 7A–F; Tables 1–3

Synanceia papillosus Schneider & Forster in Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 196 (based on G. Forster drawing labelled " Scorpaena cottoides "; neotype designated herein; type locality: New Zealand).

Scorpaena cruenta Solander in Richardson, 1842a: 217 (type locality: Cape Kidnappers, New Zealand); Gunther 1860: 112 (in part, New Zealand); Hutton 1873: 261, pl. 8, fig. 15 (New Zealand); Hector 1875: 239 (west coast of Otago, New Zealand); Phillips 1927: 14 (New Zealand).

" Scorpaena cottoides ": Richardson 1842b: 95; Richardson 1843: 18; Forster in Lichtenstein 1844: 128, fig. 190 of G. Forster drawing (reproduced from Synanceia papillosus Schneider & Forster in Bloch & Schneider, 1801); Forster in Hoare 1982: 240 (Dusky Sound Bay, New Zealand).

Helicolenus papillosus: McCulloch 1929: 385 (in part, New Zealand); Whitley 1968: 83 (New Zealand).

Scorpaena ergastulorum (not Richardson): McCulloch 1929: 383 (in part, New Zealand).

Ruboralga cardinalis (not Solander & Richardson in Richardson): Whitley 1968: 84 (in part, New Zealand); Graham 1974: 349 (Otago, New Zealand).

Scorpaena papillosa: Paulin 1982: 438, figs. 1, 2B (between Three Kings Islands and Snares Islands, New Zealand); Paulin & Roberts 1992: 137 (New Zealand); Motomura et al. 2005a: 18 (New Zealand); Motomura et al. 2005b: 867 (in part, New Zealand); Motomura & Struthers 2015: 1099, fig. 156.9 (New Zealand).

Neotype. NMNZ P.028043, 164.6 mm SL, Matatuahu Point, Tawharanui Peninsula, Hauraki Gulf, North Auckland, North Island, 36º23′S, 174º49′E, 0–5 m, A. Stewart & C. Paulin, 8 Apr. 1992.

Non-type material examined. 93 specimens, 18.4–208.4 mm SL. All specimens from New Zealand. Three Kings Islands: NMNZ P.014922, 1 of 5 specimens, 139.4 mm SL, west coast of Great Island, 34°08′30″S, 172°09′06″E, 5–7 m, G. Hardy & A. Stewart, 28 Nov. 1983 ; NMNZ P.014910, 5, 80.2–175.4 mm SL, northwest of South West Island, 34°10′12″S, 172°04′09″E, 9–12 m, G. Hardy & A. Stewart, 26 Nov. 1983 ; NMNZ P.014934, 1 of 2, 115.9 mm SL, northeast of Great Island, 34°09′00″S, 172°09′30″E, 12–15 m, G. Hardy & A. Stewart, 25 Nov. 1983 . North Island: AMS I. 18282-010, 4 of 5, 73.2–114.2 mm SL, Goat Island, B. Russell; BMNH 1872.4.26.3, 159.0 mm SL, off Wellington; CAS 13449, 3, 18.2–56.2 mm SL, off Lottin Point, J. Moreland; CAS 13450, 6, 26.7 –76.0 mm SL, Bay of Islands, J. Moreland, 1–28 Feb. 1919 ; NMNZ P.001062, 191.7 mm SL, Wellington Harbour, 41°30′S, 174°50′E, J. Toft, 9 Jun. 1952 ; NMNZ P.002696, 183.9 mm SL, off Island Bay, Wellington, 41º21′S, 174º46′E, 27–28 m, line-fishing, D. Wilson & J. Moreland, 19 Jan. 1959 ; NMNZ P.003413, 58.7 mm SL, Spirits Bay, Northland, 34º27′S, 172º 50′E, 3–4 m, R. Dell & J. Moreland, 14 Nov. 1963 ; NMNZ P.008042, 1 of 3, 81.3 mm SL, Wahine Wreckage, off Barretts Reef, Wellington Harbour, 41º21′S, 174º50′E, 7–12 m, F. Climo, 17 Sep. 1973 ; NMNZ P.009810, 1 of 3, 40.6 mm SL, Ranfurly Bank, East Cape, Gisborne, 37°38′24″S, 178°51′42″E, 79–83 m, dredge, RV Tangaroa, 22 Jan. 1981 ; NMNZ P.014104, 4, 128.9– 177.7 mm SL, Scorching Bay, Wellington, 41º18′S, 174º50′E, 5 m, G. Hardy & A. Stewart, 14 Jun. 1983 ; NMNZ P.017112, 190.2 mm SL, Seal Rock, Sugar Loaf Islands, New Plymouth, 39°03′30″S, 174°00′12″E, 23 m, D. Gibson, 23 Mar. 1985 ; NMNZ P.018263, 1 of 10, 89.7 mm SL, Tauranga Bay, Mayor Island, Bay of Plenty, 37°18′24″S, 176°15′48″E, 12 m, A. Stewart & C. Roberts, 18 Feb. 1986 ; NMNZ P.021674, 1 of 29, 80.4 mm SL, pools between Jackson and Fantail Bays, Coromandel, 36º32′S, 175º20′E, 0–3 m, G. Hardy et al., 8 Dec. 1987 ; NMNZ P.026291, 4 of 29, 108.5– 161.2 mm SL, Mangakino Channel, Pourerere, Hawke's Bay, 40°08′12″S, 176°52′00″E, 0–2 m, 17 Jan. 1991 ; NMNZ P.026325, 1 of 9, 134.1 mm SL, east coast of Mangakuri, Hawke's Bay, 39°56′30″S, 176°56′12″E, 0–2 m, 20 Jan. 1991 ; NMNZ P.028313, 65.5 mm SL, Onepoto Bay, Hicks Bay, East Cape, Gisborne, 37°35′30″S, 178°18′15″E, 0–1 m, East Cape Field Trip Team, 3 May 1992 ; NMNZ P.031644, 92.5 mm SL, off East Cape, Gisborne, 38°16′17″S, 178°45′16″E, 140 m, 7 Jan. 1995 ; NMNZ P.033382, 117.9 mm SL, off Cape Runaway, Gisborne, 37°32′57″S, 178°00′59″E, 100 m, C. Paulin et al., 3 May 1996 ; NMNZ P.044459, 24.8 mm SL, west coast of Paratutae Island, Whatipu, North Auckland, 37°02′47.5″S, 174°30′32.1″E, 0–1 m, C. Struthers et al., 8 Apr. 2008 ; NMNZ P.044467, 82.3 mm SL, Daniel Bay, Cornwallis Peninsula, North Auckland, 37°01′02.4″S, 174°36′01.2″E, 6–7 m, C. Struthers & T. Trnski on RV Tuatini, 9 Apr. 2008 ; NMNZ P.045788, 1 of 7, 124.8 mm SL, between Oruaiti Beach and Waihau Bay, East Cape, Gisborne, 37°37′00″S, 177°55′15″E, G. Hardy & M. Hardy, 22 Dec. 1982 ; NMNZ P.046117, 58.6 mm SL, Piha Beach, North Auckland, 36°57′39.3″S, 174°27′44.5″E, 0–2 m, C. Struthers & T. Trnski, 11 Apr. 2008 ; NMNZ P.046289, 75.7 mm SL, east coast of North Cape, North Auckland, 34°23′48.6″–24′05.4″S, 173°06′07.2″–06′21.6″E, 116–119 m, epibenthic sled, Oceans 20/20- RV Tangaroa, 14 Jul. 2009; NMNZ P.046317, 63.5 mm SL, east of Elizabeth Reef, Whananaki, Bay of Islands, North Auckland, 35°30′00.6″ –29′43.8″S, 174°32′29.4″E– 32′21.6″E, 64–66 m, epibenthic sled, Oceans 20/20- RV Tangaroa, 4 Jul. 2009 ; NMNZ P.013251, 1 of 2, 68.1 mm SL, Henderson Bay, North Auckland, 34°46′S, 173°08′E, G. Hardy & M. Hardy, 30 Dec. 1982 ; NMNZ P.018380, 1 of 3, 64.7 mm SL, Motupao Island, Northland, 34°28′30″S, 172°38′00″E, 0–4 m, G. Hardy & E. Nannestad, 9 Feb. 1986 ; NMNZ P.026362, 1 of 4, 129.8 mm SL, Pauanui Point Reef, Hawke's Bay, 40°04′24″S, 176°53′48″E, 7–10 m, 16 Jan. 1991 ; NMNZ P.028119, 1of 28, 131.3 mm SL, Onepoto Bay, Hicks Bay, East Cape, Gisborne, 37°35′15″S, 178°18′00″E, 0–3 m, East Cape Field Trip Team, 4 May 1992 ; NMNZ P.028374, 1 of 16, 46.1 mm SL, north of Tokomaru Bay, Gisborne, 38°06′54″S, 178°20′24″E, 0–1 m, East Cape Field Trip Team, 5 May 1992 ; NMNZ P.029866, 1 of 15, 75.9 mm SL, between Te Araroa and Horoera, East Cape, Gisborne, 37°37′36″S, 178°25′00″E, 0–3 m, East Cape Field Trip Team, 24 Jan. 1993 ; NMNZ P.031645, 1 of 2, 153.9 mm SL, off East Cape, Gisborne, 38°25′49″S, 178°23′32″E, 28 m, B. Lee, 10 Jan. 1995 ; USNM 177058, 141.2 mm SL, off Auckland, J. Howard, 6 Jan. 1953 ; USNM 339211, 2, 102.9 – 110.4 mm SL, off Cape Rodney, 36°17′S, 174°49′E, 4–5 m, T. Willis et al., 12 Nov. 1994 ; USNM 339350, 3, 62.8–113.1 mm SL, off Cape Rodney, 36°17′S, 174°49′E, 3–5 m, T. Willis & R. Taylor, 3 Nov. 1994 ; USNM 422095, 96.4 mm SL, Bay of Plenty, J. Moreland, 17 Mar. 1965 . South Island: BMNH 1886.11.18.16, 160.1 mm SL, off Otago ; NMNZ P.010581, 119.1 mm SL, off north Otago, 45º15′S, 171º00′E, 51–52 m, J. Graham, Aug. 1963; NMNZ P.019813, 171.4 mm SL, Balleny Reef, Fiordland, Southland, 46°06′54″S, 166°34′00″E, 12–18 m, 10 May 1986 ; NMNZ P.030265, 208.4 mm SL, Acheron Passage, Fiordland, Southland, 45°39′53″S, 166°44′47″E, 0–10 m, Fiordland Field Trip Team, 21 Mar. 1993 ; NMNZ P.030425, 175.4 mm SL, south of Cunaris Sound, Chalky Inlet, Fiordland, Southland, 45°58′09″S, 166°42′32″E, 2–31 m, Fiordland Field Trip Team, 24 Mar. 1993 ; NMNZ P.030927, 112.4 mm SL, Nelson Cable Bay, Nelson, 41°09′30″S, 173°24′30″E, 2–8 m, Cape Campbell Field Trip Team, 18 Nov. 1993 ; NMNZ P.035979, 196.1 mm SL, Open Bay Island, Popotai Islet, Westland, 43°51′49″S, 168°52′29″E, 14–19 m, MoNZ Jackson-Haast Field Trip Team, 14 Feb. 1999 ; NMNZ P.035999, 186.9 mm SL, Jackson's Bay, Westland, 43°57′38″S, 168°37′28″E, 8–12 m, MoNZ Jackson-Haast Field Trip Team, 9 Feb. 1999 ; NMNZ P.042853, 192.8 mm SL, Flowerpot Rock, Jackson's Bay, Westland, 43°57′52″S, 168°37′21″E, 0–3 m, MoNZ Jackson-Haast Field Trip Team, 9 Feb. 1999 ; NMNZ P.047824, 165.8 mm SL, southeastern of Kaikoura Peninsula, Canterbury, 42°26′26.3″S, 173°42′58.4″E, 48 m, fish trap, MoNZ/MARS Kaikoura Field Trip Team, 18 Nov. 2010 ; NMNZ P.021221, 1 of 2, 107.9 mm SL, Lighthouse Point, Kaikoura, Marlborough, 42°25′30″S, 173°42′54″E, 6–10 m, G. Hardy & D. Gibson, 23 Feb. 1987 ; NMNZ P.030239, 2, 79.2–80.2 mm SL, Pickersgill, Dusky Sound, Fiordland, Southland, 45°47′47″S, 166°35′06″E, 2–18 m, Fiordland Field Trip Team, 27 Mar. 1993 ; NMNZ P.036267, 1 of 9, 145.2 mm SL, north side of Smoothwater Bay, Westland, 43°57′59″S, 168°35′28″E, 2–3 m, MoNZ Jackson-Haast Field Trip Team, 8 Feb. 1999 ; NMNZ P.036451, 1 of 10, 151.0 mm SL, off Homminy Cove, 43°58′28″S, 168°34′14″E, 0–3 m, MoNZ Jackson-Haast Field Trip Team, 11 Feb. 1999 ; NMNZ P.036576, 2, 19.0– 24.4 mm SL, Mock-Maker Reef, Jackson's Bay, 43°58′53″S, 168°37′16″E, 0–3 m, MoNZ Haast-Buller Field Trip Team, 14 Feb. 1999 ; NMNZ P.037390, 1 of 2, 148.8 mm SL, Black Reef, off Westport, 41°43′29.0″S, 171°28′11.4″E, 0–3 m, MoNZ Haast-Buller Field Trip Team, 24 Feb. 2000 ; USNM 039664, 144.1 mm SL, precise locality unknown, Otago Univ. Museum, 1888. Stewart Island: NMNZ P.027582, 157.6 mm SL, Harrold's Bay, Halfmoon Bay, 46°53′45″S, 168°09′15″E, 2–5 m, Stewart Island Field Trip Team, 4 Mar. 1992 ; NMNZ P.027759, 142.0 mm SL, Port Pegasus, 47°10′12″S, 167°41′06″E, 13–18 m, Stewart Island Field Trip Team, 11 Mar. 1992 . Snares Islands: NMNZ P.006828, 117.0 mm SL, Hoho Bay, Snares Island, 48º01′S, 166º35′E, 40 m, D. Horning, 9 Dec. 1974 ; NMNZ P.016331, 1 of 3, 182.8 mm SL, Hoho Bay, Snares Island, 48°01′30″S, 166°36′42″E, 9 m, linefishing, G. Scrimgeour et al., 30 Nov. 1984 ; NMNZ P.016333, 2, 160.3– 167.3 mm SL, west coast of Snares Island, 48°03′30″S, 166°29′00″E, 140 m, craypot, FV Savannah, 1 Dec. 1984 ; NMNZ P.016334, 3 of 6, 118.7– 174.2 mm SL, Hoho Bay, Snares Island, 48°01′30″S, 166°36′42″E, 6 m, G. Hardy & A. Stewart, 1 Dec. 1984 . Auckland Islands: NMNZ P.031135, 125.6 mm SL, Campbell Plateau, 48°46′35.4″–45′18.0″S, 167°19′27.6″–23′34.8″E, 135– 145 m, bottom trawl, RV Tangaroa, 3 Mar. 1994 . Chatham Islands: NMNZ P.026583, 163.6 mm SL, Heaphy Shoal, Chatham Island, 43°58′12″S, 176°36′36″W, 14–15 m, craypot, A. Stewart, 9 Feb. 1991 ; NMNZ P.026755, 1 of 2, 49.3 mm SL, Te Raki Bay, Chatham Island, 43°48′36″S, 176°53′00″W, 8–10 m, A. Stewart, 11 Feb. 1991 .

Diagnosis. A subspecies of Scorpaena distinguished from other members of the S. papillosa complex by the following combination of characters (all morphometrics based on specimens less than 70 mm SL): pectoral-fin rays 15–17 (mode 16); scale rows in longitudinal series 42–48 (44 or 45); scale rows above lateral line 6–8 (7), below 13–18 (14); scale rows between 6th dorsal-fin spine base and lateral line 6–8 (7), between last dorsal-fin spine base and lateral line 6–8 (7); body depth 30.4–37.2 (mean 34.1) % of SL; upper-jaw length 16.8–20.4 (19.4) % of SL; maxilla depth 4.8–6.3 (5.5) % of SL; postorbital length 17.8–20.3 (19.0) % of SL; least distance between interorbital ridges 0.8–1.8 (1.3) % of SL; 1st anal-fin spine length 8.9–12.7 (10.9) % of SL; anterior lacrimal spine simple or with 1–3 additional spinous points on posterior margin; two separated pores behind lower jaw symphysial knob (rarely united, in 5 of all specimens examined); supraocular tentacle tiny or small (usually tiny); all fins of preserved specimens usually blackish or yellowish-brown with many small blackish spots on soft rayed portions; largest recorded specimen 208.4 mm SL.

Distribution. Distributed throughout New Zealand waters, from the Three Kings Islands (34°S) to the Campbell Plateau and Auckland Islands (48°S) (Fig. 4). Specimens examined in this study had been collected from shallow rocky reef to deep water habitats at depths between 0–151 m, most commonly in depths less than 25 m.