Key to males of the Neotropical species of Cephalosphaera and Neocephalosphaera

This key is a result of the modification of those by Rafael (1992) and Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009). The initial for genera were adapted from Skevington & Yeates (2001) and Rafael & Skevington (2010).

1 Hind tibia with a comb of longer setae apically; male abdominal syntergosternite 8 with the membranous area not reaching epandrium (Fig. 8)...................................................... Cephalosphaera Enderlein, 1936 ... 2

- Hind tibia without comb of longer setae apically; male abdominal syntergosternite 8 with the membranous area reaching epandrium and almost reaching tergite 5 (Figs 19, 21, 32, 34, 48, 50, 64, 66, 77, 79, 90, 92, 103, 105, 118, 120)................................................................................. Neocephalosphaera De Meyer, 1994 . 13

2 All femora predominantly yellow, sometimes with light brown to brown spots apically or dorsally..................... 3

- All femora predominantly brown to black, sometimes with bases and apices yellow................................ 9

3 All femora completely yellow, apex of phallic guide with a small spine laterally [see figure 3F in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)] or with a rigid lobe laterally [see figure 3N, presented by Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]............................... 4

- All femora yellow, with bases and apices or at least in the middle of the femur with a small spotlight brown to brown dorsoapically; apex of phallic guide with a strong lobe apically [see figure 3H in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)] or a row or tuft of strong spines ventroapically [see figures 3M, 4D, in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)] or a tuft of fine setae ventrally [Fig. 12 and see figure 3O in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]........................................................................ 5

4 Both surstyli with tips acute inward directed, with inner margins straight and outer margins curved, with short and fine setae marginally [see figure 2F in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; apex of phallic guide with acute lobe apically downward directed and one short spine laterally (see figure 3F in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; phallus trifid with two lateral projections apically, giving the false impression of being five ejaculatory ducts [see figure 3F in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]........................................................................................ C. guanacastensis Rafael & Menezes, 1999

- Both surstyli with subrounded tips, slightly downwards directed, with inner and outer margins curved, without marginal setae [see figure 2N in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; apex of phallic guide with a rigid and acute lobe laterally, giving the false impression of being bifid [see figure 3N in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; phallus trifid, with one long projection dorsally, forward directed and ejaculatory ducts slightly coiled [see figure 3N in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]... C. panamensis (Hardy, 1948)

5 Surstyli asymmetrical [see figure 2M in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; apex of phallic guide with a tuft of strong and short spine apically (see figure 3M in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]............................. C. pacaraima Rafael & Rosa, 1991

- Surstyli subsymmetrical [Fig. 9 and see figures 2H, 2O, 4C in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; apex of phallic guide with a strong lobe apically [see figure 3H in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)] or with a row of strong and long spines ventroapically [see figure 4D in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)] or with a tuft of short and fine setae ventroapically (Fig. 12 and see figure 3O in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)].................................................................................... 6

6 Wing with membrane hyaline; phallus long (see figures 3O, 4.D in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]....................... 7

- Wing with membrane faintly light brown to brown infuscated; phallus short [Figs 12, see figure 3H in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]............................................................................................. 8

7 Surstyli about equal in length to epandrium, both surstyli equal in length [see figure 4C in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; apex of phallic guide with a row of strong and long spines ventroapically (see figure 4D in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; phallus with ejaculatory ducts stout, with distal 1/3 distinctly striated (see figure 4D in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)].......................................................................................... C. aurata Souza & Ale-Rocha, 2009

- Surstyli distinctly shorter than the length of epandrium, left surstylus shorter than right (see figure 2O in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; apex of phallic guide with a tuft of fine setae ventroapically (see figure 3O in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; phallus with ejaculatory ducts thin, with tips slightly coiled (see figure 3O in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]................................................................................................. C. procera Rafael & Menezes, 1999

8 Postpronotal lobe brown (Fig. 1) both surstyli stout, thickened basally and medially, thin apically, with inner and outer margins sinuous (Fig. 9); apex of phallic guide with a tuft of fine setae ventrally (Fig. 12); phallus somewhat triangle-shaped in lateral view, with ejaculatory ducts slightly coiled (Fig. 12).................................... C. munchiquensis sp. nov.

- Postpronotal lobe yellow; both surstyli slender, thickened basally, thin medially and apically, inner and outer margins slightly curved [see figure 2H in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; apex of phallic guide with strong lobe apically [see figure 3H in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; phallus stem-shaped, with ejaculatory ducts simple, not coiled, backwards directed [see figure 3H in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]............................................................... C. insularis Rafael, 1996

9 Section between cell dm and vein M 2 equal than vein dm-m (Fig. 102); all femora entirely black; both surstyli with apical sinus on outer margins, forming acute tips, right surstylus shorter than left [see figure 2G in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; phallus thin [see figure 3G in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]......................................... C. incomitata (Hardy, 1965)

- Section between cell dm and vein M 2 greater than vein dm-m (Figs 5, 18, 31, 47, 63, 76, 89); all femora brown to black, with bases and apices yellow; both surstyli without apical sinus on outer margins, not forming acute tips, both surstyli equal in length [see figures 2E, 2J, 2L, 2Q in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; phallus thickened [see figures 3E, 3J, 3L, 3R in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]............................................................................................ 10

10 Mesopleuron and mediotergite brown, brown pruinose; surstyli asymmetrical [see figure 2E in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; apex of phallic guide triangular shaped [see figure 3E in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; phallus stouter apically, one ejaculatory duct with two small protuberances dorsally [see figure 3E in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]........ C. fairchildi Rafael, 1992

- Mesopleuron and mediotergite dark brown to black, gray pruinose; surstyli subsymmetrical [see figures 2J, 2L, 2Q in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; apex of phallic guide rectangular or slightly rectangular shaped [see figures 3J, 3L, 3R in Souza & AleRocha (2009)]; phallus not stouter apically, with ejaculatory ducts simple, without protuberances dorsally (see figures 3J, 3L, 3R in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]....................................................................... 11

11 Postpronotal lobe yellow; all tibiae brown to black; both surstyli distinctly narrowing in the pre-apical portion, with short and fine setae in the inner and outer margins [see figure 2Q in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; apex of phallic guide with tip truncated and one lobe dorsoapically [see figure 3R in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; phallus with a dorsal lobe [see figure 3R in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]...................................................... C. zumbadoi Rafael & Menezes, 1999

- Postpronotal lobe brown to black; all tibiae yellow; both surstyli without distinctly narrowing in the pre-apical portion, without setae in the inner and outer margins [see figures 2J, 2L in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; apex of phallic guide with acute tip and without a lobe dorsally apically [see figures 3J, 3L in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; phallus simple, without lobe [see figures 3J, 3L in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]....................................................................... 12

12 Postpedicel yellow, concolor with scape and pedicel; postpronotal lobe brown, gray pruinose; scutellum brown, grayish pruinose; third section costal longer than the length of fourth (Figs 31, 76); vein dm-m slightly curved (Figs 5, 18, 47, 76, 89, 102, 117); hind femora with ctenidia not prominent; both surstyli with inner margin sinuous and tips truncated inward directed [see figure 2L in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; phallus with ejaculatory ducts stout (see figure 3L in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]................................................................................ C. mocaensis (Hardy, 1948)

- Pospedicel yellow, scape, and pedicel brown; postpronotal lobe shining black, brown pruinose; scutellum shining black, brown pruinose; third section costal shorter than the length of fourth (Figs 5, 18, 47, 63, 89, 102, 117); vein dm-m straight (Figs 31, 63); hind femur with ctenidia very prominent; both surstyli with inner margin slightly curved [see figure 3J in Souza & AleRocha (2009)]; phallus with ejaculatory ducts thin [see figure 3J in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]..................................................................................................... C. macroctenia Rafael, 1992

13 All femora predominantly yellow to dark yellow, sometimes with distal half or spotlight brown to brown dorsally; both surstyli conical shaped, thickened basally, narrowing medially and apically and inner and outer margins sinuous [Figs 93, 121, and see figures 2K in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]................................................................. 14

- All femora predominantly brownish yellow to black, sometimes with bases and apices yellow to brown or with brown spot or band dorsally; both surstyli not conical shaped, at least one margin straight or slightly curved (Figs 22, 35, 51, 67, 106, and see figures 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2I, 2P in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]................................................. 17

14 Postpronotal lobe yellow; all coxae black or at least mid coxa black; fore and hind trochanters yellow, mid trochanter black 15

- Postpronotal lobe whitish yellow or light brown; fore and hind coxae whitish yellow, mid coxae brown; fore and hind trochanter whitish yellow, mid trochanter dark yellow to brown........................................................ 16

15 Postpedicel light yellow, discrepant with scape and pedicel yellow; scutellum yellow; vein r-m located before the basal third of the upper section of the cell dm; section between cell dm and vein M 2 greater than vein dm-m; fore and hind coxae yellow, mid coxa black; all femora with spot brown dorsally; left surstylus with two ventral lobes when seen in lateral view [see figures 9–10 in Rafael & Rosa (1991)].............................................. N. semispiralis Rafael & Rosa, 1991

- Postpedicel yellow, concolor with scape and pedicel; scutellum dark brown to black; vein r-m located after the basal third of the upper section of the cell dm [see figures 42.22 in Rafael (1992)]; section between cell dm and vein M 2 equal than vein dm-m [see figure 42.22 in Rafael (1992)]; all coxae black; fore femur completely yellow, mid and hind femora with brown discoloration on distal half; left surstylus with subapical sinus when seen in lateral view [see figure 42.58 in Rafael (1992)]....................................................................................... N. miriamae Rafael, 1992

16 Postpronotal lobe whitish yellow (Fig. 85); wing almost hyaline (Fig. 89); section between cell dm and vein M 2 greater than vein dm-m (Fig. 89); both surstyli with tips outward directed, right surstylus slightly shorter and thinner than left (Fig. 93); both surstyli with a small lobe in the proximal third when seen in lateral view (Figs 94–95)............... N. spinifera sp. nov.

- Postpronotal lobe light brown (Fig. 114); wing faintly brown infuscated (Fig. 117); section between cell dm and vein M 2 smaller than vein dm-m (Fig. 114); both surstyli with tips downward directed, right surstylus slightly longer than left (Fig. 121); both surstyli with a small lobe in the middle third when seen in lateral view (Figs 122–123).......... N. sumapazensis sp. nov.

17 Pospronotal lobe yellow; all femora completely brown, only hind femur with base yellow; fore and mid tibiae completely yellow, hind tibia brown, with white to light yellow ring medially; both surstyli very thickened, with apices thickener than bases [see figure 2D in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]............................................. N. cristata Rafael, 1992

- Postpronotal lobe brown to black; all femora brownish yellow to black, sometimes with bases dark brown and band dark brown dorsally or bases and apices yellow to light brown or yellow on proximal half; all tibiae completely yellow or fore and hind tibiae completely yellow and hind tibia with brown spot medially or posteriorly; both surstyli not very thickened as above, with apices thinner than bases [Figs 22, 35, 51, 67, 80, 106, see figures 2A, 2B, 2C, 2I, 2P in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]..... 18

18 Both surstyli with carinae on apical inner edges [Figs 22, 51, 67, 106, see Fig. 2.I, presented by Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; phallus completely spiralized (Figs 25, 109) or only from distal 3/4 [Figs 54, 70, and see figure 3I in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)] not forming a knot at the apex.................................................................... 19

- Both surstyli without carinae on apical inner edges [Figs 35, 80 and see figures 2A, 2B, 2C, 2P in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; phallus slightly spiralized only in distal 1/4 [see figures 3A, 3B, 3P in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)] or forming a knot at the apex [Fig. 38, 83 and see figure 3D in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]................................................. 23

19 Antenna with short acuminate apex [see figure 42.6 in Rafael (1992)]; all trochanters yellow; apex of phallic guide with ventral and dorsal margins slightly straight, without lobes ventrally or dorsally [see figure 3I in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)].................................................................................. N. jamaicensis (Johnson, 1919)

- Antenna with long acuminate apex (Figs 6, 45, 61, 100); all trochanters brown to dark brown or at least mid trochanter brown; apex of phallic guide with ventral or dorsal margins sinuous, with a lobe ventrally or dorsally (Figs 25, 54, 70, 109)...... 20

20 Both surstyli with acute apices when seen in lateral view (Figs 23–24, 68–69); apex of phallic guide with a rigid lobe dorsomedially (Figs 25, 70); ejaculatory apodeme with apex thickened (Figs 26, 71)...................................... 21

- Both surstyli with subrounded apex when seen in lateral view (Figs 52–53, 107–108); apex of phallic guide with a translucent lobe dorsoapically (Figs 54, 109); ejaculatory apodeme with apex narrowed (Figs 55, 110).......................... 22

21 Frons brown pruinose; vein dm-m slightly curved (Fig. 18); syntergosternite 8 without prominent crestlike membranous area (Figs 15, 19, 21); both surstyli with carinae, forming a straight line ventrally when they join (Fig. 22); phallus with ejaculatory ducts completely spiralized (Fig. 25)........................................................ N. carinae sp. nov.

- Frons gray pruinose; vein dm-m slightly straight (Fig. 63); syntergosternite 8 with prominent crestlike membranous area (Figs 59–60, 64, 66); both surstyli with carinae, not forming a straight line ventrally when they join (Fig. 67); phallus with ejaculatory ducts spiralized, only in distal 3/4 (Fig. 70)................................................... N. muisca sp. nov.

22 Frons yellow pruinose; postcranium brown, gray-brown pruinose dorsally (Fig. 44); notopleuron brown, yellow pruinose (Fig. 43); section between cell dm and vein M 2 greater than vein dm-m (Fig. 47); all femora light brown (Fig. 43); syntergosternite 8 with prominent crestlike membranous area (Figs 43–44, 48, 50); phallus with ejaculatory ducts spiralized, only in distal 3/4 (Fig. 54); ejaculatory apodeme somewhat nail-shaped (Fig. 55)............................... N. iguaquensis sp. nov.

- Frons light brown pruinose; postcranium dark brown to black, brown pruinose dorsally (Fig. 99); notopleuron black, gray pruinose; section between cell dm and vein M 2 equal than vein dm-m (Fig. 102); all femora dark brown to black (Fig. 98); syntergosternite 8 without prominent crestlike membranous area (Figs 98–99, 103, 105); phallus with ejaculatory ducts completely spiralized (Fig. 109); ejaculatory apodeme somewhat funnel-shaped narrowed (Fig. 110).............. N. spiralis sp. nov.

23 Postpronotal lobe brown (Fig. 27); scutellum brown (Figs 28, 30, 73, 75); third section costal longer than the length of fourth (Figs 31, 76)........................................................................................ 24

- Postpronotal lobe black; scutellum black; third section costal shorter or equal than the length of fourth (Figs 5, 18, 47, 63, 89, 102, 117)........................................................................................... 25

24 Frons yellow pruinose; vein dm-m straight (Fig. 31); all trochanters light brown; all femora brownish yellow, with dark brown bases and dark brown band dorsally (Figs 27–28); both surstyli with apices forming a distinctive rounded lobe, tips downward directed, never converging (Fig. 35); apex of phallic guide without lobes dorsally and ventrally, tip upward directed (Fig. 38); ejaculatory apodeme fan-shaped (Fig. 39); phallus with ejaculatory ducts spiralized, only in distal 3/4 (Fig. 38).................................................................................................. N. grisea sp. nov.

- Frons gray pruinose; vein dm-m slightly curved (Fig. 76); all trochanters yellow, all femora brown, yellow on proximal half (Figs 72–73); both surstyli with apices forming a distinctive acute lobe, tips inward directed that converging apically (Fig. 80); apex of phallic guide with distinct translucent lobes dorsally and ventrally, tip downward directed (Fig. 83); ejaculatory apodeme funnel-shaped (Fig. 84); phallus with ejaculatory ducts spiralized, only in distal 1/4 (Fig. 83)... N. paolae sp. nov.

25 Section between cell dm and vein M 2 equal than vein dm-m [Figs 102, and see figures 42.14, 42.25 in Rafael (1992)]; all trochanters brown to black; both surstyli with apices acute or slightly acute [see figures 2A, 2P in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]25

- Section between cell dm and vein M 2 smaller or greater than vein dm-m (Figs 5, 18, 31, 47, 63, 76, 89); all trochanters yellow; both surstyli with apex subrounded [see figures 2B, 2C in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]............................. 26

25 Vein r-m located before the basal third of the upper section of the cell dm [see figure 42.14 in Rafael (1992)]; all trochanters black; all femora black with bases and apices yellow; all tibiae yellow; both surstyli equal in length [see figure 2A in Souza & Ale–Rocha (2009)]; apex of phallic guide with a rigid lobe and a tuft of short setae ventrally [see figure 3A in Souza & Ale–Rocha (2009)]................................................................. N. aequatorialis (Becker, 1919)

- Vein r-m located after the basal third of the upper section of the cell dm [see figure 42.25 in Rafael (1992)]; all trochanters brown; all femora completely black; fore and mid tibiae yellow, hind tibia with a distinctly black spot medially; left surstylus slightly thinner and longer than right [see figure 2P in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; apex of phallic guide without a rigid lobe and with a tuft of long setae ventrally [see figure 3A in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]........ N. santiagonensis Rafael, 1992

26 Postpedicel black concolor with scape and pedicel, with short acuminate apex [see figure 42.2 in Rafael (1992)]; third section costal shorter than the length of fourth [see figure 42.15 in Rafael (1992)]; section between cell dm and vein M 2 smaller than vein dm-m [see figure 42.15 in Rafael (1992)]; vein dm-m slightly curved [see figure 42.15 in Rafael (1992)]; all coxae black; all femora black with bases and apices yellow; hind tibia with erect setae medially; left surstylus slightly longer than right [see figure 3B in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; phallus with ejaculatory ducts slightly coiled at apex, not forming knot [see figure 3B in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]........................................................ N. arnaudi Rafael, 1992

- Postpedicel yellow, discrepant with scape and pedicel brown, with long acuminate apex [see figure 42.3 in Rafael (1992)]; third section costal equal in length to fourth [see figure 42.16 in Rafael (1992)]; section between cell dm and vein M 2 greater than vein dm-m [see figure 42.16 in Rafael (1992)]; vein dm-m straight [see figure 42.16 in Rafael (1992)]; all coxae brown; all femora brown with bases and apices yellow; hind tibiae without erect setae medially; both susrtyli equal in length [see figure 3C in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; phallus with ejaculatory ducts forming a knot at the apex [see figure 3D in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]....................................................................... N. boutropis (Hardy, 1965a)