Key to subfamilies

The following key summarizes the subfamily classification and provides distinguishing morphological characters:

1. Gynoecium unicarpellate; androecium diplostemonous; leaves simple or pinnate; confined to the Americas…… ………………………………………… Amyridoideae

1. Gynoecium of more than one carpel; if gynoecium unicarpellate then androecium haplostemonous ( Empleurum; S Africa), or leaves digitate ( Vepris; Africa-Madagascar to India); androecium haplo-, diplo- or polystemonous; leaves simple, pinnate or digitate; nearly cosmopolitan……………………………………………2

2. Fruit syncarpous and baccate (either a typical berry or a hesperidium), sometimes with a woody or leathery pericarp; seeds lacking endosperm; androecium diplo- or polystemonous (sometimes haplostemonous in Glycosmis)………………………………… Aurantioideae

2. Fruit apocarpous or syncarpous, mostly capsular, follicular, drupaceous or samaroid, if baccate, then seeds with endosperm ( Hortia) or androecium haplostemonous ( Casimiroa); seeds with or without endosperm; androecium haplo- or diplostemonous………………………3

3. Perennial herbs or subshrubs with actinomorphic flowers (most taxa) or trees with loculicidal capsule with a central axis, winged seeds and 6–8 ovules per locule ( Chloroxylon)…………………………………………4

3. Trees or shrubs with actinomorphic or zygomorphic flowers; rarely herbs with zygomorphic flowers ( Dictamnus, Ertela) or with 1 or 2 ovules per locule ( Boronia, Cyanothamnus); fruit not a loculicidal capsule with a central axis and winged seeds…………………………5

4. Leaves simple (rarely 3- to 5-parted/divided); flowers 5-merous; staminal filaments bearded within; ovules (1) 2–4(–8) per locule………………… Haplophylloideae 4. Leaves usually 3-foliate, pinnate or deeply and/or compoundly lobed, rarely simple ( Thamnosma) and then flowers 4-merous; flowers 4(5)-merous; staminal filaments not bearded within; ovules 4 to several per locule…… ……………………………………………… Rutoideae

5. Secretory cavities in leaves absent or confined to leaf margin; staminal filaments often appendaged ( Dictyoloma, Harrisonia, Sohnreyia, Spathelia)…………… ………………………………………… Cneoroideae

5. Secretory cavities usually present throughout leaves and other parts of the plant; staminal filaments not appendaged………………………………… Zanthoxyloideae