Heterobostrychus aequalis (Waterhouse, 1884)

Fig. 18 (A, B, C, D)

Bostrychus aequalis Waterhouse, 1884: 215 .

Distribution in China. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan, Shanghai, Taiwan (Hua, 2002).

Other distribution. Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. Introduced to Africa (including the Comoro Is. and Madagascar), North America (including Barbados, Cuba, USA), Europe, Middle East, Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand (Liu & Beaver 2018).

Host plants. Beeson and Bhatia (1937) provide a long list of attacked trees, and the species is clearly polyphagous. They also describe the gallery system, development and seasonal history. The species has been reported as an important pest in rubber plantations ( Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) in Thailand (Sittichaya & Beaver 2009, Kangkamanee et al. 2011). It also attacks wood products including furniture, packing cases and plywood (Beaver et al. 2011).