Key to females of Frankliniella species recorded from Brazil

(excluding fusca, difficilis and minor q.v.)

1. Abdomen mainly yellow but with segments VIII–X sharply dark brown; abdominal tergites V–VII with brown markings medially (Fig. 78)................................................................................ bicolor

-. Abdomen variable, either yellow, brown or with median tergites bicoloured, but never with segments VIII–X sharply darker than basal abdominal segments (Figs 1–6).................................................................. 2

2. Head with ocellar setae pair I absent; pronotum with only 2 pairs of posteromarginal setae...................... speciosa

-. Head with ocellar setae I present; prono tum with 5 (rarely 3) pairs of posteromarginal setae (Figs 22–30)............... 3

3. Abdomen largely brown (Figs 13, 17–18).................................................................. 4

-. Abdomen largely yellow, sometimes tergite X darker or tergites with brown areas medially (Figs 3, 8, 14).............. 29

4. Ocellar setae pair III short, scarcely 1.5 times as long as diameter of an ocellus; pronotal am and aa setae usually much less than 0.5 as long as pronotal pa setae (Figs 24, 27)............................................................ 5

-. Ocellar setae pair III long, usually at least 2.5 times as long as diameter of an ocellus; pronotal am and aa setae usually about 0.7 as long as pa setae (Figs 36–38)...................................................................... 11

5. Mid and hind tibiae uniformly dark brown (Fig. 10).......................................................... 6

-. Mid and hind tibiae with pale areas, never uniformly dark brown (Fig. 12)........................................ 7

6. Pronotal posteromarginal setae pair IV almost as long as pair II (Fig. 57); metanotal campaniform sensilla absent; ocellar setae pair III just outside ocellar triangle (Fig. 48)........................................................... minuta

-. Pronotal posteromarginal setae pair IV no longer than pairs III and V (Fig. 39); metanotal campaniform sensilla present; ocellar setae III between anterior margins of posterior ocelli............................................... serrata

7. Tergite X 1.4–1.7 times as long as IX (Fig. 102)........................................................ oxyura

-. Tergites IX and X subequal in length, or X shorter than IX (Fig. 100)............................................. 8

8. Postocular setal pairs I and III both missing; ocellar setae pair III arise between posterior ocelli (Fig. 35); thorax paler than abdomen..................................................................................... nakaharai

-. Postocular setae pairs I and III usually both present (Fig. 27); ocellar setae pair III arise anterior to tangent between anterior margins of posterior ocelli; thorax not paler than abdomen..................................................... 9

9. Metanotum with equiangular reticulation medially, campaniform sensilla absent (Fig. 69)........................ konoi

-. Metanotum with narrow linear reticulation medially, campaniform sensilla present (Fig. 62)......................... 10

10. Pronotal am setae scarcely longer than discal setae; fore wings shaded......................................... curta

-. Pronotal am setae almost twice as long as discal setae; fore wings pale (Fig. 159)........................... fuscicornis

11. Abdominal tergite VIII posterior margin with no comb or with only few short teeth laterally (Figs 93, 104)............. 12

-. Abdominal tergite VIII posterior margin with microtrichial comb, sometimes with 2 or 3 teeth missing medially (Figs 87–92)................................................................................................... 13

12. Ocellar setae III arising on anterior margins of ocellar triangle (Fig. 45); hind tibiae almost clear yellow, contrasting with the dark brown hind femora (Fig. 113); metanotal campaniform sensilla present (Fig. 64).................... fulvipes [in part]

-. Ocellar setae pair III arising between posterior ocelli (Fig. 51); hind tibiae not sharply paler than femora; metanotal campaniform sensilla absent (Fig. 74)........................................................ schultzei [in part]

13. Compound eyes with 3 or 4 anterolateral facets much larger than surrounding facets (Fig. 46)........................ 14

-. Compound eyes with all facets subequal in diameter, although some ventral ommatidia may be enlarged (Figs 50–54)..... 15

14. Fore wings uniformly brown; enlarged facets about 2.0 times longer than normal ones (Fig. 46); pm setae pair II more than 3.0 times as long as pair I (Fig. 30)................................................................... fulvipennis

-. Fore wings largely brown but basal third sharply paler; enlarged facets about 3.0 times longer than normal ones; pm setae pair II scarcely longer than pair I..................................................................... longipennis

15. Antennal segment III pedicel elongate, twice as long as sub-basal ring (Figs 138).............................. parvula

-. Antennal segment III pedicel short, less than 1.5 times the diameter of sub-basal ring (Figs 128, 150).................. 16

16. Antennal segment III with cup-shaped pedicel (Fig. 148).............................................. brevicaulis

-. Antennal segment III pedicel different.................................................................... 17

17. Hind tibiae mainly yellow but with brown area medially and postocular setae pair I absent............... fulvipes [in part]

-. Hind tibiae usually extensively brown, or sharply bicoloured with basal third sharply yellow (Figs 112, 114–115); if hind tibiae largelly yellow then postocular setae pair I present (Fig. 44)................................................... 18

18. Postocular setae pairs I and III absent (Fig. 38); frequently apterous; male with strongly curved pore plates on sternites III–VIII.............................................................................................. platensis

-. Postocular setae pair III present, pair I usually present (Fig. 23); male pore plates different (Figs 83–86)................ 19

19. Abdominal sternite III with pair of small pore plates near antecostal ridge (occasionally one pore plate missing) (Fig. 77) antennal segment VIII unusually long, about 4 times as long as wide (Fig. 117)............................... australis

-. Abdominal sternite III with no pore plates; antennal segment VIII less elongate (Fig. 118).......................... 20

20. Fore wings almost uniform in colour, either dark or pale (Figs 161–164)......................................... 21

-. Fore wings extensively brown but sharply pale basal to the veinal fork (Figs 155–156).............................. 25

21. Forewing almost uniformly pale or weakly shaded (Fig. 163)................................... occidentalis [in part]

-. Forewing almost uniformly brown (Fig. 164)............................................................... 22

22. Pedicel of antennal segment III simple, without a distinct swelling but occasionally slightly dilated near apex (Figs 143–145).................................................................................................... 23

-. Pedicel of antennal segment III with a distinct swelling (Figs 149–152).......................................... 24

23. Metanotum distinctly reticulate anteromedially (Fig. 75); antennal segment III distinctively paler than IV (Fig. 143); abdominal tergite IX setae S1 less than 0.7 as long as setae S2............................................. simplex

-. Metanotal sculpture weak or absent medially (Fig. 61); antennal segment III concolorous with IV (Fig. 120); abdominal tergite IX setae S1 sub-equal in length to setae S2........................................................... brunnea

24. Antennal segment III pedicel with a sharp ring-like swelling (Fig. 149); pronotal posteromarginal setae pair II more than 0.5 as long as posteroangular setae (Fig. 55)............................................................... caseariae

-. Swollen pedicel not sharply ring-like (Fig. 139); pronotal posteromarginal setae pair II about 0.4 as long as posteroangular setae (Fig. 37)................................................................................. peruviana

25. Hind tibiae sharply bicoloured, brown with basal third sharply yellow (Fig. 112)................................... 26

-. Hind tibiae almost uniformly brown, scarcely paler at apex (Fig. 114)........................................... 27

26. Mid-tibiae brown with base briefly yellow (Fig. 110).................................................. annulipes

-. Mid-tibiae almost clear yellow, sometimes with brown markings medially (Fig. 111)........................... varipes

27. Postocular setae pair IV small, no longer than the diameter of a posterior ocellus (Fig. 33); metanotal campaniform sensilla absent (Fig. 67).............................................................................. hemerocallis

-. Postocular setae pair IV prominent, at least 1.5 times as long as diameter of an ocellus (Fig. 52); metanotal campaniform sensilla present (Fig. 68)............................................................................... 28

28. Abdominal tergite VIII with posteromarginal comb complete, all microtrichia equally long and slender; fore tibiae concolorous with fore femora; postocular setae pair I absent and pair IV as long as width of a compound eye; pronotal am setae 1.3 times as long as distance between compound eyes (Fig. 52)...................................................... setipes

-. Abdominal tergite VIII with posteromarginal comb often with 2 or 3 teeth missing medially, microtrichia irregular in form with broad bases (Fig. 98); fore tibiae sharply paler than fore femora (Fig. 34); postocular setae pair I present and pair IV shorter than width of a compound eye; pronotal am setae scarcely 1.0 times as long as distance between compound eyes.... insularis

29. Apterous or micropterous; abdominal tergites with 4 pairs of long and equidistant setae in addition to the posteroangular pair (Fig. 82)................................................................................... trinidadensis

-. Macropterous; median pairs of tergal setae much shorter than lateral pairs........................................ 30

30. Pedicel of antennal segment III with distinct swelling or disc (Fig. 154).......................................... 31

-. Pedicel of antennal segment III without a swelling.......................................................... 34

31. Tergite VIII with comb present only laterally............................................................ tritici

-. Tergite VIII with complete comb of long microtrichia (Fig. 94)................................................ 32

32. Abdomen mainly yellow but with segments X and posterior margin of IX dark brown; antennal segment II mostly dark brown (Fig. 122)........................................................................................ condei

-. Abdomen uniformly yellow (Fig. 80); antennal segment II paler................................................ 33

33. Antennal segment III pedicel with ring about 2.0 times as wide as basal stem; pedicel immediately above this ring smoothly concave (Fig. 152)............................................................................ musaeperda

-. Antennal segment III pedicel with ring scarcely 1.5 times as wide as basal stem; pedicel immediately above this ring irregularly concave with minute tubercle (Fig. 151).................................................... gardeniae

34. Pronotal aa (and usually am) setae scarcely longer than discal setae (Figs 24, 31).................................. 35

-. Pronotal aa and am setae clearly distinct from discal setae, at least 0.3 as long as pa setae............................ 37

35. Abdomen largely yellow but tergite X brown in apical 2/3 (Fig. 96); ocellar setae III more than 2.5 times as long as width of an ocellus; metanotal campaniform sensilla absent................................................... graminis sp.n.

-. Abdomen colour different, tergites usually uniformly yellow or with brown markings medially; ocellar setae III length less than 1.5 times width of an ocellus; metanotal campaniform sensilla present....................................... 36

36. Antennal segment VI pedicellate (Fig. 124); pronotal inner pa setae distinctively shorter than outer pair........... desantisi

-. Antennal segment VI not pedicellate, base rounded; pronotal inner pa setae longer than outer pair................. bertelsi

37. Ocellar setae pair III arising between posterior ocelli (Fig. 51); tergite VIII with no posteromarginal comb of microtrichia, sometimes with few scarcely developed teeth laterally (Fig. 104);.................................. schultzei [in part]

-. Ocellar setae III usually further forward (Fig. 54); tergite VIII with posteromarginal comb well-developed, at least laterally (Fig. 95)............................................................................................ 38

38. Posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII with only few weak lobes medially but with some lateral microtrichia; campaniform sensilla on metanotum absent; postocular setae pair I usually absent; head distinctly prolonged in front of eyes...... bondari

-. Posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII fully developed; if postocular setae pair I absent then metanotal campaniform sensilla present; head sometimes weakly prolonged in front of eyes................................................... 39

39. Ocellar setae III about 1.5 times as long as width of an ocellus; pronotal am setae scarcely 0.5 times as long as aa setae................................................................................................. distinguenda

-. Ocellar setae III more than 2.0 times as long as width of an ocellus; pronotal am setae longer, usually more than 0.7 times as long as aa setae...................................................................................... 40

40. Abdominal sternite II with 1 or 2 discal setae (Fig. 86)....................................................... 41

-. Abdominal sternite II with no discal setae................................................................. 42

41. Abdominal tergite IX setae S1 more than 110 microns long; S2 more than 130 microns long; usually associated with grasses.............................................................................................. williamsi

-. Abdominal tergite IX S1 and S2 setae shorter, usually less than 100 microns long; associated with various dicotyledonous flowers...................................................................................... gossypiana

42. Abdominal tergites usually with brown area medially (Fig. 14); tergite VIII posteromarginal comb with microtrichia irregular,

arising from triangular bases (Fig. 101); po setae pair IV longer than distance between hind ocelli (Fig. 36)................................................................................................... occidentalis [in part] -. Abdominal tergites clear yellow; tergite VIII posteromarginal comb with slender microtrichia of uniform length (Fig. 95); po setae pair IV shorter than distance between hind ocelli (Fig. 32)................................................ 43

43. Antennal segment VIII about 3.0 times as long as wide (Fig. 126); head slightly prolonged in front of eyes (Fig. 29); associated with grasses.................................................................................... frumenti

-. Antennal segment VIII not more than 2.5 times as long as wide; head not prolonged in front of eyes; associated with dicotyledonous plants................................................................................. 44

44. Postocular setae pair I present (Fig. 32)............................................................... gemina

-. Postocular setae pair I absent (Fig. 54)............................................................... zucchini